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ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  THE 


American  Historical  Association 


FOR 


THE  YEAR  1917 


WASHINGTON 
1920 


in , 


£ 

/9/7 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Smithsonian  Institution, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  October  22,  I$18. 
To  'the  Congress  of  the  United  States : 

In  accordance  with  the  act  of  incorporation  of  the  American 
Historical  Association,  approved  January  4,  1889,  I  have  the  honor 
to  submit  to  Congress  the  annual  report  of  the  association  for  the 
year  1917.    I  have  the  honor  to  be, 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

Charles  D.  Walcott,  Secretary. 

3 


ACT  OF  INCORPORATION. 


Be  it  enacted  hy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled^  That  Andrew  D. 
White,  of  Ithaca,  in  the  State  of  New  York;  George  Bancroft,  of 
Washington,  in  the  District  of  Columbia;  Justin  Winsor,  of  Cam- 
bridge, in  the  State  of  Massachusetts;  William  F.  Poole,  of  Chicago, 
in  the  State  of  Illinois;  Herbert  B.  Adams,  of  Baltimore,  in  the  State 
of  Maryland ;  Clarence  W.  Bowen,  of  Brooklyn,  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  their  associates  and  successors,  are  hereby  created,  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  a  body  corporate  and  politic  by  the  name  of  the 
American  Historical  Association,  for  the  promotion  of  historical 
studies,  the  collection  and  preservation  of  historical  manuscripts, 
and  for  kindred  purposes  in  the  interest  of  American  history  and  of 
history  in  America.-  Said  association  is  authorized  to  hold  real  and 
personal  estate  in  the  District  of  Columbia  so  far  only  as  may  be 
necessary  to  its  lawful  ends  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  $500,000,  to 
adopt  a  constitution,  and  make  by-laws  not  inconsistent  with  law. 
Said  association  shall  have  its  principal  office  at  Washington,  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and  may  hold  its  annual  meetings  in  such 
places  as  the  said  incorporators  shall  determine.  Said  association 
shall  report  annually  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
concerning  its  proceedings  and  the  condition  of  historical  study  in 
America.  Said  secretary  shall  communicate  to  Congress  the  whole 
of  such  report,  or  such  portions  thereof  as  he  shall  see  fit.  The 
Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  are  authorized  to  permit  said 
association  to  deposit  its  collections,  manuscripts,  books,  pamphlets, 
and  other  material  for  history  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  or  in 
the  National  Museum  at  their,  discretion,  upon  such  conditions  and 
under  such  rules  as  they  shall  prescribe.  , 

[Approved,  January  4,  1889.] 

0 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


American   Historical  Association, 

Office  of  the  Secretary, 
Washington^  D.  C.^  Septe^nher  9,  1918. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  as  provided  by  law, 
the  Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical  Association  for  1917. 
This  report  includes  the  proceedings  of  the  association  at  its  thirty- 
third  annual  meeting  held  at  Philadelphia  on  December  27-29,  1917, 
together  with  the  proceedings  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Branch  of  the 
American  Historical  Association  at  its  fourteenth  annual  meeting 
held  in  Berkeley,  Calif.,  on  November  30  to  December  1,  1917.  The 
eighteenth  report  of  the  Public  Archives  Commission,  also  included 
in  the  present  volume,  contains,  in  addition  to  the  proceedings  of  the 
eighth  arunual  conference  of  archivists,  a  report  on  the  public  archives 
of  the  State  of  Idaho  prepared  under  the  direction  of  the  commis- 
sion, while  the  thirteenth  report  of  the  Historical  Manuscripts  Com- 
mission constitutes  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  history  of  the 
Mexican  War  in  the  form  of  the  letters  of  Gen.  Santa  Anna. 
Very  respectfully,  yours, 

Waldo  G.  Leland,  Secretary. 
To  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 

Washington^  D.  O. 

7 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 
I.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  thirty-third  annual  meeting  of  the 

American  Historical  Association 31 

II.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  fourteenth  annual  meeting  of  the 

Pacific  coast  branch  of  the  American  Historical  Association 93 

III.  Eighteenth  report  of  the  public  archives  commission 105 

Appendix  A.  Proceedings  of  the  eighth  annual  conference  of  archi- 
vists   113 

Appendix  B.  Report  on   the  archives  of   Idaho,   by  Thomas  M. 

Marshall 137 

IV.  Proceedings  of  the  fourteenth  annual  conference  of  historical  societies. .  173 

Appendix.     Reports  of  Historical  Societies,  1917 '. 185 

V.  Proceedings  of  the  conference  of  teachers  of  history 217 

VI.  The  editorial  function  in  United  States  history,  by  Worthington  C.  Ford.  249 

VII.  Early  assessments  for  papal  taxation  of  English  clerical  incomes,  by 

William  E.  Lunt 265 

VIII.  The  assessment  of  lay  subsidies,  1290-1332,  by  James  F.  Willard 281 

IX.  English  customs  revenue  up  to  1275,  by  Norman  S.  B.  Gras 293 

X.  The  Association,  by  J.  Franklin  Jameson 303 

XI.  To  what  extent  was  George  Rogers  Clark  in  military  control  of  the 
Northwest*  at  the  close  of  the  American  Revolution?  by  James  A. 

James 313 

XII.  Separatism  in  Utah,  1847-1870,  by  Franklin  D.  Daines , 331 

XIII.  A  generation  of  American  historiography,  by  William  A.  Dunning 345 

XIV.  Thirteenth  report  of  the  historical  manuscripts  commission  :    Letters 

of  General  Santa  Anna,  edited  by  Justin  H.  Smith 355 

9 


CONSTITUTION. 


I. 

The  name  of  this  society  shall  be  The  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation. 

II. 

Its  object  shall  be  the  promotion  of  historical  studies. 

III. 

Any  person  approved  by  the  executive  council  may  become  a  mem- 
ber by  paying  $3,  and  after  the  first  year  may  continue  a  member  by 
paying  an  annual  fee  of  $3.  On  payment  of  $50  any  person  may 
become  a  life  member,  exempt  from  fees.  Persons  not  resident  in  the 
United  States  may  be  elected  as  honorary  or  corresponding  members 
and  be  exempt  from  die  payment  of  fees. 

IV. 

The  officers  shall  be  a  president,  two  vice  presidents,  a  secretary,  a 
secretary  of  the  council,  a  curator,  and  a  treasurer.  These  officers 
shall  be  elected  by  ballot  at  each  regular  annual  meeting  in  the  man- 
ner provided  in  the  by-laws. 

V. 

There  shall  be  an  executive  council  constituted  as  follows : 

1.  The  officers  named  in  Article  IV. 

2.  Elected  jnerabers,  eight  in  number,  to  be  chosen  annually  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  officers  of  the  association. 

3.  The  former  presidents,  but  a  former  president  shall  be  entitled 
to  vote  for  the  three  years  succeeding  the  expiration  of  his  term  as 
president,  and  Ho  longer. 

VI. 

The  executive  council  shall  conduct  the  business,  manage  the  prop- 
erty, and  care  for  the  general  interests  of  the  association.  In  the 
exercise  of  its  proper  functions,  the  council  may  appoint  such  com- 
mittees, commissions,  and  boards  as  it  may  deem  necessary.  The 
council  shall  make  a  full  report  of  its  activities  to  the  annual  meet- 

11 


12  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

ing  of  the  association.  The  association  may  by  vote  at  any  annual 
meeting  instruct  the  executive  council  to  discontinue  or  enter  upon 
any  activity,  and  may  take  such  other  action  in  directing  the  affairs 
of  the  association  as  it  may  deem  necessary  and  proper. 

VII. 

This  constitution  may  be  amended  at  any  annual  meeting,  notice 
of  such  amendment  having  been  given  at  the  previous  annual  meet- 
ing or  the  proposed  amendment  having  received  the  approval  of  the 
executive  council. 


BY-LAWS. 


I. 


The  officers  provided  for  by  the  constitution  shall  have  the  duties 
and  perform  the  functions  customarily  attached  to  their  respective 
offices  with  such  others  as  may  from  time  to  time  be  prescribed. 

11. 

A  nomination  committee  of  five  members  shall  be  chosen  at  each 
annual  business  meeting  in  the  manner  hereafter  provided  for  the 
election  of  officers  of  the  association.  At  such  convenient  time  prior 
to  the  15th  of  September  as  it  may  determine  it  shall  invite  every 
member  to  express  to  it  his  preference  regarding  every  office  to  be 
filled  by  election  at  the  ensuing  annual  business  meeting  and  regard- 
ing the  composition  of  the  new  nominating  committee  then  to  be 
chosen.  It  shall  publish  and  mail  to  each  member  at  least  one  month 
prior  to  the  annual  business  meeting  such  nominations  as  it  may  de- 
termine upon  for  each  elective  office  and  for  the  next  nominating 
committee.  It  shall  prepare  for  use  at  the  annual  business  meeting 
an  official  ballot  containing,  as  candidates  for  each  office  or  committee 
membership  to  be  filled  thereat,  the  names  of  its  nominees  and  also 
the  names  of  any  other  nominees  which  may  be  proposed  to  the 
chairman  of  the  committee  in  writing  by  twenty  or  more  members  of 
the  association  at  least  one  day  before  the  annual  business  meeting, 
but  such  nominations  by  petition  shall  not  be  presented  until  after  the 
committee  shall  have  reported  its  nominations  to  the  association  as 
provided  for  in  the  present  by-law.  The  official  ballot  shall  also  pro- 
vide, under  each  office,  a  blank  space  for  voting  for  such  further 
nominees  as  any  member  may  present  from  the  floor  at  the  time  of 
the  election. 

III. 

The  annual  election  of  officers  and  the  choice  of  a  nominating 
committee  for  the  ensuing  year  shall  be  conducted  by  the  use  of  an 
official  ballot  prepared  as  described  in  by-law  II. 

IV. 

The  association  authorizes  the  payment  of  traveling  expenses  in- 
curred by  the  voting  members  of  the  council  attending  one  meeting 
of  that  body  a  year,  this  meeting  to  be  other  than  that  held  in  con- 
nection with  the  annual  meeting  of  the  association. 

13 


AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Organized  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  September  10,  1884.     Incorporated  by  Congress, 

January  4,  1889. 


OFFICERS  ELECTED  DECEMBER  29,  1917. 

PRESIDENT  : 

WILLIAM  ROSCOE  THAYER,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  L.  H.  D., 
Cambridge. 

VICE  PKESIDENTS  : 

EDWARD  CHANNING,  Ph.  D., 
Harvard  University. 

JEAN  JULES  JUSSERAND,  F.  B.  A., 
French  Embassy. 

SECRETARY  : 

WALDO  GIFFORD  LELAND,  A.   M., 
Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 

TREASURER : 

CHARLES  MOORE,  Ph.  D., 

Detroit.  ~ 

SECRETARY   QF   THE    COUNCIL : 

EVARTS  BOUTELL  GREENE,  Ph   D., 
University  of  Illinois. 

CURATOR : 
A  HOWARD  CLARK,  A.  M., 
Smithsonian  Institution. 

EXECUTIVE  council: 

(In  addition  to  the  above-named  officers.) 

'  (Ex-Presidents.) 

ANDREW  DICKSON  WHITE,  L.  H.  D.,  LL.  D.,  D.  C.  L., 

Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

HENRY  ADAMS,  LL.  D., 
Washington,  D.  C. 

JAMES  SCHOULER,  LL  D., 
Boston,  Mass. 

JAMES  FORD  RHODES,  LL.  D.,  D  Litt., 
Boston,  Mass. 

JOHN  BACH  McMASTER,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  LL.  D., 
University  of  Pennsylvania. 

15 


16  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN,  LL.  D., 
New  Haven,  Conn.  " 

JOHN  FRANKLIN  JAMESON,  Ph.  D..  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D., 
Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 

GEORGE  BURTON  ADAMS,  Ph.  D.,  Litt.  D., 
Yale  University. 

ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D., 
Harvard  University. 

FREDERICK  JACKSON  TURNER,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D., 
Harvard  University. 

WILLIAM  MILLIGAN  SLOANE,  Ph.  D.,  L.  H.  D.,  LL.  D., 

Columbia  University. 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT,  LL.  D.,  D.  C.  L., 
Oyster  Bay,  N.  Y. 

WILLIAM  ARCHIBALD  DUNNING.  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D., 

Columbia  University. 

ANDREW  c.  Mclaughlin,  ll.  d.,  ll.  b., 

.  University  of  Chicago. 

H.  morse  STEPHENS,  M.  A.,  Lrrr.  D., 
University  of  California. 

GEORG^  LINCOLN  BURR,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.. 
Cornell  University. 

WORTHINGTON  C.  FORD,  A.  M., 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

(Elected  Councillors.) 

SAMUEL  B.  HARDING,  Ph.  D., 
Indiana  State  University. 

LUCY  M.  SALMON,  A.  M.,  L.  H.  D., 

Vassar  College. 

HENRY  E.   BOURNE,   L.   H.   D., 
Western  Reserve  University. 

GEORGE  M.  WRONG,  M.  A.,  F.  R.  S.  C, 
University  of  Toronto. 

HERBERT  E.  BOLTON,  B.  L.,  Ph.  D., 
University  of  California. 

WILLIAM  E.  DODD,  Ph.  D., 
University  of  Chicago. 

WALTER  L.  FLEMING,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D., 
Vanderbilt  University. 

WILLIAM  E.  LINGELBACH,  Ph.  D., 
University  of  Pennsylvania. 


PACIFIC  COAST  BRANCH. 


OFFICERS   ELECTED   DECEMBER    1,    1917. 


PRESIDENT : 


JOSEPH  M.  GLEASON,  A.  M.,  S.  T.  B., 
Palo    Alto,    Cal. 

VICE  president: 

OLIVER  H.  RICHARDSON,  Ph.  D., 
University  of  Washington. 

SECRETARY-TREASirRER  : 

WILLIAM  A.  MORRIS,  Ph.  D., 
University  of  California. 

EXECUTIVE  committee: 

(In  addition  to  the  above-named  officers.) 

ROBERT  C.  CLARK,  Ph.  D., 
University  of  Oregon. 

EDWARD   MASLIN   HULME,   M.   A., 
University  of  Idaho. 

WALDEMAR    C.    WESTERGAARD,    A.    B.,    M.    L., 
Pomona  College. 

EDNA  H.  STONE,  A.  B., 

Oakland,  Cal. 

88582°— 19 2  17 


TERMS  OF  OFFICE. 

(Deceased  officers  are  marked  thus :  t-) 


EX-PRKSIDBNTS. 


ANDREW  DICKSON  WHITE,  L.  H.  D.,  LL.  D.,  D.  C.  K,  1884-1885. 
tOEORGE  P.ANCROFT,  LL.  D.,  1885-1886. 
tJUSTIN  WINSOR,  LL.  D.,  1886-1887. 
tWILLIAM  FREDERICK  POOLE,  LL.  D.,  1887-1888. 
1  CHARLES  KENDALL  ADAMS,  LL.  D.,   1888-1889. 
tJOHN  JAY,  LL.  D.,  1889-1890. 
tWILLIAM  WIRT  HENRY,  LL.  D.,  1890-1891. 
tJAMES  BURRILL  ANGELL,  LL.  D.,  1891-1893. 

HENRY  ADAMS,  LL.  D.,   1893-1894. 
tGEORGE  FKISBIE  HOAR,  LL    D.,  1895. 
tRICHARD  SALTER  STORRS,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1890. 

JAMES  SCHOULER,  LL.  D.,  1897. 
tGEORGE  PARK  FISHER,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1898. 

JAMES  FORD  RHODES,  LL.  D  ,  D.  Litt.,  1899. 
tEDWARD  EGGLESTON,  L.  H.  D.,  1900.  » 
tCHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS,  LL.  D.,  1901. 
tALFRED  THAYER  MAHAN,  D.  C.  L.,  LL.  D.,  1902. 
tHENRY  CHARLES  LEA,  LL.  D.,  1903. 
tGOLDWIN  SMITH,  D.  C    L.,  LL.  D.,  1904. 

JOHN  BACH  McMASTER.  Ph.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1905. 

SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN.  LL.  D.,  1906. 

J.  FRANKLIN  JAMESON,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  1907. 

GEORGE  BURTON  ADAMS,  Ph.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  1908. 

ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  1909. 

FREDERICK  JACKSON  TURNER,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  1910. 

WILLIAM  MILLIGAN  SLOANE,  Ph.  D.,  L.  H.  D.,  LL.  D.,  I9U. 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT,  LL.   D.,  D.  C.  L.,  1912. 

WILLIAM  ARCHIBALD  DUNNING.  Ph.'  D.,  LL.  D.,  1913. 

ANDREW  c.  Mclaughlin,  ll.  b.,  ll.  d.,  1914, 

H.  MORSE  STEPHENS,  M.  A.,  LiTT.  D.,  1915. 
GEORGE  LINCOLN  BURR,  LL.  D.,  LiTT.  D.,  1916. 
WORTHINGTON  C.  FORD,  A.  M.,  1917. 

EX-VICE    PRESIDENTS. 

tJUSTIN  WINSOR,  LL.  D.,  1884-1886. 

tCHARLES  KENDALL  ADAMS,  LL.  D.,  1884-1888. 

tWILLIAM  FREDERICK  POOLE,  LL.  D.,  1886-1887. 

tJOHN  JAY.   LL.  D.,  1887-1889. 

tWILLIAM  WIRT  HENRY,  LL.  D.,  1888-1890. 

t JAMES  BURRILL  ANGELL,  LL.  D.,  1889-1891. 

HENRY  ADAMS,  LL.  D..  1890-1893. 
tEDWARD  GAY  MASON,  A.  M.,  1891-1894. 
tGEORGE  FRISBIE  HOAR,  LL.  D.,  1894. 
tRICHARD  SALTER  STORRS,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1895. 

JAMES  SCHOULER,  LL.  D.,  1895,  1896. 
tGEORGE  PARK  FISHER,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1896,  1897. 

JAMES  FORD  RHODES,  LL.  D.,  D.  Litt.,  1897,  1898. 
tEDWARD  EGGLESTON,  L.  H.  D.,  1898,  1899. 
tMOSES  COIT  TYLER,  L.  H.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1899,  1900. 
tCHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS,  LL.  D.,  1900. 
t HERBERT  BAXTER  ADAMS,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1901. 
tALFRED  THAYER  MAHAN,  D.  C.  L.,  LL.  D..  1901. 
tHENRY  CHARLES  LEA,   LL.  D.,  1902. 
tGOLDWIN  SMITH,  D.  C.  L.,  LL.  D.,  1902,  1903. 


19 


20  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

tEDWARD  McCRADY,  LL.  D..  1903. 
JOHN  BACH  McMASTER,  Ph.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1904. 
SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN.  LL.  D.,  1904,  1905. 

J.  FRANKLIN  J.\MESON.  I'H.  D.,  LL.  D.,  LiTT.  D.,  1905,  1906. 
GEORGE  BURTON  ADAMS.  Ph    D.,  Litt.  D.,  1906,  1907. 
ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART,  Ph.  D..  LL.  I).,  Litt.  D.,  1907,  1908. 
FREDERICK  JACKSON  TURNER.  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  1908,  1909. 
WILLIAM  MILLIGAN  SLOANE,  Ph.  D.,  L.  II.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1909,  1910. 
THEODORE  ROOSEVELT,  LL.  D.,  D.  C.  L.,  1910,  1911. 
WILLIAM  ARCHIBALD  DUNNING,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1911,  1912. 

ANDREW  c.  Mclaughlin,  ll.  b.,  ll.  d.,  1912.  1913.  , 

H.  MORSE  STEPHENS,  M.  A.,  Litt.  D.,  1913,  1914. 

GEORGE  LINCOLN  BURR,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  1914,  1915. 

WORTHINGTON  C.  FORD,  A.  M.,  1915,  1916. 

WILLIAM  ROSCOE  THAYER,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  L.  II.  D.,  1910,  1917. 

secretaries. 

tHERBERT  BAXTER  ADAMS,  Ph.  D..  LL.  D.,  1884-1900. 
A.  HOWARD  CLARK,  A.  M.,  1889-1908. 
CHARLES  HOMER  HASKINS,  Ph.  D.,  1900-1913. 
WALDO  GIFFORD  LELAND,  A.  M.,  1908— 
EVARTS  BOUTELL  GREENE,  Ph.  D.,  1914— 

'  treasurers. 

CLARENCE  WINTHROP  BOWEN,  Ph.  D.,  1884-1917. 
CHARLES  MOORE,  Ph.  D..  1917— 

CURATOR. 

A.  HOWARD  CLARK,  A.  M.,  1889— 

EXECUTIVE    COUNCIL. 

tWILLIAM  BABCOCK  WEEDEN,  A.  M.,  1884-1886. 

tCHARLES  DEANE,  LL.  D.,  1884-1887. 

tMOSES  COIT  TYLER,  L.  H.rf>.,  LL.  D.,  1884-1885. 

EPIIRAIM  EMERTON,  Ph.  D.,  1884-188.5. 

FRANKLIN  BOWDITCH  DEXTER,  A.  M.,  Litt.  D.,  1885-18S7. 
tWILLIAM  FRANCIS  ALLEN,  A.  M.,  1885-1887. 
tWILLIAM  WIRT  HENRY,  LL.  D..  1886-1888 
tRUTHERFORD  BIRCHARD  HAYES.   LL.  D..   1887-1888. 

JOHN  W.  BURGESS,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D..  1887-1891. 
t ARTHUR  MARTIN  WHEELER,  A.  M.,  LL.  D.,  1887-1889. 
tGEORGE  PARK  FISHER,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1888-1891, 
tGEORGE  BROWN  GOODE,  LL.  D.,  1889-1896. 

JOHN  GEORGE  BOURINOT,  C.  M.  G.,  D.  C.  L.,  LL.  D..   1889-1894. 

JOHN  BACH  McMASTER,  Ph.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1891-1894. 

GEORGE  BURTON  ADAMS,   Ph.  D.,   Litt.   D.,   1891-1897;   1898-1901. 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT,  LL.  D.,  D.  C.  L.,  1894-1895. 
tJABEK  LAMAR  MONROE  CURRY,  LL.  D.,  1894-1895. 

H.  MORSE  STEPHENS,  M.  A.,  Litt.  D.,  1895-1899. 

FREDERICK  JACKSON  TURNER,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  1895-1899;  1901-1904. 
tEDWARD  MINER  GALLAUDET,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1896-1897. 
tMELVILLE  WESTON  FULLER,  LL.  D.,  1897-1900. 

ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART,  Ph.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  1897-1900. 

ANDREW  C.  MCLAUGHLIN,  LL.  B.,  LL.  D.,  1898-1901 ;  190.V1906. 

WILLIAM  ARCHIBALD  DUNNING,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1899-1902. 
tPETER  WHITE,  A.  M.,  1899-1902. 

J.  IfRANKLIN  JAMESON,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  1900-1903. 

A.  LAWRENCE  LOWELL,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D..  1900-1903. 

HERBERT  PUTNAM,  Litt.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1901-1904. 

GEORGE  LINCOLN  BURR,  LL.  D.,  1902-1905. 

EDWARD  POTTS  CHEYNEY,  LL.  D.,  1902-1905. 
tEDWARD  G.  BOURNE.  Ph.  D.,  1903-1906. 
tGEORGE  P.  GARRISON,  Ph.  D.,  1904-1907. 
tREiUBEN  GOLD  THWAITES,  LL.  D.,  1904-1907. 

CHARLES  MCLEAN  ANDREWS,  Ph.  D.,  L.  H.  D.,  1905-1908. 

JAMES  HARVEY  ROBINSON,  Ph.  D.,  1905-1908. 


TERMS   OF   OFFICE.  21 


WOnTHINGTON  CHAUNCEY  B^ORD,  A.  M.,  1906-1909. 

WILLIAM  MACDONALt),  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D..  1906-1909, 

MAX  PAKRAND,  Ph.  D.,  1907-1910. 

FRANK  IIEYWOOD  HODDER,  Pn.  M.,   1907-1910. 

EVARTS  BOUTELL  GREENE,  Ph.  D.,   1908-1911. 

CHARLES  HENRY  HULL,  Ph.  D.,  1908-1911. 

FRANKLIN  LAFAYETTE  RILEY,  A.  M..  Ph.  D.,  1909-1912. 

EDWIN  ERLE  SPARKS,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1909-1912. 

JAMES  ALBERT  WOODBURN,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D..  1910-1913. 

F^RED  MORROW  FLING.  Ph.  D.,  1910-1913. 

HERMAN  VANDENBURG  AMES,  Ph.   D.,   1911-1914. 

DANA  CARLETON  MUNRO,  A.  M.,  1911-1914. 

ARCHIBALD  CARY  COOLIDGE,  Ph.  D.,  1912-1914. 

JOHN  MARTIN  VINCENT,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  1912-1915. 

FREDERIC  BANCROFT,  Ph.  D..  LL.  D..  1913-1915. 

CHARLES  HOMER  HA  SKINS,  Ph.  D.,  1913-1916. 

EUGENE  C.  BARKER,  Ph.  D.,  1914-1917. 

GUY  S.  FORD,  B.  L.,  Ph.  D.,  1914-1917. 

ULRICH  B.  PHILLIPS,   I'H.  D.,   1914-1917. 

LUCY  M.  SALMON,  A.  M.,  L.  H.  D..  1915- 

SAMUEL  B.  HARDING,  Ph.  D.,  1915— 

HENRY  E.  BOURNE,  A.  B..  B.  D.,  L.  H.  D.,  1916 — 

CHARLES  MOORE,  Ph.  D.,  1916-1917. 

GEORGE  M.  WRONG,  M.  A.,  1916— 

HERBERT  E.  BOLTON,  B.  L.,  Ph.  D.,  1917 — 

WILLIAM  E.  DODD,  Ph.  D.,  1917— 

WALTER  L.  FLEMING,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D.,  1917— 

WILLIAM  E.  LINGELBACH,  Ph.  D.,  1917 — 


COMMITTEES  APPOINTED  DECEMBER  29,  1917. 


Committee  on  program  for  the  thirty-fourth  annual  meeting. — Samuel  B.  Hard- 
ing, chairman ;  John  S.  Bassett,  Carl  Becker,  E.  J.  Benton,  A.  E.  R.  Boak, 
William  E,  Dodd,  Julius  Klein,  Augustus  H.  Shearer  (ex  officio). 

Committee  on  local  arrangements. — Myron  T.  Herrick,  chairman ;  Wallace  H. 
Cathcart,  vice-chairman ;  Samuel  B.  Plainer,  secretary ;  Elroy  M.  Avery, 
Elbert  J.  Benton,  C.  W.  Bingham,  Henry  E.  Bourne,  A.  S.  Chisholm,  Arthur 
H.  Clark,  James  R.  Garfield,  Frank  M.  Gregg,  R^lph  King,  Samuel  Mather, 
William  P.  Palmer,  Frank  P.  Prentiss,  Charles  F.  Thwing,  J.  H.  Wade. 

Committee  on  nominations. — Charles  H.  Ambler,  University  of  West  Virginia, 
chairman ;  Christopher  B.  Coleman,  Carl  R.  Fish,  J.  G.  de  Roulhac  Hamil- 
ton, Victor  H.  Paltsits. 

Editors  of  the  American  Historical  Review. — Edward  P.  Cheyney,  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  chairman ;  Carl  Becker,  Charles  H.  Haskins,  J.  Franklin 
Jameson,  James  H.  Robinson,  Claude  H.  Van  Tyne. 

Historical  manuscripts  commission. — Justin  H.  Smith,  270  Beacon  Street,  Bos- 
ton, chairman ;  Dice  R.  Anderson,  Mrs.  Amos  G.  Draper,  Logan  Esarey,  Gail- 
lard  Hunt,  Charles  H.  Lincoln,  Milo  M.  Quaife. 

Committee  on  the  Justin  Winsor  prize. — Frederic  L.  Paxson,  University  of  Wis- 
consin, chairman ;  Edward  S.  Corwin,  Frank  H.  Hodder,  Ida  M.  Tarbell, 
Oswald  G.  Villard. 

Committee  on  the  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prize. — Ruth  Putnam,  2025  O  Street 
NW.,  Washington,  chairman ;  Charles  D.  Hazen,  Robert  H.  Lord,  Louis  J. 
Paetow,  Conyers  Read. 

Public  archives  commission.— Victor  H.  Paltsits,  New  York  Public  Library, 
chairman ;  Eugene  C.  Barker,  Solon  J.  Buck,  John  C.  Fitzpatrick,  George 
N.  Fuller,  George  S.  Godard,  Peter  Guilday,  Thomas  M.  Owen. 

Committee  on  bibliography. — George  M.  Dutcher,  Wesleyan  University,  Middle^ 
town,  chairman ;  Frank  A.  Colder,  Adelaide  R.  Ha.sse,  William  T.  Lai)rade, 
Albert  H.  Lybyer,  Wallace  Notestein,  William  W.  Rockwell,  Augustus  H. 
Shearer,  Bernard  C.  Steiner. 

Committee  on  publications. — H.  Barrett  Learned,  2123  Bancroft  Place,  Washing- 
ton, chairman;  and  (ex  officio)  George  M.  Dutcher,  E^varts  B.  Greene, 
J.  Franklin  Jameson,  Waldo  G.  Leland,  Victor  H.  Paltsits,  Frederic  L.  Pax- 
son,  Ruth  Putnam.  Justin  H.  Smith. 

Committee  on  history  in  schools. — Victoria  A.  Adams,  Henry  L.  Cannon,  Her- 
bert D.  Foster,  Samuel  B.  Harding,  James  A.  James,  Daniel  C.  Knowlton, 
August  C.  Krey,  Robert  A.  Maurer,  Nathaniel  W.  Stephenson,  Rolla  M. 
Tryon,  J.  H.  Van  Sickle,  William  L.  Westerraann.  (Chairmanship  vacant 
during  1918.) 

Conference  of  historical  societies. — Augustus  H.  Shearer,  Grosvenor  Library, 
Buffalo,  secretary. 

23 


24  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Advisory  board  of  the  History  Teacher's  Magazine. — Henry  Johnson,  Teachers 
College,  chairman ;  Fretl  M.  Fllug.^argaret  McGill,  James  Sullivan,  Fred- 
eric Duncalf,  O.  H.  Williams. 

Special  committee  on  policy. — Charles  H.  Haskins,  Harvard  University,  chair- 
man ;  Carl  Becker,  William  E.  Dodd,  Guy  S.  Ford,  Dana  C.  Munro. 

Special  committee  on  the  historical  congress  at  Rio  de  Janeiro. — Bernard  Moses, 
University  of  California,  chairman ;  Julius  M.  Klein,  1824  Belmont  Uoad, 
Washington,  secretary;  Charles  L.  Chandler,  Charles  H.  Cunningham, 
Percy  A.  Martin. 

Special  committee  on  American  educational  and  scientific  enterprises  in  the  Ot- 
toman Empire. — Edward  C.  Moore,  Harvard  University,  chairman;  James 
H.  Breasted,  Albert  H.  Lybyer. 

Committee  on  the  military  history  prize. — Robert  M.  Johnston,  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  chairman ;  Milledge  L.  Bonham,  jr..  Alien  R.  Boyd,  Fred  M.  Fliuk, 
Albert  Bushnell  Hart. 


ORGANIZATION  AND  ACTIVITIES. 


The  American  Historical  Association  Is  tiie  national  organization  of  those 
persons  interested  in  history  and  in  the  promotion  of  historical  work  and 
studies.  It  was  founded  in  1884  by  a  group  of  representative  scholars,  and  in 
1889  was  incorporated  by  act  of  Congress,  its  national  character  being  empha- 
sized by  fixing  its  principal  office  in  Washington  and  by  providing  for  the 
governmental  publication  of  its  annual  reports.  Its  present  membership  of 
2,700  is  drawn  from  every  State  of  the  Union  as  well  as  from  all  the  Territories 
and  dependencies,  from  Canada  and  South  America,  and  from  13  other  foreign 
countries.  The  association  should  appeal  through  its  meetings,  publications, 
and  other  activities  not  only  to  the  student,  writer,  or  teacher  of  history,  but  to 
the  librarian,  the  archivist,  the  editor,  the  man  of  letters,  to  all  who  have  any 
interest  in  history,  local,  national,  or  general,  and  to  those  who  believe  that 
correct  knowledge  of  the  past  is  essential  to  a  right  vmderstanding  of  the  present. 

The  meetings  of  the  association  are  held  annually  during  the  last  week  in 
December  in  cities  so  situated  us  best  to  accommodate  in  turn  the  members  in 
different  parts  of  the  country.  The  average  attendance  at  the  meetings  is  about 
400,  representing  generally  40  or  more  States  and  Canada,  while  from  75  to 
100  members  usually  have  an  active  part  in  the  program.  But  it  is  the  oppor- 
tunity afforded  for  acquaintance  and  social  intercourse  quite  as  much  as  the 
formal  sessions  and  conferences  that  make  the  meetings  so  agreeable  and 
'  profitable. 

The  annual  report,  usually  in  two  volumes,  is  printed  for  the  association  by 
the  Government  and  is  distributed  free  to  members.  It  contains  the  proceedings 
of  the  association  and  the  more  important  papers  read  at  the  annual  meetings, 
as  well  as  valuable  collections  of  documents,  bibliographical  contributions, 
reports  on  American  archives,  on  the  activities  of  historical  societies,  on  the 
teaching  of  history,  etc. 

The  American  Historical  Review  is  a  quarterly  journal  of  two  hundred  or 
more  pages.  Each  issue  contains  at  least  five  authoritative  articles  in  different 
fields  of  history,  as  well  as  selected  documents,  critical  reviews  of  all  new  works 
of  any  importance,  and  a  section  devoted  to  historical  news  of  periodical  and 
other  publications,  institutions,  societies,  and  persons.  The  Review  is  recog- 
nized, both  in  this  country  and  abroad,  as  the  standard  American  journal 
devoted  to  history,  and  it  easily  takes  rank  with  the  leading  European  journals, 
such  as  the  English  Historical  Review  or  the  Revue  Historique.  It  is  indis- 
pensable to  all  who  desire  to  keep  abreast  with  the  historical  work  of  the 
world,  and  of  great  value  and  interest  to  the  general  reader.  The  Review  is 
distributed  free  to  all  members  of  the  association. 

The  association  also  publishes  the  Prize  Essays,  a  series  of  annual  volumes 
comprising  the  essays  to  which  are  awarded  in  alternate  years  the  Herbert 
Baxter  Adams  and  the  Justin  Winsor  prizes  of  $200  each,  for  the  best  mono- 
graphs in  European  and  American  history,  respectively.  These  volumes  are 
supplied  to  members  at  $1  each  and  to  non-members  at  $1.50. 

To  tJie  subject  of  history  teaching  the  association  has  given  much  and  con- 
sistent attention.     Round  table  conferences  have  been  held,  committees  have 

25 


26  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL,  ASSOCIATION. 

been  appointe<l,  Investigations  made,  reports  and  jiapers  read  at  nearly  every 
annual  meeting.  Tlie  liigh  standard  of  excellence  in  the  teaching  of  history 
throughout  the  United  States  is  due  in  no  small  degree  to  the  association's 
activity  in  this  direction.  The  UoiM)rt  of  the  Conmiittee  of  Seven  on  history  in 
the  secondary  schools,  published  in  1898  and  supplemented  in  1910,  and  the 
Keport  of  the  Committee  of  Eight  on  history  i-n  the  elementary  schools,  published 
in  1909,  form  the  basis  of  the  pre.sent  curriculum  of  history  in  most  of  the 
schools  of  the  country.  There  is  at  present  a  standing  committee  on  history 
In  schools  charged  with  the  consideration  of  such  questions  as  may  come  l)efore 
it  relative  to  the  teaching  of  history.  Furthermore,  recognizing  the  impor- 
tance of  this  phase  of  its  work  and  its  relation  to  the  future  citizenship  of  the 
Nation,  the  association  in  1911  assumed  a  guiding  interest  in  the  History 
Teacher's  Magazine,  a  monthly  journal  of  the  greatest  practical  value  to  the 
teacher  of  history. 

Realizing  the  importance  and  value  of  the  work  of  the  many  State  and 
local  historical  societies,  the  association  has  from  its  earliest  days  maintained 
close  relations  with  these  kindred  organizations.  Since  1904  a  conference  of 
delegates  of  historical  societies  has  been  held  in  connection  with  the  annual 
meetings  of  the  association.  At  these  conferences  are  considered  the  problems 
of  historical  societies — for  example,  the  arousing  of  local  interest  in  history, 
the  marking  of  historic  sites,  the  collection  and  publication  of  historical  mate- 
rial, the  maintenance  of  historical  museums,  etc. ;  cooperative  enterprises,  too 
great  for  any  one  society,  but  possible  for  several  acting  together,  are  also 
planned.  The  most  important  of  these  enterprises,  the  preparation  of  a  cata- 
logue of  the  documents  in  French  archives  relating  to  the  history  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  is  now  nearing  successful  completion. 

An  important  function  of  the  association  is  the  discovery  and  exploitation 
of  the  manuscript  sources,  of  American  history.  Thus,  the  historical  manu- 
scripts commission,  created  in  1895  as  a  standing  committee,  has  published  in  ( 
the  Annual  Reports  nearly  8,000  pages  of  historical  documents,  including  such 
collections  as  the  correspondence  of  John  C.  Calhoun ;  the  papers  of  Salmon  P. 
Chase;  the  dispatches  of  the  French  conmiissi oners  in  the  United  States,  1791- 
1797;  the  correspondence  of  Clark  and  Genet,  1793-94;  the  diplomatic  cor- 
respondence of  the  Republic  of  Texas;  the  correspondence  of  Toombs,  Stephens, 
and  Cobb ;  the  papers  of  James  A.  Bayard,  etc. 

Realizing  that  the  public  records,  which  constitute  the  principal  source  for 
the  history  of  any  country,  were  generally  neglected  in  America,  and  that  this 
neglect  had  caused,  and  must  continue  to  cause,  irreparable  losses,  the  associa- 
tion created  in  1899  the  public  archives  commis.sion,  the  function  of  which  was 
to  examine  t^nd  report  upon  the  general  character,  historical  value,  physical 
condition,  and  administration  of  the  public  records  of  the  various  States  and 
of  the  smaller  political  divisions.  The  commission  has  now  published  reports 
on  the  archives  of  over  40  States,  and  has  furthermore  been  instrumental  in 
securing  legislation  providing  for  the  proper  care  and  administration  of  so 
valuable  a  class  of  historical  material.  Since  1909  the  commission  has  held 
an  annual  conference  of  archivists,  In  connection  with  the  meetings  of  the 
association,  for  the  discussion  of  the  more  or  less  technical  problems  that  con- 
front the  custodian  of  public  records. 

In  the  meantime  the  association  is  working  actively  to  secure  for  the  na- 
tional archives  at  Washington  a  central  building  where  the  records  of  the 
Federal  Government  may  be  properly  housed  and  cared  for.  Instead  of  being, 
as  at  present,  scattered  among  several  hundred  offices,  where  tliey  are  too  often 
Id  the  gravest  danger  from  fire  or  other  destructive  forces. 


ORGANIZATION   AND  ACTIVITIES.  27 

Bibliography,  tlie  iiulispensable  tool  of  the  historian  and  the  guide  of  the  lay- 
nmn,  has  not  been  neglected.  The  committee  on  bibliography  has  recently  pub- 
lished A  Union  List  of  Collections  on  European  History  in  American  Jjibraries 
which  has  proved  of  the  greatest  value  to  librarians  and  students  alike.  A 
special  committee  is  at  present  engaged  in  cooperation  with  a  committee  of  Eng- 
lish scholars,  in  the  preparation  of  a  descriptive  and  critical  bibliography  of 
modern  English  history.  For  some  years  now  there  has  been  prepared  and  pub- 
lished under  the  auspices  of  the  association  an  annual  bibliography  of  Writings 
on  American  History,  which  contains  a  practically  complete  list,  in  some  3,000 
items,  of  all  books  and  periodical  articles  appearing  during  the  year.  It  is 
generally  recognized  as  the  most  complete  and  usable  of  all  the  national  bibliog- 
raphies. Bibliographies  on  special  subjects  have  been  printed  from  time  to 
time  in  the  annual  reports;  especially  should  be  noted  a  Bibliography  of 
American  Historical  Societies,  filling  over  1,300  pages,  which  was  printed  in 
the  annual  report  for  1905. 

In  1904  a  Pacific  coast  branch  was  organized,  which,  while  an  integral  part 
of  the  association,  elects  local  officers  and  holds  separate  annual  meetings.  Its 
proceedings  are  published  in  the  annual  reports.  In  1914  headquarters  of  the 
association  were  established  in  London  for  the  benefit  of  the  many  American 
students  working  there  in  the  Public  Record  Office  and  in  the  British  Museum. 
The  association  is  enabled  to  share  the  building  of  the  Royal  Historical  So- 
ciety, 22  Russell  Square.  At  the  same  time  plans  were  on  foot  to  establish  an 
office  in  Paris,  where  the  hospitality  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  had 
been  offered  to  the  association.  The  war  unfortunately  made  it  necessary  to 
su.spend  this  project,  but  it  will  be  taken  up  again  at  a  more  propitious  season. 
Doubtless  offices  or  rooms  will  in  time  be  opened  in  other  European  capitals  as 
the  demands  of  American  students  may  seem  to  justify  such  action. 

The  association  has  from  the  first  pursued  the  policy  of  inviting  to  its  mem- 
bership not  only  those  professionally  or  otherwise  actively  engaged  in  historical 
work,  but  also  those  whose  interest  in  history  or  in  the  advancement  of  his- 
torical science  is  such  that  they  wish  to  ally  themselves  with  the  association  in 
the  furtherance  of  its  various  object^. 

Membership  in  the  association  is  obtained  through  election  by  the  executive 
council,  upon  nomination  by  a  member,  or  by  direct  application.  The  annual 
dues  are  $3,  there  being  no  initiation  fee.  The  life  membership  is  $50,  and 
carries  with  it  exemption  from  all  annual  dues. 

All  Inquiries  respecting  the  association,  its  work,  publications,  prizes,  meet- 
ings, membership,  etc.,  may  be  addressed  to  the  Secretary  of  the  American 
Historical  Association,  1140  Woodward  Building,  Washington,  D.  C.  To  him 
also  or  to  the  secretary  of  the  council,  315  Lincoln  Hall,  Urbana,  111.,  should 
be  directed  all  communications  relative  to  gifts  or  bequests  for  the  benefit  of 
the  association. 


HISTORICAL  PRIZES. 

[Wlnsor  and  Adams  prizes.] 


For  the  purpose  of  encouraging  historical  research  the  American  Historical 
Association  offers  two  prizes,  each  prize  of  $200 — the  Justin  Winsor  prize  In 
American  history  and  the  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prize  in  the  history  of  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere.  The  Winsor  prize  is  offered  in  the  even  years  (as  here- 
tofore), and  the  Adams  prize  in  the  odd  years.  Both  prizes  are  designed  to 
encourage  writers  who  have  not  published  previously  any  considerable  work 
or  obtained  an  established  reputation.  Either  prize  shall  be  awarded  for  an 
excellent  monograph  or  essay,  printed  or  in  manuscript,  submitted  to  or  se- 
lected by  the  committee  of  award.  Monographs  must  be  submitted  on  or  before 
July  1  of  the  given  year.  In  the  case  of  a  printed  monograph  the  date  of  pub- 
lication must  fall  within  a  period  of  two  years  prior  to  July  1.  A  monograph 
to  which  a  prize  has  been  awarded  in  manuscript  may,  if  it  is  deemed  in  all 
respects  available,  be  published  in  the  annual  report  of  the  association.  Com- 
petition shall  be  limited  to  monographs  written  or  published  in  the  English 
language  by  writers  of  the  Western  Hemisphere. 

In  making  the  award  the  committee  will  consider  not  only  research,  ac- 
curacy, and  originality,  but  also  clearness  of  expression  and  logical  arrange- 
ment. The  successful  monograph  must  reveal  marked  excellence  of  style.  Its 
subject  matter  should  afford  a  distinct  contribution  to  knowledge  of  a  sort 
beyond  that  having  merely  personal  or  local  interest.  The  monograph  must 
conform  to  the  accepted  canons  of  historical  research  and  criticism.  A  manu- 
script— including  text,  notes,  bibliography,  appendices,  etc. — must  not  exceed 
100,000  words  if  designed  for  publication  in  the  annual  report  of  the  associa- 
tion. 

The  Justin  Winsor  prize. — The  mohograph  must  be  based  upon  independent 
and  original  investigation  in  American  history.  The  phrase  "  American  his- 
tory "  includes  the  history  of  the  United  States  and  other  countries  of  the 
Western  Hemisphere.  The  monograph  may  deal  with"  any  aspect  or  phase  of 
that  history. 

The  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prise. — The  monograph  must  be  based  upon  in- 
dependent and  original  investigation  in  the  history  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere. 
The  monograph  may  deal  with  any  aspect  or  phase  of  that  history,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  Winsor  prize. 

Inquiries  regarding  these  prizes  .should  be  addressed  to  the  chairmen  of 
the  respective  committees,  or  to  the  secretary  of  the  association,  1140  Wood- 
ward Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  Justin  Winsor  prize  (which  until  1906  was  offered  annually)  has  been 
awarded  to  the  following: 

1896^  Herman  V.  Ames,  "  The  proposed  amendments  to  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States." 

1900.  William  A.  Schaper,  "  Sectionalism  and  representation  in  South  Caro- 
lina;"  with   honorable   mention   of   Mary   S.   Locke,   "Anti-slavery   sentiment 

before  1808." 

29 


30  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

1901.  Ulrich  B.  Phillips,  "Georgia  and  State  ri^'hts;"  with  honorable  mention 
of  M.  Louise  Greene,  "  The  struggle  for  religious  liberty  in  Ckinnecticut." 

1902.  Charles  McCarthy,  "  The  Anti-Masonic  Party ;"  with  honorable  mention 
of  W.  Roy  Smith,  "  South  Carolina  as  a  Royal  Province." 

1903.  Ivoulse  Phelps  Kellogg,  "The  American  colonial  charter:  A  study  of  its 
relation  to  English  administration,  chiefly  after  1688." 

1904.  William  R.  Manning,  "The  Nootka  Sound  controversy;"  with  honor- 
able mention  of  C.  O.  Pnuilin,  "  The  Navy  of  the  American  Revolution." 

1906.  Annie  Heloise  Abel,  "  The  history  of  events  resulting  in  Indian  consoli- 
dation west  of  the  MissLssippi  River." 

1908.  Clarence  Edwin  Carter,  "Great  Britain  and  the  Illinois  country, 
1765-1774;"  with  honorable  mention  of  Charles  Henry  Ambler,  "Sectionalism 
in  Virginia,  1776-1861." 

1910.  Edward  Raymond  Turner,  "  The  Negro  In  Pennsylvania :  Slavery — 
servitude — freedom,  1639-1861." 

1912.  Charles  Arthur  Cole,  "  The  Whig  Party  in  the  South." 

1914.  Mary  W.  Williams,  "Anglo-American  Isthmian  diplomacy,  1815-1915." 

1916.  Richard  J.  Purcell,  "Connecticut  in  transition,  1775-1818." 
From  1897  to  1899  and  in  1905  the  Justin  Winsor  prize  was  not  awarded. 

The  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prize  has  been  awarded  to : 

1905.  David  S.  Muzzey,  "The  spiritual  Franciscans;"  with  honorable  mention 
of  Eloise  Ellery,  "  Jean  Pierre  Brissot." 

1907.  In  equal  division,  Edward  B.  Krehblel,  "  The  Interdict :  Its  history 
and  its  operation ;  with  especial  attention  to  the  time  of  Pope  Innocent  III ;" 
and  William  S.  Robertson,  "  Francisco  de  Miranda  and  the  revolutionizing  of 
Spanish  America." 

1909.  Wallace  Notestein^'"A  history  of  witchcraft  in  England  from  1558  to 
1718." 

1911.  Louise  Fargo  Brown,  "  The  political  activities  of  the  Baptists  and 
Fifth-Monarchy  men  in  England  during  the  Interregnum." 

1913.  Violet  Barbour,  "  Henry  Bennet,  Earl  of  Arlington." 

1915.  Theodore  C.  Pease,  "The  leveller  movement ;' '  with  honorable  mention 
of  F.  C.  Melvin,  "  Napoleon's  system  of  licensed  navigation,  1806-1814." 

1917.  Frederick  L.  Nussbaum,  "  G.  J.  A.  Ducher :  An  essay  in  the  political 
history  of  mercantilism  during  the  French  Revolution." 

The  essays  of  Messrs.  Muzzey,  Krehbiei,  Carter,  Notestein,  Turner,  Cole, 
Pease,  Purcell,  Miss  Brown,  Miss  Barbour,  and  Miss  Williams  have  been  pub- 
lished by  the  association  in  a  series  of  separate  volumes.  The  earlier  Winsor 
prize  essays  were  printed  in  the  annual  reports. 

MILITARY    HISTORY    PRIZE. 

A  prize  of  $250  is  offered  for  the  best  approved  essay  on  a  subject  In  military 
history.  The  fields  of  study  are  not  limited,  but  the  Civil  War  is  recommended 
as  especially  suitable.  While  the  committee  expects  that  the  essays  submitted 
will  range  from  about  20,000  to  50,000  words,  this  is  not  intended  as  an  abso- 
lute condition.  Ail  essays  must  be  submitted  in  typewritten  form,  and  .sent  to 
the  chairman  of  the  committee,  Prof.  R.  M.  Johnston,  275  Wideuer  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  by  August  31,  1918. 


I.  REPORT  OF  THE  PROCEEDTiNGS  OF  THE  THIRTY-THIRD 

ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE  AMERICAN 

HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  DECEMBER  27-29,  1917. 


31 


THE   MEETING    OF   THE   AMERICAN    HISTORICAL    ASSOCIATION 
AT  PHILADELPHIA.' 


The  American  Historical  Association  has  now  held  at  least  two 
of  its  annual  meetings  in  each  of  the  four  chief  centers  of  American 
population.  It  held  at  Ncav  York  the  meeting  of  1896  and  the 
twenty-fifth  anniversary  meeting  of  1909;  at  Boston  those  of  1887, 
1899,  and  1912;  at  Chicago  a  summer  meeting  of  somewhat  special 
character  in  1893,  at  the  time  of  the  World's  Fair,  and  meetings  in 
December  of  1904  and  1914;  and  has  noAv  held  two  meetings  in  Phila- 
delphia, those  of  1902  and  1917.  Anyone  who  has  attended,  at  the 
same  city,  or  in  each  of  them,  two  of  these  meetings,  ten  or  fifteen 
years  apart,  has  ready  means  of  measuring  the  society's  progress  and 
the  advancement  made  in  the  range  and  quality  of  its  proceedings. 
It  is  all  very  gratifying,  and  most  of  all  because  of  the  rich  promise 
it  offers  of  still  further  improvement  in  the  future. 

One  or  two  aspects  of  the  Philadelphia  meeting  were,  however, 
especially  gratifying.  In  November  and  December  there  had  been, 
in  this  as  in  other  scientific  societies,  evidences  of  doubt  in  some 
minds  as  to  whether  it  were  not  better,  in  war  time,  to  omit  these 
large  annual  gatherings,  in  the  interest  of  economy  of  money  and 
effort.  They  are  indeed  expensive.  They  are  more  expensive  than 
they  should  be.  No  local  committee  of  arrangements  likes  to  show 
the  American  Historical  Association  any  but  the  best  hotel  in  its 
city,  though  few  there  be  among  the  members  of  that  worthy  but 
impecunious  fraternity  who  habitually  put  up  at  the  best  hotels  in 
the  cities  which  they  visit  on  other  occasions.  To  be  forced  to  stay 
at  an  expensive  hotel  because  it  is  headquarters  is  in  some  respects 
agreeable  (especially  if  there  is  a  cheap  restaurant  near  at  hand),  but 
when  we  add  to  the  cost  the  expense  and  present  difficulty  of  railroad 
travel,  there  is  much  to  deter  us,  especially  in  war  time,  from  going 
far  to  attend  the  meetings  of  a  scientific  society.  With  the  next  meet- 
ing scheduled  to  take  place  in  Minneapolis,  the  association  did  pru- 
dently in  voting  authority  to  the  executive  council  to  omit  the  meet- 
ing of  December,  1918,  or  change  place  and  plan,  if  conditions  at- 
tending the  war  develop  before  September  in  such  a  manner  that 
action  of  this  sort  seems  to  the  council  expedient. 

But  with  the  pressure  of  the  war  no  further  advanced  than  it 
was  in  December,  1917,  it  could  fairly  be  said  that,  if  the  transac- 

i-This  account  is  adapted  from  that  in  the  American  Historical  Review  for  April,  1918. 
88582°— 19 3  38 


34  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

tions  of  a  national  historical  society  were  what  they  should  be,  they 
were  worth  to  the  Government  and  the  country  all  that  they  cost. 
No  national  effort  of  such  prodigious  magnitude  and  power  as  that 
which  we  are  called  upon  to  make  can  be  made  by  any  nation  which 
is  not  fully  conscious  of  an  inspiring  past.  Of  all  the  factors  that 
make  a  nation,  a  common  history  is  perhaps  the  most  potent ;  and 
the  present  war  of  nations  is  visibly  a  product  of  history.  Much 
knowledge  of  European  history  is  necessary  toward  its  comprehen- 
sion, much  thought  and  feeling  respecting  American  history  toward 
bearing  successfully  our  part  in  its  prosecution.  A  national  his- 
torical society  with  no  thoughts  above  the  level  of  antiquarianism 
might  better  not  convene  in  such  days  as  these,  but  a  national  his- 
torical society  with  the  right  spirit  could  not  hold  an  annual  meet- 
ing without  sending  its  members  home  heartened  to  the  performance 
of  every  patriotic  duty,  nor  without  extending  in  some  measure 
throughout  the  nation  the  inspiring  and  clarifying  influence  of 
sound  historical  thinking  and  right  patriotic  feeling. 

Fortunately — though  not  by  accident,  nor  with  any  ground  for 
surprise — such  has  been  the  spirit  and  temper  of  the  American  His- 
torical Association.  It  is  no  accident  that  such  men  wish  now,  more 
than  ever,  to  connect  their  studies  of  the  past  with  the  life  of  the 
present,  to  relate  every  portion  of  history  to  the  impending  crisis  of 
civilization,  and  to  concentrate  attention  on  those  parts  that  are 
really  significant  and  directly  helpful,  yet  to  do  all  this  without 
allowing  the  judgment  to  be  warped  by  the  events  and  passions  of 
the  hour,  without  ceasing  to  see  the  life  of  the  race  steadily  and  see 
it  whole.  At  the  Cincinnati  meeting,  and  still  more  at  that  lately 
held  at  Philadelphia,  those  who  made  the  program  and  those  who 
took  part  in  it  advanced  from  the  ignoring  attitude  of  1914  and  1915 
to  a  frank  recognition  of  the  war  as  the  historical  event  now  upper- 
most in  all  minds,  from  ground  perhaps  suitable  to  spectators  to 
ground  appropriate  for  participants,  and  did  so  without  excite- 
ment or  partisanship  or  loss  of  judgment.  Such  discussions  by 
teachers  and  writers  are  surely  useful  to  the  nation. 

Not  only  was  the  meeting  marked  by  unwonted  enthusiasm,  but 
it  was  attended  by  much  greater  numbers  than  would  generally  be 
expected  in  such  times.  The  registration  amounted  to  379,  a  figure 
which  has  only  a  few  times  been  surpassed.  No  doubt  the  historic 
and  other  attractions  of  Philadelphia  were  in  large  part  responsible 
for  this  unusually  great  attendance.  No  city  has  so  many  and  so 
important  associations  with  the  beginnings  of  our  national  life,  and 
none  has  so  many  visible  memorials  of  those  events  to  attract  the 
patriotic  pilgrim.  A  special  occasion  was  provided,  on  one  of  the 
afternoons  of  the  session,  for  visits  to  these  historic  scenes  of  old 
Philadelphia  and  to  the  American  Philosophical  Society. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL,   MEETING.  '  35 

Additional  numbers  may  well  have  been  drawn  to  the  meeting  by 
Philadelphia's  established  fame  for  hospitality.  Besides  all  that 
was  done  privately  to  sustain  those  hospitable  traditions,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  in  whose  buildings  all  the  sessions  of  one 
of  the  three  days  (Dec.  27,  28,  29)  were  held,  entertained  all  mem- 
bers to  luncheon  and  to  supper  on  that  day.  The  Historical  Society 
of  Pennsjdvania,  in  whose  hall  Mr.  Worthington  Ford  delivered  on 
the  first  evening  his  presidential  address,  followed  that  address,  in 
its  usual  handsome  manner,  with  a  reception  and  supper.  The  con- 
ference of  archivists  and  that  of  historical  societies  were  held  in  the 
same  building.  Other  sessions  of  the  first  and  third  days  were  mostly 
held  in  various  rooms  of  the  hotel  chosen  as  official  headquarters,  the 
Bellevue-Stratford.  The  privileges  of  the  College  Club  and  of  the 
New  Century  Club  were  extended  to  women  members  attending  the 
meeting,  those  of  the  Franklin  Inn  Club  to  the  men.  The  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  local  arrangements  was  Mr.  George  Wharton 
Pepper,  the  vice  chairman.  Prof.  William  E.  Lingelbach,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  to  whom,  and  to  other  professors  in  that 
university,  the  attending  members  are  greatly  indebted.  The  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  program  was  Prof.  John  B.  McMaster,  the 
vice  chairman  Prof.  Herman  V.  Ames,  of  the  same  institution. 

Other  learned  societies  which  met  at  the  same  time  and  place  were 
the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  the  American  Philological 
Society,  the  American  Economic  Association,  the  American  Political 
Science  Association,  the  American  Sociological  Society,  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Historical  Association,  and  the  Association  of  History 
Teachers  of  the  Middle  States  anil  Maryland.  The  session  on  ancient 
history  was  held  as  a  joint  session  with  the  first  two  of  these  bodies ; 
that  on  medieval  church  history  as  a  joint  session  with  the  American 
Society  of  Church  History,  which,  meeting  as  usual  in  New  York,  ad- 
journed to  Philadelphia  for  this  final  session;  the  conference  of 
teachers  of  history  as  a  joint  session  with  the  Association  of  History 
Teachers  of  the  Middle  States  and  Maryland;  while  the  last  session 
of  all  was  held  in  common  with  the  American  Economic  Association, 
the  American  Political  Science  Association,  and  the  American  So- 
ciological Society.  At  that  session  the  members  of  the  various  so- 
cieties were  favored  with  an  interesting  informal  address  by  the  Hon. 
Eobert  Brand,  deputy  chairman  of  the  British  War  Mission,  well 
known  for  worl:  connected  with  the  federation  of  South  Africa,  on 
the  "British  Commonwealth  of  Nations";  Hon.  Edward  P.  Costi- 
gan,  of  the  United  States  Tariff  Commission,  read  an  address  on 
"Economic  alliances,  commercial  treaties,  and  tariff  adjustments," 
partly  historical  in  character,  in  so  far  as  it  touched  upon  the  experi- 
ments of  the  United  States  in  reciprocity  since  1890 ;  ^  and  Prof. 

^  Mr.  Costigan's  paper  appears  in  the  supplement  to  the  American  Economic  Review 
for  March,   1918. 


36  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Wallace  Notestein,  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  read  a  paper,  at 
once  entertaining  and  of  solid  value,  on  the  "  Pan-German  use  of  his- 
tory." 

At  noon  of  the  first  day,  the  members  of  the  American  Historical 
Association  and  the  American  Political  Science  Association  came 
together  in  a  subscription  luncheon,  at  which  M.  I^uis  Aubert,  of 
the  French  High  Commission,  spoke  eloquently  of  the  aid  of  his- 
torians in  winning  the  war,  and  Prof.  Guy  S.  Ford,  of  the  University 
of  Minnesota,  who  since  May  has  been  performing  invaluable  serv- 
ices as  director  of  the  Division  of  Civic  and  Educational  Coopera- 
tion in  the  Committee  on  Public  Information  at  Washington,  de- 
scribed the  educational  work  of  that  committee  in  detail  and  in  a 
manner  to  convince  all  hearers  of  the  high  value  of  its  labors.  Sev- 
eral subscription  dinners  of  those  having  a  common  interest  in  an 
individual  field  of  history  were  arranged,  in  accordance  with  a  cus- 
tom which  has  been  growing  of  late,  and  were  eminently  successful — 
a  dinner  of  those  interested  in  military  history,  one  of  members  in- 
terested in  the  history  of  the  Far  East,  and  one  of  members  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association.  There  was  also  a  break- 
fast of  those  interested  in  Latin- American  history  and  in  the  founda- 
tion of  the  new  Hispanic- American  Historical  Review ;  and  a  sub- 
scription luncheon  of  teachers,  at  which  the  subject  of  discussion  was 
the  War  and  the  Teaching  of  History,  and  at  which  an  interesting 
letter  addressed  to  those  present  by  M.  fidouard  de  Billy,  French 
Deputy  High  Commissioner,  was  read  by  M.  Francois  Monod. 

Though  several  of  the  sessions  were  entitled  conferences  and  had 
in  part  that  character,  the  familiar  difficulty  of  eliciting  real  discus- 
sion of  substantive  papers  confined  those  sessions  mostly  to  formal 
written  contributions ;  but  there  were,  as  usual,  three  conferences  that 
call  for  independent  description,  the  fourteenth  annual  conference 
of  representatives  of  State  and  local  historical  societies,  the  ninth 
annual  conference  of  archivists  and,  the  conference  of  teachers  of 
history. 

The  conference  of  historical  societies  now  met  for  the  first  time 
under  the  constitution  provided  for  it  by  the  association  a  year  before, 
which  gives  it  an  autonomous  status ;  and  organized  by  the  choice  of 
Mr.  Thomas  L.  Montgomery,  librarian  of  the  Pennsylvania  State 
Library,  as  chairman;  and  of  several  committees.  The  secretary  of 
the  new  organization  is  Dr.  Augustus  H.  Shearer,  of  the  Grosvenor 
Library,  Buffalo,  appointed  to  that  position  by  the  council  a  year  be- 
fore. Preparations  were  made  for  the  issue  in  1918  of  a  handbook  of 
American  historical  societies.  The  proceedings  of  the  conference 
were  mainly  occupied  with  the  problem  of  the  relations  between  his- 
torical societies  and  the  various  hereditary-patriotic  societies, 
especially  in  the  matter  of  cooperation  in  publication.    Judge  Norris 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  MEETlKG.  37 

S.  Barratt,  of  the  Philadelphia  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  read  a  paper 
on  the  publications  issued  by  societies  of  the  latter  class,  and  the  need 
of  avoiding  duplication.  The  plan  of  a  joint  committee,  in  which 
each  such  society  should  be  represented,  and  which  should  systematize 
printing,  and  by  agreement  assign  to  each  society  the  field  and 
method  of  publication  which  it  should  adopt,  was  elaborated  by  Prof. 
William  Libbey,  of  Princeton  University;  iind  by  Mr.  Worthington 
C.  Ford,  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society.  It  was  voted  that 
the  president  of  the  American  Historical  Association  should  be  re- 
quested to  appoint  a  committee  of  13,  representing  all  types  of  or- 
ganization involved,  to  consider  closer  cooperation  and  report  a 
plan  for  avoiding  duplication  of  effort  and  securing  a  better  and 
more  systematic  publication  of  historical  material.  For  the  remain- 
der of  the  conference  the  topic  was  the  collection  by  historical 
societies  of  local  material  on  the  present  war ;  Prof.  Harlow  C.  Lind- 
ley  and  Dr.  Solon  J.  Buck  gave  useful  descriptions  of  methods 
pursued  by  the  Indiana  State  Library  and  the  Minnesota  Historical 
Society  respectively.^ 

The  chief  theme  in  the  conference  of  archivists  was  the  collection 
and  preservations  of  war  records.  Mr.  Waldo  G.  Leland,  of  the 
Carnegie  Institution,  secretary  of  the  National  Board  for  Historical 
Service,  presented  in  outline  the  general  subject  of  "  Archives  of  the 
War."  He  emphasized  the  great  need  of  preserving  properly  the 
official  documents  and  papers  produced  by  the  Federal,  State,  and 
local  governments  of  the  Union  in  their  various  conventional  depart- 
ments, and  showed  in  part  what  was  being  done  in  this  direction,  and 
by  libraries;  but  he  dwelt  more  largely  on  the  need  of  preserving 
proper  records  of  the  doings  of  those  newer  governmental  or  semi- 
official or  extra  official  bodies  which  have  been  created  in  such  num- 
bers for  purposes  connected  with  the  war.  Starting  without  tradi- 
tions of  office  and  with  instant  needs  for  boundless  activity,  such  or- 
ganizations are  likely  to  forget  the  importance  of  preserving  for 
future  times  the  records  of  their  activities.  Yet  after  all  their 
achievements  should  hold  as  high  and  as  instructive  a  place  in  the 
history  of  the  war  as  those  of  all  the  traditional  divisions  of  the  old- 
line  military  or  political  mechanism,  for  the  future  historian  of  the 
war  will  see  it,  in  this  country  as  iji  others,  as  a  prodigious  and 
many-sided  effort  of  the  whole  Nation.  W^hat  has  been  done  to 
cause  these  newer  bodies  to  conserve  historical  material  was  set 
forth  by  Mr.  Leland  in  general  terms,  and  was  exemplified  in  a  par- 
ticular instance  by  a  fuller  description,  presented  by  Mr.  Everett  S. 
Brown,  of  the  archives  of  the  Food  Administration  as  historical 

1 A  fuller  account  of  the  proceedings,  In  a  brief  pamphlet  of  eight  pages,  has  been 
prepared  by  Dr.  Shearer,  and  may  be  obtained  from  him.  The  complete  proceedings  are 
printed  in  this  present  volume. 


38  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION 

sources.  Prof.  Peter  Guilday,  of  the  Catholic  University  of  Amer- 
ica, editor  of  the  Catholic  Historical  Review,  speaking  to  the  title, 
the  "Collection  of  Catholic  war  records,"  described  the  systematic 
endeavors  made,  on  a  large  scale,  by  the  war  record  committee  of  the 
Catholic  National  War  Council,  operating  through  119  diocesan  sub- 
committees, to  collect  all  sorts  of  material  relating  to  the  war  which 
could  be  obtained  from  members  of  the  Catholic  Church,  the  portions 
relating  to  Catholics  to  be  preserved  ultimately  in  a  special  archive 
building  to  be  erected  in  Washington  at  the  Catholic  University  of 
America.  Prof.  R.  M.  Johnston,  of  Harvard;  Mr.  R.  D.  W.  Con- 
nor, of  North  Carolina;  Dr.  Buck,  of  Minnesota;  and  Dr.  James 
Sullivan,  of  the  New  York  Department  of  History,  also  spoke  in 
this  conference,  partly  by  way  of  describing  the  earnest  and  intelli- 
gent efforts  which  historical  departments  and  societies  and  the  his- 
torical sections  of  State  councils  of  defence  have  made  to  insure 
the  preservation  of  material  on  the  war,  partly  upon  the  pressmg 
need,  which  war  conditions  have  emphasized,  for  better  housing  of 
the  national  archives  at  Washington.  The  conference  was  pre- 
sided over  by  Mr.  Victor  H.  Paltsits,  of  the  New  York  Public 
Library,  chairman  of  the  Public  Archives  Commission.^ 

The  conference  of  teachers  of  history,  presided  over  by  Dean 
Marshall  S.  Brown,  of  New  York  University,  attracted  an  excep- 
tionally large  attendance,  especially  of  teachers  in  secondary  schools. 
It  will  be  remembered^  that  the  association  two  years  ago  appointed 
a  committee  of  13  to  consider  what  progress  could  be  made 
toward  framing  for  American  schools  a  more  ideal  program  in 
history,  a  course  which,  while  defining  more  closely  the  fields  of 
history  recommended  by  the  committee  of  seven,  should  also  bring 
about  a  better  coordination  between  the  elementary  and  the  sec- 
ondary schools.  This  conference  was  planned  to  help  forward 
these  deliberations,  and  the  principal  paper  was  by  Prof.  Henry 
Johnson,  of  Teachers  College,  Columbia  University,  chairman  hith- 
erto of  that  committee  on  history  in  schools.  Prof.  Johnson's  paper, 
on  the  "  School  course  in  history,  some  precedents  and  a  possible  nexT' 
step,"  a  paper  expressed  with  his  usual  wisdom  and  felicity,  and  the 
valuable  remarks  of  the  gentlemen  who  followed  him  in  the  discus- 
sion of  the  theme.  Prof.  RoUa  M.  Tryon,  of  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago; Dr.  Arthur  M.  Wolf  son,  of  the  New  York  High  School  of 
Commerce;  Prof.  Henry  E.  Bourne,  of  the  Western  Reserve  Univer- 
sity; and  Prof.  Herbert  D.  Foster,  of  Dartmouth  University;  have 
been  printed  at  length  in  another  place.^  It  must  suffice  here  to  say 
that  Prof.  Johnson  warned  against  the  non-historical  tendency  to 

»  Complete  proceedings  of  the  conference  are  printed  below  in  the  present  volume. 
•History  Teacher's  Magazine,  February,  1918,  pp.  74-83,  pages  of  great  value  and  im- 
portance.    See  also  below  In  this  present  volume. 


THIRTY-THIRD   ANNUAL   MEETING.  39 

teach  too  much  "  current  events,"  continually  shifting  the  emphasis 
and  interpretation  of  history  to  suit  the  interests  of  the  hour,  and 
against  the  temptation,  active  in  such  times  as  these,  to  turn  the 
whole  force  of  historical  teaching  to  the  stimulation  of  national 
patriotism — the  very  process  which  in  Germany,  glorifying  one  na- 
tion alone,  has  resulted  in  intellectual  isolation  from  the  civilization 
of  the  rest  of  the  world.  Advocating  a  connected  program  of  history 
for  the  whole  school  course,  he  especially  commended  as  a  model  the 
French  course  of  1902,  which  endeavored  to  promote  without  bias  a 
sympathetic  understanding  of  the  progress  of  humanity,  and  there- 
fore attained  a  point  of  view  universal  and  stable. 

Among  the  formal  papers  read  at  the  meetings,  the  place  of  first 
consideration  belongs  to  the  bright  and  engaging  presidential  ad- 
dress delivered  by  Mr.  Ford,  facile  princeps  among  American  his- 
torical editors  of  whatever  period,  on  the  "  Editorial  function  in 
American  history,"  ^  Such  summaries  as  we  are  able  to  give  of  the 
other  papers  may  best  be  arranged  in  something  approaching  a 
chronological  or  systematic  order,  without  regard  to  the  order  in 
which  these  papers  appeared  in  the  program. 

A  group  of  papers  in  the  session  on  ancient  history  discussed,  in 
outline  and  suggestively,  the  problems  of  ancient  imperialism,  Prof. 
Albert  T,  Olmstead,  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  presenting  a  paper 
on  "  Oriental  imperialism ;  Prof,  William  S,  Ferguson,  of  Harvard, 
one  on  "  Greek  imperialism ;"  while  a  third,  prepared  by  the  late 
Prof.  George  W.  Botsford  of  Columbia  University,  dealt  with 
"  Roman  imperialism."  ^ 

In  the  same  session,  Prof.  Clifford  H.  Moore,  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, discussing  the  "  Decay  of  nationalism  under  the  Roman 
Empire,"  showed  how  the  earlier  patriotism  of  antiquity,  based  on 
the  city  state  in  the  more  advanced,  on  the  tribe  in  the  less  advanced 
populations,  never  developed  into  a  nationalism  attached  to  a  large 
area,  before  Roman  conquest  substituted  provincial  organization 
with  its  highly  centralized  form  of  government,  broke  up  old  rela- 
tions and  destroyed  many  of  the  intercity  or  intertribal  ties.  That 
a  Roman  nationalism  developed  under  the  Empire  is  difficult  to 
maintain.  The  racial  composition  of  the  Empire,  its  vast  extent, 
the  early  loss  of  political  power  under  the  principate,  the  individ- 
ualism engendered  by  social  and  economic  conditions  and  by  phi- 
losophy and  oriental  religions,  caused  Roman  national  spirit  in 
reality  to  decline,^ 

Aspects  of  cosmopolitan  religion  under  the  Empire  were  treated 
by  Prof.  A,  L.  Frothingham  of  Princeton,  in  a  paper  on  the  "  Cos- 

1  American  Historical  Review,  XXIII,  273-286 ;  also  below  in  present  volume. 

*  These  three  papers  are  printed  in  the  American  Historical   Review  for  July,  1918. 

*  Printed  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Philological  Association,   1918. 


40  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

mopolitan  religion  of  Tarsus  and  the  origin  of  Mithra."  He  ex- 
hibited Tarsus  as  a  typical  exponent  of  religious  cosmopolitanism, 
affected,  by  reason  of  its  position  and  history,  by  Hittite  and  Ana- 
tolian ideas,  by  those  of  the  Assyrians  and  the  Persians,  the  Greeks, 
and  the  Romans.  One  part  of  his  paper  essayed  to  show  how  influ- 
ences from  all  these  sources  are  reflected  in  the  symbolism  of  the 
lion  slaying  the  bull,  a  special  device  of  Tarsus,  and  in  its  mytho- 
logical interpretations.  Another  argued  for  the  origin  of  Mithra 
in  the  Babylonian  myth  of  the  hero  Gilgamesh.  Among  the  com- 
ments made  upon  the  papers  in  this  session,  especially  valuable  were 
those  of  Prof.  Frank  F.  Abbott,  of  Princeton,  on  the  causes  which 
broke  down  the  individuality  of  the  city  states  and  brought  about 
the  decline  of  civic  patriotism  under  the  Roman  Empire. 

Prof.  Joseph  C.  Ayer,  jr.,  of  the  Episcopal  Divinity  School  in 
Philadelphia,  presented  a  paper  on  the  "  Church  councils  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons."  His  conclusions  were:  (1)  That  the  provincial 
conciliar  system  of  the  church  was  as  ineffectual  and  as  irregular  at 
this  period  in  England  as  elsewhere:  (2)  that  with  the  exception  of 
the  two  provincial  synods  of  Hertford  and  Hatfield  under  Arch- 
bishop Theodore,  there  were  no  Anglo-Saxon  councils  or  synods  rep- 
resenting the  entire  church  in  England;  (3)  that  there  is  no  evidence, 
by  way  of  church  councils,  of  any  such  unity  of  church  organization 
as  could  do  much  to  advance  the  political  unity  of  the  nations  in 
England;  (4)  that  the  earliest  synods  of  Theodore  and  probably  the 
strictly  provincial  synods  for  some  time,  were  called  by  the  arch- 
bishop on  his  own  authority,  but  that  later  it  was  on  the  king's 
authority  that  all  councils,  secular  and  ecclesiastical,  were  called, 
the  church  councils  rapidly  becoming  assimilated  with  the  witenage- 
mot;  (5)  that  the  witenagemot  took  the  place  of  the  provincial  synod 
for  all  ecclesiastical  purposes  at  an  early  day,  possibly  at  about  800 
A.  D.i 

In  the  session  devoted  to  medieval  church  history,  in  which  this 
paper  was  read,  later  church  councils  had  an  important  place.  The 
presidential  address  which  Prof.  David  S.  Schaff,  of  the  Western 
Thelogical  Seminary  at  Pittsburgh,  delivered  before  the  American 
Society  of  Church  History  in  this  session  was  devoted  to  the  "  Coun- 
cil of  Constance,  its  fame  and  its  failure,"  setting  forth  its  personal  as- 
pects, the  questions  which  it  settled,  and  those  which  it  failed  to 
settle — the  healing  of  the  papal  schism,  the  failure  to  reform  the 
church,  or  to  fix  the  final  seat  of  authority  in  ecumenical  councils. 

Dr.  Harold  J.  Laski,  of  Harvard,  in  a  paper  on  the  "  Conciliar 
Movement,"  dealt  with  that  movement  in  its  bearings  upon  funda- 
mental political  questions,  still  urgent:  The  nature  of  political  au- 

*■  Printed  in  Papers  of  the  American  Society  of  Church  History. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  41 

thority,  the  question  of  sovereignty,  the  relation  between  the  State 
and  other  organizations,  the  problems  connected  with  representative 
government,  and  the  problems  of  internationalism.  The  important 
question  throughout  the  movement  was  that  of  constitutionalism 
against  autocracy.  'The  papacy  refused  reform.  The  conciliar 
writers  believed  that  only  a  constitutional  government  could  end  the 
evil.  They  were  led  to  see  that  the  church  is  not  sui  generis  but 
has  the  nature  of  other  associations  of  men.  The  federal  idea  to 
which  they  came  was  overthrown  by  the  conception  of  a  sovereignty 
which  because  of  its  great  purposes  could  know  no  limits,  which 
refuses  to  admit  a  divided  al^rCgiance.  The  failure  of  the  attempt 
gave  birth  to  ultramontanism,  the  parent  of  divine  right  and  state 
absolutism.  But  even  in  failure,  the  idea  that  the  consent  of  the 
governed  is  a  fundamental  element  in  government,  the  idea  that 
there  are  rights  so  sacred  that  they  must  not  be  invaded  survived 
to  bear  fruit  later.  The  temporary  failure  was  due  to  the  secular 
forces  of  the  time,  demanding  centralization. 

In  the  last  of  the  papers  of  ecclesiastical  history,  a  paper  on  the 
"Actual  achievements  of  the  Reformation,"  Dr.  Presserved  Smith 
interpreted  the  Reformation  as  a  culmination  of  seven  revolutionary 
processes,  maturing  throughout  the  latter  Middle  Ages:  A  revolt  of 
the  national  state  against  the  ecclesiastical  world  state  and  of  Teu- 
tonism  against  Latin  culture;  the  prevalence  of  the  ideals  of  the 
bourgeoisie  over  those  of  the  privileged  orders;  the  change  from  a 
pessimistic,  other-worldly  order,  to  one  optiinisti-c  and  secular;  the 
growth  of  individualism;  the  popularization  of  knowledge;  the  tri- 
umph of  monotheism  or  monism ;  and  the  shift  from  a  sacramental, 
hierarchical  supernaturalism  to  an  unconditioned,  unmediated,  dis- 
interested, transcendental  morality. 

The  special  session  for  English  medieval  history  was  devoted  to 
four  papers  on  the  history  of  English  medieval  taxations:  By  Prof. 
William  E.  Lunt,  of  Haverford  College,  on  "  Early  assessment  for 
papal  taxation  of  English  clerical  incomes ; "  by  Dr.  Sydney  K. 
Mitchell,  of  Yale  University,  on  the  "  Taxation  of  the  personal 
property  of  laymen  down  to  1272;"  by  Dr.  Norman  S.  B.  Gras,  of 
Clark  University,  on  the  "  English  customs  revenue  to  1275 ; "  and 
by  Prof.  James  F.  Willard,  of  the  University  of  Colorado,  on^the 
"Assessment  of  lay  subsidies,  1290-1332."  ^ 

Mr.  Lunt  described  the  valuations  made  in  1201,  1217,  and  1229, 
and  discussed  the  assessments  probably  used  for  the  taxes  ordered 
in  1238,  1239,  1245,  1246,  1247,  and  1252.  Tentatively,  he  concluded 
that  the  three  valuations  named  were  apparently  the  only  assess- 
ments of  English  clerical  incomes  made  for  papal  taxation  pre- 

» AU  but  the  second  of  tliese  papers,  that  by  Dr.  Mitchell,  are  printed  below  In  the 
present  volume. 


42  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

vious  to  1254,  and  that  they  probably  included  only  the  spiritualities 
and  did  not  extend  to  the  temporalities.  The  last  of  the  three,  that 
of  1229,  was  the  most  thorough,  furnished  the  precedents  for  the 
methods  followed  in  later  valuations,  and  was  probably  used  for  the 
assessment  of  all  papal  taxes  imposed  upon  the  income  of  the 
English  papal  clergy  between  1229  and  1254. 

Mr.  Mitchell's  paper  dealt  with  the  machinery  created  for  the 
new  taxation  of  the  personal  property  of  laymen.  A  special  ex- 
chequer, modeled  after  that  of  Westminster  but  independent  of  it, 
was  generally  established  to  deal  with  the  work  of  each  county  col- 
lector. This  system  was  followed  until  the  time  of  Edward  I,  when 
the  work  was  assigned  to  the  exchequer  at  Westminister  and  the  ward- 
robe. In  the  endeavors  after  proper  valuation,  many  experiments 
were  made  in  the  local  machinery,  adaptations  and  generalizations 
of  devices  already  in  use  in  the  judicial  organization  of  the  king- 
dom, but  one  feature  was  constant,  a  body  of  royal  commissioners, 
appointed  in  each  county,  who  had  general  charge  of  the  assessment 
and  collection  of  the  tax. 

In  respect  to  the  early  history  of  the  English  customs  revenue, 
Dr.  Gras  controverted  the  current  view  that  the  origin  of  the  na- 
tional customs  had  lain  in  a  gradual  development  of  the  royal  right 
of  seizure  of  goods  from  merchants,  systematized  and  reduced  to 
money  payments.  On^the  contrary  he  believed  the  national  system 
to  have  developed  from  certain  definite  customs  already  existing, 
through  a  series  of  clearly  defined  actions,  in  each  case  an  episode 
in  the  struggle  between  localism  and  nationalism.  Among  the  early 
taxes  on  trade  he  instanced  lastage  and  scavage  as  having  character- 
istics of  national  taxes,  and  two  later  taxes  on  wine,  cornage  and 
prisage.  The  decrees  or  assizes  on  which  these  taxes  were  founded 
have  been  lost,  but  they  were  all  national  in  being  based  on  foreign 
trade,  imposed  on  alien  and  denizen,  and  apparently  imposed  orig- 
inally by  the  sovereign. 

Prof.  Willard's  paper  was  an  accoimt  of  the  assessment  of  taxes  on 
personal  property  in  England  from  1290  to  1332.  Between  these 
two  dates  the  system  provided  for  the  appointment  in  each  county 
of  groups  of  commissioners  called  taxers,  in  whose  instructions  the 
fundamental  principle  was  that  the  personal  property  of  each  indi- 
vidual was  to  be  valued  by  men  of  his  neighborhood.  Subtaxers 
reported  their  data  to  the  chief  taxers,  who,  after  general  survey, 
summarized  the  information  in  two  large  rolls  for  the  county,  which 
were  brought  to  the  exchequer.  There  is  some  uncertainty  as  to  the 
kinds  of  personal  property  which  were  valued,  and  as  to  whether 
assessments  were  made  from  the  true  value,  but  apparently  there  was 
a  good  deal  of  conventional  valuation. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  43 

In  a  paper  entitled  "  The  association,"  ^  Dr.  J.  Franklin  Jameson 
discussed  the  development,  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries, 
of  that  institution  or  mode  of  organization  of  which  the  association 
of  the  Continental  Congress,  Philadelphia,  1774,  is  a  familiar  ex- 
ample— a  signed  agreement  to  continue  in  a  given  course  of  political 
action.  He  traced  its  English  history  from  the  association  for  the 
protection  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  1584,  to  instances  of  loyal  associa- 
tion of  a  similar  sort  under  the  Hanoverian  kings,  discussed  the 
Scottish  model  on  which  the  association  of  1584  might  have  -been 
founded,  but  showed  evidences  that  its  model  was  rather  the  Dutch 
compromise  of  1566,  which  in  turn  most  probably  had  its  model  in 
the  French  Catholic  leagues  of  1560  and  the  years  immediately 
following. 

The  most  generally  interesting  of  all  the  sessions  was  doubtless 
that  one  which  was  devoted  to  a  topic  uppermost  at  that  time  in  most 
minds,  recent  Russian  history.^ 

In  this  session.  Prof.  Alexander  Petrunkevitch,  of  Yale  University, 
described  in  an  illuminating  manner  the  role  of  the  intellectuals  in 
the  liberating  movement  in  Russia.  The  real  leaders  of  all  Russian 
parties  are  intellectuals,  since  they  alone  have  intelligence  to  formu- 
late the  desires  and  dreams  of  the  workers.  The  paKy  programs 
express  the  opinions  of  the  leaders,  not  of  the  masses;  the  wording 
of  them  is  in  the  language  of  educated  Russia.  He  described  the 
intellectual  position  of  each  of  the  Russian  political  parties  and  its 
relations  to  the  revolution,  and  explained  why  no  one  of  them  was 
able  to  control  the  forces  which  the  revolution  had  unloosed. 

Prof.  Samuel  N.  Harper,  of  Chicago,  speaking  on  "  Forces  behind 
the  Rusian  revolution  of  March,  1917,"  dwelt  chiefly  upon  two  dis- 
tinct forces,  operating  through  two  sets  of  institutions — political 
liberalism,  which  took  the  initiative,  acting  through  already  existing 
institutions  of  a  somewhat  popular  character,  especially  the  Duma, 
and  radicalism  of  a  socialistic  character,  claiming  to  represent  "  rev- 
olutionary democracy "  as  opposed  to  the  bourgeoisie,  and  acting 
through  strictly  revolutionary  organizations,  such  as  the  Council  of 
Workmen's  and  Soldiers'  Deputies.  The  interaction  of  these  forces, 
the  failure  of  efforts  toward  coalition,  and  the  chaos  resulting  from 
the  triumph  of  revolutionary  democracy,  were  described. 

Next  followed  a  vivid  account  of  the  "  First  week  of  the  revolu- 
tion of  March,  1917,"  by  an  eyewitness.  Prof.  Frank  A.  Golder,  of 
Washington  State  College.  Adverting  to  the  prevalence,  before  the 
war,  of  discontent  with  the  Government,  and  the  frequent  talk,  in  all 
circles,  of  the  revolution  that  would  follow  soon  after  the  war,  he 


1  Printed  below  in  the  present  volume. 

'  The  four  papers  read  at  this  session  have  been  published  by  the  Harvard  University 
Press  in  a  volume :  The  Russian  Revolution  and  the  Jugo-Slavs. 


44  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

declared  the  present  revolution  to  have  been  precipitated  by  the  con- 
duct of  the  Minister  of  the  Interior.  Fearing  lest  the  revolutionary 
spirit  should  grow  too  powerful  for  the  Government  to  contend  with, 
he  instigated  an  uprising  in  order  to  suppress  it  seasonably  and  pre- 
vent worse  outbreaks  in  the  future,  and  so  brought  on  a  revolution 
which  he  was  unable  to  control. 

Finally,  in  a  comprehensive  paper  on  the  "  Jugo-Slav  movement," 
Prof.  Robert  J.  Kerner,  of  the  University  of  Missouri,  traced  the 
history  of  the  Jugo-Slavs  (Serbs,  Croats,  and  Slovenes)  through  an 
evolution  of  12  centuries,  from  primeval  unity,  through  a  political, 
economic,  and  social  decomposition  of  a  most  bewildering  character, 
to  national  unity  and  the  present  demand  for  political  amalgamation. 

We  may  bridge  the.  transition  from  papers  of  European  history  to 
papers  of  American  history  by  mention  of  that  on  the  "Functions 
of  an  historical  section  of  a  general  staff,"  ^  read  in  a  section  de- 
voted to  military  history,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Paul  Azan,  of  the  French 
Army.  The  topic  gains  additional  interest  for  American  historical 
scholars  from  the  recent  action  of  the  War  Department  in  creating 
an  historical  section  in  the  general  staff  of  the  United  States  Army. 
Col.  Azan  described  the  archives  of  the  French  ministry  of  war,  the 
organization  >of  the  historical  section  of  the  general  staff,  its  work, 
and  its  relations  to  the  Centre  des  Hautes  fitudes  Militaires  and  the 
ficole  Superieure  de  Guerre  in  developing  the  theory  of  war. 

First  among  the  contributions  to  American  history  mention  should 
be  made  of  the  notable  paper  by  Prof.  Andrew  C.  McLaughlin,  of 
the  University  of  Chicago,  on  the  "  Background  of  American  Feder- 
alism." ^  Its  purpose  was  to  show,  first,  that  the  essential  qualities 
of  American  federal  organization  were  largely  produced  by  the 
practices  of  the  old  British  Empire  as  it  existed  before  1764,  and, 
secondly,  that  the  discussions  of  the  period  from  that  time  to  1787, 
and,  more  particularly,  those  of  the  10  years  preceding  1776,  gath- 
ered very  largely  around  the  problem  of  ir/iperial  organization,  and, 
in  that  field,  around  the  problem  of  rc/ognizing  federalism  as  a 
principle,  or  of  discerning  the  nature  of  federal  organization,  in 
which  so-called  powers  of  government  are  distinguished  one  from 
another.  The  insistence  of  the  colonist^  was  on  the  maintenance  of 
the  old,  uncentralized  empire;  the  contention  of  the  parliamenta- 
rians was  that  a  denial  of  a  single  power  to  the  Parliament  was  a 
denial  that  it  was  possessed  of  any  power  whatsoever.  The  result 
of  the  actual  practices  of  the  old  empire,  of  the  argument,  of  the 
war,  and  of  the  attempted  solution  in  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 
was  the  emergence  of  the  federal  empire  of  the  United  States. 

^  Printed  in  the  Military  Historian  and  Economist,  April,  1918. 
'Printed  in  the  American  Political  Science  Review  for  May,  1918. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  MEETING.  45 

The  other  papers  relating  to  the  first  50  years  of  United  States 
history  were  those  read  in  joint  session  with  the  Mississippi  Valley 
Historical  Association,  That  of  Prof.  James  A.  James,  of  North- 
western University,  entitled  "  To  what  extent  was  George  Rogers 
Clark  in  control  of  the  Northwest  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  ?  "  ^ 
took  up  that  question  as  an  essential  means  for  determining  the  im- 
portance of  Clark's  conquests.  The  author  related  the  history  of 
Clark's  designs  and  movements  against  Detroit,  concluding  with  the 
results  of  his  expeditions  against  the  Shawnee  strongholds  in  No- 
vember, 1782,  which  in  both  British  and  Indian  view  laid  Detroit 
open  to  attack. 

The  essay  by  Prof.  Archibald  Henderson,  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina,  on  the  "  Spanish  conspiracy  in  Tennessee,"  related 
to  the  events  which  ensued  in  the  Tennessee  region  upon  the  extinc- 
tion of  the  state  of  Franklin.  The  conspiracy  was  that  whereby 
Gardoqui  intrigued  with  John  Sevier  to  secure  the  allegiance  of  the 
latter  and  his  associates  to  Spain.  An  important  letter  of  Sevier, 
from  the  Archives  of  the  Indies,  promising  action  of  this  nature, 
was  read.^ 

In  the  same  session,  the  "  Mission  of  Gen.  George  Matthews  on 
the  Florida  frontier"  Avas  described  by  Prof.  Isaac  J,  Cox,  of  the 
University  of  Cincinnati,  who  related  Matthews's  endeavors  in  1810, 
as  secret  agent,  to  persuade  Folch  to  surrender  West  Florida,  his  re- 
newal of  the  attempt  in  the  following  year,  his  unauthorized  instiga- 
tion of  rebellion  in  East  Florida,  his  seizure  of  Fernandina,  and  the 
considerations  which  forced  Madison  to  disavow  his  actions, 

A  paper  by  Prof,  Eugene  C,  Barker,  of  the  University  of  Texas, 
on  "  Stephen  F,  Austin,"  ^  was  devoted  to  a  discussion  of  Austin's 
personality,  as  revealed  in  his  work.  His  power  as  a  leader  was  de- 
duced from  the  control  he  exercised  over  the  rapidly  increasing  popu- 
lation of  his  settlement  throughout  the  whole  period  from  1821  to 
1836,  his  skill  as  a  diplomat  from  his  ability  to  hold  the  confidence 
of  Mexican  statesmen  and  allay  their  fears  of  disloyalty  on  the 
part  of  the  colonists  despite  the  persistent  efforts  of  the  United  States 
to  buy  Texas, 

In  a  paper  of  much  importance  and  value.  Prof,  Frederick  J, 
Turner,  of  Harvard  University,  set  forth  the  "  Significance  of  the 
North-Central  States  in  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century."  The 
points  mainly  dwelt  upon  were  the  relations  of  geography  and  popu- 
lation, the  interplay  and  mixture  of  varied  stocks,  the  influence  of 
mid-western  agriculture,  especially  of  wheat  farming,  on  both  west 

1  Printed  below  in  the  present  volume. 

*Mr.    Henderson's  article  appears  in   the  April   number  of   the   Tennessee.  Historical 
Magazine. 
*  Printed  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Bevleiw  for  June,  1918, 


46  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

and  east,  the  development  of  business,  the  application  of  eastern 
capital  to  banking,  transportation,  and  commerce,  the  political  de- 
velopments and  their  relation  to  the  processes  of  settlement  and  of 
economic  groAvth,  the  formation  of  a  new  democratic  society  in  this 
region,  and  the  influence  of  the  children  of  the  pioneers  in  a  wide 
variety  of  cultural  fields. 

Three  papers  dealt  with  the  American  war  period  of  50  years 
ago;  Prof.  Louis  B.  Schmidt,  of  Iowa  State  College,  spoke  on  the 
"  Influence  of  wheat  and  cotton  on  Anglo-American  relations  during 
the  Civil  War."  ^  He  developed  in  some  detail  Great  Britain's  de- 
pendence on  American  wheat  and  cotton.  While  the  blockade  with- 
held southern  cotton  from  shipment  to  England,  northern  wheat 
supplied  the  deficit  which  other  nations  were  unable  to  fill,  and, 
since  England  had  a  series  of  crop  failures  in  1860,  1861,  and  1862, 
her  dependence  on  American  wheat  was  most  acute  when  the  cot- 
ton famine  was  at  its  height,  and  may  well  be  regarded  as  having 
contributed  the  decisive  influence,  overbalancing  that  of  cotton,  in 
keeping  the  British  Government  from  recognition  of  the  Con- 
federacy. 

Secondly,  Dr.  Victor  S.  Clark,  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of 
Washington,  in  "Notes  on  American  manufactures  during  the  Civil 
War,"  ^  explained  why,  though  manufacturing  in  the  South  was  dis- 
astrously interrupted,  manufacturing  at  the  North  prospered  during 
the  period  of  warfare,  partly  because  it  had  been  brought  to  a 
stage  where  the  plants  were  easily  transformed  into  war  factories, 
partly  because  of  wider  anS  more  open  markets.  A  surplus  of 
manufactures  above  both  civil  and  military  needs  of  the  Nation  was 
produced,  exports  to  Europe  were  continued,  and  the  general  eflfect 
of  the  war  was  to  accelerate  manufacturing  and  to  give  it  an  impetus 
that  was  permanent  until  the  panic  of  1873. 

The  third  of  these  papers  was  one  by  Prof.  Carl  R.  Fish,  of 
Wisconsin,  on  the  "  Restoration  of  the  southern  railroads  after  the 
Civil  War."  He  described  the  system  under  which,  beginning  in  the 
spring  of  1865,  repairs  and  restoration  proceeded  under  military 
authority.  The  reconstruction  of  these  roads  by  the  engineering 
corps  of  the  army,  on  financial  credit  advanced  through  the  War 
Department,  solved  the  immediate  transportation  problem  of  the 
South,  as  it  could  have  been  solved  in  no  other  way.  Considering 
the  temper  of  the  North  toward  the  South  and  the  American  indi- 
vidualist theories  of  the  period,  the  process  which  ended  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1866  was  little  short  of  a  miracle. 

In  one  of  the  evening  sessions  a  large  audience  derived  much  en- 
tertainment, as  well  as  much  profit,  from  a  discourse  on  "  A  genera- 

»  Printed  in  the  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics  for  July,  1918. 
•Printed  In  the  MUitary  Historian  and  Economist,  AprU,   1918. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING,  47 

tion  of  American  historiography,"  by  Prof.  William  A.  Dunning, 
of  Columbia  University,  in  which  the  progress  of  historical  writing 
since  the  foundation  of  the  American  Historical  Association  in  1884 
was  set  forth,  with  a  light  touch  and  with  many  humorous  turns 
of  phrase,  but  none  the  less  with  much  sagacity  and  insight.  Charac- 
terizing briefly  the  work  of  recent  historians,  Schouler,'  H.  H.  Ban- 
croft, McMaster,  Fiske,  Henry  Adams,  Rhodes,  Roosevelt,  and  others, 
he  also  exhibited  the  new  factors  and  features  of  this  latest  period — 
the  development  of  the  historical  monograph,  of  the  doctoral  dis- 
sertation, of  the  cooperative  history,  and  the  tendency  toward 
economic  and  impersonal  history.^ 

In  the  same  session.  Prof.  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, gave  a  description,  both  interesting  and  instructive,  of  the 
"  Psychology  of  a  constitutional  convention,"  based  on  his  recent 
experiences  as  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Students  of  Latin- American  history,  gathered  in  a  special  con- 
ference, had  an  opportunity  of  hearing  five  papers,  most  of  which 
are  likely  to  be  printed  later  in  the  new  journal  of  that  specialty.^" 
An  important  and  original  paper,  bridging  the  history  of  Spain  and 
of  Spanish  America,  was  that  in  which  Dr.  Charles  H.  Cunningham, 
of  the  University  of  Texas,  exhibited  the  "  Institutional  background 
of  Latin- American  history,"  by  showing  how  the  institutions  which 
Spain  set  up  for  the  administration  of  her  colonial  empire  were 
readily  derived  by  adaptation  from  institutions  which  she  had 
already  been  called  upon  to  develop.  The  progress  of  southward 
conquest  by  the  Spanish  kingdonjs  in  the  Middle  Ages  required  them 
to  originate  a  system  of  royal  and  municipal  oificials,  executive  and 
judicial — adelantados,  alcaldes,  corregidores,  audiencias,  and  councils 
— which  were  obvious  models  for  viceroys  and  provisional  gov- 
ernors, municipal  organizations,  and  audiencias  in  the  New  World. 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Hackett,  of  the  University  of  California,  defined 
with  precision,  but  in  a  manner  impossible  to  summarize,  the  history 
of  the  "  Delimitation  of  political  jurisdictions  in  Spanish  North 
America,"  established  prior  to  1535,  indicating  the  successive  changes 
in  those  jurisdictions,  and  sketching  the  political  readjustments  re- 
sulting from  those  changes.^ 

The  history  of  Portuguese  America  received  equal  attention  with 
that  of  Spanish  America.  Prof.  William  R.  Manning,  of  the 
University  of  Texas,  narrated  the  story  of  an  "  Early  diplomatic 
controversy  between  the  United  States  and  Brazil,"  namely  that 
which  Condy  Raguet,  American  charge  d'affaires  in  Brazil  from 

^  Printed  below  in  the  present  volume._  ■ 

2  The  papers  of  Dr.  Cunningham  and  Dr.  Hackett  appear  in  the  February,  1918,  num- 
ber of  the  Hispanic-American  Historical  Review ;  those  by  Profs.  Man.aing  an4  Majctlik 
In  the  May,  1918,  number  of  the  same  journal. 


48  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION,    x 

1824  to  1827,  waged  with  the  Brazilian  authorities  over  the  blockade 
maintained  by  Brazil  before  Argentine  ports,  during  the  war  over 
the  question  of  Uruguay.  Prof.  Percy  A.  Martin,  of  Leland  Stan- 
ford University,  showed  the  "Influence  of  the  United  States  on  the 
opening  of  the  Amazon  to  the  world's  commerce,"  beginning  with 
the  unsuccessful  efforts  made  in  1850  and  with  Lieut.  M.  F.  Maury's 
somewhat  truculent  memorial  of  1853,  and  described  the  effects  of 
those  efforts  and  of  the  work  of  Tavares  Bastos  who  finally  per- 
suaded the  Emperor  Don  Pedro  II,  in  1866,  to  sign  the  imperial 
decree  opening  the  Brazilian  portion  of  the  Amazon  to  international 
commerce.  Mr.  Reginald  Orcutt,  of  Washington,  ended  the  session 
with  a  "  Review  of  the  history  of  German  colonization  in  Brazil, 
from  1827  to  1914." 

For  those  whose  interest  lies  in  the  field  of  Far  Eastern  history, 
there  was  a  profitable  session  on  the  last  day  of  the  convention,  in 
which  four  papers,  concerning  the  recent  history  of  China  and  Japan 
and  the  relations  of  America  to  them,  were  read  by  Profs.  F.  W. 
Williams,  of  Yale  University;  Kenneth  S.  Latourette,  of  Denison 
University ;  W.  W.  McLaren,  of  Williams  College ;  and  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Sidney  L.  Gulick,  of  New  York,  respectively.  The  first  spoke  of 
the  "  Mid- Victorian  attitude  of  foreigners  in  China."  He  described 
the  ignorance  of  social  and  material  conditions  in  the  Chinese  Em- 
pire on  the  part  of  the  Europeans  who  gathered  in  the  five  ports 
thrown  open  to  maritime  commerce  in  1812  by  the  opium  war,  the 
economic  and  other  sources  of  irritation,  and  the  effects  of  the  policy 
which  Lord  Palmerston  followed  in  Europe  in  dealing  with  other 
powers,  and  of  the  extension  of  that  policy  to  China,  in  the  form  of 
truculence  and  Righ-handed  imposition,  until,  after  another  war, 
more  conciliatory  and  educational  methods  of  intercourse  were  pro- 
posed by  Anson  Burhngame,  American  minister  to  China,  and 
inaugurator  of  the  first  plan  for  an  open-door  policy. 

Mr.  Latourette  reviewed  in  detail  the  whole  development  of 
"  American  scholarship  in  Chinese  history,"  lamenting  the  scantiness 
of  American  contributions  to  that  stud}^,  in  contrast  to  the  excellent 
work  of  European  scholars,  especially  French  and  English,  and  ex- 
pressing the  earnest  desire,  which  indeed  all  should  share,  that  the 
subject  should  attract  more  attention  in  this  country.  Mr.  Mc- 
Laren's topic  was  "  Twenty  years  of  party  politics  in  Japan,  1897- 
1917,"  Dr.  Gulick's,  the  "  History  of  naturalization  legislation  in  the 
United  States,  with  special  reference  to  Chinese  and  Japanese  immi- 
gration," his  main  historical  thesis  being  that  it  is  only  since  1907 
that  the  act  of  1875  has  been  uniformly  interpreted  by  the  courts 
as  excluding  Japanese  from  naturalization. 

In  the  budness  meeting  of  the  association,  which  took  place  on  the 
last  afterjjpoD  of  the  sessions,  the  prevailing  note  was  of  adjustment 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  46 

to  pecuniary  limitations  caused  by  the  war.  The  many  subscriptions 
which  are  called  for  from  the  class  of  persons  chiefly  represented  in 
the  association  have  caused  an  unusual  number  of  members  to  resign 
from  it  or  to  omit  to  pay  their  annual  dues,  and  a  serious  diminution 
of  revenue  is  already  visible,  while  the  efforts  to  increase  endowment, 
hopefully  undertaken  at  the  beginning  of  1917,  have  been  nearly  dis- 
continued since  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into  the  war.  The 
feeling  has  been  that  success  was  not  to  be  expected  in  times  so 
unpropitious.  Yet  it  is  impossible  to  remain  permanently  content 
with  anything  short  of  a  large  increase  in  the  association's  scientific 
activities,  for  it  is  impossible  not  to  feel  with  great  earnestness  the 
increased  responsibility  of  America  for  maintaining  the  apparatus 
of  the  world's  civilization.  In  every  European  country  the  sources 
from  which  scientific  undertakings  have  been  sustained  will  have 
been  dried  up  or  almost  fatally  diminished  by  the  war.  A  recent 
German  educational  article  sets  forth,  in  plaintive  accents,  with  many 
statistics,  and  with  much  truth,  that  "our  superiority,  anchored  in 
the  popular  education  of  Germany  and  in  the  standard  of  our  cul- 
ture," will  be  impaired,  that  Germany's  intellectual  development 
"  would  be  reduced  to  a  wretched  condition  if  Germany  were  to  lose 
this  war,  or  even  if  it  were  to  be  obliged  to  conclude  a  peace  of  re- 
nunciation." In  any  probable  event  of  the  war,  America  will  emerge 
from  it  less  damaged  than  any  other  combatant.  When  this  shattered 
world  resumes  with  pathetic  courage  the  work  of  advancing  civiliza- 
tion, it  were  shameful  for  America  not  to  assume  the  chief  part,  if 
not  in  the  labors  of  scholarship  themselves,  at  any  rate  in  their  sus- 
tainment.  Hers  should  be,  in  all  departments  of  knowledge,  the  chief 
funds  for  the  endowment  of  research. 

At  the  moment,  however,  the  American  Historical  Association  had 
nothing  before  it  but  to  pursue  a  prudent  course.  The  report  of  the 
secretary,  Mr.  Leland,  showed  an  actual  membership  of  2,654,  less 
by  85  than  was  reported  a  year  before.  That  of  the  treasurer,  Dr. 
Bowen,  indicated  net  receipts,  for  the  year,  of  $8,659,  net  expenditures 
of  $9,454,  a  deficit  of  $795.  The  assets  were  reported  as  $28,516.  They 
would  have  been  less  than  those  of  the  year  preceding  by  the  amount 
of  the  deficit  mentioned,  and  by  a  decline  of  $200  in  the  value  of 
certain  securities,  but  these  losses  had  been  more  than  counterbal- 
anced by  the  payments  made  into  the  general  endowment  fund,  for 
which  it  was  reported  that  subscriptions  amounting  to  $3,365  had 
been  made,  and  $1,490  had  been  paid  in. 

The  secretary  of  the  council.  Prof.  Greene,  reported  its  transac- 
tions, as  required  by  the  constitution,  and  a  number  of  recommenda- 
tions, all  of  which  were  adopted  by  the  association.  Dr.  Bowen,  who 
had  been  the  treasurer  of  the  association  throughout  the  whole  33 
88582°— 19 i 


50  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

years  of  its  existence,  having  retired  from  that  office,  the  secretary 
of  the  council  reported  resohitions  by  which  that  body  endeavored 
to  express  its  sense  of  the  society's  indebtedness  to  Dr.  Bowen  for 
this  long  period  of  unselfish  and  efficient  labor,  and  the  association 
with  much  warmth  of  feeling  passed  resolutions  of  similar  tenor. 
The  Secretary  of  the  council  also  reported  5n  the  work  of  various 
committees,  and  also  on  the  budget  and  the  necessary  omission  of  ap- 
propriations to  several  of  these  committees.  Mr.  "Shearer  reported 
the  results  of  the  conference  of  historical  societies.  Prof.  Herbert  E. 
Bolton,  informally,  on  the  latest  meeting  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Branch. 
Prof.  Edward  P.  Cheyney,  chairman  of  the  board  of  editors  of  the 
Review,  reported  on  its  transactions  and  on  the  policy  which  it  has 
adopted  during  war  time,  and  the  association  took  the  final  steps  in 
adjusting  the  financial  relations  between  the  board  and  the  associa- 
tion. The  committee  on  the  Adams  prize,  unable  to  report  at  the 
time  of  the  business  meeting,  has  since  reported  an  award  of  the 
prize  to  Lieut.  F.  L.  Nussbaum,  of  the  NationaLArmy,  for  an  essay 
entitled  "G.  J.  A.  Ducher:  An  Essay  in  the  Political  History  of 
Mercantilism  during  the  French  Revolution." 

Upon  recommendation  by  the  council,  the  conditions  of  award  of 
the  two  prizes  were  so  modified  as  to  provide  that  the  field  of  the 
Winsor  prize  shall  be  American  history,  that  of  the  Adams  prize 
the  history  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere ;  that  printed  monographs  as 
well  as  manuscript  may  be  submitted  and  considered;  and  that  a 
manuscript  to  which  a  prize  has  been  awarded  may  be  printed  in 
the  annual  reports,  publication  in  separate  volumes  being  discon- 
tinued after  the  present  year. 

The  report  of  the  committee  on  nominations  was  presented  by  its 
chairman,  Prof.  Frank  M.  Anderson,  of  Dartmouth  College.  In  ac- 
cordance with  its  recommendations,  Mr.  William  R.  Thayer,  first 
vice  president  of  the  association,  was  elected  president.  Prof.  Edward 
Channing  first  vice  president,  Mr.  J.  J.  Jusserand,  ambassador  of 
France,  second  vice  president.  Mr.  Waldo  G.  Leland,  Prof.  Evarts 
B.  Greene,  and  Mr.  A.  Howard  Clark  were  reelected  to  their  respec- 
tive offices  of  secretary,  secretary  of  the  council,  and  curator.  Mr. 
Charles  Moore,  of  Detroit,  president  of  the  United  States  Fine  Arts 
Commission,  was  elected  treasurer.  The  new  members  chosen  to  the 
council  were  Profs.  William  E.  Dodd,  of  the  University  of  Chicago, 
Walter  L.  Fleming,  of  Vanderbilt  University,  and  William  E.  Lin- 
gelbach,  of  the  University  of  Peimsylvania.  The  full  list  of  officers, 
of  members  of  the  council,  and  of  committees  appears  on  a  later 
page.  The  council  elected  Prof.  Charles  H.  Haskins,  of  Harvard, 
a  member  of  the  board  of  editors  of  the  American  Historical  Review 
for  the  period  of  six  years  from  the  adjournment  of  the  meeting,  in 
succession  to  Prof.  Ephraim  Emerton,  whose  term  then  expired. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  61 

PROGRAM  OF  THE  THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  MEETING  OE  THE 
AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION,  HELD  IN  PHILADEL- 
PHIA, PENNSYLVANIA,  DECEMBER  27-29,  1917. 

Wednesday,  December  26. 

4  p.  m. :  Council  meeting.    Green  room,  Bellevue-Stratford. 

Thursday,  December  27. 

10.30  a.  m. :  General  session — American  history.  Clover  room,  Bellevue- 
Stratford.  "  The  Association,"  J.  Franlclin  Jameson,  Washington,  D.  C.  "  The 
significance  of  the  North  Central  States  in  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury," Frederick  J.  Turner,  Harvard  University.  "  Influence  of  wheat  and 
cotton  on  Anglo-American  relations  during  the  Civil  War,  Louis  B.  Schmidt, 
Iowa  State  College.  "  Relations  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  1867- 
1884,"  Herbert  E.  Bolton,  University  of  California. 

1  p.  m. :  Joint  subscription  luncheon  by  the  American  Historical  Association, 
the  American  Economic  Association,  the  Political  Science  Association.  Ball 
room,  Bellevue-Stratford.  Edgar  F.  Smith,  provost,  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, presiding.  Address :  "A  Government  experiment  in  war  publicity,"  Guy 
Stanton  Ford,  of  committee  on  public  information. 

2.30  p.  m. :  Ancient  history.  Joint  session  with  the  American  Archaeological 
Institute  and  the  American  Philological  Society.  Engineering  Building,  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.  Chairman,  James  H.  Breasted,  University  of  Chi- 
cago. "  The  cosmopolitanism  of  the  religion  of  Tarsus  and  the  origin  of 
Mithra,"  A.  L.  Frothingham,  Princeton  University.  Discussion  opened  by 
Nathaniel  Schmidt,  Cornell  University.  "  Oriental  imperialism,"  A.  T.  01m- 
stead,  University  of  Illinois.  Discussion  opened  by  Morris  Jastrow,  jr.,  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.  "  Greek  imperialism,"  W.  S.  Ferguson,  Harvard  Uni- 
versity. Discussion  opened  by  AVilliam  N.  Bates,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
"  Roman  imperialism,"  paper  prepared  by  the  late  G.  W.  Botsford,  Columbia 
University.  Discussion  opened  by  S.  B.  Platner,  Western  Reserve  University. 
"  The  decay  of  nationalism  under  the  Roman  Empire,"  Clifford  Moore,  Harvard 
University.     Discussion  opened  by  F.  F.  Abbott,  Princeton  University, 

3.00  p.  m :  Conference  of  Archivists.  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  1300 
Locust  Street.  Chairman — Victor  Hugo  Paltsits,  New  York  Public  Library. 
Subject:  "The  preservation  and  collection  of  war  records."  "The  archives 
of  the  war,"  Waldo  G.  Leland,  Washington,  D.  C.  "  The  archives  of  the  United 
States  Food  Administration  as  historical  sources,"  Everett  S.  Brown,  U.  S. 
Food  Administration,  Washington  "  The  collection  of  Catholic  war  records," 
Rev.  Peter  Guilday,  Catholic  University  of  America.  Discussion :  R.  M.  John- 
ston, Harvard  University ;  R.  D.  W.  Connor,  North  Carolina  Historical  Com- 
mission;  Clarence  W.  Alvord,  University  of  Illinois;  Solon  J.  Buck,  Minnesota 
Historical  Society ;  James  Sullivan,  New  York  State  historian ;  G.  N.  Fuller, 
Michigan  Historical  Commission,  and  others. 

4.00  p.  m:  Visit  to  old  Philadelphia  and  to  the  American  Philosophical 
Society. 

6.30  p.  m:  Subscription  dinner  for  those  interested  in  military  history  and 
documents.  Kugler's  restaurant,  1412  Chestnut  Street.  Topic  for  discussion : 
"  The  historian  and  the  war." 

8.30  p.  m :  General  session — Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  Chairman — 
Charlemagne  Tower.  Presidential  address :  "  The  editorial  function  in  Ameri- 
can history,"  Worthington  C.  Ford. 

9.30  p.  m. :  Reception  and  supper  tendered  by  the  Historical  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania to  the  members  of  the  American  Historical  Association. 


52  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Friday,  December  28 

Sessions  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Ttiirty-fourth  Street  and  Wood- 
land Avenue.  , 

10.00  a.  ui :  Medieval  church  history.  Joint  session  with  the  American 
Society  of  Church  History.  Room  205,  College  Hall.  Chairman — David  S. 
Schaflf,  Western  Theological  Seminary,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  Presidential  address 
of  the  American  Society  of  Church  History:  "The  Council  of  Constance:  Its 
fame  and  its  failure,"  David  S.  Schaff.  "  The  church  councils  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,"  J.  Cullen  Ayer,  jr.,  Philadelphia  Divinity  School.  "The  conciliar 
movement,"  Harold  J.  Laslii,  Harvard  University.  "The  actual  achievements 
of  the  Reformation,"  Preserved  Smith,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

10.00  a.  m  rAmerican  history.  Room  200,  College  Hall.  Joint  se.ssion  with  the 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association.  Ciiairman — St.  George  L.  Sioussat, 
president  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association.  "  To  what  extent 
was  George  Rogers  Claris  in  possession  of  the  Northwest  at  the  close  of  the 
revolution?"  James  A  James,  Northwestern  University.  "The  Spanish  (k>n- 
spiracy  in  Tennessee,"  Archibald  Henderson,  University  of  North  Carolina. 
"  The  mission  of  Gen.  George  Matthews  on  the  Florida  frontier,"  Isaac  J.  Cox, 
University  of  Cincinnati ;  "  Stephen  F.  Austin,"  Eugene  C.  Barker,  University  of 
Texas.    "  Populism  in  Louisiana  in  the  nineties,"  M.  J.  White,  Tulane  University. 

10  a.  m. :  Military  history  and  war  economics.  Houston  Hall.  Chair- 
man— Robert  M.  Johnston,  Harvard  University.  "  R61e  de  la  Section  Historique 
dans  un  Etat-Major  G6n6ral,"  Lieut.  Col.  Paul  Azan,  of  the  French  Army. 
"  Notes  on  American  Manufactures  during  the  Civil  War,"  Victor  S.  Clark,  Car- 
negie Institution,  Washington,  D.  C.  "  The  reconstruction  of  the  Southern 
railroads,"  Carl  R.  Fish,  University  of  Wisconsin.  "  The  work  of  the  commer- 
cial economy  board,"  E.  F.  Gay,  Harvard  University. 

1  p.  m. :  Luncheon  tendered  to  members  of  all  associations  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.    Weightman  Hall. 

2.30  p.  m. :  Recent  Russian  history.  Houston  Hall.  Chairman — Worthing- 
ton  C.  Ford.  "  The  R61e  of  the  Intellectuals  in  the  Liberating  Movement  in  Rus- 
sia," Alexander  Petrunkevitch,  Yale  University.  "  Factors  in  the  March  Revo- 
lution of  1917,"  Samuel  N.  Harper,  University  of.  Chicago.  "  The  first  week  of 
the  revolution  of  March,  1917,"  F.  A.  Golder,  Washington  State  College.  "  The 
Jugo-Slav  movement,"  Robert  J.  Kerner,  University  of  Missouri. 

3  p.  m. :  Conference  on  English  medieval  history :  English  medieval  taxa- 
tion. Room  213,  College  Hall.  Chairman — Charles  H.  Haskius,  Harvard  Uni- 
versity. "Early  assessment  for  papal  taxation  of  English  clerical  incomes," 
William  E.  Lunt,  Haverford  College.  "  The  taxes  on  the  personal  property  of 
laymen  to  1272,"  Sydney  K.  Mitchell,  Yale  University.  "  The  English  customs 
revenues  up  to  1275,"  Norman  S.  B.  Gras,  Clark  University.  "  The  Assessment 
of  lay  subsidies,  1290-1332,"  James  F.  Willard,  University  of  Colorado. 

4.30  p.  m. :  Visit  to  the  collections  of  the  University  museum. 

6-8  p.  m. :  Supper  and  smoker  tendered  by  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  to 
the  members  attending  the  meetings  of  the  various  associations.  Weightman 
Hall. 

8.15  p.  m. :  Joint  session  with  American  political  science  association.  Audi- 
torium, University  >Iuseum.  Chairman — Josiah  H.  Penniman,  vice  provost. 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  "  A  generation  of  American  historiography,"  Wil- 
liam A.  Dunning,  Columbia  University.  "  The  background  of  American  federal- 
ism," Andrew  C.  McLaughlin,  University  of  Chicago.  "  The  psychology  of  a 
constitutional  convention,"  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Harvard  University. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL,   MEETING.  53 

Saturday,  December  29. 

10  a.  m. :  Conference  of  historical  societies — Historical  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Chairman — Tlioraas  Lynch  Montgomery,  State  Librarian  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Secretary — Augustus  H.  Shearer,  Grosvenor  Library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Business  session ;  election  of  officers  and  committees.  "  The  relation  of  the 
hereditary  patriotic  societies  and  the  historical  societies,  with  especial  refer- 
ence to  cooperation  in  publication,"  Norris  S.  Barratt,  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas,  Philadelphia.  Discussion  by  William  Libbey,  Princeton  Uni- 
versity. Worthington  C.  Ford,  Massachusetts  Historical  Society.  John  W. 
Jordan,  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  L.  Bradford  Prince,  Historical 
Society  of  New  Mexico.  "  The  collection  of  local  war  material  by  historical 
societies."  Discussion  by  Solon  J.  Buck,  Minnesota  Historical  Society.  Harlow 
Lindley,  Indiana  Historical  Commission.  Robert  D.  W.  Connor,  North  Carolina 
Historical  Commission.     G.  N.  Fuller,  Michigan  Historical  Commission. 

10  a.  m. :  Conference  of  teachers  of  history.  Joint  session  with  the  asso- 
ciation of  history  teachers  of  the  Middle  States  and  Maryland.  Clover  room, 
Bellevue-Stratford.  Chairman — Marshall  S.  Brown,  New  York  University. 
"  The  school  course  in  history :  Some  precedents  and  a  possible  next  step." 
Henry  Johnson,  Teachers'  College,  Columbia  University.  Discussion  by 
Herbert  D.  Foster,  Dartmouth  College.  Lida  Lee  Tall,  Baltimore,  Md,  Arthur 
M.  Wolfson,  DeWitt  Clinton  High  School,  New  York  City,  Henry  E.  Bourne, 
Western  Reserve  University.  Oscar  H.  Williams,  Indiana  State  Department 
of  Education.  R.  M.  Tryon,  University  of  Chicago.  A.  C.  Krey,  University 
of  Minnesota. 

10  a.  m. :  Conference  on  far  eastern  history.  Red  room,  Bellevue-Strat- 
ford. Chairman — Edward  P.  Cheyney,  University  of  Pennsylvania.  "  The 
mid- Victorian  attitude  of  foreigners  in  China,"  F.  W.  Williams,  Yale  University. 
"  American  scholarship  in  Chinese  history,"  K.  S.  Latourette,  Denison  Uni- 
versity. "  Twenty,  years  of  party  politics  in  Japan,  1897-1917,"  W.  W.  Mc- 
Laren, Williams  College.  "  The  history  of  naturalization  legislation  in  the 
United  States,  with  special  reference  to  Chinese  and  Japanese  immigration," 
Sydney  L.  Gulick,  New  York  City.    Discussion  opened  by  Hon.  John  C.  Ferguson. 

10  a.  m. :  Conference  on  Latin- American  history.  Green  Room,  Bellevue- 
Stratford.  Chairman — Julius  M.  Klein,  Washington,  D.  C.  "  The  delimina- 
tion  of  political  jurisdictions  in  Spanish  North  America  to  1535,"  Chas.  W. 
Hackett,  University  of  California.  "  The  institutional  backgi-ound  of  Latin- 
American  history,"  Chas.  H.  Cunningham,  University  of  Texas.  "An  early 
diplomatic  controversy  between  the  United  States  and  Brazil,"  William  R. 
Manning,  University  of  Texas.  "  The  influence  of  the  United  States  on  the 
opening  of  the  Amazon  to  the  world's  commerce,"  Percy  A.  Martin,  Leland 
Stanford  University.  "A  review  of  colonization  in  Brazil  with  especial  refer- 
ence to  the  German  migration,  1827-1914,"  Reginald  Orcutt,  Washington,  D.  C. 

1  p.  m. :  Subscription  luncheon.  Junior  room,  Bellevue-Stratford.  Dana 
C.  Munro,  Princeton  University,  presiding.  "  The  war  and  the  teaching  of 
history." 

2.30  p.  m. :  Annual  business  meeting.  Bellevue-Stratford.  Reports  of  officers 
and  committees.    Election  of  officers. 

6  p.  m. :  Subscription  dinner  conference  for  members  interested  in  far 
eastern  history.  Franklin  Inn  Club,  Camac  and  St.  James  Streets.  Subscrip- 
tion dinner  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Histrical  Association.  Kugler's  Res- 
taurant, 1412  Chestnut  Street. 

8.15  p.  m. :  Joint  session  with  the  American  Economic  Association,  the 
American  Political  Science  Association,  and  the  American  Sociological  Society. 


54  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Gold  room,  Adelphia  Hotel,  Chestnut  Street  below  Thirteenth  Street.  Chair- 
man— Subject :  "  International  fetleration."  "  The  British  commonwealth  of 
nations,"  Hon.  R.  H.  Brand,  deputy  vice  chairman  of  the  British  War  Mission. 
*•  Pan-German  use  of  history,"  Wallace  Notestein,  University  of  Minnesota. 
"  Economic  alliances,"  Edward  P.  Costigan,  United  States  Tariff  Commission. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  ANNOUNCEMENTS. 
Thursday. 

1.  Louis  Aubert,  of  the  French  War  Commission,  will  speak  at  the  luncheon 
on  Thursday  on  "  French  historians  and  the  war." 

2.  A  reception  for  the  women  members  of  the  association  will  be  tendered  by 
the  College  Club  Thursday  from  4  to  6. 

Friday. 

3.  The  bureau  of  registration  will  also  be  open  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania on  Friday  In  Houston  Hall. 

4.  The  session  on  medieval  history  on  Friday  afternoon  at  3  o'clck  will  be 
held  in  the  library  of  the  late  Henry  C.  Lea,  2004  Walnut  Street. 

5.  Frangois  Monod,  chief  of  the  cabinet  of  the  French  War  Commission,  will 
speak  at  the  session  on  Friday  evening  on  "  Reflections  on  the  present  and 
future  duties  of  historians  toward  world  democracy." 

MINUTES  OF  THE  ANNXJAL  BUSINESS  MEETING  OF  THE  AMERI- 
CAN HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION  HELD  IN  THE  HOTEL  BELLE- 
VUE-STRATFORD,   PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  DECEMBER  29,   1917. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  at  2.45  p.  m.,  ex-Presldent  William  A.  Dun- 
ning presiding.  ^ 

The  secretary  of  the  association  presented  his  annual  report.  The  total 
membership  of  the  association  on  December  19,  1917,  was  2,654,  a  loss  during 
the  year  of  85.  Membership  losses  have  been  heaviest  in  New  England,  in  the 
North  Central  States,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast,  while  there  have  been  slight 
gains  in  the  South  Atlantic,  South  Central,  and  West  Central  States.  He 
reported  that,  in  accordance  with  action  by  the  council,  the  secretary  of  the 
council  and  the  secretary  of  the  association  have  been  assigned  the  task  of 
making  a  special  study  of  the  membership  of  the  association  with  a  view  to 
determining  the  best  methods  for  maintaining  and  Increasing  It.  He  reix>rted 
the  attendance  at  Philadelphia  to  be  379.  With  regard  to  publications  of  the 
association,  the  secretary  reported  that  the  general  Index  to  papers  and  annual 
reports  from  1884  to  1914  was  nearly  through  the  press  and  would  be  dis- 
tributed from  the  office  of  the  Superintendent  of  Documents  during  the  coming 
year ;  that  the  Annual  Report  for  1915,  In  one  volume,  had  been  printed  and 
would  be  distributed  from  the  office  of  the  Superintendent  of  Documents  within 
the  next  three  months;  that  the  Annual  Report  for  1916,  in  two  volumes,  was 
In  press,  as  was  also  the  prize  essay  for  1916,  being  Richard  J.  Purcell's  "  Con- 
necticut In  Transition,  1775-1818."  The  secretary  also  reported  that  it  has  been 
Impossible,  for  financial  reasons,  to  publish  the  proposed  quarterly  bulletin. 
He  reported  that  the  association  had  been  represented  at  the  congress  of 
history  and  bibllogiwphy,  held  at  Montevideo  during  the  last  summer,  by  Dr. 
Charles  Lyon  Chandler ;  that  in  reply  tc  an  invitation  from  the  Historical  and 
Geographical  Institute  of  Brazil  the  council  had  decided  to  participate  for- 
mally in  the  International  Congress  of  History  which  is  to  be  held  at  Rio 
Janeiro  in  September,  1922.    He  reported  that  33  members  had  died  during  the 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  65 

year,  two  of  them  being  life  members — Miss  Mary  Alice  Keach  and  Mr.  Robert 
Lee  Tray  lor. 

It  was  voted  that  the  report  of  the  secretary  be  received  and  placed  on  file. 

The  treasurer's  report  was  read  by  the  treasurer,  Dr.  Clarence  W.  Bowen, 
and  showed  the  financial  condition  of  the  association  on  December  19,  1917,  to 
be  as  follows : 

Net  receipts $8,  659.  22 

Net  disbursements 9,  454.  51 

Excess  of  disbursements 795.  29 

Cash   on   hand 2,424.35 

Otlier    assets 26,  09L  87 

Total    assets 28,  516.  22 

Increase  in  assets 494.  71 

Dr.  Bowen  made  a  statement  respecting  the  endowment  fund  showing  that 
$3,766  had  already  been  subscribed,  of  which  amount  $1,490  had  been  paid. 
Dr.  Bowen  offered  the  following  resolution : 

Resolved,  That  the  American  Historical  Association  approves  of  the  action  of 
the  council  to  raise  an  endowment  fund  of  $22,000,  of  which  $3,365  has  already 
been  subscribed,  so  that  the  said  $22,000  added  to  the  $28,000  which  the  asso- 
ciation iilready  possesses  will  make  our  total  endowment  $50,000 ;  and  would 
direct  that  a  circular  with  a  list  of  subscriptions  Inclosed  be  sent  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  association,  so  that  any  member,  should  he  so  desire,  may  make  a 
subscription  payable  one-half  July  1,  1918,  and  one-half  payable  January  1,  1919. 

It  was  voted  that  the  report  of  the  treasurer  be  received  and  placed  on  file. 

The  resolution  of  Dr.  Bowen  having  been  laid  before  the  meeting,  was  sec- 
onded by  Mr.  H.  B.  Learned.    The  vote  being  put,  it  was  adopted. 

Dr.  Bowen  then  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  finance  committee  esti- 
mated that  there  would  be  an  excess  of  expenditures  over  receipts  for  1918  of 
about  $600  and  also  that  there  had  been  an  excess  of  expenditures  over  receipts 
during  1917  of  $795.  He  urged  that  these  deficits  should  be  made  up  by  special 
subscriptions  and  stated  that  he  had  already  secured  pledges  of  about  $900. 

The  report  of  the  audit  committee,  Messrs.  J.  M.  Callahan  and  I.  J.  Cox,  was 
read,  stating  that  the  report  of  the  treasurer  and  a  report  thereon  of  the  Ameri- 
can Audit  Co.  had  been  examined  and  found  to  be  in  correct  and  satisfactory 
form. 

The  secretary  of  the  council  read  for  the  information  of  the  association  the 
following  resolution  adopted  by  the  council  upon  the  occasion  of  the  retirement 
of  Dr.  Clarence  W.  Bowen  from  the  office  of  treasurer  of  the  association : 

Whereas  Dr.  Clarence  W.  Bowen  has  announced  his  intention  not  to  accept 
a  renomination  for  treasurer  of  the  association. 

Resolved,  That  the  executive  council  has  heard  with  deep  regret  Dr.  Bow- 
en's  determination  to  retire  from  the  service  that  he  has  so  long  and  usefully 
performed.  For  33  years  he  has  guided  the  financial  administration 
of  the  association  and  has  guarded  its  treasury.  In  that  long  period  tlie  organi- 
zation has  prospered  greatly  and  has  widely  extended  its  activities  and  influ- 
ence. Dr.  Bowen's  unselfish  and  efficient  labors  have  been  a  powerful  factor 
in  the  accomplishment  of  those  ends.  Zeal  and  caution  have  been  happily 
blended  in  his  management  of  fiscal  affairs  and  in  his  judgments  of  the  gen- 
eral policy  of  the  organization.  The  executive  council  will  greatly  miss  liis 
faithful  exhortations  to  economy,  as  well  as  his  sympathetic  approval*  of 
progress.  In  his  well-earned  retirement  he  will  be  attended  by  the  cordial 
gratitude  and  good  wishes  of  all  who  understand  what  he  has  done  for  the 
cause  of  history  and  the  welfare  of  the  American  Historical  Association. 

Mr.  D.  C.  Munro  offered  the  following  resolution : 

Resolved,  That  the  members  of  the  American  Historical  Association  learn 
with  regret  that  Mr.  Clarence  W.  Bowen  insists  upon  refusing  a  reelection  as 
treasurer.     By  his  long  and  unselfish  devotion  he  has  placed  every  member 


56  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

under  a  deep  debt  of  gratitude.    Through  his  careful  management  it  has  been 
possible  for  the  association  to  carry  on  its  manifold  activities. 

Resolved,  therefore.  That  a  vote  of  thanks  be  tendered  Mr.  Bowen  and  that 
these  resolutions  be  spread  upon  the  minutes  of  the  association. 

The  resolution  was  seconded  and  was  unanimously  adopted  by  a  rising  vote. 

The  secretary  of  the  council  presented  his  annual  report,  in  which  he  in- 
cluded a  summary  of  the  more  important  acts  of  the  council  during  the  past 
year  and  a  brief  survey  of  the  activities  of  the  committees  and  commissions 
of  the  association.  He  pointed  out  that  the  war  had  affected  the  work  of  the 
council  and  its  committees  in  various  ways.  The  reduced  income  from  mem- 
bership fees  reported  by  the  secretary  and  the  treasurer  had  made  it  necessary 
to  cut  off  the  appropriations  usually  made  to  such  important  committees  as 
the  public  archives  commission,  the  committee  on  history  in  schools,  and 
the  committee  on  bibliography ;  and  also  to  withdraw  the  subsidies  hitherto 
given  to  the  History  Teacher's  Magazine  and  to  Writings  on  American  His- 
tory. The  effect  of  this  action  was  to  leave  the  latter  in  a  serious  situation, 
which  should  appeal  to  the  generosity  of  all  who  were  interested  in  keeping 
up  the  apparatus  of  historical  scholarship. 

Members  of  certain  committees,  including  one  committee  chairman,  had  with- 
drawn from  the  active  service  of  the  association  in  order  to  enter  upon  public 
service  of  various  kinds  related  to  the  war.  In  several  instances  members 
had  been  able  to  make  contributions  to  the  national  service  of  a  kind  definitely 
related  to  historical  scholarship,  as  for  example,  in  the  Committee  on  Public 
Information  and  the  National  Board  for  Historical  Service. 

Having  distinctly  in  view  the  present  critical  situation,  the  council  reported 
two  measures  looking  to  a  constructive  treatment  of  certain  larger  problems. 
The  two  secretaries  have  been  instructed  to  make  a  new  and  thorough  investi- 
gation of  the  whole  problem  of  maintaining  and  extending  the  membership 
of  the  association.  Furthermore,  a  special  council  committee  on  policy  has 
been  constituted  for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  fresh  consideration  of  functions 
which  might  be  regarded  as  properly  devolving  upon  the  American  Historical 
Association  as  the  chief  organization  of  historical  scholars  in  the  United  States. 

It  was  voted  that  the  report  of  the  secretary  of  the  council  be  received  and 
placed  on  file. 

The  following  resolution  was  offered  by  Prof.  J.  H.  Breasted : 

In  view  of  the  large  educational,  humanitarian,  and  missionary  interests 
which  American  organizations  have  long  maintained  within  the  limits  of  the 
Ottoman  Empire, 

Resolved,  That  the  American  Historical  Association  empower  its  president 
to  appoint  a  committee  of  three  to  urge  upon  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  the  importance  of  adequately  safeguarding,  during  the  course  of  any  peace 
negotiations,  the  future  rights  and  activities  of  American  educational  and 
scientific  enterprises  in  the  Ottoman  Empire,  having  in  mind  especially : 

General  education  for  men  and  women;  professional  education,  including 
medical  schools  and  hospitals ;  training  in  agriculture,  forestry,  engineering, 
transportation  and  road  making,  economic  geologj'  and  mining;  geological  and 
geographical  explorations,  scientific  surveys,  archaeological  excavations,  and 
the  legitimate  interests  of  American  museums. 

It  is  also  recommended  that  a  further  function  of  this  committee  be  to 
provide  for  the  collection  and  presentation  of  all  available  information  which 
would  aid  the  representatives  of  the  United  States  in  securing  the  ends  sug- 
gested in  the  above  resolution. 

Upon  motion  of  the  secretary  of  the  council  it  was  voted  to  refer  this  resolu- 
tion to  the  executive  council  with  power  to  take  action  relating  thereto. 

The  report  of  the  conference  of  historical  societies  was  presented  by  Mr.  A. 
H.  Shearer,  secretary  of  the  conference.  He  stated  that  at  the  conference 
held  in  Philadelphia  in  connection  with  the  present  meeting  it  had  been  voted 
to  request  the  president  of  the  association  to  appoint  a  committee  to  report  on 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  57 

the  subject  of  cooperation  between  historical  societies  with  respect  to  publi- 
cations. 

The  delegate  of  the  Pacific  coast  branch  not  being  present,  Mr.  H.  E.  Bolton 
spoke  informally  and  unofficially  on  behalf  of  the  branch,  and  reported  that  it 
had  held  a  meeting  on  November  30  and  December  1  which  had  been  attended 
by  a  number  of  members  of  the  association  from  the  East. 

The  report  of  the  committee  on  nominations  presented  the  final  report  of 
that  committee  to  the  association  in  which  the  following  nominations  were 
made: 

President — William  R.  Thayer. 

First  vice  president — Edward  Channlng. 

Second  vice  president — Jean  Jules  Jusserand. 

Secretary — Waldo  G.  Leland. 

Treasurer — Charles  Moore. 

Secretary  of  the  council — Evarts  B.  Greene. 

Curator — A.  Howard  Clark. 

Members  of  the  council — Henry  E.  Bourne,  Samuel  B.  Harding,  Lucy  M. 
Salmon,  George  M.  Wrong,  Herbert  E.  Bolton,  William  E.  Dodd,  Walter  L. 
Fleming,  William  E.  Lingelbach. 

Committee  on  nominations — Charles  H.  Ambler,  Christopher  B.  Coleman, 
Carl  R.  Fish,  J.  G.  de  R.  Hamilton,  Victor  H.  Paltsits. 

Nominations  were  called  for  from  the  floor  and  none  offered.  It  was  moved 
and  voted  without  dissent  that  the  secretary  be  instructed  to  cast  the  ballot  of 
the  association  for  the  candidates  placed  in  nomination  by  the  committee. 

This  was  done  and  they-were  declared  duly  elected. 

The  report  of  the  board  of  editors  of  the  American  Historical  Review  was 
presented  by  the  chairman,  Mr.  E.  P.  Cheyney. 

It  was  voted  that  the  report  be  received  and  placed  on  file. 

The  chairman  of  the  finance  committee  of  the  executive  council,  Mr.  G.  S. 
Ford,  made  a  statement  with  regard  to  the  financial  condition  of  the  asso- 
ciation. 

The  budget  of  appropriations  for  1918  and  the  estimate  of  receipts  were  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  G.  S.  Ford,  chairman  of  the  finance  committee  of  the  council,  as 
follows : 

Appropriations  for  1918. 

Ofllce  of  secretary  and  treasurer $2,  000.  00 

Committee  on  nominations 75.  00 

Pacific  coast  branch 50.00 

Program    committee 150.  00 

Conference  of  historical  societies 25.  00 

Committee  on  publications 1,000.00 

Editorial    services 150.  00 

Cumulative   index 250.  00 

American  historical  review 5,000.00 

Historical  manuscripts  commission •     150.  00 

Winsor  prize  committee 200.  00 

London  headquarters 150.  00 

Military  history  prize .250.00 

Committee  on  bibliography  of  modern  English  history 125.  00 

Bills  payable  December  19,  1917 28.  70 

ji  9,603.70 
Estimated  Income. 

Annual  dues $7,  050.  00 

Life  members'  fees 100.  00 

Publications 400.00 

Royalties 125.00 

Investments 1, 100.  00 

Gifts 100.  00 

Registration  fees 150.  00 

9, 025. 00 


58  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

It  was  moved  and  voted  that  the  budget  be  adopted  as  presented. 
On  belialf  of  the  committee  on  nominations,  Mr.  F.  M.  Anderson  offerpil  the 
following  amendment  to  by-law  2 : 

Moved,  that  by-law  No.  2  be  amended  as  follows:  In  the  second  sentence 
change  the  words  "1st  of  October"  to  "15th  of  September;"  in  tlie  third  sen- 
tence change  the  words  "  twenty  days  "  to  "  one  month  ;"  insert  the  word  "  busi- 
ness "  before  the  word  "meeting,"  wherever  it  occurs  in  the  by-law;  in  the 
fourth  sentence  change  the  words  "  five  days  "  to  "  one  day  "  and  add  at  the 
end  of  the  sentence  the  words  "  but  such  nominations  by  petition  shall  not  be 
presented  until  after  the  committee  on  nominations  shall  have  reported  its  nomi- 
nations to  the  association  as  provided  for  in  the  present  by-law." 

It  was  moved  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Latan^  to  amend  the  amendment  in  such  a  way  as 
to  provide  that  returns  of  the  informal  ballot  should  be  made  directly  to  the 
committee  on  nominations.  After  discussion  it  was  voted  that  the  amendment  to 
the  amendment  be  laid  upon  the  table. 

The  original  motion  was  then  put  and  carried  and  by-law  2  as  amended  wa.s 
read  by  the  secretary  in  the  following  form : 

A  nomination  committee  of  five  members  shall  be  chosen  at  each  annual 
business  meeting  in  the  manner  herenfter  jn-ovided  for  the  election  of  officers 
of  the  association.  At  such  convenient  time  prior  to  the  15th  of  September  as 
it  may  determine  it  shall  invite  every  member  to  express  to  it  his  preference 
regarding  every  oflice  to  Be  filled  by  election  at  the  ensuing  annual  business 
meeting  and  regarding  the  composition  of  the  new  nominating  committee  then 
to  be  chosen.  It  shall  publish  and  mail  to  each  member  at  least  one  month 
prior  to  the  annual  business  meeting  such  nominations  as  it  may  determine  upon 
for  each  elective  oflSce  and  for  the  next  nominating  committee.'  It  shall  prepare 
for  use  at  the  annual  business  meeting  an  official  ballot  containing,  as  candidates 
for  each  office  or  committee  membership  to  be  filled  thereat,  the  names  of  its 
nominees  and  also  the  names  of  any  other  nominees  which  may  be  proposed  to 
the  chairman  of  the  committee  in  writing  by  20  or  more  members  of  the 
association  at  least  one  day*before  the  annual  business  meeting,  hut  such  nomi- 
nations by  petition  shall  not  be  i)resented  until  after  the  committee  shall  have 
reported  its  nominations  to  the  associaticn  as  provi'ied  for  in  the  present  by-law. 
The  official  ballot  shall  also  provide,  under  each  office,  a  blank  space  for  voting 
for  such  further  nominees  as  any  member  may  present  from  the  floor  at  the 
time  of  the  election. 

Upon  recommendation  by  the  executive  council  presented  by  the  secretary  of 
the  council,  the  association  passed  the  following  votes  with  respect  to  the  annual 
meeting  of  1918 : 

Voted,  that  the  next  annual  meeting  be  held  in  Minneapolis;  provided,  how- 
ever, that  If,  In  view  of  the  emergency  due  to  a  state  of  war.  there  appears  to 
the  executive  council  to  be  sufficient  reason  for  changing  the  place  of  meeting 
or  for  omitting  the  meeting  altogether,  the  executive  council  be,  and  hereby 
is  authorised  to  take  such  action  and  is  directed  to  notify  the  association  of  its 
decision  not  later  than  September  1. 

Voted,  that  If  the  annual  meeting  of  1918  is  omitted  the  officers  of  the  asso- 
ciation shall  continue  In  office  until  the  next  annual  meeting  of  the  association. 

Voted,  that,  except  in  respect  to  the  adoption  of  the  annual  budget,  the  secre- 
tary of  the  council  be,  and  hereby  is  authorized  to  take  the  votes  of  the  council 
by  mall,  when  In  the  judgment  of  the  president  and  the  secretary,  such  a 
procedure  is  expedient. 

On  behalf  of  the  executive  council,  the  secretary  of  the  council  presented  to 
the  association  the  following  rules  governing  competition  for  the  Winsor  and 
Adams  prizes  with  the  recommendation  that  they  be  adopted  In  place  of  the 
rules  now  In  force : 

For  the  purpose  of  encouraging  historical  research  the  American  Historical 
Association  offers  two  prizes,  each  prize  of  $200:  the  Justin  Winsor  prize  In 
American  history  and  the  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prize  in  the  history  of  the 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL.  MEETING.  59 

Eastern  Hemisphere.  The  Winsor  prize  is  offered  in  the  even  years  (as  here- 
tofore), and  the  Adams  prize  in  the  odd  years.  Both  prizes  are  designed  to 
encourage  writers  who  have  not  pul)lished  previously  any  considerable  work 
or  obtained  an  established  reputation.  Either  prize  shall  be  awarded  for  an 
excellent  monograph  or  essay,  printed  or  in  manuscript,  submitted  to  or  selected 
by  the  committee  of  award.  Monographs  must  be  submitted  on  or  before  July 
1  of  the  given  year.  In  the  case  of  a  printed  monograph  ^the  date  of  pub- 
lication must  fall  within  a  period  of  two  years  prior  to  July  1.  A  monograph 
to  which  a  prize  has  been  awarded  in  manuscript  may,  if  it  is  deemed  in  all 
respects  available,  be  published  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Association. 
Competition  shall  be  limited  to  monographs  written  or  published  in  the  Eng- 
lish language  by  writers  of  the  Western  Hemisphere. 

In  making  the  award  the  committee  will  consider  not  only  research, 
accuracy,  and  originality,  but  also  clearness  of  expression  and  logical  ar- 
rangement. The  successful  monograph  must  reveal  marked  excellence  of 
style.  Its  subject  matter  should  afford  a  distinct  contribution  to  knowledge 
of  a  sort  beyond  that  having  merely  personal  or  local  interest.  The  monograph 
must  conform  to  the  accepted  canons  of  historical  research  and  criticism.  A 
manuscript — including  text,  notes,  bibliogi'aphy,  appendixes,  etc. — must  not  ex- 
ceed 100,000  words  if  designed  for  publication  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the 
Association. 

The  Justin  Winsor  prize. — ^The  monograph  must  be  based  upon  independent 
and  original  investigation  in  American  history.  The  phrase  "  American  his- 
tory "  includes  the  history  of  the  United  States  and  other  countries  of  the 
Western  Hemisphere.  The  monograph  may  deal  with  any  aspect  or  phase  of 
that   history. 

The  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prise. — The  monograph  must  be  based  upon  in- 
dependent and  original  investigation  in  the  history  of  the  Eastern  Hemis- 
phere. The  monograph  may  deal  with  any  aspect  or  phase  of  that  history, 
as  in_the  case  of  the  Winsor  prize. 

It  was  moved  that  the  rules  as  presented  by  the  council  be  adopted. 
The  secretary  of  the  association  presented  the  following  report  from  the 
committee  on  auditing  the  treasurer's  report  for  1916 : 

We  have  examined  the  statement  of  accounts  by  the  treasurer,  Clarence  W. 
Bowen,  and  the  report  of  the  Audit  Company  of  America  relating  thereto  and 
find  both  accurate  and  satisfactory. 

Sidney  B.  Fay 
Allen  Johnson. 
December  27,  1917. 

The  secretary  of  the  council  called  the  attejitlon  of  the  association  to  the  com- 
mittee assignments,  lists  of  which  had  been  prepared  and  distributed  to  those 
present. 

The  secretary  of  the  association  announced  that  the  newly  elected  committee 
on  nominations  would,  in  accordance  with  the  usual  practice,  organize  itself  by 
the  election  of  a  chairman. 

It  was  moved  by  Miss  Ruth  Putnam  and  voted  that  the  greetings  of  the 
association  be  sent  to  the  former  president,  Mr.  H.  Morse  Stephens. 

The  meeting  adjourned  at  5  p.  m. 

Waldo  G.  Leland  Secretary. 

REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY. 

Comparative  statistics  of  membership  have  been  placed  in  printed  form  before 
the  members  of  the  association;  in  these  it  appears  that  there  has  been  a  net 
loss  of  85,  which  is  less  than  the  loss  last  year,  but  that  there  is  a  loss  of  246 
in  paid-up  memberships  as  compared  with  the  gain  of  four  a  year  ago.  This 
loss  it  is  to  be  hoped  is  more  apparent  than  real,  for  since  December  19,  when 
these  statistics  were  compiled,  many  membership  dues  that  were  in  arrears 
have  been  paid. 


60  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

It  is  but  natural,  however,  In  these  times  of  war  to  expect  a  certain  decrease 
in  our  membership  and  it  is  encouraging,  therefore,  to  note  that  the  number  of 
new  members  is  not  far  behind  that  of  last  year. 

The  regional  losses  have  been  heaviest  in  New  England,  the  North  Central 
States,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast;  while  there  have  been  slight  gains  in  the  South 
Atlantic,  South  Central,  and  West  Central  States,  gains  which  have  been  due 
mainly  to  the  persistent  activities  of  some  half  dozen  members  who  interested 
themselves  in  endeavoring  to  increase  the  membership  of  the  association. 

It  is  proposed  that  during  the  coming  year  a  careful  study  of  the  membership 
of  the  association,  with  especial  attention  to  the  problem  of  maintaining  and 
increasing  It,  shall  be  made  by  the  two  secretaries.  Consequently,  there  has 
been  no  committee  on  membership  appointed  for  the  coming  year. 

The  attendance  at  the  present  meeting  is  379,  which  compares  favorably  with 
that  at  other  meetings.  Indeed,  it  might  have  been  expected,  in  view  of  present- 
day  conditions,  that  the  attendance  would  be  much  smaller. 

The  committee  on  publications  has  prepared  and  presented  a  complete  report 
on  that  subject,  but  as  this  is  not  to  be  read  at  this  meeting  it  may  not  be  amiss 
to  remark  that  the  General  Index  to  Papers  and  Annual  Reports  from  1884  to 

1914,  which  constitutes  Volume  II  of  the  Annual  Report  for  1914,  has  been- 
completed  and  is  now  in  press ;  it  will  probably  be  distributed  during  the  first 
half  of  the  coming  year.  The  Annual  Report  for  1915,  in  one  volume,  has  been 
in  press  for  some  time  and  should  have  appeared  before  now.  It  will  without 
doubt  be  distributed  during  the  spring.  The  Annual  Report  for  1916,  in  two 
volumes,  has  been  in  the  hands  of  the  Public  Printer  for  some  months.  The 
second  volume  is  a  collection  of  letters  mainly  addressed  to  R.  M.  T.  Hunter 
and  edited  for  the  Historical  Manuscripts  Commission  by  Prof.  Charles  H. 
Ambler.    The  essay  to  which  was  awarded  the  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prize  in 

1915.  "  The  Leveller  Movement,"  by  T.  C.  Pease,  has  been  printed  and  distrib- 
uted. It  will  be  noted  that  the  appearance  of  the  volume  has  been  greatly  im- 
proved. The  essay  which  received  the  Justin  Winsor  prize  in  1916,  *'  Connecti- 
cut in  Transition,  1775-1818,"  by  R.  J.  Purcell,  is  nearly  through  the  press. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  at  the  annual  meeting  in  Cincinnati  the 
council  announced  Its  intention  of  publishing  a  quarterly  bullejin  provided 
arrangements  could  be  made  to  finance  such  an  enterprise.  A  certain 
amount  was  generously  pledged  by'  those  In  attendance  at  Cincinnati,  but  in 
view  of  the  very  heavy  burden  under  which  the  treasury  has  labored 
during  the  past  year  it  has  seemed  unwise  to  the  finance  committee  of  the 
council  to  inaugurate  any  undertaking  not  absolutely  necessary  which  should 
increase  that  burden.  The  project  is,  however,  merely  suspended  and  it  is 
earnestly  hoped  that  in  another  year  or  so  it  may  be  put  into  execution. 

Attention  is  again  called  to  the  fact  that  the  association  has  a  stock  of 
publications  valued  at  several  thousand  dollars.  The  finance  committee  is 
anxious  to  dispose  of  as  much  of  this  stock  as  possible  and  it  is  probable  that 
some  plan  for  selling  it  will  be  devised  and  put  into  operation  during  the 
coming  year. 

During  the  past  year  the  association  was  represented  by  Dr.  Charles  Lyon 
Chandler  at  the  Congress  of  History  and  Bibliography  lield  at  Montevideo. 
In  response  to  an  invitation  from  the  Historical  and  Geographical  Institute 
of  Brazil  the  council  has  decided  to  participate  formerly  in  the  International 
Congress  of  American  History  which  is  to  be  held  at  Rio  Janeiro  in  Septem- 
ber, 1922,  in  connection  with  the  celebration  of  the  centenary  of  Brazilian 
independence.  The  form  that  this  participation  will  take  is  to  be  determined 
by  a  committee  of  five,  of  which  Prof.  Bernard  Moses  is  chairman,  which  has 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  MEETING. 


61 


been  appointed.  It  is  the  policy  of  the  association  to  do  all  in  its  power  to 
foster  a  solidarity  of  interest  among  the  historical  scholars  of  North  and 
South  America. 

While  the  association  Is  not  officially  engaged  in  any  war  activities,  the 
historical  scholarship  of  the  country  is,  nevertheless,  coming  to  the  fore  in 
work  of  all  sorts.  Many  of  oiir  members  are  now  in  uniform.  Others  are  work- 
ing in  one  capacity  or  another  for  the  National  or  State  Governments.  Still 
others  are  devoting  their  time  and  efforts  to  the  work  of  such  bodies  as  the 
National  Security  League  and  the  National  Board  for  Historical  Service 
which  latter  is  composed  entirely  of  members  of  this  association.  One  member 
of  the  council  is  engaged  in  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  work  with 
troops  at  Camp  Gordon,  and  other  members  of  the  association  are  writing  or 
lecturing  to  general  audiences  and  to  soldiers.  The  association .  may  justly 
feel  that  in  all  these  activities  it  has  its  part  since  the  spirit  of  service  and 
cooperation  which  prompts  them  has  been  carefully  fostered  by  it  during  all 
the  years  of  its  existence. 

Thirty-three  of  our  members  have  died  during  the  year.  Two  of  these  were 
life  members — Miss  Mary  Alice  Keach  and  Mr.  Robert  Lee  Tray  lor.  A  com- 
plete list  of  deceased  members  is  herewith  given : 

George  E.  Adams.  Charles  A.  Kent. 

Elizabeth  Talbot  Belt  Stuart  L.  B.  Kinzer. 

Josiah  H.  Benton.  Virgil  P.  Kline. 

James  H.  Blodgett.  Blanche  Leavitt. 

George  W.  Botsford.  Henry  M.  Leipziger. 

Ora  Butterfield.  -Wayne  MacVeagh. 

Rt.  Rev.  Charles  E.  Cheney.  Nathaniel  Paine. 

John  H.  Culfman.  George  L.  Rives. 

George  Per r in  Davis.  Henry  A.  Sill. 

Theodore  N.  Ely.  Arthur  F.  Strome. 

Henry  Ferguson,  Mary  K.  Talcott. 

Simeon  Gilbert.  Robert  Lee  Traylor. 

Samuel  Hart.  Mrs.  Audrey  Updike.  . 

Horace  B.  Hayden.  A.  D.  Wetherell. 

George  H.  Howison.  ^  Frank  S.  Witherbee. 

Mary  Alice  Keach.  '  P.  Henry  Woodward. 

A.  L.  Keister. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Waldo  G.  Leland,  Secretary. 

STATEMENT   OF   TREASURER,   DECEMBER   19,   1917. 
Balance  on  hand  December  19,  1916 $3,219.64 

Receipts  to  date: 

Annual  dues — 

2,252  at  $3.  00 $6,  756.  00 

1          "        .75 .75 

1           "      2.00 2.00 

1  "      2.94 2.94 

5           "      3.0.5 15.25 

9          "      3.10 27.90 

5          "      3.15 15.75 

2  "      3.25 6.50 

1           "      3.50 3.50 

1           "      4.00 A 4.00 

$6,  834.  59 

Life   membership   dues 50.  00 

Dividend    on    bank    stock 240.00 

Interest    on    bond    and    mortgage 900. 00 

Loan  C.  W.  Bowen 1,642.00 


62  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Receipts  to  date — Continued, 
Publications — 

Prize  essays 318.  36 

Papers  and  reports 48.70 

Writings  on  American  History 40.90 

Royalties    134.27 

542.23 

Gift   for   London   headquarters 50.00 

Miscellaneous — 

Lists    of    members 40.00 

Amount  paid  for  copy  of  American 
Historical  Review  for  member  of  As- 
sociation    : .40 

Cash  from  unlmown  source 2.  00 

42. 40 

10.301.22 

Total  receipts  to  date ^ 13,  520.  86 

Total  di-sbursements  to  date ,_  11,096.51 

Balance  on  hand  December  19,  1917 2,  424.  35 

DISBUBSEMENTS,  DEC.  10,  10 IC,  TO  DEC.  10,   1017. 

Expense  of  administration. 

Secretary  and  treasurer,  vouchers  18,  19.  20,  21,  27,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  39,  40,  41, 
42,  51,  52,  53,  55,  56,  57,  58,  59,  06,  69,  71,  74  75,  81,  82.  83,  87,  88,  89,  92,  96, 
97,  100.  101,  105,  106,  107,  112,  113,  114,  117,  118,  120,  121,  122,  125,  126,  127, 
128,  129,  136,  141,  152,  154: 
Itemized  as  follows — 

Salary  of  assistant $950.00 

Additional  assistance  and  services  of  all 

kinds 177. 10 

$1, 127. 10 

Postage -- 226.  47 

Telegrams,    messenger    service,    express,    money- 
order  fees,  notary  fees : 24. 19 

Stationery  and  supplies 109. 15 

Furnishings 18.  67 

Printing  and  duplicating 35.  00 

Auditing  treasurer's  report,  1916 20.  00 

Collection  charges 2.  55 

Miscellaneous 1.  75 

Express    charges    on    account    of   Winsor    Prize 

Committee 7. 98 

$1,  572.  86 

Executive  council,  vouchers  135,  144,  145,  146,  147,  148,  149,  150,  155 : 
Itemized  as  follows — 

Expen.se  incurred  in  travel  to  attend  meeting  of 
executive  council,  Dec.  1,  1917 — 

W.   G.   Iceland ^ 14.96 

H.   E.   Bourne 38.31 

G.    S.    Ford 15.55 

E.  B.  Greene 55.  76 

S.  B.  Harding 12.20 

Lucy  M.  Salmon 3.10 

U.  B.  Phillips 39.94 

G.  M.  Wrong 29.63 

Charles  Moore 29.  59 

239. 04 

Secretary  of  the  council,  vouchers  28,  29,  43,  142,  143 : 

Itemized  as  follows — 

Services 8.  90 

Postage 5.  00 

Printing 13.  50 

Stationery 13.  75 

36. 15 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  63 

Committee  on  nominations,  vouchers  108,  130,  131,  137,  138,  156 : 
Itemized  as  follows — 

Services 10.  00 

Postage 27.  00 

Telegrams  1-  50 

Printing 34.00 

Supplies 5.00 


77.50 


Annual  meetings. 

Committee  on  program,  1917,  voucher  140: 
Itemized  as  follows— 

Services 1-5.  00 

Postage 31. 14 

Stationery 12.  25 

Printing 65.00 


123.39 


Conference  of  historical  societies,  vouchers  54,  132,  157 : 
Itemized  as  follows — 

Po.stage 14.80 

Express   .  78 

Printing 37.  75 

Miscellaneous .  39 


53.72 


Publications. 

Committee  on  publications,  vouchers,  30,  38,  44,  45,  46,  61, 
62,  63,  64,  65,  72,  73,  77,  78,  85,  86,  90,  102,  110,  111,  139 : 
Itemized  as  follows — 

Printing  and  binding »  844.  53 

Wrapping  and  mailing 33. 18 

Postage  and  express 49.  30 

Storage  and  insurance 109.  33 

Advertising 11.  00 

Miscellaneous 7. 15 


1,  054.  49 

Editorial  services,  vouchers  37,  50,  60,  91,  98,  115,  123,  153 138.  55 

Cumulative  index. 

Vouchers  76,  133 750.  00 

American  Historical  Review. 

Vouchers  47,  48,  49,  67,  80,  93,  94,  95,  103,  104,  109,  151 4,  261.  20 

Standing  committees. 

Historical  manuscripts  commission,  voucher  70: 

Itemized  as  follows:  Stationery 6.70 

Public  archives  commission,  vouchers  84,  124,  134: 
Itemized  as  follows — 

Services $2.  85 

Postage 4.  85 

Expense  of  preparing  report  on  archives  of  Idaho 75.  00 


Committee  on  membership,  voucher  31 : 
Itemized  as  follows — 

Services 8.  50 

Postage 6.  50 


82.70 


10.00 


Committee  on  bibliography,  voucher  158 : 

Itemized  as  follows:  Services 5.00 


64  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Prises  and  subventions. 

Adams  prize  committee,  voucher  79: 
Itemized  as  follows — 

Amount  of  prize 200.  00 

Author's  share  of  expense  of  printing  additional 
pages,  to  be  deducted 75.00 

Amounut  paid  author 125.  00 

Writings  on  American  history,  voucher  119: 

Appropriation  for  1917 200.00 

History  Teacher's  Magazine,  vouchers  68,  99: 

Appropriation  for  1917 200.00 

Committee  on  finance. 
Vouchers  22,  23 : 

Itemized  as  follows:  Printing 50.00 

Funds  held  in  tru,st. 
Voucher  24 : 

London  headquarters 150.  00 

Payment  of  loan. 
Voucher  116 1,  642.  00 

Bills  payable  Dec.  19,  1916. 

Secretary  and  treasurer,  vouchers  1,  2,  3,  4,  25,  26 : 

Services  $33.25 

Printing  and  duplicating 20.  50 

Furnishings 4.  00 

$57. 75 

Executive  council,  voucher  5 : 

Expense  incurred  in  travel  to  attend  meeting  of 
executive  ccJuncil,  Dec.  2,  1916:  Lucy  M.  Sal- 
mon    2.80 

Committee  on  program,  1916.  voucher  6: 

Expense  of  printing' and   mailing  program  of 

annual  meeting,  1916 173.50 

Committee  on  nominations,  vouchers  7,  8 : 

Telegrams  and  telephone 1.  65 

Printing 6.  00 

7. 65 

241. 70 

Conference  of  historical  societies,  voucher  9: 

Services 8. 50 

Mimeographing  4.25 

Postage   7.00 

19.  75 

Editorial  services,  voucher  10: 

Proof   reading 1.00 

General  committee,  vouchers  11,  12,  13,  14: 

Services 16.  50 

Postage   7.80 

24.  30 

Committee  on  bibliography,  voucher  15: 

Services 8.87 

Committee  on  history  in  schools,  voucher  16: 

Services 12.00 

Postage   5.00 

Express .29 

17.29 

Winsor  prize  committee,  voucher  17: 

Express 5.  30 

•        318.  21 

11,  096.  51 

Net  receipts 8,  659.  22 

Net  disbursements 9,454.  51 

Excess  of  disbursements  over  receipts 795.29 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  65 

The  assets  of  the  association  are: 
Bond  and  mortgage  on  real  estate  at  No.  24  East  Ninety-fifth  Street, 

New  York,  N.  Y $20,000.00 

Accrued  interest  on  above  from  Sept.  29,  1917  to  Dec.  19,  1917 201.  87 

20  Shares  American  Exchange  National  Bank  stock  at  $220 4,  400.  00 

Cash  on  hand  (National  Park  Bank  of  New  York) 2,424.35 

Endowment  fund  on  deposit  in  Central  Trust  Co.  of  New  York 1,490.00 

Total  assets  28,  516.  22 

Assets  at  last  annual  report 28, 021.  51 

An  increase  during  the  year  of 494.  71 

Among  the  assets  of  the  association  should  be  included : 

Publications  in  stock,  estimate 6,438.00 

Furniture,  office  equipment,  etc.,  estiraatel 250.  00 

6,  688700 

Clarence  W.  Bowen,  Treasurer. 
Philadelphia,  Pa,,  December  29,  1917. 

REPORT  OF  THE  AUDIT  COMMITTEE. 

We  have  examined  the  above  report  and  also  a  report  thereon  by  the  Ameri- 
can Audit  Co.  and  find  them  to  be  correct  and  in  satisfactory  form. 

J.  M.  Callahan. 
I.  J.  Cox. 

The  American  Audit  Co. 
Mr.  C.  W.  Bowen, 

Treasurer  American  Historical  Association, 

New    York,    N.    T. 
Dear  Sir:  We  have  audited  the  accounts  and  records  of  the  American  His- 
torical Asociation  from  December  20,  1916,  to  December  19,  1917,  and  submit 
our  report  herewith,  including  the  following  exhibits: 
Exhibit  A. — Assets  as  at  December,  19,  1917. 

Exhibit  B. — Receipts  and  disbursements  from  December  20,  1916,  to  Decem- 
ber 19,  1917. 

We  verified  the  cash  receipts  as  shewn  by  the  records  and  the  cash  disburse- 
ments with  the  receipted  vouchers  on  file  and  found  the  same  to  agree  with  the 
treasurer's  report. 

The  balances  on  deposit  in  banks,  according  to  certificates  from  the  banks, 
were  reconciled  with  the  check-book  balances,  and  found  to  agree  with  the 
treasurer's  report,  except  11  cents  in  the  endowment  fund. 

We  inspected  in  New  York  the  bond  and  mortgage  on  New  York  real  estate 
and  the  stock  certificates  representing  the  20  shares  of  the  American  Exchange 
National  Bank. 
Respectfully  submitted. 

The  American  Audit  Co., 
By  C.  R.  Cbanmer, 

Resident  Manager, 
Approved : 
F.  W.  Lafbentz, 

President. 
Attest : 

[seal.]     a.  F.  Latrentz,  Secretary. 
Washington,  D.  C,  December  22,  1917, 
88582°— 19 5 


66  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION". 

Exhibit  A. — Assets  as  at  December  19,  1917. 

Cash  on  hand:  National  City  Bank  of  New  York,  N.  Y $2,424.35 

Bond  and  mortirafie  on  real  estate  at  No.  24  East  Ninety-fifth  Street, 

New  York  City 20,000.00 

Accrued  interest  on  above 201.  87 

20  shares  American  Exchange  National  Bank  stock.  New  York  City 

at  $220 - 4, 400.  00 

Endowment  fund:  Cash  on  deposit  at  Central  Trust  Co.,  New  York 

City 1,  489.  83 

Inventories:  (Not  verified  by  The  American  Audit  Co.)  : 

Publications  in  stock 6,  438.  00 

Furniture,  office  equipment,  etc.   (estimate) 250. -00 

Total    assets 35,204.11 

Exhibit  B. — Statement  of  receipts  and  disbursements  from  Dec.  20,  1916,  to 

Dec.  19,  1917. 
Receipts: 

Annual    dues $6,834.59 

Life    membership 50.  00 

Dividends    on    stock,    American    Exchange    National 

Bank 240.  00 

Interest  on  bond  and  mortgage  on  real  estate,  24  East 

Ninety-fifth  Street,  New  York  City 900.  00 

Publications 407.  96 

Royalties 134.  27 

Gift  to  London  headquarters 50.  00 

Receipts,  services,  etc.,  list  of  members 40.  00 

Miscellaneous  receipts 2.  40 

Total  receipts,  account  1917 $8.  659.  22 

Loans  by  C.  W.  Bowen_v 1,  642.  00 

Total  receipts 10,  301.  22 

Cash  on  hand  Dec.  20,  1916 3,  219.  64 

13,  520.  86 
Disbursements : 

Secretary  and  treasurer $1,  572.  86 

Executive    council 239.  04 

Secretary  of  the  council ^ 36. 15 

Committee  on  nominations 77.  50 

Committee  on  program,  1917 123.39 

Conference  of  historical  societies 53.  72 

Committee  on  publications 1,054.49 

Editorial  services 138.  55 

Cumulative  index 750.  00 

American  Historical  Review; . 4,  261.  20 

Historical  manuscripts  commission 6.  70 

Public  archives  commission 82.  70 

Committee  on  membership 10.  00 

Committee  on  bibliography 5.  00 

Adams  prize 125.  00 

Writings  on  American  history 200.  00 

History  Teacher's  Magazine 200.  00 

Special  committee  on  finance 50.  00 

Held  in  trust 150.  00 

Total  disbursement,  account  1917 $9, 136.  30 

Bills  payable  Dec.  19,  1916 318.  21 

Payment  of  loans,  C.  W.  Bowen 1,  642.  00 

Total  disbursements 11.  096.  51 

Cash  on  hand  Dec.  19,  1917 2, 424.  35 

13,  520.  86 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL,  MEETING.  67 

REPORT  OF  THE  PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  COMMISSION. 

To  the  Executive  Council  of  the  American  Historical  Association: 

On  behalf  of  the  public  archives  commission  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  a 
report  for  the  year  1917. 

The  report  of  the  commission  for  1916  was  transmitted  to  the  publication 
committee  in  season  and  is  in  press.  With  the  publication  of  this  report  there 
will  be  available  several  more  chapters  treating  of  phases  of  the  science  of 
archives.  These  and  those  that  have  appeared  in  former  reports  make  an 
almost  complete  series  of  tentative  presentations  toward  the  proposed  "Primer." 
The  commission  judges  that  it  n)ay  well  rest  its  labors  at  this  stage  and  await 
future  developments,  under  more  propitious  circumstances,  for  bringing  the 
proposed  work  to  completion  in  its  final  form. 

Prof.  Thomas  Maitland  Marshall,  formerly  of  the  University  of  Idaho,  and 
now  of  the  department  of  history  in  the  Univ^sity  of  Colorado,  was  appointed 
an  adjunct  member  of  the  commission  for  1917.  He  has  prepared  a  "  Report 
on  the  Public  Archives  of  Idalio,"  typewritten  on  80  pages,  letterhead  size. 
His  survey  was  confined  to  the  archives  in  the  old  and  new  capitol  buildings 
at  Boise.  No  attempt  was  made  to  examine  the  records  of  the  various  State 
institutions ;  but  for  the  assistance  of  investigators  a  list  of  the  Institutions  is 
included.  Likewise,  boards  and  commissions  whose  records  are  not  at  Boise 
have  been  listed. 

Prof.  Charles  Edward  Chapman,  of  the  University  of  California,  made  in 
1916  a  partial  survey  of  a  number  of  important  archives  of  South  America, 
including  Buenos  Aires,  Santiago  and  Lima.  The  results  he  embodied  in  an 
article  on  "South  America  as  a  Field  for  an  Historical  Survey."  This  article 
forms  an  appendix  to  the  report  of  the  public  archives  commission  for  1916. 
It  has  also  been  printed  as  "  Document  X "  in  a  pamphlet  entitled,  "A 
Californian  in  South  America,"  of  which  only  200  copies  were  issued  for  private 
distribution. 

The  State  of  California,  under  the  auspices  of  the  California  historical 
survey  commission,  has  been  making  a  survey  of  the  county  archives.  During 
the  past  summer  the  Michigan  historical  commission  began  a  survey  of  the 
State  archives  in  the  executive  department  and  the  department  of  state  at 
Lansing,  to  be  continued  this  winter ;  and  a  survey  of  the  county  archives  is 
to  be  undertaken  during  the  summer  of  1918.  It  appears  that  the  Legislature 
of  Michigan  has  appropriated  $800,000  for  a  new  State  building,  in  which  the 
Michigan  historical  commission  will  have  offices  and  accommodations  for  its 
records,  including  the  centralization  of  the  State  archives,  and  for  a  pioneer 
museum.  The  substantial  new  building  provided  for  the  Minnesota  Historical 
Society  at  St.  Paul  is  about  completed.  A  self-appointed  body  of  citizens  pre- 
pared a  very  informing  "  Report  on  the  Condition  of  the.  Public  Records  of  the 
State  of  New  Jersey,"  which  was  used  in  an  endeavor  to  secure  legislation 
during  the  winter  of  1917.  This  report  has  been  reprinted  as  an  appendix 
to  the  public  archives  commission  report  for  1916,  with  the  consent  of  our 
publication  committee  and  by  permission  of  the  New  Jersey  committee. 

A  conference  of  archivists  has  been  organized  for  Thursday  afternoon,  Decem- 
ber 27,  in  connection  with  the  annual  meeting  of-  the  American  Historical 
Association.  A  paper  will  be  read  by  Mr.  Waldo  G.  Leland  on  "  The  Archives 
of  the  War."  This  paper  will  be  introductory  to  a  discussion  of  the  subject 
in  all  aspects.  Invitations  have  been  sent  out,  and  among  the  acceptances 
received  are  those  of  Dr.  Clarence  W.  Alvord,  representing  Illinois ;  Dr.  James 
Sullivan,  of  New  York;  Mr.  R.  D.  W.  Connor,  of  North  Carolina;  Mr.  George 


68  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

S.  Godard,  of  Connecticut;  Dr.  Solon  J.  Buck,  of  Minnesota;  Dr.  George  N. 
Fuller,  of  Michigan ;  and  Rev.  Dr.  Peter  Guilday,  of  the  Catliollc  University, 

For  the  year  1917  the  executive  council  appropriated  $50  as  a  budget  for  the 
public  archives  commission.  As  a  report  on  the  Idaho  archives  could  be  se- 
cured only  if  arrangements  were  made  at  once  witli  Prof.  Marshall,  since  he 
was  to  remove  from  that  State  in  the  summer,  the  chairman  of  the  commission 
requested  him  to  proceed.  Prof  Marshall's  expenses  amounted  to  $75  and 
he  waited  several  months  to  be  reimbursed.  It  was  only  through  an  addi- 
tional grant  in  October  of  $40  by  transfer  from  the  committee  on  publications 
on  authorization  of  the  executive  council  that  the  public  archives  commission 
was  able  to  certify  the  payment  of  Prof.  Marshall's  bill. 

The  total  budget  of  the  commission  was  therefore  $90,  of  which  $75  went 
for  the  Idaho  report ;  for  typewriting  the  report  of  1916  and  carbons  $2.85 ; 
for  postage  used  $1.85;  for  postage  in  advance  $3 — a  total  of  $82.70;  leaving 
a  balance  unexpended  of  $7.30., 

The  chairman  of  the  commission  was  offered  two  contributions  but  deemed 
it  inadvisable  to  accept  them  without  authorization  by  the  executive  counciL 
This  raises  a  question.  Could  not  provision  be  made  by  the  executive  council 
for  the  acceptance  of  voluntary  contributions  for  special  objects  .so  that  these 
contributions  may  be  paid  over  to  the  treasurer  of  the  association  and  be 
held  as  an  addition  to  the  budget  for  the  particular  object  for  which  the 
money  has  been  designated  by  the  donor  or  donors? 

The  experience  of  the  year  of  1917  would  seem  to  suggest  an  appropriation 
for  1918  of  not  less  than  $100. 

Respectfully   submitted. 

ViCTOB  H.  Paltsits,  Chairman. 

Decembeb  1,-1917. 

REPORT  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  EDITORS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  HISTORI- 
CAL REVIEW. 

Since  their  last  report  to  the  executive  council,  the  board  of  editors  have 
completed  the  transfer  of  the  Review  to  the  association  by  assigning  the  ex- 
isting contract  between  the  board  of  editors  and  the  Macmillan  Co.  to  the 
association.  This  assignment  was  carried  out  by  entering  upon  the  back  of 
the  old  contract  a  form  of  transfer  previously  approved  by  the  Macmillan 
Co.,  its  signature  by  the  members  of  the  board  of  editors  and  its  acceptance 
by  the  association,  testified  to  by  the  signature  of  the  secretary  and  applica- 
tion of  the  association's  seal.  The  board  also  executed  a  bill  of  sale  to  the 
association  of  the  tangible  effects  of  the  Review  and  received  an  acknowledg- 
ment of  its  receipts  from  the  secretary,  Mr.  Leland. 

As  it  is  the  feeling  of  the  board  that  a  special  duty  has  been' laid  upon  it 
by  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into  the  war,  and  as  this  feeling  may 
not,  in  the  absence  of  explanation,  be  shared  by  all  members  of  the  association, 
the  board  desires  to  lay  before  the  council  its  conception  of  its  duty  in  the 
management  of  the  Review  at  this  time  and  of  the  course  of  action  by  which 
that  duty  should  be  fulfilled.  It  is  possible  for  an  historical  journal  to  ignore 
the  war,  on  the  ground  that  it  is  not  yet  practicable  to  form  solid  judgments 
respecting  any  of  its  events,  for  want  of  adequate  materials,  and  for  want 
of  proper  perspective  and  of  proper  serenity  of  raiud.  On  the  other  hand,  it 
would  be  possible  to  follow  the  course  of  filling  its  pages,  both  those  which 
are  devoted  to  formal  articles  and  those  devoted  to  book  reviews,  to  patriotic, 
but  none  the  less  partisan,  argumentation  against  Germany. 

We  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  follow  either  of  these  two  courses.  We  do 
not  wish  that  the  American  Historical  Review  shall  contain  in  1917  and  1918 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  MEETING.  69 

anything  that  we  or  the  members  of  the  association  shall  regret  in  1927  or  1928, 
as  having  been  written  under  the  influence  of  the  passions  of  the  hour.  We 
feel  no  desire,  and  see  no  need,  to  disregard  in  war  time  the  canons  imposed 
on  historical  writing  by  universal  judgment  in  times  of  peace  and  well  under- 
stood to  be  valid  at  all  times. 

We  may,  however,  with  entire  propriety  enlighten  our  public  by  good  articles 
on  any  of  the  numerous  historical  matters  that  help  to  explain  the  war  and  the 
actions  of  Individual  nations  in  it,  or  that  clarify  the  public  intelligence  re- 
specting present-day  problems  by  bringing  into  full  view  the  experience  of  the 
United  States  in  preceding  wars.  We  consider  it  our  patriotic,  as  well  as  our 
scientific  duty,  a  service  to  the  cause  of  the  United  States  as  well  as  a  service 
to  the  cause  of  history,  to  print  such  articles,  and  we  have  taljen  pains  to  elicit 
them. 

Thus,  in  our  July  number  we  printed  an  article  by  Prof.  Fay  on  the  "  Begin- 
nings of  the  Standing  Army  in  Prussia,"  one  by  Prof.  Fish  on  the  "  Northern 
Railroads  in  April,  1861,"  and  one  by  Prof.  Ramsdell  on  the  "  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment and  the  Railroads."  In  our  October  number  we  had  an  article  by 
Prof.  Hayes  entitled  "  The  History  of  German  Socialism  Reconsidered."  In  the 
January  number  we  will  print  articles  by  Dr.  Justin  H.  Smith  on  "American 
Rule  in  Mexico  in  1846-1848;"  by  Prof.  J.  G.  Randall  on  "The  Newspaper 
Problem  in  its  Bearing  upon  Military  Secrecy  during  the  Civil  War,"  and  by 
M.  Serge  Goriainov,  formerly  archivist  of  the  ministry  of  foreign  affairs  in 
Petrograd,  on  "  The  End  of  the  Alliance  of  the  Emperors,"  an  important  chap- 
ter in  the  diplomatic  history  of  the  years  between  1881  and  1890.  These  will 
serve  as  examples  of  the  kind  of  article  to  which  we  have  had  reference  iu  the 
exposition  of  policy  made  above.  As  to  what  shall  be  said  in  such  articles, 
writers  are  given  the  usual  freedom,  and  have  shown  no  disposition  to  abuse  it. 

If  it  be  said  that  the  effect  will  be  to  shift  the  center  of  gravity  of  our  nunj- 
Ders  to  a  much  later  date  in  history  than  in  the  years  preceding,  we  reply  that 
in  our  judgment  the  times  justify  the  change,  that  it  corresponds  to  a  shift,  for 
the  time  at  least,  in  the  public  interest,  and  that  we  shall  thereby  be  more 
useful.  We  may  add  that  to  change  our  emphasis  in  such  a  way  is  to  do  no 
more  than  redress  a  balance  which  has  long  lain  unreasonably  far  in  the  other 
direction.  After  the  issue  of  our  first  20  volumes  we  publish  figures  showing 
that  out  of  397  articles  published  only  8  have  related  to  the  history  of  Europe 
since  1815.  As  we  should  at  any  time  have  been  glad  to  publish  more  articles 
on  this  modern  period,  the  fault  must  be  charged  to  the  indifference  of  the  his- 
torical profession  in  America  to  its  exploitation.  A  prodigious  increase  of  in- 
terest in  it  is  now  being  manifested ;  the  editors  of  the  Review  wish  to  do  their 
part  in  meeting  and  sustaining  that  interest. 
Respectfully  submitted, 

EDWARD  P.  CHEYNEY, 

Chairman. 

December  29,  1917. 

REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Only  a  small  sum  was  allotted  to  this  committee  for  its  work  during  the  pres- 
ent year,  so  small  as  merely  to  cover  the  necessary  cost  of  correspondence.  For 
that  reason,  if  no  other,  it  has  not  been  possible  to  develop  any  new  lines  of 
work  or  to  make  any  considerable  progress  on  the  lines  of  work  already  in 
hand. 

The  outbreak  of  war  has  placed  unusual  burdens  upon  most  of  the  members  of 
the  committee,  so  as  to  turn  their  attention  away  from  their  personal  prob- 
lems of  research. 


16  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATIOlt. 

The  outbreak  of  war  has  also  brought  special  problems  to  the  attention 
of  the  comuiittee  or  its  members.  The  oliairman  was  one  of  those  summoned 
to  the  conference  In  Washington  at  the  end  of  April,  which  organized  the 
National  Board  for  Historical  Service.  In  the  discussions  at  that  time,  it 
was  recognized  that  a  certain  amount  of  worls  of  a  bibliographical  character 
would  be  necessary.  At  once  the  chairman  was  called  upon  to  furnish  a  list 
of  readings  on  the  causes  and  issues  of  the  war,  which  was  published  in  the 
History  Teacher's  Magazine  for  June.  During  the  summer,  the  board,  acting 
especially  through  Prof.  Hull,  took  up  the  preparation  of  a  fuller  bibliography 
of  sonjewhat  similar  scope,  which  should  be  accompanied  with  critical  anno- 
tations on  the  several  books.  Tliis  work  was  carried  nearly  to  completion  by 
Prof.  Hull,  the  chairman  of  the  committee,  Prof.  Lybyer,  and  one  or  two 
others  who  assisted  in  some  measure.  The  matter  of  printing  has  l)een  delayed 
because  of  certain  difficulties  in  making  satisfactory  arrangements.  At  pres- 
ent it  is  planned  to  make  the  work  complete  to  the  close  of  the  calendar 
year,  for  printing  early  in  1918. 

Prof.  Shearer  reports  the  completion  of  the  Bibliography  of  American  His- 
torical Periodicals,  and  that  it  will  be  printed  in  the  proceedings  of  the  Ameri- 
can Library  Institute  for  1917.*  Prof.  Rockwell  reiwrts  that  it  is  out  of  the 
question  to  undertake  the  Bibliography  of  American  Church  History  along 
lines  which  he  suggested  in  the  last  report  of  the  committee.  The  otlier  mem- 
bers of  the  committee,  with  the  exception  of  Dr.  Steiner,  either  have  nothing 
to  report,  or  merely  report  progress  with  their  several  lines  of  work.  Dr. 
Slade,  of  the  Library  of  Congress,  has  felt  that  the  demands  on  his  time  have 
made  it  necessary  to  ask  to  be  relieved  from  the  committee.  It  seems  to  the 
chairman  that  either  he  or  some  other  person  from  the  staff  of  the  Library  of 
Congress  should  be  continued  upon  the  committee. 

Dr.  Steiner  has  in  charge  the  work  on  the  Bibliography  of  American  Travel, 
which  was  initiated  b^  !i  special  committee  of  the  association  and  later  trans- 
ferred to  this  committee.  With  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Dielmann,  of  the  Peabody 
Library,  in  Baltimore,  Dr.  Steiner  has  collected  a  large  number  of  title  slips, 
and  it  is  suggested  that  during  the  coming  year  the  committee  may  arrange 
for  the  passing  of  this  collection  of  slips  about  among  the  more  important 
libraries,  for  the  purpose  of  getting  additional  titles.  When  this  shall  have 
been  done,  it  will  be  necessary  to  decide  whether  to  print  a  title-a-line  list  as  a 
preliminary  edition,  or  whether  to  prepare  at  once  the  material  for  final 
publication. 

As  for  some  years  previous,  the  chairman  has  during  the  present  year  con- 
tributed bibliographical  notes  with  regard  to  European  publications  to  each 
of  the  quarterly  issues  of  the  American  Historical  Review. 

While  it  is  understood  that  the  council  of  the  association  will  find  it  Impos- 
sible to  place  any  appropriation  at  the  disposal  of  this  committee  for  the 
year  1918,  yet  the  chairman  wishes  to  emphasize  the  necessity  of  liberal  ap- 
propriation for  this  committee  by  the  association  if  any  work  of  importance 
Is  to  be  completed  and  published.  The  preparation  and  publication  of  bibliog- 
raphies is  a  laborious  and  somewhat  expensive  task,  and  can  only  be  carried  to 
completion  thY-ougli  the  support  of  such  a  body  as  the  American  Historical 
Association  or  througli  some  form  of  private  contributions.  Unless  it  seems 
probable  that  the  association  will  be  prepared  within  a  reasonably  short  time 
to  make  adequate  appropriations  for  the  work  of  this  committee,  it  is  doubtful 
whether  it  is  desirable  to  maintain  the  committee  in  existence  at  all,  instead 
of  merely  in  abeyance,  as  is  the  proposition  for  the  coming  year.     So  much 

*  Also  printed  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical  Association,  1916, 
Vol.  I,  pp.  477-484. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  MEETING.  71 

work,  however,  has  been  done  on  the  Bibliography  of  American  Travel,  and  the 
work  Is  so  important  for  students  of  American  history,  that  it  seems  desirable 
that  provision  of  some  sort  sliould  be  made  in  the  near  future  for  the  com- 
pletion and  publication  of  this  work  at  least. 

The  committee,  even  though  nominally  in  abeyance  during  the  coming  year, 
Vi^ill  obviously  be  glad  to  be  of  any  service  to  the  association  or  to  the  National 
Board  for  Historical  Service  which  it  may  be  able  to  render  to  the  cause  of 
historical  research  or  the  interests  of  the  Nation  in  the  present  situation. 

The  expenditures  of  the  committee  during  the  year  1917  have  been  $5  for 
stenographic  services,  for  which  a  bill  is  inclosed.  This  leaves  a  balance  of- 
$5  from  the  appropriation  of  $10  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  committee  for 
the  year. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

George  M.  Dutcheb,  Chairman. 

Decembek  14,  1917. 

REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLICATIONS. 

To  the  American  Historical  Association. 

Gentlemen  :  I  beg  to  submit  to  your  consideration  the  following  report 
covering  the  year  1917.  As  chairman  of  the  committee  on  publications,  I  have 
had  oversight  of  these  matters:  I.  Annual  reports  ^in  part)  for  1914,  for  1915, 
and  for  1916.  II.  The  Justin  Winsor  prize  essay  of  1916  entitled  "  Connecticut 
in  transition :  1775-1818,"  written  by  Dr.  Richard  J.  Purcell,  now  at  St. 
Thomas  College,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

I.  The  first  volume  of  the  1914  report*  was  distributed  in  March,  1917.  It 
contained  the  proceedings  and  papers  of  the  Chicago  meeting.  The  second 
volume,  consisting  of  an  elaborate  index  of  the  papers  and  reports  of  the  asso- 
ciation for  a  period  of  30  years  (1884-1914),  is  now  going  slowly  through  the 
press.  It  is  In  page  proof  and  should  appear  during  the  coming  year.  It 
seems  probable  that  the  report  for  1915 — the  proceedings  and  papers  of  the 
Washington  meeting — will  appear  early  this  coming  spring,  for  corrected  page 
proof  and  index  were  sent  to  the  printer  in  October.  The  last  report,  that  of 
1916,  consists  of  two  volumes:  Volume  I  will  contain  proceedings  and  papers 
of  the  Cincinnati  meeting ;  Volume  II  will  be  the  twelfth  report  of  the  Historical 
Manuscripts  Commission,  and  is  made  up  of  the  "  Correspondence  and  papers 
(1826-1885)  of  Robert  M.  T.  Hunter,"  edited  by  Prof.  Charles  H.  Ambler,  of 
Randolph-Macon  College,  Ashland,  Va.  This  latter  work  has  now  been  revised 
in  accordance  with  suggestions  brought  to  your  attention  last  year,  and  to 
some  slight  degree  amplified.  Altogether,  then,  there  are  four  volumes  now 
In  the  hands  of  the  Public  Printer  which  should  all  appear  by  next  autumn. 
By  that  time  we  may  hope  to  have  our  slate  satisfactorily  cleared  unless 
unforeseen  burdens  are  put  upon  the  shoulders  of  your  publications  committee. 

May  I  call  your  attention  to  a  cursory  analysis  of  the  contents  of  Volume  I 
of  the  1916  report,  together  with  a  few  comments?  It  will  contain  about  a 
dozen  papers  read  at  the  Cincinnati  meeting,  excluding  the  presidential  ad- 
dress (as  usual)  and  all  papers  that  appear  in  print  elsewhere.  Five  papers 
read  at  Cincinnati  have  appeared  in  the  American  Historical  Review  * ;  two 
were  taken  by  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review  * ;  three  others  went  to  the 

*C.  W.  Ramsdell,  "The  Confederate  Government  and  the  railroads";  J,  S.  Reeves, 
"  Two  conceptions  of  the  freedom  of  the  seas  "  ;  S.  B.  Fay,  "  The  beginnings  of  the  stand- 
ing army  in  Prussia  "  ;  J.  A.  Robertson,  "  The  Philippine  Islands  since  the  inauguration  of 
the  Philippine  Assembly";  and  A,,L.  Cross,  "The  English  criminal  law  and  benefit  of 
clergy  in  the  eighteenth  and  early  nineteenth  centuries." 

*  J.  A.  James,  "Spanish  influence  in  the  West  during  the  American  Revolution";  and 
J,  R.  Robertson,  "  Sectionalism  in  Kentucky  from  1855  to  1865." 


72  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Political  Science  Quarterly,*  the  Yale  Review,*  and  the  Journal  of  International 
Law,*  respectively.  Four  papers*  appeared  together  in  a  small  volume  brought 
out  lust  spring  by  the  Harvard  University  Press,  entitled  "  Three  Peace  Con- 
gresses of  the  Nineteenth  Century  and  Claimants  to  Constantinople."  Six  pa- 
pers '  for  reasons  best  known  to  their  respective  authors  were  withheld  from 
consideration — one  or  two  of  them,  perhaps,  being  printed  elsewhere.  It  was 
thought  best  to  reject  four  papers.  Although  the  Cincinnati  program  was  un- 
usually distinguished  for  the  numbers  of  papers,  yet  the  report  of  1916  con- 
tains only  about  the  average  number  of  papers  usually  gathered. 

I  should  like  to  make  at  this  point  a  first  query :  Is  it  not  desirable  to  print 
in  our  annual  report  the  presidential  address,  which  in  a  conspicuous  way  is 
apt  to  mark  the  occasion  of  every  meeting?  This  address,  to  be  sure,  always 
reaches  our  members  through  the  Review.  It  would  reappear  months  later  in 
the  report.  On  the  other  hand,  it  would  mark  the  volume  and  so  increase  its 
value  as  a  work  of  reference. 

II.  There  is  no  need  this  year  of  long  comment  regarding  the  prize^  essay. 
It  will  appear  in  the  same  garb  as  was  given  to  Dr.  Pease's  "  The  Leveller 
Movement."  It  is  longer  than  that  work  and  will  probably  be  rather  more  ex- 
pensive, inasmuch  as  it  will  contain  three  charts.  The  sales  of  Dr.  Pease's  es- 
say thus  far  (December  19)  amount  to  just  194  copies,  for  which  the  as-socia- 
tion  has  received  $199.  The  total  cost  of  the  Pease  volume,  including  wrap- 
ping, mailing,  and  postage,  is  close  to  $860.  Dr.  Purcell's  volume  is  likely  to 
cost  somewhat  more. 

During  the  past  two  years  the  editgr,  aided  by  Mr.  Leland,  has  been  unable 
to  place  the  manuscripts  of  the  essays  in  the  hands  of  the  printer  before  mid- 
August  Under  good  conditions,  manuscripts  then  started  can  be  got  into  page 
proof  by  October  15.  Experience  shows  that  the  making  of  an  index  by  more 
or  less  untried  authors  Is  a  matter  of  at  least  two  months.  I  wish  very  much 
that  the  making  of  the  Index  for  the  prize  essays  could  be  regularly  left  to 
some  expert  such  as  can  easily  be  found  in  the  Washington  office.  The  reason 
against  this  plan  is  a  tradition  that  seems  to  be  associated  with  these  prizes, 
to  the  effect  that  it  is  good  for  the  writer  to  try  his  inexperienced  hand  on 
this  rather  delicate  matter.  To  be  promptly  published,  these  essays  should  be 
ready  for  the  printer  not  later  than  June  1  of  the  year  following  the  prize; 
the  index  should  as  a  rule  be  done  by  an  expert  and  not  by  the  author.  This 
recommendation  means  simply  that  the  prize  essay  could  appear  without  failure 
early  in  December  of  every  year,  and  that  a  month  or  two  of  time  would  in 
every  case  be  saved. 

Last  year  you  appropriated  for  editorial  purposes  $250,  an  addition  of  $50 
over  the  precedii>g  appropriation  ($200).  I  transferred  to  the  Public  Archives 
Commission  for  a  report  on  the  archives  of  Idaho  from  this  amount  $40, 
leaving  $210.  Of  this  latter  amount,  I  have  expended  already  (Nov.  21)  for 
the  reading  of  proof  (chiefly)  $123.60.  The  balance  now  on  hand  is  accordingly 
$86.40,  most  of  which  will  be  used  within  a  month  or  so. 

» A.  M.   Schlesinger,  "  The  uprising  against   the  East   India  Company." 

»  C.  Seymour,  "  The  ententes  and  the  Isolation  of  Germany." 

» W.  E.  Lingelbach,  "England  and  neutral  trade  In  the  Napoleonic  and  present  wars." 

« C.  D.  Hazen,  "  The  Congress  of  Vienna  "  ;  W.  R.  Thayer,  "  The  Congress  of  I'aris  " ; 
R.  H.  Lord,  "  The  Congress  of  Berlin  "  ;  and  A.  C.  Coolidge.  "  Claims  upon  Constantinople : 
national,  geographical,  and  historic." 

»  Laura  A.  White,  "Robert  Barnwell  Rhett  and  South  Carolina,  182&-1852";  R.  P. 
Brooks,  "  Howell  Cobb  and  the  crisis  of  1850 " ;  A.  B.  White,  "  Was  there  a  common 
council  before  Parliament?  "  Ernest  A.  Smith,  "  Th(r  influence  of  the  religious  press  of 
Cincinnati  on  the  northern  border  States " ;  and  R.  C.  McGrane,  "  TUfe  Pennsylvania 
bribery  bill  of  1830  " ;  also  E.  C.  Semples  paper  (see  program). 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  73 

Confining  attention  to  the  prize  essays,  tlie  annual  output  for  tlie  j'ear 
(Dec.  19,  1916-Dec.  19,  1917)  in  cost  lias  been  $996.52.  Receipts  have  beeu 
$315.86.  This  means  a  net  loss  of  $680.66.  Of  this  loss  the  storing  and  insur- 
ance item  alone  is  $109.33,  which  is  slowly  increasing  with  our  increase  of 
stock. 

The  estimated  value  of  the  prize  essays  now  on  hand  is  $3,513.  These 
essays  consist  of  4,209  copies — 1,426  bound  copies  and  2,783  unbound  copies. 
The  following  tabulation  reveals  the  number  of  copies  sold  since  last  year : 

Notestein's  Witchcraft   (611+7) 618 

Carter's  Illinois  Countrv   (552+12) 564 

Krehbiel's   Interdict    (510+7) 517 

Cole's  Whig  Party   (415+20) 435 

Turner's  Negro  in  Pennsylvania   (406+9) 415 

Brown's  Baptists,  etc.    (347+8) 355 

Williams's  Anglo-American  Isthmian  Diplomacy  (317+33) 350 

Barbour's  Earl  of  Arlington  (267+1^ 285 

Muzzey's  Spiritual  Franciscans  (186+7) : 193 

Pease's  Leveller  Movement • 194 

Total   sold,  1916-17 .315 

The  estimated  value  of  all  other  publications  held  by  us,  including  papers, 
annual  reports,  church  history  papers,  and  writings  on  American  history, 
amounts  to  $2,925.  Three  of  the  essays  have  sold  thus  far  upward  of  5(X) 
copies — those  by  Notestein,  Carter,  and  Krehbiel.  Of  the  others,  Cole  and 
Williams  are  still  comparatively  "  good  sellers."  The  editions  of  Williams  and 
Pease  were  limited  to  750  copies.  It  might  be  desirable  to  limit  still  further 
the  edition  to  500  copies.  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  such  an  edition  would 
supply  the  demand  for  some  years  to  come  of  Dr.  Purcell's  new  volume  in  the 
series. 

Advertising  the  prize  essays  seems  thus  far  to  have  cost  the  association  about 
$227.  Might  it  not  be  desirable  to  study  this  particular  problem  rather  care- 
fully with  a  view  to  the  possibility  of  forcing  greater  sales?  The  sum  of  $200, 
appropriated  for  this  special  purpose,  might  be  judiciously  spent  over  a  year 
or  so  for  advertising  purposes,  I  think.  Yet  I  still  have  grave  doubt  about 
the  desirability  of  maintaining  the  series.  My  opinion  as  expressed  last  year 
still  seems  to  me  reasonable.  While  the  two  prizes  have  encouraged  young 
doctors  to  get  their  doctoral  dissertations  into  print  under  the  favoring 
auspices  of  this  association,  one  is  safe  in  saying  that  this  work,  done  by 
youthful  specialists  trained  at  various  universities,  would  have  been  printed 
under  other  auspices  and  have  reached  very  nearly  the  same  limited  reading 
public.  Twenty-five  years  ago  this  method  of  encouragement  was  justified. 
It  is,  I  think,  no  longer  so. 

In  conclusion,  I  should  like  to  make  two  or  three  suggestions  of  a  construc- 
tive nature.  These  suggestions,  if  feasible,  mean  the  expenditure  in  future 
of  such  moneys  as  can  be  spared  for  larger  tasks  than#have  heretofore  been 
done.  As  far  back  as  November  24,  1908,  an  "  assistant  committee  on  the  docu- 
mentary historical  publications  of  the  United  States  Government,"  headed  by 
Mr.  Worthington  C.  Ford,  and  composed  of  eight  other  members — Messrs.  C.  F. 
Adams,  C.  M.  Andrews,  W.  A.  Dunning,  A.  B.  Hart,  A.  C.  McLaughlin,  A.  T. 
Mahan,  F.  J.  Turner,  and  J.  F.  Jame.son — made  a  brief  but  notable  report  on 
the  needs  regarding  the  better  organization  and  publication  of  documentary 
materials,  papers  (official  and  unofficial),  and  a  considerable  variety  of  matter 
of  interest  to  students  of  social,  economic,  and  political  history,  at  present 
either  in  the  archives  of  the  Government  or  in  private  hands.  So  far  as  I 
know,  this  report  led  to  no  significant  results.    It  was  certainly  remarkable 


74  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

enough  to  merit  far  more  attention  than  apparently  It  gained  from  this  asso- 
ciation. My  thoujiht  in  citing  it  is  merely  this,  that  such  an  excellent  step 
toward  putting  this  association  in  touch  with  widespread  needs,  some  of  them 
of  a  national  character,  ought  not  at  this  time  to  be  overlooked.  The  present 
national  emergency  has  already  enlarged  our  horizon  and  must,  if  wisely  met, 
strengthen  the  hope  of  widening  the  scope  of  our  publication  efforts. 

While  the  National  Board  for  Historical  Service  is  not  formally  related  to 
this  association,  it  developed  out  of  It,  and  is  certain  to  quicken  our  efforts  and 
to  react  upon  the  aims  of  our  best-endowed  members.  The  war  is  bound  to 
bring  new  needs  to  the  light — there  must  be  in  future  much  careful  collecting 
of  papers,  arranging  these  for  use,  making  them  accessible.  And  this  work 
should  be  to  some  extent  directed  by  the  well-equipped  members  of  this  asso- 
ciation. The  problem  is  to  get  ourselves  recognized  to  a  greater  extent  by  the 
Government  so  that  we  may  be  useful.  Tasks  which  we  set  about  must  be 
worth  doing,  and  carefully  planned.  In  the  summary  of  chief  recommendations 
made  or  suggested  by  Mr.  Ford's  committee,  I  note,  among  others,  such  enter- 
prises as  these:  (1)  A  collection  of  State  trials;  (2)  the  correspondence  of 
John  Adams;  (3)  plans  of  colonial  union  previous  to  the  Congress  of  1774; 
(4)  a  reprint  of  at  least  the  first  three  volumes  of  the  Executive  Journals  of 
the  Senate;  (5)  the  papers  of  Andrew  Jackson;  (6)  the  papers  of  Jefferson 
Davis ;  etc.  To-day  other  subjects,  especially  in  the  fields  of  diplomacy,  foreign 
relations,  military  and  naval  history,  and  Government  administration  will 
readily  suggest  themselves.  Some  of  this  work  will  undoubtedly  be  done  in  the 
course  of  years  through  private  enterprise.  Some  of  it  must  probably  be  done 
by  the  Government.  I  wish,  however,  to  suggest  that  careful  study  of  this  com- 
mittee report  to-day  might  lead  to  the  projection  of  tasks  that  this  association 
would  heartily  approve.  Such  tasks  would  strength  our  position,  I  think,  in 
the  eyes  of  public  men  and  men  of  affairs.  At  any  rate  such  tasks  as  I  have 
in  mind  and  have  tried  t<S  suggest  may  make  better  worth  while  the  time  of 
the  chairman  of  the  publication  committee,  heretofore  chiefly  spent  on  the 
annual  reports  and  the  prize  essays.  The  time  spent  on  the  annual  reports  I 
do  not  begrudge.  The  time  spent  on  the  prize  essays  is  relatively  very  much 
more  than  that  spent  on  the  reports.  In  my  judgment  you  are  spending  al- 
together too  much  money  of  the  association  and  asking  too  much  of  my  time 
as  chairman  of  the  publication  committee  for  this  particular  work. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

H.  Babbett  Leabneo. 

REPORT  OF  THE  CONFERENCE  OF  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES. 

To  the  Executive  Council  of  the  American  Historical  Association: 

The  conference  of  historical  societies  met  last  December  at  Cincinnati  and 
discussed  various  papers.  In  order  to  record  the  proceedings  while  they  were 
still  fresh  in  the  minds  of  those  who  attended  and  while  they  were  still  wanted 
by  those  who  could  not  attend,  a  booklet  was  published  in  February  contain- 
ing the  proceedings  and  reports  of  societies. 

Arrangements  for  the  next  conference  at  Philadelphia  are  practically  com- 
pleted. The  program  has  worked  itself  out  in  a  satisfactory  manner  and  a  copy 
has  been  in  Prof.  Ames's  hands  since  November  10. 

At  the  coming  conference  an  important  part  of  the  business  will  be  to  or- 
ganize. For  this  purpose  a  committee  on  financial  contributions  and  voting 
powers  has  been  appointed  with  Dr.  S.  J.  Buck  as  chairman ;  a  committee  on 
needed  officers  and  committees  with  Prof.  B.  F.  Shambaugh  as  chairman;  a 
committee  on  the  nomination  of  chairman  with  Mr.  Frank  H.  Severance  as 
chairman. 


ttHIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  MEETING.  75 

My  plan  now  is  to  publish  a  report  of  the  conference  in  January  or  Feb- 
niary,  as  in  1917,  and  a  list  of  all  known  historical  societies  and  their  agencies 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada  with  such  facts  as  are  known  about  them. 
It  is  gratifying  to  report  that  already  107  societies  have  answered  the  ques- 
tionnaire, which  is  17  more  than  in  any  previous  year,  and  additional  answers 
may  be  expected  up  to  January  1.  Evidently  the  societies  do  not  wish  to  be 
left  out  of  the  proposed  handbook  . 

The  one  unsettled  matter  is  that  of  contributions.  The  conference  was  fos- 
tered for  years  by  the  American  Historical  Association,  but  hoped  after  last 
year's  action  of  the  council  to  become  independent  financially.  It  must  be  re- 
membered, however,  that  the  conference  is  very  intangible.  It  has  no  definite 
membership  as  yet.  The  attendance  fluctuates  with  always  a  certain  interested 
number  who  are  regularly  present,  mainly  men  from  the  State  societies  and 
a  large  number  of  casual  attendants  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  meeting 
place.  The  subjects  discussed  are  of  value  to  those  attending  and  if  the  pres- 
ent plan  of  immediate  publication  can  be  carried  out  they  will  be  of  value  to 
distant  societies.  In  the  aggregate  the  papers  at  the  conferences  referring  to 
historical  societies  and  their  problems  would  form  a  good-sized  book,  which, 
with  considerable  editing,  might  eventually  be  published  separately.  Discus- 
iions,  however,  are  not  enough  to  bind  the  societies  together.  Committees 
may  do  something  in  that  line,  but  my  idea  is  that  the  proposed  annual  hand- 
book will  do  more.  The  cost  of  this  is  uncertain  and  financial  backing  very 
uncertain.  The  plan  to  organize  provides  for  contributions  of  1  cent  per  mem- 
ber from  societies.  Already  about  eight  societies  have  signified  their  inten- 
tion of  contributing,  but  it  has  been  deemed  wise,  after  consultation,  not  to 
ask  for  these  contributions  for  1917.  They  will  begin  after  Dr.  Buck's  com- 
mittee report  has  been  adopted.  My  hope  is  that  the  first  year  $50  or  $75,  per- 
haps more,  will  come  from  the  societies.  My  expectation  is  that  about  $100 
will,  if  economically  expended,  provide  for  postage,  handbook,  notices,  etc.,  for 
1918. 

Under  the  circumstances  as  noted,  I  am  forced  to  ask  the  council  for  an  ap- 
propriation of  not  less  than  $25  for  1,918,  in  order  to  carry  over  the  work  of  the 
conference  and  provide  for  a  probable  inertia  on  the  part  of  the  societies  in  be- 
ginning to  make  contributions. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

A.  H.  Sheabeb,  Secretary. 

November  22,  1917. 

REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  MEMBERSHIP. 

To  the  Council  of  the  American  Historical  Association: 

The  committee  on  membership  begs  to  submit  the  following  analysis  of  the 
statistics  of  the  membership  of  the  association  together  with  a  report  of  its 
activities  during  the  year  1916-17. 

Your  committee  has  made  no  effort  to  carry  on  a  general  campaign  for  new 
members  in  the  past  year,  partly  because  the  war  with  its  many  claims  upon 
the  interest  of  people  seemed  to  make  it  inadvisable,  and  partly  because  ade- 
quate funds  were  not  voted  for  such  a  campaign.  The  work  of  the  committee 
has,  therefore,  consisted  chiefly  in  personal  efforts  on  the  part  of  individual 
members,  and  in  some  cases  with  highly  gratifying  results. 

In  normal  times  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  there  is  a  fairly  steady  acces- 
sion to  the  membership  year  by  year  to  offset  deaths  and  withdrawals.  But 
these  are  abnormal  times.  War-time  economy  has  made  serious  inroads  on  the 
membership  of  scientific  and  social  organizations.  With  our  association  this 
has  manifested  itself  not  only  in  resignations,  but  in  a  reluctance  on  the  part 


76  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL.  ASSOCIATION". 

of  men  and  women  who  would  normally  become  members,  from  joining  at  this 
time.     Many  replies  to  our  Invitations  to  become  members  urge  this  objection. 

In  view  of  this,  the  decrease  in  membership  during  the  year  from  2,739 
to  2,642 — that  is,  of  97 — is  not  at  all  extraordinary.  Even  this  I  am  confident 
will  be  materially  reduced  by  the  addition  of  new  names  between  this  and  the 
new  year,  though  the  results  of  the  local  campaign  in  connection  with  the 
Cincinnati  meeting  were  not  successful. 

An  analysis  of  the  membership  shows  the  following  interesting  distribution 
by   regions : 

New  England  (Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut),  448.  Additions,  10  (3  In  New  Hampshire,  4  In  Massa- 
chusetts, 3  in  Connecticut,  and  none  in  Maine  and  Rhode  Island)  ;  altogether 
too  small. 

North  Atlantic  (New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland, 
District  of  Columbia),  798.  Additions,  51  (23  in  New  York,  4  In  New  Jersey, 
22  In  Pennsylvania,  none  lu  Delaware  and  Marylaud,  and  2  In  District  of 
Columbia). 

South  Atlantic  (Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida), 
141.  Additions,  12  (4  In  Virginia,  2  In  North  Carolina,  1  in  South  Carolina, 
4  In  Georgia,  and  1  In  Florida).  Compare  with  10  additions  In  New  England; 
comparatively  this  represents  three  times  as  lai'ge  an  Increase. 

North  Central  (Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin),  533.  Addi- 
tions, 42  (13  in  Ohio,  3  in  Indiana,  5  In  Illlnos,  12  In  Michigan  and  9  In 
Wisconsin).  Evidence  that  general  Invitations  such  as  were  Issued  last  year  do 
not  succeed  even  when  the  annual  meeting  Is  held  in  the  region. 

South  Central  (Alabama,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  West  Virginia), 
91.  Additions,  14  (1  in  Alabama,  4  in  Kentucky,  1  in  Tennessee,  8  in 
West  Virginia).  This  represents  the  interested  cooperation  of  Mr.  McConnell, 
a  member  of  the  committee,  and  demonstrates  clearly  the  kind  of  effort  that 
brings   results. 

West  Central  (Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  North 
Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Oklahoma,  Texas),  276.  Additions, 
28  (1  in  Arkansas,  4  in  Minnesota,  2  in  Iowa,  4  in  Missouri,  2  in  North 
Dakota,  1  in  Nebraska,  2  in  Oklahoma,  9  in  Kansas,  3  in  Texas). 

Pacific  Coast  (Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Idaho,  Utah, 
Nevada,  Arizona,  Washington,  Oregon,  California),  260.  Additions,  15  (Cal- 
ifornia 9,  2  in  Idaho,  3  in  Utah,  1  in  New  Mexico). 

Territories  (Porto  Rico,  Alaska,  Hawaii,  Philippine  Islands),  6.    No  changes. 

From  this  analysis  of  the  distribution  of  the  membership  a  number  of 
deductions  suggest  themselves.  One  In  particular  has  Impressed  your  com- 
mittee, namely,  the  Indifference  of  the  rank  and  file  of  the  association's  mem- 
bership in  securing  the  normal  additions  year  by  year  from  among  the  graduate 
students  and  the  teachers  of  history. 

Additions  from  this  source  represent  a  much  healthier  and  permanent  growth 
of  the  association  than  the  more  or  less  temporary  additions  obtained  through 
a  whirlwind  campaign  in  connection  with  the  annual  meeting.  For  this 
reason  they  should  be  on  the  conscience  of  all  the  active  members  of  the 
association.  That  they  are  not,  save  In  a  few  cases.  Is  evident  from  the  sta- 
tistics. How  otherwise  account  for  only  four  additions  from  Massachusetts, 
and  five  from  Illinois,  States  with  several  large  universities  and  graduate 
schools? 

In  the  estimation  of  your  committee,  an  earnest  effort  should  be  made  to 
Impress  the  needs  of  the  association  in  this  particular  upon  its  members. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING. 


77 


In  regard  to  the  composition  of  the  committee  for  1917-18  it  is  understood, 
I  believe,  that  a  new  cliairman,  preferably  from  the  region  of  the  next  annual 
meeting,  be  appointed.  The  West  Central  States  should  have  a  stronger  repre- 
sentation on  the  committee.  Dr.  Melvin,  of  Kansas,  has  done  excellent  vv^ork, 
as  have  Prof.  Hulme  and  Dr.  Gutsch,  of  Texas. 

The  falling  off  in  the  membership  of  New  England  from  542  in  1913  to  448  in 
1917  suggests  the  appointment  of  one  or  two  active  persons  in  that  region. 
This  year  the  committee  lost  a  promising  young  member  through  the  resigna- 
tion of  Mr.  George,  who  enlisted  in  the  Army  early  in  the  summer. 

In  my  previous  report  I  spolie  of  the  desirability  of  working  out  a  plan  for 
associate  membership  with  a  possible  difference  in  the  annual  dues,  and  a 
substitution  of  the  History  Teacher's  Magazine  for  the  review  or  annual  report. 
There  seemed  to  be  difficulties  that  made  it  unwise  for  the  council  to  take 
the  matter  up  at  that  time.  Despite  this,  however,  I  am  convinced  that  the 
association's  sphere  of  influence  could  and  should  be  vei*y  widely  extended 
by  some  such  plan  for  coordination  through  joint  membership  with  the  many 
active  history  teachers'  associations  of  the  country.  The  war  has  revealed 
the  potentiality  of  the  teachers  of  history  throughout  the  country  in  the 
work  of  educating  public  opinion,  and  it  seems  to  your  committeee  a  rare 
opportunity  to  bring  them  together  under  the  aegis  of  the  American  Historical 
Association  at  this  time. 

A  further  analysis  of  the  membership  by  States  with  the  vital  statistics  is 
appended. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Wm.  E.  Lingeibach,  Chairman. 

December  1,  1917. 

Statistics  of  mem'bership,  1917,  "by  States. 


Nov.  21, 
1917. 

New 
members 
Nov.  21, 

1917. 

Alabama 

9 

1 

Alaska 

3 
4 
160 
14 
95 
11 
88 
6 
22 

Arkansas 

1 

California 

9 

Colorado ..             

Cnnnftf-t.innt. 

3 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia 

9. 

Florida 

1 

Georgia .                     

4 

Hawaii .-. 

Idaho 

5 
190 
50 
43 
34 
24 
16 
20 
54 
272 
92 
50 

5 
49 
11 
24 

4 
29 
82 

7 
372 
30 

4 
117 

? 

Illinois 

5 

Indiana 

3 

Iowa ..          ...                      .... 

? 

Kansas 

9 

Kentucky 

4 

I'Ouisiana 

Maine 

Maryland ....                                       

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

1? 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri .     .                   

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada ' . .                                       .     

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

23 

North  Carolina .  .             .         .          .             

2 

North  Dakota       .                                                                              

?. 

Ohio .-. 

U 

78 


AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 
Satisfies  of  membership,  1911,  by  States — Continued. 


Nov.  21, 
1917. 


New 
members 
Nov.  21, 

1917. 


Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Philippine  Islands 

Porto  Rico 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Canada 

Cuba 

South  America 

Foreign 

Total 


10 

2 

17 

191 

22 

4 

2 

25 

25 

1 

8 

30 

1 

34 

3 

12 

3 

7 

59 

4 

24 

23 

8 

84 

9 

3 

33 

1 

3 

2 

2 

51 

1 

2,642 


176 


Statistics  of  membership,  gencrnl. 


1916 

Nov.  21, 
1917. 

Total  membership , 

2,739 
117 

2,388 
234 

2,378 
361 

2,642 

Life #                   .                                 

115 

2,307 

Institutions 

220 

Total  paid  membership 

1,736 

Delinquent,  total. . .                                                             

906 

Since  last  bill 

892 

For  1  year 

14 

Loss,  total" 

431 
40 
118 
273 
244 

1 
235 

8 

172 

+  13 

273 

Deaths 

23 

Resignations 

73 

Dropped 

177 

Gain,  total  . .                                                                                      .       

176 

Life 

1 

Annual 

170 

Institutions 

5 

Total  number  of  elections 

161 

Net  gain  or  loss 

-97 

REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  HISTORY  IN  SCHOOLS. 

T.0  the  Council  of  the  American  Historical  Association: 

In  accepting  the  honor  conferred  upon  me  by  the  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation at  the  Cincinnati  meeting  last  year  I  expressed  to  the  secretary  of  the 
council  a  conviction  that  the  scope  of  the  problem  assigned  to  the  committee 
on  history  in  schools  should  be  enlarged.  It  seemed  to  me  then,  and  it  seems 
to  me  now,  essentially  futile  to  define  the  field  of  history  for  the  high  school 
without  defining  at  the  same  time  the  field  of  history  for  the  elementary 
school.  The  Madison  conference  of  25  years  ago  gave  excellent  reasons  for 
dealing  with  both  fields,  and  recent  changes  in  school  organization  suggest 
additional  reasons.  The  old  plan  of  eight  years  for  the  elementary  school  and 
of  four  years  for  the  high  school  is  breaking  down.  We  are  substituting  in  some 
cases  the  6-6  plan  that  is,  six  years  for  elementary  education  and  six  for 


THIRTY-THIRD   ANNUAL   MEETING.  79 

secondary  education ;  and  in  many  more  cases  tlie  6-3-3  plan — ttiat  is,  six  years 
for  tlie  elementary  school,  three  years  for  the  junior  high  school,  and  three 
years  for  a  senior  high  school.  This  readjustment  carries  obvious  opportunities 
for  reconstruction  of  the  whole  history  program  for  schools  and  creates  for 
those  whose  duty  it  is  to  consider  such  matters  obvious  responsibilities. 

With  the  approval  of  the  secretai-y  of  the  council  I  therefore  submitted  to 
the  committee  the  question :  "  Shall  we  accept  as  our  field  for  investigation 
and  report  the  entire  12  years  of  school  work?"  A  majority  replied  in  the 
affirmative,  but  there  were  some  very  earnest  protests  from  the  minority.  An 
informal  conference  of  western  members  held  in  Chicago  in  April  resulted  in 
the  acceptance  of  the  broader  field,  agreement  on  fundamental  principles  of 
procedure,  and  a  variety  of  somewhat  contradictory  suggestions  for  the  appli- 
cation of  the  principles.  The  conclusions  were  laid  before  an  informal  confer- 
ence of  eastern  members  held  in  New  York  in  May,  and  after  an  extended 
discussion  reduced,  with  some  important  modifications,  to  a  fairly  definite  and 
coherent  plan.  Almost  immediately  after  this  conference  the  chairman  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  "  medical  faculty,"  and  further  work  was  kept  waiting 
upon  the  expectation  that  he  would  soon  be  in  condition  to  submit  a  full 
statement  for  formal  action  by  the  committee.  As  events  have  turned  out,  this 
proved  exceedingly  unfortunate.  The  full  statement  is  still  to  be  made  and  its 
date  is  still  uncertain.  It  is  now  entirely  clear  that  another  chairman  should 
have  been  found  early  in  the  summer.  With  deep  regret,  but  with  a  sense  of 
duty  which  has  long  oppressed  my  conscience,  I  therefore  beg  to  be  released 
from  any  further  connection  with  the  active  work  of  the  committee. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Henby  Johnson, 

Chairman. 

NOVEMBEK  30,   1917. 

REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  THE  HERBERT  BAXTER  ADAMS 
-^       PRIZE. 

Prof.  L.  M.  Larson,  chairman  of '  the  committee  on  the  Herbert  Baxter 
Adams  prize,  reported  March  4,  1918,  that  the  prize  had  been  awarded  to 
Lieut.  F.  L.  Nussbaum,  of  the  National  Army.  The  subject  of  his  essay  is 
"  G.  J.  A.  Ducher :  An  essay  in  the  political  history  of  mercantilism  during  the 
French  Revolution." 

REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  NOMINATIONS. 

To  the  members  of  the  American  Historical  Association: 

The  committee  on  nominations  recommends  the  election  of  the  following^--^ 
officers  for  the  year  1918 : 

President,  William  Roscoe  Thayer. 

First  vice  president,  Edward  Channing. 

Second  vice  president,  Jean  Jules  Jusserand. 

Secretary,  Waldo  G.  Leland. 

Treasurer,  Charles  Moore. 

Curator,  A.  Howard  Clark. 

Secretary  of  the  council,  Evarts  B.  Greene. 

Members  of  the  council,  Lucy  M.  Salmon,  Samuel  B.  Harding,  Henry  E. 
Bourne,  George  M.  Wrong,  Herbert  E.  Bolton,  William  E.  Dodd,  Walter  L. 
Fleming,  William  E.  Lingelbach. 

Members  of  the  committee  on  nominations,  Charles  H.  Ambler,  Christopher 
B.  Coleman,  Carl  R.  Fish,  J.  G.  deR.  Hamilton,  Victor  H.  Paltsits. 


80  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Further  nominations  may  be  made  over  the  signatures  of  not  less  than  20 
members,  but  all  such  nominations  must  be  in  the  hands  of  the  chairman  not 
later  than  12  o'clock  noon  on  December  28,  1917.     Nominations  may  also  be 
made  from  the  floor  of  the  annual  business  meeting. 
Respectfully  submitted. 

Frank  Malot  Anderson,  Hanover,  N.  H., 

Chairman. 
Charles  H.  Ambler,  Parkersburg,  W.  Va., 
Christopher   B.   Coleman,   Indianapolis,   Ind., 
H.  Barrett  Learned,  Washington,  D.  C, 
Andrew  C.  McLaughlin,  Chicago,  111., 

Committee  on  Nominations. 
December  3.  1917. 

MINUTES  OF  THE  MEETING  OF  THE  EXECUTIVE  COUNCIL  OF 
THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION  HELD  AT  COLUMBIA 
UNIVERSITY,  NEW  YORK,  DECEMBER  1,  1917. 

The  council  met  at  10  a.  m.,  and  continued  its  session  during  the  day,  with  a 
short  recess  at  the  lunch  hour.  Present :  President  W.  C.  Ford,  Vice  President 
W.  R.  Thayer,  Messrs.  Leland,  Bovven,  Miss  Salmon,  Messrs.  Bourne,  G.  S. 
Ford,  Harding,  Moore,  Phillips,  Wrong,  G.  B.  Adams,  Dunning,  Jameson, 
Turner,  and  the  secretary.  At  the  request  of  the  president,  the  chair  was  taken 
by  Vice  President  Thayer,  and  later  by  Mr.  Jameson. 

The  following  chairmen  of  committees  also  attended  the  meeting:  Messrs. 
Dutcher,  Johnson,  Learned,  Lingelbach,  and  Paltsits.  Mr.  E.  P.  Cheyney  at- 
tended as  chairman  of  the  board  of  editors  of  the  American  Historical  Review, 
and  Mr.  F.  J.  Teggart,  as  the  representative  of  the  Pacific  coast  branch. 

The  minutes  of  the  njeeting  of  December  29,  1916,  were  read  and  approved. 

The  secretary  of  the  association  presented  his  report,  showing  that  the  mem- 
bership of  the  association  on  November  15,  1917,  was  2,642  as  against  the  en- 
rollment, at  corresponding  dates,  of  2,719  in  1916  and  2,989  in  1915.  The  possi- 
bility of  further  decrease  as  a  result  of  the  war  was  pointed  out.  The  report 
was  received  and  ordered  to  be  placed  on  file. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Leland,  it  was  voted  that  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed 
by  the  chair  to  prepare  for  an  appropriate  representation  of  the  American 
Historical  Association  at  the  International  Congress  of  the  History  of  America 
to  be  held  at  Rio  Janeiro  in  September,  1922. 

The  secretary  of  the  council  reported  that,  in  accordance  with  action  taken 
by  the  council  at  its  met^ting  of  December  29,  1916,  the  president  of  the  associa- 
tion had  named  the  following  members  of  the  four  executive  committees  then 
authorizo'l : 

Committee  on  the  docket.  President  W.  C.  Ford,  chairman ;  E.  B.  Greene,  E.  O. 
Barker,  G.  L.  Burr,  A.  C.  McLaughlin. 

Conmiittee  on  meetings  and  relations.  President  W.  C.  Ford,  chairman; 
W.  G.  Leland,  G.  M.  Wrong,  U.  B.  Phillips,  W.  A.  Dunning. 

Committee  on  finance,  G.  S.  Ford,  chairman ;  Charles  Moore,  C.  W.  Bowen, 
W.  G.  Leland,  E.  B.  Greene. 

Committee  on  appointments.  President  W.  C.  Ford,  chairman;  H.  E.  Bourne, 
S.  B.  Harding,  Miss  Lucy  U.  Salmon,  E.  B.  Greene. 

He  also  reported  the  appointment  of  Mr.  F.  H.  Hodder  in  place  of  Mr.  W.  E, 
Dodd,  who  had  declined  to  serve  on  the  Winsor  prize  committee. 

The  committee  on  apix^ii.'^ments  was  authorized  to  select  the  members  of  the 
program  committee  for  ilie  annual  meeting  of  the  association  in  1918. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  MEETING.  81 

The  treasurer  of  the  association  presented  his  usual  preliminary  report, 
which  was  received  and  ordered  placed  on  file.  It  showed  the  financial  condi- 
tion of  the  association  on  November  21,  1917,  to  be  as  follows: 

Net  receipts $7,  403.  95 

Net  disbursements 7,564.20 

Excess  of  di.sburseraents 160.  25 

Cash  on  hand 3,059.57 

Other    assets 24,  732.  99 

Total  assets 27,  7©2.  56 

Decrease  in  assets 228.  95 

Endowment   fund 1,  490.  00 

The  secretary  of  the  council  reported  briefly  on  the  work  of  the  following 
committees :  Historical  manuscripts  committee,  committee  on  the  Justin  Winsor 
prize,  committee  on  the  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prize,  board  of  advisory  editors 
of  the  History  Teacher's  Magazine,  conference  of  historical  societies,  committee 
on  history  in  schools,  committee  on  the  military  history  prize,  committee  on 
program,  and  committee  to  cooperate  with  the  national  highways  association. 

Reports  from  the  following  committees  were  presented  by  the  chairmen  in 
person :  Public  archives  commission,  board  of  editors  of  the  American  Historical 
Review,  committee  on  bibliography,  committee  on  publications,  committee  on 
membership,  and  committee  on  headquarters  in  London.  Mr.  Jameson  reported 
for  the  committee  on  indexing  the  papers  and  proceedings  of  the  association, 
that  the  index  which  had  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Matteson  was  now  in  press.  All 
these  reports  were  ordered  received  and  placed  on  file. 

The  following  recommendations  of  the  advisory  board  of  the  History  Teach- 
er's Magazine  were  referred  to  the  council  committee  on  finance: 

1.  That  a  subsidy  from  the  American  Historical  Association  be  continued 
although,  if  thought  best,  reduced  in  amount. 

2.  That  the  number  of  issues  of  the  magazine  be  cut  down  from  ten  to  nine, 
omitting  the  issue  for   September. 

On  behalf  of  the  committee  on  finance,  Mr.  G.  S.  Ford  reported  that  the 
committee  had  examined  the  contract  of  the  board  of  editors  of  the  American 
Historical  Review  with  the  Macmillan  Co.,  together  with  the  indorsement  made 
on  the  said  contract  by  the  board  of  editors  and  tlie  president  and  secretary  of 
the  American  Historical  Association,  transferring  all  rights  in  the  said  contract 
from  the  board  of  editors  to  the  American  Historical  Association,  and  found 
the  indorsement  satisfactory.  The  committee  also  reported  that  it  had  approved 
a  bill  of  sale  transferring  to  the  association  the  tangible  properties  and  the  good 
will  of  the  Review.  The  action  of  the  committee  on  these  matters  was  ap- 
proved by  the  council. 

On  the  recommendation  of  the  committee  on  finance,  it  was  voted  to  recom- 
mend to  the  association  for  final  approval  the  following  plan  for  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  funds  of  the  American  Historical  Review : 

1.  That  the  treasurer  of  the  American  Historical  Association  be  requested 
to  institute  a  separate  fund  called  the  American  Historical  Review  fund,  to 
be  used  for  purposes  of  the  Review,  consisting  at  its  inception  of  the  bal- 
ance now  possessed  by  the  board,  and  now  transferred  by  it  to  the  treasury  of 
the  association ; 

2.  That  Macmillan's  monthly  payments  of  $200  and  any  payments  of  profits 
by  that  firm  under  their  contract  be  hereafter  paid  to  the  treasurer  of  the 
association  and  by  him  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  American  Historical  Review 
fund; 

3.  That  in  order  to  meet  the  payments  which  the  treasurer  has  to  make  to 
the  Macmillan  Co.  for  numbers  of  the  Review  sent  to  members  at  40  cents  each 
the  council  of  the  association  at  each  annual  meeting  appropriate  to  the  Ameri- 

88582—19 6 


82  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

can  Historical  Review  fund  a  sum  sufficient  to  cover  a  payment  of  $1.60  for 
each  of  the  estimated  number  of  members  to  receive  the  Review  during  that 
year,  such  estimate  to  be  certified  by  the  secretary  of  the  association. 

4.  That  all  such  payments  as  have  heretofore  been  made  by  the  treasurer 
of  the  board  be  hereafter  made  by  the  treasurer  of  the  association  on  warrant 
from  the  managing  editor. 

The  committee  on  .inance  also  reported  a  tentative  budget  for  the  year  1918, 
showing  that  the  loss  of  income  from  membership  dues  would  make  necessary 
a  considerable  reduction  in  expenditures,  and  that  after  eliminating  items  to 
which  the  association  was  not  already  committed,  there  appeared  a  considerable 
excess  of  estimated  expenditures  over  the  estimated  receipts.  To  prevent 
such  a  deficit,  it  was  proposed  to  raise  a  guarantee  fund  of  about  $1,000.  In 
accordance  with  these  recommendations,  the  following  votes  were  agreed  upon 
as  temporary  measures  made  necessary  by  war  conditions: 

1.  That  the  usual  November  meeting  of  the  council  be  omitted  in  1918. 

2.  That  t"..e  appropriations  for  the  public  archives  commission,  the  committee 
on  bibliography,  and  the  committee  on  history  In  schools  be  suspended  for  the 
year  1918. 

3.  That  the  subsidy  of  the  History  Teacher's  Magazine  be  withdrawn. 

It  was  pointed  out  that  some  provision  was  now  being  made  through  other 
agencies  for  the  furtherance  of  the  Interests  involved  in  these  measures  of 
retrenchment. 

The  other  budget  recommendations  of  the  finance  committee  were  provision- 
ally agreed  to,  with  the  exception  of  that  relating  to  the  Writings  on  American 
History,  which  was  referred  back  to  the  committee  for  reconsideration. 

The  treasurer  having  made  a  statement  showing  that  a  considerable  number 
of  gifts  had  already  been  made  for  Increasing  the  endowment  funds  of  the 
association,  the  chairman  of  the  finance  committee  reported  that  the  committee 
did  not  think  it  advisaj^le  at  this  time  to  press  the  campaign  for  an  Increase 
of  the  endowment  by  sending  a  general  and  urgent  appeal  for  subscriptions. 
In  view,  however,  of  the  financial  condition  of  the  association,  the  committee 
recommended  that  a  full  statement  be  given  to  the  members  by  way  of  sug- 
gestion to  those  who  might  feel  able  to  make  contributions  at  this  time.  The 
committee  also  expressed  its  approval  of  Mr.  Bowen's  suggestion  that  he  and 
other  members  of  the  association,  who  might  be  so  disposed,  should  continue 
to  solicit  gifts  wherever  there  seemed  to  be  a  prospect  of  success. 

The  finance  committee  reported  further  that  it  had  not  seemed  practicable 
to  proceed  this  year  with  the  issue  of  the  proposed  quarterly  bulletin. 

It  was  voted  that  the  next  meeting  of  the  council  be  held  in  Philadelphia  on 
the  afternoon  of  AVednesday,  December  26,  1917,  notice  of  the  exact  hour  and 
place  to  be  given  later. 

It  was  voted  to  recommend  to  the  association  that  the  annual  meeting  for 
1919  be  held  in  New  Haven. 

It  was  voted  that  certain  requests  presented  by  the  Council  of  Church  Boards 
of  Education  and  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention 
be  referred  to  the  committee  on  meetings  and  relations  for  report  at  the  next 
session  of  the  council  in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  voted,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Leland,  that  the  question  of  the  advisability 
of  appointing  a  special  committee  on  policy  be  placed  on  the  docket  for  the 
council  meeting  in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  also  voted  to  place  on  the  docket  for  that  meeting  the  question  of 
asking  the  association  to  take  action  authorizing  the  council,  as  a  war  measure, 
to  .suspend  the  meeting  of  the  association  in  1918  and  provide  in  some  other 
wajr   for   the  transaction  of  the   routine   work  of  the   association, 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  83 

The  item  on  the  docket  relating  to  the  possibility  of  a  special  fund  for 
research  was  then  presented  by  Mr.  Jameson,  who  spoke  briefly  on  the  new 
responsibility  placed  upon  American  scholars,  and  particularly  the  members  of 
this  association,  by  the  European  war. 

On  behalf  of  the  special  committee  appointed  to  consider  a  change  in  the 
conditions  of  award  for  the  Adams  and  Winsor  prizes,  Dr.  Dunning  presented 
resolutions  which  were  adopted,  with  amendments,  as  follows: 

Resolved,  That  the  terms  of  award  of  the  Justin  Winsor  and  the  Herbert 
Baxter  Adams  prizes  be  modified  so  as  to  provide: 

1.  That  the  amount  of  the  prize  in  each  case  be  $200  (as  at  present). 

2.  That  the  publication  of  the  prize  essays  in  the  present  form  be  discon- 
tinued. 

3.  That  competition  for  the  prizes  be  open  to  monographs,  submitted  either 
in  manuscript  or  after  publication,  provided  that  the  date  of  publication  has 
been  within  two  years  preceding  the  award. 

4.  That  the  competition  be  limited  to  monographs  in  the  English  language 
by  writers  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  who  have  not  previously  published  any 
considerable  work  or  won  an  established  reputation. 

5.  That  a  monograph  to  which  a  prize  has  been  awarded  in  manuscript  may, 
if  deemed  in  all  respects  available,  be  published  in  the  annual  report  of  the 
association. 

Resolved,  That  the  modified  system  of  competition  go  into  effect  for  the 
Winsor  prize  in  1918  and  the  Adams  prize  in  1919. 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  consisting  of  the  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
publications  and  the  chairmen  of  the  two  prize  committees  be  appointed  to 
revise  the  published  announcements  of  the  prizes,  in  accordance  with  these 
resolutions. 

The  motion  to  adopt  the  last  resolution  having  been  made  by  Mr.  G.  B. 
Adams,  a  ruling  was  asked  on  the  question  whether  an  ex-president  of  the 
association,  not  a  voting  member,  was  competent  to  make  a  motion.  On  this 
question  the  Chair  ruled  aflarmatively,  and  on  appeal  from  his  decision  the 
Chair  was  sustained. 

It  was  voted  that  the  reeipient  of  the  Adams  prize  in  1917  be  asked  to  waive 
his  right  of  publication  under  the  rules  hitherto  in  force. 

It  was  voted  to  recommend  to  the  committee  on  publications  that  the  presi- 
dential address  be  hereafter  included  in  the  annual  report  of  the  association. 

The  council  adjourned  at  4.30. 

EvARTs  B.  Greene, 
Secretary  of  the  Council. 

MINUTES  OF  THE  MEETING  OF  THE  EXECUTIVE  COUNCIL  OF  THE 
AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION  HELD  AT  THE  BELLE- 
VUE-STRATFORD  HOTEL,  PHILADELPHIA,  DECEMBER  26,  1917. 

The  council  met  at  4  p.  m.  Present :  Messrs.  Bourne,  Bowen,  Clark,  G.  S. 
Ford,  Harding,  Jameson,  Leland,  Miss  Salmon,  and  the  secretary.  In  the  ab- 
sence of  the  president  and  vice  presidents  the  chair  was  taken  by  Mr.  Jameson. 

The  minutes  of  the  meeting  of  December  1  were  read  and  approved. 

The  report  of  the  finance  committee  was  presented  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Ford,  to- 
gether with  the  treasurer's  statement  for  December  19,  1917. 

The  budget  for  1918  was  agreed  to  as  follows,  subject  to  final  approval  by 
the  association : 

ESTIMATED  EXPENDITURES. 

Secretary   and   treasurer $2, 000.  00 

Committee  on  nominations 75.  00 

Pacific-coast  branch 50.  00 

Program   committee 150.  00 

Conference  of  historical  societies 25.00 


84  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Committee  on  publications — . $1,000.00 

Editorial  services » _ 150.  00 

Cumulative    index 250.  00 

American   Historical   Review 5,000.00 

Historical   manuscripts   commission 150.  00 

Winsor  prize  committee 200.  00 

London  headquarters 150.  00 

Military  history  prize 250.  00 

Committee  on  bibliography  of  modern  English  history 125.  00 

Bills  payable  Dec.  19,  1917 28.  70 

9,  603.  70 

ESTIMATED    INCX)ME. 

Annual   dues $7,  050.  00 

Life   members'   fees 100.  00 

Publications 400.  00 

Royalties 125.  00 

Investments  1, 100.  00 

Gifts 100.  00 

Registration    fees 150. 00 

9,  025.  00 

On  the  recommendation  of  the  board  of  advisory  editors  of  the  History 
Teacher's  Magazine  it  was  voted  to  approve  the  reduction  of  the  issues  of  that 
magazine  from  ten  to  nine  on  the  understanding  that  the  necessary  adjustments 
would  be  made  with  the  individual  subscribers. 

It  was  voted  that  a  definite  effort  be  made  by  a  special  committee  or  other- 
wise to  dispose  of  the  stock  of  publications  of  the  association  now  stored  in  the 
office  of  the  secretary. 

It  was  voted  that  the  treasurer  be  instructed  to  send  a  bill  for  the  October 
number  of  the  Review  Jo  members  whose  dues  remain  unpaid  on  the  1st  of  June. 

It  was  voted  that  in  view  of  the  present  financial  situation  the  board  of 
editors  of  the  American  Historical  Review  be  requested  to  consider  ways  and 
xneans  of  reducing  expenses  of  publication. 

It  was  voted  that  the  board  of  editors  of  the  American  Historical  Review  be 
authorized  to  negotiate  with  the  Macmillan  Co.  respecting  the  price  at  which 
the  Review  is  furnishe<l  to  members  of  the  association,  with  the  understanding 
(1)  that  the  price  per  number  be  40  cents,  as  at  present;  (2)  that  the  a.ssocia- 
tion  guarantee  the  publishers  against  the  deficit  on  account  of  the  publication  of 
the  Review  in  1918  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  10  cents  for  each  copy  fur- 
nished to  members  of  the  association.     (Provided  for  in  the  budget.) 

It  was  voted  to  appoint  a  special  council  committee,  of  five  members,  on 
policy,  with  instructions  to  report  to  the  council  at  its  next  meeting  respecting 
the  future  scientific  activities  of  the  association.  The  committee  on  appoint- 
ments was  instructed  to  present  nominations  for  this  committee. 

The  president  of  the  association  was  authorized  to  appoint  an  audit  com- 
mittee of  two  members.  " 

Mr.  C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  treasurer  of  the  board  of  editors  of  the  American 
Historical  Review,  attended  the  meeting  and  presented  a  report  on  the  finances 
of  the  Review. 

The  council  adjourned  to  meet  at  10  a.  m.  on  Friday,  December,  28. 

EvARTs  B.  Greene, 
Secretary  of  the  CoundL 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL   MEETING.  85 

MINUTES  OF  THE  MEETING  OF  THE  EXECUTIVE  COUNCIL  OF  THE 
AMEBICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION  HELD  AT  THE  BELLE- 
VUE-STRATFORD  HOTEL,   PHILADELPHIA,   DECEMBER   28,    1917. 

The  council  met  at  10  a.  m.  Present :  President  W.  G.  Ford,  Messrs, 
Adams,  Bourne,  Bowen,  Dunning,  G.  S.  Ford,  Harding,  Jameson,  Leland,  Mc- 
Laughlin, Miss  Salmon,  and  the  secretary.  At  the  request  of  President  Ford 
the  chair  was  taken  by  Mr,  McLaughlin. 

It  was  voted  to  reconsider  the  action  of  the  council  at  its  meeting  of  De- 
cember 29,  1916,  by  which  it  was  agreed  to  recommend  that  the  annual  meeting 
of  the  association  of  1918  be  held  in  Minneapolis.  It  was  then  voted  to  re- 
commend to  the  association:  (1)  That  the  meeting  be  held  in  Minneapolis: 
Provided,  hcncever,  That  if,  in  view  of  the  emergency  due  to  the  state  of  war, 
there  appears  to  the  executive  council  to  be  a  sufficient  reason  for  changing 
the  place  of  meeting  or  omitting  the  meeting  altogether,  the  executive  council 
be  authorized  to  take  such  action  and  directed  to  notify  the  association  of  its 
decision  not  later  than  September  1;  (2)  that  if  the  annual  meeting  of  1918 
is  omitted  the  officers  of  the  association  shall  continue  in  office  until  the  next 
annual  meeting  of  the  association;  (3)  that,  except  in  respect  to  the  adop- 
tion of  the  annual  budget,  the  secretary  of  the  council  be  authorized  to  take 
the  votes  of  the  council  by  mail,  when,  in  the  judgment  of  the  president  and  the 
secretary,  such  a  procedure  is  expedient. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Dunning,  the  council  adopted  the  following  resolutions  re- 
specting the  retirement  of  Mr.  Clarence  W.  Bowen  from  the  treasurership  of  the 
association : 

Whereas,  Dr.  Clarenqje  W.  Bowen  has  announced  his  intention  not  to  accept 
a  renomination  for  treasurer  of  the  association. 

Resolved,  That  the  executive  council  has  heard  with  deep  regret  Dr.  Bowen's 
determination  to  retire  from  the  service  that  he  has  so  long  and  usefully  per- 
formed. For  33  years  he  has  guided  the  financial  administration  of  the  asso- 
ciation and  has  guarded  its  treasury.  In  that  long  period  the  organization 
has  prospered  greatly  and  has  widely  extended  its  activities  and  influence.  Dr. 
Bowen's  unselfish  and  efficient  labors,  have  been  a  powerful  factor  in  the  ac- 
complishment of  these  ends.  Zeal  and  caution  have  happily  blended  in  his 
management  of  fiscal  affairs  and  in  his  judgments  of  the  general  policy  of 
the  organization.  The  executive  council  will  greatly  miss  his  faithful  exhorta- 
tions to  economy,  as  well  as  his  sympathetic  approval  of  progress.  In  his  well- 
earned  retirement  he  will  be  attended  by  the  cordial  gratitude  and  good  wishes 
of  all  who  understand  what  he  has  done  for  the  cause  of  history  and  the 
welfare  of  the  American  Historical  Association. 

It  was  voted  that  the  work  of  the  committee  on  membership  be  temporarily 
assigned  to  a  special  committee  consisting  of  the  two  secretaries  with  instruc- 
tions to  make  a  careful  study  of  the  whole  situation  and  with  authority  to 
add  to  their  number  if  desired. 

It  was  voted  to  appoint  members  of  committees  and  commissions  as  follows : 

Historical  manuscripts  commission. — Justin  H.  Smith  (chairman),  D.  R. 
Anderson,  Mrs.  Amos  G.  Draper,  Logan  Esarey,  Gaillard  Hunt,  C.  H,  Lincoln, 
M.  M.  Quaife. 

Committee  on  the  Justin  Winsor  prize. — Frederic  L.  Paxson  (chairman), 
E.  S.  Corwin,  F.  H.  Hodder,  Ida  M.  Tarbell,  Oswald  G.  Villard. 

Committee  on  the  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prize. — Ruth  Putnam  (chairman), 
C.  D.  Hazen,  R.  H.  Lord,  Louis  J.  Paetow,  Conyers  Read. 

Public  archives  commission. — Victor  H.  Paltsits  (chairman),  E.  C.  Barker, 
Solon  J.  Buck,  John  C.  Fitzpatrick,  G.  N.  Fuller,  George  S.  Godard,  Peter 
Guilday,  Thomas  M.  Owen. 

Committee  on  bibliography. — George  M,  Dutcher  (chairman),  F.  A.  Golder, 
Adelaide  R.  Hasse,  William  T.  Laprade,  Albert  H.  Lybyer,  Wallace  Notestein, 
William  W.  Rockwell,  Augustus  H.  Shearer,  Bernard  G.  Steiner. 


86  AMiJlICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATIOIf. 

Committee  on  ptihlicatioiu  (all  ex-officio  except  the  chairman). — H.  Barrett 
Learned  (chairman).  George  M.  Dutcher,  E.  B.  Greene,  J.  Franklin  Jameson, 
W.  G,  Leland,  Victor  H.  Paltsits,  Frederic  L.  Paxson,  Ruth  Putnam,  Justin  H. 
Smith. 

Committee  on  membership. — Work  of  the  committee  temporarily  assigned  to 
a  special  committee  consisting  of  the  two  secretaries,  with  authority  to  choose 
other  members. 

Committee  on  history  in  schools. — J.  M.  Gambrill  (chairman),  Victoria  A. 
Adams,  Henry  L.  Cannon.  Herbert  D.  Foster,  Samuel  B.  Harding,  J.  A.  James, 
D.  C.  Knowlton,  A.  C.  Krey,  Robert  A.  Maurer,  Nathaniel  W.  Stephenson,  R.  M. 
Tryon,  J.  H.  Van  Sickle,  W.  L.  Westermann. 

Conference  of  historical  societies. — A.  H.  Shearer,  secretary. 

Advisory  board,  History  Teacher's  Magazine  (to  serve  three  years  from  Janu- 
ary 1.  1918). — Henry  Johnson  (chairman),  Margaret  McGill. 

Member  board  of  editors  American  Historical  Review  (to  serve  six  years 
from  January  1,  1918). — Charles  H.  Haskins. 

Committee  on  program  thirty-fourth  annual  meeting. — Appointments  de- 
ferred. 

Committee  on  local  arrangements. — Appointments  deferred. 

Special  committee  on  policy. — Carl  Becker,  W.  E.  Dodd,  G.  S.  Ford,  C.  H. 
Haskins,  D.  C.  Munro.     (The  committee  to  choose  its  own  chairman.) 

It  was  voted  that  the  selection  of  the  committee  on  program  and  the  com- 
mittee on  local  arrangements  be  deferred  until  March  1. 

It  was  voted  that  a  special  committee  of  three,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Munro, 
Leland,  and  Greene,  be  appointed  to  confer  with  similar  committees  of  other 
organizations  respecting  iwssible  modes  of  cooperation  in  national  service. 

It  was  voted  to  authorize  the  committee  on  headquarters  in  London  to  ap- 
prove proposals  of  the'London  committee  respecting  the  use  of  those  quarters 
as  a  reading  room  for  Americans  in  London. 

The  secretary  presented  a  communication  from  Prof.  F.  J.  Teggart  in  regard 
to  the  possibility  of  cooperation  between  the  American  Historical  Association 
and  other  scientific  organizations  in  securing  the  continuance  of  certain  forms 
of  scholarly  cooperation,  interrupted  in  Europe  as  a  result  of  conditions  dur- 
ing, or  immediately  preceding,  the  present  war.  It  was  voted  to  refer  this  com- 
munication to  the  committee  on  policy. 

The  secretary  presented  a  report  from  Mr.  Learned,  chairman  of  the  q[)ecial 
committee  appointed  to  revise  the  publisheil  announcements  of  the  Winsor 
and  Adams  prizes  in  accordance  with  the  votes  of  the  council  of  December  1, 
1917,  embodying  a  revised  statement  which  was  agreed  to  as  follows,  for  sub- 
mission to  the  assox^iation : 

For  the  purpose  of  encouraging  historical  research  the  American  Historical 
Association  offers  two  prizes,  each  prize  of  $200 — the  Justin  Winsor  prize  in 
American  history  and  the  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prize  in  the  history  of  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere.  The  Winsor  prize  is  offered  in  the  even  years  (as  here- 
tofore), and  the  Adams  prize  in  the  odd  years.  Both  prizes  are  designed  to 
encourage  writers  who  have  not  published  previously  any  considerable  work 
or  obtained  an  established  reputation.  Either  prize  shall  be  awarded  for  an 
excellent  monograph  or  essay,  printed  or  in  manuscript,  submitted  to  or  selected 
by  the  committee  of  award.  Monographs  must  be  submitted  on  or  before  July 
1  of  the  give-,  year.  In  the  ca.se  of  a  printed  monograph,  the  date  of  publication 
must  fall  within  a  period  of  two  years  prior  to  July  1.  A  monograph  to  which 
a  prize  has  been  awardetl  in  manuscript  may,  if  it  is  deemed  in  all  respects 
available,  be  published  in  the  annual  report  of  the  association.  Competition 
shall  be  limited  to  monographs  written  or  published  in  the  English  language 
by  writers  of  the  Western  Hemisphere. 

In  making  the  award  the  committee  will  consider  not  only  research,  accuracy, 
and   originality,   but  also   clearness   of  expression   and   logical   arrangement 


THIKTY-THIRD   ANNUAL   MEETING.  87 

The  successful  monograph  must  reveal  marked  excellence  of  style.  Its  subject 
matter  should  afford  a  distinct  contribution  to  knowledge  of  a  sort  beyond  that 
having  merely  personal  or  local  interest.  The  monograph  must  conform  to  the 
ac«epted  canons  of  historical  research  and  criticism.  A  manuscript — including 
text,  notes,  bibliography,  appendices,  etc. — must  not  exceed  100,000  words,  if 
designed  for  publication  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Association. 

The  Justin  Winsor  prize. — The  monograph  must  be  based  upon  independent 
and  original  investigation  in  American  history.  The  phrase  "  American  his- 
torj-  "  includes  the  history  of  the  United  States  and  other  countries  of  the 
Western  Hemisphere.  The  monograph  may  deal  with  any  aspect  or  phase  of 
that  history. 

The  Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prize. — The  monograph  must  be  based  upon  inde- 
pendent and  original  investigation  in  the  history  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere. 
The  monograph  may  deal  with  any  aspect  or  phase  of  that  history,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  Winsor  prize. 

Inquiries  regarding  these  prizes  should  be  addressed  to  the  chairman  of  the 
respective  committees,  or  to  the  secretary  of  the  association,  1140  Woodward 
Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  council  adjourned  at  10.30  p.  m. 

'  i  EvABTs  B.  Greene, 

Seeretary  of  the  Council. 

MINUTES  OF  THE  MEETING  OE  THE  EXECUTIVE  COUNCIL  OF  THE 
AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION  HELD  AT  THE  BELLE- 
VUE-STRATFORD   HOTEL,   PHILADELPHIA,   DECEMBER   29,    1917. 

The  council  met  at  5  p.  m.  Present :  Messrs.  Bolton,  Bourne,  Dunning, 
Harding,  Lingelbach,  Miss  Salmon,  and  the  secretary.  In  the  absence  of  the 
president  and  vice  presidents  the  chair  was  taken  by  Mr.  Dunning. 

It  was  voted  to  refer  to  a  special  committee  consisting  of  the  president  and 
the  secretaries  a  communication  from  Profs.  Edward  Channing,  William  Mac- 
Donald,  and  Herbert  E.  Bolton,  respecting  the  records  of  the  census  office  in 
London. 

Certain  resolutions  presented  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  association  by 
Prof.  J.  H.  Breastefl  and  referred  to  the  executive  council  for  action  were,  after 
amendment,  agreed  to  as  follows : 

In  view  of  the  large  educational,  humanitarian,  and  missionary  interests 
which  American  organizations  have  long  maintained  within  the  limits  of  the 
Ottoman  Empire, 

Resolved.  That  the  American  historical  association  empower  its .  president 
to  appoint  a  committee  of  three  to  urge  upon  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  the  importance  of  adequately  safeguarding,  during  the  course  of  any 
peace  negotiations,  the  future  rights  and  activities  of  American  educational 
and  scientific  enterprises  in  the  Ottoman  Empire,  having  in  mind  especially : 

General  education  for  men  and  women ;  pi'ofessional  education,  including 
medical  schools  and  hospitals ;  training  in  agriculture,  forestry,  engineering, 
transportation  and  road  making,  economic  geology  and  mining;  geological  and 
geographical  explorations,  scientific  surveys,  archaeological  excavations,  and 
the  legitimate  interests  of  American  museums. 

It  is  also  recommended  that  a  further  function  of  this  committee  be  to  pro- 
vide for  the  collection  and  preservation  of  all  available  information  which 
would  aid  the  representatives  of  the  United  States  in  securing  the  ends  sug- 
gested in  the  above  resolution. 

It  was  voted  to  request  the  treasurer  to  prepare  for  the  consideration  of  the 
council  a  memorandum  indicating  the  methods  by  which  the  financial  proce- 
dure of  the  association  may  be  brought  into  conformity  with  the  votes  of 
the  association  at  its  annual  meeting  of  December  29,  1916. 

Adjourned. 

EvARTS  B.  Greene, 

Secretary  of  the  Council. 


88 


AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


Statistics  of  memtiership. 

I.    GENERAL. 


1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

2,843 

2,913 

2,926 

2,739 

125 

122 

120 

117 

2,516 

2,S7S 

2,587 

2,388 

202 

213 

219 

234 

2,490 

2,176 

2,374 

2,378 

363 

737 

5.52 

361 

282 

610 

391 

361 

71 

127 

161 

316 

205 

277 

431 

37 

30 

32 

40 

182 

102 

168 

118 

97 

73 

77 

273 

313 

275 

290 

244 

1 

2 

1 

297 

260 

277 

235 

15 

13 

13 

8 

321 

1S2 

273 

172 

3 

70 

13 

-187 

1917 


Total  membership 

Life 

Annual 

Institutions 

Total  paid  membership.. 
Delinquent,  total 

Since  last  bill 

For  one  year 

Loss,  total 

Deaths 

Resignations 

Dropped 

Gain,  total 

Life 

Annual 

Institutions 

Total  number  of  elections 
Net  gain  or  loss 


2,654 

115 

2,318 

221 

2,132 

522 

SOS 

14 

306 

33 

96 

177 

221 

1 

214 

6 

191 

-  85 


II.   BY   REGIONS. 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


New  England:  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachu- 
setts, Rhode  Island,  C!onnectieut 

North  Atlantic:  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  District  of  Columbia 

South  Atlantic:  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Florida 

North  Central:  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin... 

South  Central:  Alal»ma,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Kentucky, 
West  N'irginia 

West  Central:  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Louisiana, 
North  Dakota,  South  Dakota^  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Oklahoma, 
Texas • 

Pacific  Coast:  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  New  \{exico, 
Idaho,  Utah,  Nevada,  Arizona,  Washington,  Oregon,  Cali- 
fornia  

Territories:  Porto  Rico,  Alaska,  Hawaii,  Philippine  Islands ... . 

Other  countries 


542 

821 

143 
583 

105 

280 

259 

8 

102 


2,843 


549 
803 


153 
607 


109 


300 


276 

11 

105 


511 
831 


155 
600 


101 


312 


305 
11 
100 


483 
816 


148 
558 


275 
280 


2,913 


2,926 


2,739 


445 
802 


149 
529 


90 

287 


258 
5 


2,654 


III.   BY   STATES. 


Decem- 
ber, 
1913. 

Decem- 
ber, 
1914. 

Decem- 
ber, 
1915. 

Decem- 
ber, 
1916. 

Decem- 
ber, 
1917. 

New 

members, 

Dee.  19, 

1917. 

14 

17 

2 

1 

8 

167 

10 

110 

3 

85 

5 

28 

1 

4 

222 

61 

52 

28 

32 

23 

24 

53 

340 

102 

44 

14 

2 

1 

8 

190 

13 

100 

9 

102 

8 

23 

2 

5 

224 

58 

52 

37 

26 

20 

23 

50 

319 

105 

48 

10 

9 

1 

2 

11 

156 

10 

97 

2 
83 

6 
26 

1 

4 
208 
61 
45 
27 
32 
25 
24 
56 
346 
96 
39 

2 

4 

169 

15 

99 

12 

93 

5 

21 

2 

4 

208 

61 

46 

28 

21 

19 

24 

55 

295 

95 

49 

3 

4 

158 

14 

94 

11 

86 

6 

21 

1 

11 

3 

2 

Florida                                 

1 

Georf  ia 

4 

Hawaii                                        

Idaho 

5 
190 
50 
43 
36 
24 
16 
21 
•56 
268 
90 
51 

2 

Illinois 

6 

Indiana 

3 

Iowa. 

4 

Kf^psw?         .          

10 

4 

Maine 

i 

1 

Massachusetts 

4 

Michigan 

14 

Minnesota. 

5 

THIRTY-THIED  ANNUAL  MEETING. 


89 


Statistics  of  membership — Continued, 
m.  BY  STATES — continued. 


Decem- 
bei, 
1913. 

Decem- 
ber, 
1914. 

Decem- 
ber, 
^  1915. 

Decem- 
ber, 
1916. 

Decem- 
ber, 
1917. 

New 

members, 

Dec.  19, 

1917. 

Mississippi 

10 
48 

7 
23 

4 
30 
73 

3 
404 
33 

6 
132 

5 

31 

203 

5 

2 
37 
23 

8 
33 
43 

6 

8 
55 
34 
16 
86 

2 
37 

2 

9 
53 

8 
26 

4 
29 
74 

3 
391 
31 

5 
128 

8 
32 
197 

6 

2 
36 
31 

7 

37 
46 

7 
10 
48 
35 
14 
94 

5 
38 

2 

9 
50 
10 
31 

6 
29 
85 

6 
393 
30 

5 
122 
12 
30 
192 

5 

2 
30 
33 

5 
35 
44 

8 
10 
61 
32 
17 
91 

4 
39 

2 

6 
49 
9 

28 

5 
29 
84 

6 
383 
30 

3 
110 

8 
24 
189 

4 

2 
28 
28 

8 
31 
33 
10 

8 
64 
30 
17 
84 

6 
34 

2 

3 
50 
10 
24 

5 
30 
85 

8 
373 
30 

4 
115 
10 
17 
191 

3 

2 
25 
22 

8 
31 
41 
12 

7 
70 
23 
23 
84 

3 
33 

2 

2 
52 

4 

Nebraska 

1 

Nevada 

1 

4 

New  Jersey 

8 

New  Mexico 

2 

New  York 

25 

North  Carolina 

2 

North  Dakota 

2 

Ohio 

13 

Oklahoma 

2 

Pennsylvania 

26 

Porto  Rico 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 1 

1 

South  Dakota 

2 

Texas 

9 

Utah 

3 

Vermont 

15 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

9 

Wisconsin 

10 

Cdiiada 

1 

Cuba 

South  America 

2 

63 

65 

59 

50 

2 

2,843 

2,913 

2,926 

2,739 

2,654 

221 

REGISTER  OF  ATTENDANCE  AT  THE  THIRTY-SECOND  ANNUAL 
MEETING  OF  THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION,  PHIL- 
ADELPHIA. 

A. 

Abbott,  Frank  Frost.  Ambler,  Charles  H. 

Abel,  Annie  Heloise.  Ames,  Herman  V. 

Adams,  Ephraim  Douglass.  Anderson,  Frank  Maloy. 
Adams,  G.  B.  Anderson,  J.  F. 

Adams,  Victoria  A.  Anderson,  Mary  M. 

Allen,  Freeman  H.  Andrews,  Arthur  Irving. 


Andrews,  Mrs.  Arthur 

Irving. 
Appleton,  William  W. 
Arragon,  Reginald  F. 


Bacot,  D.  Huger,  jn 
Baird,  Andrew  Browning. 
Baird,  Mildred. 
Baker,  John  W. 
Balch,  Thomas  Willing. 
Baldwin,  Alice  M. 
Bancroft,  Frederic. 
Barbour,  Violet. 
Barker,  E.  C. 
Barlow,  Burt  E. 
Barnes,  D.  G. 
Barnes,  Harry  E. 
Barnes,  Viola  F. 


B. 

Bartlett,  Marguerite  G. 
Bayley,  Frank  W. 
Becker,  Carl. 
Bedell,  Rev.  F.  M.  C. 
Belcher,  Katharine  Fisher, 
Benton,  Elbert  J. 
Benton,  George  W. 
Bond,  Beverley  W.,  jr. 
Bevkemeier,  Mary  Lena. 
Biddle,  Edward. 
Bieber,  Ralph  Paul. 
Boucher,  C.  S. 
Bourne,  H.  E. 


Bowen,  Clarence  W. 
Bradford,  John  E. 
Brand,  Carl  Fremont. 
Brand,  Hon.  R.  H. 
Brandt,  Lida  R. 
Breasted,  James  H. 
Brown,  Everett  Somerville. 
Brown,  Louise  Fargo, 
Brown,  Marshall  S. 
Brown,  Samuel  H. 
Buck,  Solon  J. 
Burnham,  Smith. 
Byrne,  E.  H. 


90 


AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


Cadwallader,  Laura  H, 
Caldwell,  Grace  F. 
Caldwell,  Wallace  E. 
Callahan,  J.  M. 
Carman,  Harry  J, 
Carpenter,  William  S. 
Carter,  Clarence  E. 
Chambers,  Raymond. 
Cheyney,  E.  P. 
Chitwood,  Oliver  P. 


Davenport,  Frances  G. 
Davis,  Alice. 
Dawson,  Edgar. 
Deats,  Hiram  E. 
Demarest,  Elizabeth  B. 
Denoyer,  L.  Philip. 


Eddy,  William  W. 
Edwards,  Martha  L. 


Christian,  Asa  Kyrus. 
Church,  Frederic  C. 
Clark,  A.  Howard, 
Clark,  Arthur  H. 
Clark,  Victor  S. 
Clauder,  Anna  Cornelia 
Cochran,  M.  Hermond. 
Colvin,  Caroline. 
Colwell,  P.  R. 
Connor,  R.  D.  W. 

D. 

Dietz,  Frederick  C. 
Dilks,  Clara  G. 
Dodd,  W.  F. 
Dodd,  William  E. 
Donnan,  Elizabeth. 
Doughty,  Annie  W. 

E. 

Egan,  Joseph  M. 

F. 


Farr,  Shirley.  Fisk,  Harvey  E. 

Fay,  Frances  Marlon.         Fite,  Emerson  D. 
Fay,  Sidney  B.  Flippin,  Percy  Scott. 

Ferguson,  William  Scot^.-  Ford,  G.  S. 
Ferry,  Nellie  Poyntz.  Ford,  W.  C. 

G. 


Gallinger,  Herbert  P. 
Gallinger,  Mrs.  H.  P. 
Garwood,  L.  E. 
Gerson,  Armand  J. 
Gibbons,  Lois  Oliphant. 
Gilbert,  William  Elbert. 
Golder,  F.  A. 


Hall,  Clifton  R. 
Hamilton,  J.  G.  de  R. 
Hammond,  Otis  G. 
Hanna,  Mary  Alice. 
Hannah,  Ian  C, 
Harding,  Samuel  B. 
Haring,  Clarence  Henry. 
Harley,  Lewis  R. 
Harlow,  Ralph  V. 
Harper,   Mrs.    Liliie   Du 
Puy  Van  Culin. 


Goodykoontz,  Colin  B. 
Gould,  Clarence  P. 
Gras,  Norman  S.  B. 
Gray,  H.  L. 
Gray,  William  Dodge. 
Greene,  Evarts  B. 
Greene,  Garton  S. 

H. 

Harper,  Samuel  N. 
Hart,  Albert  Bushnell. 
Haskins,  Charles  H. 
Hayes,  Carlton  J. .  H. 
Haynes,  George  H. 
Hazen,  Charles  Downer. 
Healy,  Patrick  J. 
Hearon.  Cleo. 
Heckel,  Albert  K. 
Hellweg,  Edgar  D. 
Henderson,  Archibald 


Coolldge,  Archibald  Cary. 
Corwin,  Edward  S. 
Cotterill,  R.  S. 
Coulomb,  Charles  A, 
Coulter,  E.  Merton. 
Cox,  Isaac  Joslin. 
Cox,  Laura  J. 
Crofts,  F.  S. 
Cunningham,  Charles  H. 
Curtis,  Eugene  N. 


Douglas,  C.  H. 
Duncalf,  Frederic. 
Duniway,  C.  A. 
Dunning,  William  A. 
Dutcher,  George  M. 
Dutcher,  Mrs.  George  M. 


Evans,  Jessie  O. 


Foster,  Herbert  Darling. 
Fox,  Dixon  Ryan. 
Fox.  George  L. 
Fox,  Leonard  P. 


Greenfield,  K.  Roberts. 
Griffls,  William  Elliot. 
Grizzell,  E.  D. 
Grose,  Clyde  Leclare. 
Guilday,  Rev.  Peter. 


Hodgdon,  Frederick  C. 
Hoekstra,  Petei'. 
Hormell,  Orren  C. 
Howe,  Samuel  B. 
Howland,  A.  C. 
Hull,  Charles  Hem*y. 
Hull,  William  I. 
Hunt,  Agnes. 
Huttmanu,  Maude  A. 


Ingalsbe,  Grenvilie  M. 


Irish,  Florence  O. 


THIRTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  MEETING. 


91 


James,  J.  A. 

Jameson,  John  Franklin. 


Kellar,  Herbert  A. 
Kelsey,  Rayner  Wicker- 
sham. 
Kerner,  Robert  Joseph. 


J. 

Jenkins,  Charles  Francis. 
Johns,  Clarence  D. 

K. 

Kilgore,  Carrie  B. 
King,  Charles  M. 
Knapp,  Charles  M. 
Knipfing,  John  R. 


Johnson,  Allen. 
Johnston,  Robert  M. 


Knowlton,  Daniel  C. 
KoUock,  Margaret  R. 
Konkle,  Burton  Alva. 


Laraberton,  Clark  D. 
LatanS,  John  H. 
Latourette,  K.  S. 
Lawson,  Leonard  A. 
Learned,  H.  Barrett. 
Leland,  W.  G. 
Lewis,  Caroline. 


McConnell,  J.  Moore. 
McDonald,  James  G. 
Macdonald,  Norman. 
McDuflie,  Penelope. 
McGrane,  Reginald  Chas. 
McGregor,  J.  C. 
McKinley,  Albert  E. 
McLaughlin,  A.  C. 
McLaughlin,  Robert  W. 
MacLear,  Anne  Bush. 
McMaster,  John  Bach. 
McQueen,  Alice  E. 
MacQueen,  L.  I. 
Mace,  W.  H. 


Neely,  Thomas  B. 
Newkirk,  Alice  M.  F. 
(Mrs.  Walter  M.) 

Oberholtzer,  Ellis  P. 
Ogg,  Frederic  A. 


Lincoln,  Anna  T. 
Lindley,  Harlow. 
Lingelbach,  Wiliam  E. 
Lingham,  Clarence  H. 
Lingley,  Charles  R. 
Livermore,  Col.  W.  R. 
Logan,  John  H. 

M. 

Magoffin,  Ralph  V.  D. 
Manning,  William  R. 
Marsh,  Harriette  P. 
Martin,  A.  E. 
Melchoir,  D.  Montfort. 
Merritt,  Elizabeth. 
Mims,  Stewart  L. 
Mitchell,  Isabel. 
Mitchell,  Samuel  C. 
Mohr,  Walter  H. 
Moore,  Charles. 
MoorjgJJlifford  H. 
Moore,  David  R. 
Moore,  J.  R.  H. 

N. 

Northrop,  Amanda  Carolyn 
Notestein,  Wallace. 

O. 

Olmstead,  A.  T. 
Osgood,  George  W.,  jr. 


Longacre,  Caroline. 
Loi'd,  Eleanor  L. 
Lough,  Susan  M. 
Lowrey,  L.  T. 
Lunt,  W.  E. 


Montgomery,  Thomas 

Lynch. 
Morgan,  W.  T. 
Morison,  Samuel  E. 
Mowbray,  R.  H. 
Munro,  Alice  B. 
Munro,  Dana  C. 
Munro,  William  Bennett. 
Musser,  John.   • 
Muzzey,  David  S. 
Myers,  Albert  Cook. 
Myers,  William  Starr. 


Paine,  Mrs.  Clarence  S. 
Paltsits,  Victor  Hugo. 
Paullin,  C.  O. 
Paxson,  Frederic  L. 
Perring,  Louise  F. 
Peterson,  A.  Everett. 
PhiUips,  Paul  G. 


Pierce,  Elizabeth  D. 
Pitman,  Frank  W. 
Pitman,  Mrs.  Frank  W. 
Platner,  Samuel  Ball. 
Potter,  Mary. 
Powell,  Thomas  Reed. 
Prentice,  Leigh  Wells. 


Prentice,  W.  K. 
Preston,  Helen  G. 
Price,  Ralph  Ray. 
Priddy,  Mrs.  Bessie  Leach. 
Prince,  L.  Bradford. 
Pulsifer,  William  E. 
Putnam,  Ruth. 


» 


92 


AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


Randal,  James  G. 
Randall,  Mrs.  J.  G. 
Randolph,  Bessie  Carter. 
Read,  Conyers. 
Renninger,  Warren  D. 


Salmon,  Lucy  M. 
Sanford,  E.  M. 
Saurwalt,  Alma  V, 
Schapiro,  J.  Sahvyn. 
Schlesinger,  Arthur  Meier. 
Schmidt,  Louis  Bernard. 
Schmltt,  Bernadotte  E. 
Schurz,  William  Lyttle. 
Schuyler,  Livingston  R. 
Schuyler,  Robt.  Livingston. 
Scott,  Nancy  E. 
Seal,  H.  C. 

Seligman,  Edwin  R.  A. 
Severance,  Frank  H. 
Shambaugh,  Benjamin  F. 


R. 

Richardson,  Ernest  G, 
Riley,  Franklin  L. 
Risley,  A.  W. 
Robertson,  James  A. 
Robertson,  Mrs.  James  A. 

S. 

Shaw,  Caroline  B. 
Shearer,  Augustus  H. 
Shipman,  Henry  R. 
Shotwell,  J.  T. 
Siebert,  Wilbur  H. 
Sioussat,  Mrs.  Albert. 
Sioussat,  St.  George  L. 
Smith,  Justin  H. 
Smith,  Preserved. 
Smith,  R.  R. 
Smith,  Theodore  Clarke. 
Smith,  William  Roy. 
Snow,  Alpheus  H. 
Snowden,     Louise    Hor- 
tense. 


Robinson,  Chalfant. 
Robinson,  Morgan  P. 
Rogers,  Elizabeth  Frances. 
Rogers,  Robert  William. 
Russell,  Elmer  B. 


Soule,  Harold  W. 
Spofford,  Ernest. 
Staples,  Thomas  S. 
Steefel,  Lawrence  D. 
Steele,  Esther  C.  M. 
Steele,  Rev.  James  Dal- 
las. 
Stephens,  F.  F. 
Stevens,  Ernest  N. 
String,  William  Paxson. 
Stryker,  Florence  E.  L. 
Sullivan,  James. 
Surrey,  N.  M.  Miller. 
Sweet,  William  Warren. 


Tali,  Lida  Lee. 

Taylor,     Bertha     M.    B. 

(Mrs.  M.  Stanton). 
Teggart,  F.  J. 
Textor,  Lucy  Elizabeth. 
Thallon,  Ida  Carlton. 
Thome,  Anna, 

Updyke,  Frank  A. 

VaA^Nostrand,  J.  J.,  jr. 
Van  Tyne,  C.  H. 


Walmsley,  Jas.  Elliott. 
Ware,  Edith  E. 
Warfield,  Ethelbert  D. 
Wellman,  Henry  G. 
Wendell,  Hugo  C.  M. , 
Wertenbaker,  T.  J. 
Wharton,      Anne      Hol- 
lingsworth. 


Thompson,  C.  Mildred. 

Turner,     Edward    Ray- 

Thorndike, Lynn. 

mond. 

Townsend,  Mary  E. 

Turner,  Frederick  J. 

Townsend,  Prescott  W, 

Turner,  Joseph  Brown. 

Trimble,  William  J. 

Turner,  Morris  K. 

Tryon,  R.  M. 
U. 

Tyson,  M.  A. 

V. 

Vaughn.  E.  V. 

Vincent,  John  Martin. 

Villard,  Oswald  Garrison 

W. 

Whipple,  Mary  Ella. 

Wilson,  Martin  L. 

White,  Albert  B. 

Wing,  Herbert,  jr. 

White,  Fred  C. 

Wood,  William  Hamilton. 

Williams,  F.  W. 

Wriston,  Henry  M. 

Williams,  Helen  W. 
Williams,      Mary      Wil- 

helmine. 
Wilson,  George  G. 


Yeager,  William  A. 
Young,  Helen  L. 


Young,  Levi  Edgar. 
Z. 


Young,  Mary  Q. 


Z61Iqzon,  Maurice. 


Zook,  George  P. 


II.  REPORT  OF  THE  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  FOURTEENTH 

ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST  BRANCH 

OF  THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


BERKELEY,  CAL.,  NOVEMBER  30-DECEMBER  1,  1917. 


By  WILLIAM  A.  MORRIS, 

Secretary  of  the  Branch. 


93 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  FOURTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF 
THE  PACIFIC  COAST  BRANCH  OF  THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL 
ASSOCIATION. 


The  fourteenth  annual  meeting  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Branch  of  the 
American  Historical  Association  was  held  at  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia, Berkeley,  Friday  afternoon,  November  30,  and  Saturday 
morning  and  afternoon,  December  1,  1917.  The  morning  session  con- 
vened at  9.30,  the  afternoon  sessions  at  2.30,  all  in  room  211,  Wheeler 
Hall.  The  annual  dinner  Friday  evening  and  a  special  luncheon 
Saturday  noon  were  at  the  Faculty  Club,  Prof.  H.  Morse  Stephens, 
presiding.  In  the  absence  of  both  the  president  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
Branch,  Prof,  Edward  B.  Krehbiel  of  Stanford  University,  and  the 
vice  president,  Prof.  Levi  E.  Young,  of  the  University  of  Utah, 
Prof.  Payson  J.  Treat,  of  Stanford  University,  was  called  to  the 
chair  for  the  first  regular  session,  and  Profs.  Ephraim  D.  Adams 
and  Arley  B.  Show,  of  Stanford  University,  for  the  second  and 
third  sessions,  respectively. 

At  the  opening  of  the  Friday  afternoon  session  it  was  voted,  on 
motion  of  Prof.  Stephens,  that  the  good  wishes  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
Branch  be  telegraphed  to  Dr.  C.  W.  Bowen,  now  retiring  from  his 
office  as  treasurer  of  the  American  Historical  Association  after  a 
long  period  of  service.  The  first  paper  of  the  afternoon  was  pre- 
sented by  Prof.  Richard  F.  Scholz,  of  the  University  of  California. 
It  was  entitled  "  The  Foundations  of  Csesarism  and  the  Republican 
Tradition  in  Europe,"  and  gave  a  new  interpretation  of  the  noted 
Ancyra  inscription  relative  to  the  deeds  of  Augustus.  Prof.  Scholz 
held  that  the  res  gestae  of  this  inscription  is  in  theory  an  account  of 
the  principate  of  Augustus  justifying  its  constitutional  acts;  that 
the  posthumous  deification  of  Augustus  gave  authorization  and  ap- 
proval to  these  acts;  and  that  deification  thus  preserves  the  repub- 
lican tradition  of  the  responsibility  of  the  princeps  to  the  Roman 
people.  Mention  was  made  of  the  fact  that  Tiberius  was  adopted 
rei  puhlicae  causa.  For  final  ratification  the  will  of  Augustus  was 
dependent  on  the  senate,  the  representatives  of  the  Roman  people, 
legal  authorization  being  attained  after  Augustus's  death.  The  first 
temple  to  the  new  imperial  cult  was  erected  at  Ancyra  in  29  A.  D., 
and  this  inscription  was  recovered  from  its  wall.  The  conclusions 
reached  were:  (1)  That  the  res  gestae  is  a  report  of  the  princeps 
to  the  senate;  (2)  that  it  was  ratified  by  the  act  of  deification;  (3) 
sinci  that  the  deeds  therein  recounted  were  a  sufficient  justification 

«0 


96  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL.  ASSOCIATION. 

for  apotheosis.  The  speaker  held  that  the  document  deals  solely 
with  the  public  acts  of  Augustus  and  that  all  other  persons  men- 
tioned stood  in  line  of  succession  after  him,  their  relationship  in 
each  case  being  specified.  The  arrangement  of  the  three  main  sec- 
tions is  topical,  not  chronological.  In  the  view  of  Prof.  Scholz 
this  is  the  fundamental  document  which  established  Cajsarism. 

Prof.  Charles  W.  Spencer,  of  the  University  of  Nevada,  in  the 
paper  which  followed  spoke  on  "  Tendencies  toward  independence  in 
the  early  eighteenth  century."  By  the  way  of  introduction  he  showed 
that  contemporaries  believed  something  to  be  amiss  in  the  relations 
between  England  and  her  colonies  and  that  the  difficulty  has  usually 
been  sought  in  the  absence  of  machinery  of  representation  in  a  com- 
mon assembly,  a  situation  which  surrounded  imperial  interests  with 
an  atmosphere  of  mere  bargaining.  The  scheme  for  mutual  under- 
standing implied  mutual  benefits.  In  their  local  struggles  the  colonies 
were  not  engaging  in  constitutional  calisthenics,  developing  strength 
for  liberty,  but  merely  bargained  for  local  advantage.  Passing  to 
his  main  theme,  the  speaker  stated  that  there  were  difficulties  quite 
apart  from  those  inhering  in  the  question  of  the  injustice  of  the 
system  itself.  The  agencies  for  the  enforcement  in  America  of  the 
acts  of  trade  and  navigation  were  absolutely  inadequate.  Under  the 
defects  of  the  administrative  system  it  was  inevitable  that  incidents 
of  an  oppressive  and  blackmailing  nature  should  arise.  Some  of 
these  were  cited,  and#it  was  maintained  that  they  gave  the  impression 
of  capriciousness.  It  is  a  question  how  far  they  figured  in  the  inter- 
minable struggle  of  governors  and  assemblies,  but  in  the  crisis  of  the 
period  1709-1715  the  conduct  of  New  Yorkers  was  regarded  in  Great 
Britain  as  evincing  dangerous  separatist  tendencies. 

In  an  address,  the  last  of  the  session,  bearing  the  title  "  England 
and  America,"  Prof.  Oliver  H.  Richardson,  of  the  University  of 
Washington,  spoke  of  the,importance  of  an  appreciation  of  the  work 
of  England  and  of  cementing  friendly  relations.  He  stated  that 
England,  the  founder  of  the  first  constitution,  stands  as  the  champion 
of  democracy.  She  has  given  representative  government  and  liberty 
enshrined  in  the  common  law.  Four  times  in  400  years  Europe  has 
been  threatened  with  the  establishment  of  universal  monarchy.  The 
Armada,  La  Hogue,  and  Blenheim  and  Trafalgar  worked  the  defeat 
of  such  attempts.  Great  Britain  first  established  freedom  of  the 
seas.  Never  since  Cromwell  has  she  sought  to  be  a  military  nation. 
She  has  not  taken  neutral  lives  nor  sunk  neutral  ships.  She  seeks 
to  solve  her  own  particular  problem,  but  it  is  at  the  same  time  the 
problem  of  the  world.  We  owe  Great  Britain  respect  and  a  fair 
representation  of  her  history. 

After  the  conclusion  of  this  address,  the  chairman  announced  the 
personnel  of  committees  on  nomination,  resolutions,  and  auditing. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE   PACIFIC   COAST  BRANCH.  97 

Dr.  James  A.  Robertson  spoke  on  behalf  of  the  American  Hispanic 
Historical  Review,  the  first  number  of  which  is  soon  to  appear,  and 
the  secretary  spoke  in  the  interest  of  the  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation.   Adjournment  was  then  taken. 

At  the  annual  dinner  in  the  evening  the  president's  address  in  his 
absence  was  deferred  to  a  later  session.  An  unusual  number  of 
distinguished  visitors  being  present,  they  were  welcomed  in  brief 
addresses  by  Prof.  Stephens,  who  presided,  and  by  Prof.  E.  D. 
Adams.  Those  who  were  called  upon  and  responded  were  Prof. 
William  M.  Sloane,  of  Columbia  University,  delegate  of  the  Ameri- 
can Historical  Association;  Prof.  Edward  Channing,  of  Harvard 
University ;  Dr.  E.  L.  Stevenson,  of  New  York ;  Prof.  William  Mac- 
donald,  formerly  of  Brown  University;  and  Prof.  Bernard  Moses, 
of  the  University  of  California.  The  attendance  at  the  dinner,  63, 
was  unusually  large. 

The  opening  paper  of  the  Saturday  morning  session  was  pre- 
sented by  Prof.  Franklin  D.  Daines,  of  the  Utah  State  Agricultural 
College, "and  dealt  with  "  Separatism  in  Utah,  1847-18T0."i  After 
explaining  that  under  Joseph  Smith  the  right  of  supreme  direction 
in  ecclesiastical  and  temporal  affairs  had  already  been  established 
by  the  head  of  the  Mormon  Church,  and  showing  how  the  Mormon 
belief  in  continuous  revelation  both  divine  and  satanic  was  ac- 
countable for  a  tendency  to  regard  all  opposition  as  satanic.  Prof. 
Daines  spoke  of  the  relations  of  the  Utah  pioneers  with  the  United 
States  Government.  Having  sought  asylum  for  their  people  where 
there  were  none  but  savages  to  trouble  them,  their  leaders  believed 
that  isolation  was  necessary  to,  recruit  their  strength  and  declared 
that  for  this  10  years  were  necessary.  It  was  in  this  period  that 
their  judicial,  military,  and  ecclesiastical  institutions  were  perfected. 

The  Mormons,  according  to  the  speaker,  were  not  disappointed  at 
being  in  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  as  Brigham  Young 
had  expected  this.  His  original  aim  was  local  self-government  dur- 
ing a  brief  period  of  exile  until  they  might  return  to  Missouri. 
Both  he  and  his  followers  held  the  Federal  Government  responsible 
for  their  ills  in  Missouri  and  Illinois  and  believed  in  the  satanic 
opposition  of  the  United  States.  The  Mormons  asserted  that  the 
United  States  had  no  right  to  send  ojfficials  to  govern  them.  In  1856 
Young  said  they  were  bound  to  become  either  a  sovereign  State  in 
the  Union  or  independent.  The  sending  of  an  army  by  Buchanan 
in  1857  increased  bitterness  of  feeling  in  Utah.  Prof.  Daines  held 
that  dui;iiig  the  Civil  War  the  Mormons  were  loyal,  but  their  loyalty 
needs  interpretation,  being  that  toward  an  ideal  government  no- 
where in  existence.     In  1862  was  adopted  a  constitution  for  the 

1  Printed  in  the  present  volume. 
88582°— 19 7 


98  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Stat«  of  Deseret.  This  was  in  operation  six  years,  its  lefrislatiire 
solemnly  adopting  the  laws  passed  by  the  Territorial  Lotrishitnre  of 
Utah.  ^Vith  the  approach  of  the  railway,  concern  over  the  entering 
of  new  influences  led  to  the  boycotting  of  merchants  and  the  adop- 
tion of  Zion's  Mercantile  Association. 

In  his  paper,  "  A  forgotten  pioneer  of  American  history,  John 
Gilmary  Shea,"  Rev.  Joseph  M.  Gleason,  of  Palo  Alto,  dealt  chiefly 
with  Shea's  activities  in  relation  to  the  history  of  French  missions. 
A  pajwr  of  O'Callahan's  in  1847  first  called  his  attention  to  the  im- 
portance of  the  Jesuit  Relations.  Shea  had  mastered  Spanish  in  a 
mercantile  house  and  French  was  spoken  in  his  own  home.  After 
spending  five  years  in  a  theological  seminary  before  he  realized  that 
he  was  not  intended  for  the  priesthood,  he  married.  At  the  age  of 
29  he  brought  out  his  first  work.  From  1852  until  his  death  in  1892 
not  a  single  year  passed  without  the  publication  of  one  of  his  articles 
or  books.  Not  only  was  he  vtry  active  in  preparing  for  publication 
the  noted  set  of  Jesuit  Relations  collected  by  the  Lenox  Library  and 
covering  the  years  1032-1072,  but  he  traced  manuscript  material 
later  than  1672  and  published  it  in  25  little  volumes,  soliciting  sub- 
scriptions for  one  at  a  time  to  finance  the  publication  of  the  next  one. 
The  pioneer  work  of  men  like  Shea  and  O'Callahan  has  never  re- 
ceived due  credit,  although  Thwaites  gave  them  appreciation  for  the 
edition  of  the  Jesuit  Relations  published  by  the  Quebec  Government. 

Shea's  work  is  also^illustrated  in  his  edition  of  Miller's  account  of 
New  York  province  arid  city,  in  which  he  brought  out  many  unknown 
facts.  His  book  on  the  Catholic  missions,  1529-1855,  is  the  standard 
one  on  the  subject.  His  work  on  the  Spanish  side  is  quite  as  impor- 
tant as  that  on  the  French  side.  He  realized  the  importance  oi  pre- 
serving the  Indian  languages  before  it  was  too  late  and  was  willing 
to  undertake  the  work  which  Treubner  of  London  took  off  of  his 
hands.  Among  the  native  languages  of  the  Pacific  coast  which  he 
has  preserved  are  those  of  the  lower  Santa  Clara  Valley,  the  Yakima 
language  and  those  of  British  Columbia.  In  the  year  of  his  death 
Shea  brought  out  the  fourth  of  the  five  projected  volumes  of  his  his- 
tory of  the  Catholic  Church  in  America.  He  was  the  founder  of  the 
Catholic  Historical  Society  of  the  United  States,  and  was  among  the 
first  to  pjace  the  missionary  of  the  exploration  period  in  his  proper 
place  among  historical  workers. 

The  third  paper  of  the  morning  was  that  of  Prof.  Percy  A.  Mar- 
tin, of  Stanford  University,  whose  topic  was  "The  influence  of  the 
United  States  on  the  opening  of  the  Amazon  River  to  the  world's 
commerce."^  Prof.  Martin,  after  stating  that  lack  of  knowledge  of 
the  Amazon  and  its  tributaries  from  1500  to  1900  was  due  partly  to 
the  jealously  exclusive  policy  of  Brazil  and  partly  to  the  slow  begin- 

*  Printed  In  the  Hispanic-American   nistoriacl   Rerlew  for  May,   1918. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE   PACIFIC   COAST  BRANCH."  99 

nings  of  steam  navigation  in  the  interior  water  of  South  America, 
proceecled  to  outline  the  relations  of  the  United  States  to  the  ques- 
tion for  some  two  decades  prior  to  the  opening  of  the  Amazon. 
Secretary  Clayton  was  balked  in  an  attempt  to  send  a  ship  to  explore 
the  Amazon,  and  two  lieutenants  of  the  Navy,  Herndon  and  Gibbon, 
were  in  1852  sent  to  Peru  to  explore  its  upper  waters.  The  publica- 
tion of  their  report  had  a  decided  influence,  but  these  beginnings  bore 
no  immediate  fruit  because  of  the  opposition  of  the  Brazilian  Gov- 
ernment. A  Peruvian-Brazilian  treaty  in  1854  restricted  the  use 
of  the  Amazon  to  the  use  of  the  citizens  of  these  two  Governments. 
An  account  was  given  of  the  activities  of  Lieut^  Maury,  superintend- 
ent of  the  Hydrographic  Office,  who  was  influenced  to  take  up  the 
matter  by  the  report  of  Herndon  and  Gibbon,  and  through  whose 
influence  was  held  at  Memphis  a  convention  which  adopted  a  bom- 
bastic memorial  declaring  that  the  opening  of  the  river  was  essen- 
tial to  the  prosperity  of  the  United  States.  This  Avas  followed  by 
propaganda  in  the  Washington  press  which  Herndon  published 
under  a  pseudonym.  Its  republication  in  Brazil  appeared  to  con- 
firm Portuguese  suspicions  and  to  prove  that  the  United  States  enter- 
tained schemes  of  annexation.  From  that  time  it  was  impossible  to 
negotiate  a  treaty  with  Brazil.  The  extended  notice  given  the  matter 
in  one  of  President  Pierce's  messages  shows  the  hold  it  had  taken 
on  the  popular  mind.  In  conclusion  were  presented  the  steps  by 
which  after  1860  the  Brazilian  Government  was  led  to  open  the 
river  to  the  world's  commerce. 

In  an  address  on  "The  collection  of  war  materials,"  State 
Librarian  Milton  J.  Ferguson,  ot  Sacramento,  described  the  library 
facilities  soon  to  be  created  by  the  erection  of  new  buildings  at 
Sacramento  and  spoke  of  the  gathering  of  war  materials  such  as 
bulletins,  magazines,  and  propaganda  of  the  various  belligerent 
powers  as  well  as  publications  of  the  various  departments  of  the 
United  States  Government. 

After  a  brief  intermission  a  business  session  was  called  to  order 
with  Prof.  E.  D.  Adams  in  the  chair.  The  auditing  committee,  con- 
sisting of  Lieut.  L.  P.  Jackson  and  Rev.  Joseph  Gleason,  reported 
that  they  had  inspected  the  vouchers  and  other  records  of  expendi- 
ture made  by  the  secretary-treasurer  and  had  found  them  in  good 
order.    The  report  was  adopted. 

The  committee  on  resolutions,  Edgar  E.  Robinson,  T.  C.  Knoles, 
and  F.  D.  Daines,  subsequently  rejjorted  resolutions,  which  were 
adopted,  asserting  the  appreciation  of  the  Pacific  coast  branch  of 
the  world  situation,  with  the  United  States  a  participant  in  the  war 
for  democracy,  and  pledging  the  members  to  serve  the  Nation  in 
every  way  in  its  hour  of  need ;  expressing  the  gratitude  of  the  branch 
to  the  University  of  California  for  acting  as  host  on  this  occasion 


100  '  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

and  especially  to  the  committee  on  arrangements,  Dr.  Priestley  and 
Dr.  Leebrick,  for  their  efforts  on  behalf  of  the  comfort  and  pleasure 
of  those  in  attendance;  extending  thanks  to  the  program  committee 
for  the  very  enjoyable  papers  and  discussions  provided,  and  to  the 
several  readers  for  service  so  well  performed;  and  expressing 
pleasure  that  the  sessions  had  been  graced  by  the  attendance  of  so 
many  visitors  from  the  parent  association. 

Prof.  H.  E.  Bolton,  chairman  of  the  committee  on  the  bibliography 
of  Pacific  coast  history,  reported  that  the  members  of  the  committee 
had  provided  him  with  but  little  information  as  to  local  materials 
and  funds  available,  but  that  the  general  task  is  clearly  immenvse,  in- 
volving -some  work  in  the  East  as  well  as  in  the  West.  He  further 
reported  that  the  main  undertaking  is  that  of  finding  funds,  and 
estimated  the  cost  of  necessary  labor  at  from  $10,000  to  $20,000. 
Since  the  bibliography  committee  of  the  parent  society  has  no  funds 
for  its  own  work,  considerable  aid  from  the  parent  society  is  out  of 
the  question.  Some  bibliographical  work  is  already  being  done  in  the 
Bancroft  Library.  California  materials  in  publications  are  being 
listed  by  Dr.  Chapman,  who  is  also  listing  published  articles  on 
Latin  America.  Another  bibliography,  that  on  early  western  travels, 
is'  being  prepared  by  Mr.  Hill,  and  still  another,  covering  recent  ma- 
terials on  Mexico,  by  the  Mexican  Commission.  The  chairman  sug- 
gested that  parts  of  this  work  be  published  in  the  reports  of  the 
American  Historical  Association  and  that,  if  continued,  the  com- 
mittee may  organize  work  and  seek  funds.  This  report  of  progress 
was  accepted,  and  the  committee  as  constituted  was  continued. 

The  committee  on  nominations,  of  which  H.  E.  Bolton  was  chair- 
man, associated  with  whom  as  members  were  E.  D.  Adams,  O.  H. 
Richardson,  C.  W.  Spencer,  and  R.  G.  Cleland,  reported  the  follow- 
ing named  as  officers  for  the  ensuing  j^ear: 

For  president,  Rev.  Joseph  M.  Gleason.  , 

For  vice  president,  Oliver  H.  Richardson. 

For  secretary-treasurer,  William  A.  Morris. 

For  the  council,  in  addition  to  the  above,  R.  C.  Clark,  .Edward 
Maslin  Hulme,  Waldemar  C.  Westergaard,  and  Miss  Edna  H.  Stone. 

On  motion,  the  nominations  were  closed  and  the  secretary  in- 
structed to  cast  the  ballot  for  these  nominees,  who  were  declared 
elected.  Prof.  E.  B.  Krehbiel  was  elected  delegate  of  the  Pacific 
coast  branch  to  attend  the  meeting  of  the  council  of  the  parent  asso- 
ciation at  its  approaching  meeting  at  Philadelphia.  Under  the  head 
of  new  business  it  was  voted  that  a  committee  of  the  Pacific  coast 
branch  be  appointed  by  the  new  council  to  cooperate  with  the  Cali- 
fornia State  Library  in  giving  direction  to  local  agencies  for  the 
collection  of  war  materials.    The  meeting  then  adjourned. 


PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  PACIFIC   COAST  BRANCH.  101 

After  a  luncheon,  at  which  the  speaker  was  Prof.  William  M. 
Sloane,  of  Columbia  University,  the  afternoon  session  was  called  to 
order  and  Prof.  E.  E.  Robinson  read  the  annual  address  of  the 
president,  Prof.  Krehbiel,  reading  of  which  was  postponed  from  the 
previous  evening.^  The  title  of  the  address  was  "  The  European  com- 
mission of  the  Danube,"  and  it  dealt  with  the  organization  and  work 
of  this  body  from  1856  to  the  outbreak  of  the  present  European  war. 
The  working  principle  was  shown  to  be  cooperation  as  contrasted 
with  the  usual  rivalry  of  ambassadors.  The  conclusion  reached  was 
that  an  international  administrative  agent  is  the  most  effective  means 
of  bridging  the  gap  between  nations.  A  Hague  legislature  would 
have  an  exceedingly  difficult  task,  but  an  administrative  body  would 
not  have  to  lay  down  coordinated  rules  to  control  the  whole  world. 
An  administrative  agent  has  all  the  advantage  of  the  common  law 
known  to  England  and  escapes  the  codified  law  of  the  continent. 

The  regular  program  of  the  teachers'  session  for  the  afternoon  was 
then  taken  up.  The  general  question  for  consideration  was  one 
under  investigation  by  a  commission  of  the  California  High  School 
Teachers'  Association,  and  bore  on  the  European  history  covered  by 
high-school  students,  whose  course  can  include  but  one  year  in  the 
European  field. 

The  first  paper  was  presented  by  Miss  Jane  E.  Harnett,  of  the 
Long  Beach  High  School,  the  chairman  of  the  commission.  Miss 
Harnett  showed  from  incomplete  statistical  returns  of  an  investiga- 
tion made  by  the  commission  and  covering  the  cases  of  4,787  gradu- 
ates of  California  high  schools  in  the  year  1917,  that  46  per  cent  had 
studied  two  years  of  European  history,  28  per  cent  one  year  only,  and 
that  27  per  cent  had  studied  no  European  history.  The  problem 
was  found  to  be  more  acute  in  cities  and  in  schools  establishing  the 
newer  vocational  courses.  Of  the  high-school  students  who  had 
studied  but  one  year  of  European  history,  888  had  either  ancient 
history  or  the  new  combined  course,  299  medieval  and  modern  his- 
tory, 71  English,  and  72  general  history.  The  greater  demand  for 
a  one-year  course  comes  from  southern  California.  The  main  ob- 
jections offered  to  such  a  course  are  the  probability  of  its  drawing 
students  who  would  otherwise  take  a  two-year  course  and  the  im- 
possibility of  adequately  teaching  European  history  in  one  year. 
The  problem  of  the  student  who  takes  one  year  is  bound  up  with  that 
of  the  student  who  takes  none.  Miss  Harnett  suggested,  (1)  that 
there  is  no  possibility  of  requiring  all  high-school  students  to  take 
two  years  of  European  history;  (2)  that  the  question  to  be  settled  is 
that  of  a  more  satisfactory  arrangement  of  a  course  for  one-year 
students;  (3)  that  this  raises  the  issue  of  the  possibility  of  the  real 

^PubUshed  in  the  Political  Science  Quarterly,  XXXII,  38-55,  March,  1918. 


102  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

profitableness  of  a  one-year  course;  (4)  that  history  is  to  be  con- 
sidered as  a  life  current,  explaining;  tlie  ])roblems  of  the  present. 

Miss  Harnett  held  that  the  ordinary  citizen  can  not  have  an 
education  which  will  permit  his  drawing  on  the  facts  at  his  com- 
mand. Curiosity  in  the  past  must  be  awakened  and  the  student 
stimulated  to  the  utmost  use  of  his  powers.  He  is  to  feel  that  the 
problems  of  the  present  are  his,  and  must  search  in  the  past  for  these 
currents.  The  one-year  course,  therefore,  can  not  be  a  mere  con- 
densation of  the  two-year  course.  The  problem  must  be  one  trac- 
ing something  of  present-day  interest.  No  fixed  course  can  be 
mapped  out,  for  this  depends  upon  interest  and  the  ability  of  the 
teacher  to  direct.  The  child  can  best  learn  to  marshal  facts  through 
the  problem  method  and  the  socializing  of  the  recitation.  This  kind 
of  one-j'ear  course  is  likely  to  lead  to  several  one-year  courses.  As 
to  the  question  of  text  books,  it  may  be  said  that  several  will  be 
required  as  well  as  the  library.  But  one  must  not  look  to  a  text- 
book to  give  him  conclusions  worked  out. 

In  the  paper  which  followed,  Miss  Agnes  E.  Howe,  of  the  State 
Normal  School,  San  Jose,  also  gave  statistics  showing  that  a  large 
number  of  high-school  students  take  no  history  beyond  the  first 
year.  She  held  that  there  is  too  much  of  the  question  and  answer 
method  based  on  the  textbook,  and  that  almost  the  only  faculty  de- 
veloped is  memor3\  Attention  was  urged  to  the  needs  of  the  large 
percentage  who  have'to  earn  their  own  living.  A  one-year  course 
of  biographical  studies  on  interesting  subjects  was  suggested,  but 
it  was  held  that  teaching  ability  must  be  the  determining  factor  in 
making  the  selection. 

The  discussion  which  followed  the  presentation  of  these  papers 
and  which  preceded  adjournment  was  spirited.  The  secretary  held 
that  whatever  need  the  larger  schools  found  for  experiment  with 
new  high-school  courses  such  as  Miss  Harnett  advocated,  it  is  not 
practicable  in  the  smaller  and  many  of  the  medium-sized  schools 
and  should  not  be  recommended  to  schools  of  the  type  wherein  the 
qualifications  of  the  history  teacher  are  T)f  necessity  uncertain. 
Prof.  Show  regarded  such  a  course  to  be  current  events  with  an  his- 
torical background;  applying  to  high-school  work  the  method 
of  historical  research.  He  did  not  believe  that  the  demand  for 
change  came  from  the  history  people,  nor  that  a  scrappy  course 
would  take  the  place  of  a  steady  diet.  He  held  that  the  ordinary 
high-school  student  is  as  much  interested  in  Julius  Caesar  as  in 
Abraham  Lincoln,  and  objected  to  history  teaching  from  the  stand- 
point of  our  own  lives  as  self-centered  in  conception,  whereas  immer- 
sion in  the  life  of  the  past  would  bring  enlargement  of  life.  Subse- 
quently he  stated  that  the  type  of  history  advocated  went  out  about 


PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE   PACIFIC   COAST  BRANCH.  103 

1830,  and  in  answer  to  a  question  as  to  whether  decline  of  interest 
in  history  in  schools  is  not  due  to  failure  of  the  old  type  of  course, 
said  that  he  attributed  it  in  considerable  part  to  new  and  mistaken 
views  of  history. 

Prof.  Bolton  reaffirmed  the  view  that  what  is  more  remote  is  some- 
times more  practical.  Dr.  T.  J.  Jones,  of  the  Bureau  of  Education, 
protested  against  the  conception  of  facts  for  facts'  sake  and  urged 
that  facts  be  selected  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  pupils.  Prof.  E.  J. 
McCormac  urged  that  history  in  schools  is  too  often  just  "  one  thing 
after  another"  and  that  pupils  should  be  taught  to  do  intelligent 
thinking.  He  held  that  good  teachers  should  be  permitted  to  do  the 
type  of  work  advocated  by  Miss  Harnett.  Mr.  J.  G.  Iliff  of  the/ 
Stockton  High  School  discounted  the  emphasis  on  the  necessity  of  a 
superior  teacher  for  this  type  of  work,  and,  after  describing  the 
course  which  he  gives  in  American  history,  denied  that  he  was 
teaching  current  events.  Dr.  K.  C.  Leebrick  asserted  that  the  impor- 
tant question  is  whether  students  have  been  taught  to  think,  and  held 
that  history  taught  by  the  newer  methods  is  the  better  preparation 
for  college  work.  Prof.  W.  S.  Thomas,  school  examiner  for  the  Uni- 
versity of  California,  also  emphasized  the  needs  of  children,  hold- 
ing that  facts  are  worthless  unless  worked  into  life.  He  stated  that 
the  teaching  of  history  is  nearly  dead  and  that  children's  power  to 
think  has  been  damaged  b}^  high-school  methods.  Prof.  T.  C.  Knoles 
objected  to  teaching  ninth  and  tenth-grade  students  what  their 
teachers  learned  in  college,  and  Lieut.  L.  P.  Jackson  advocated  the 
necessity  of  working  to  scale  whatever  the  time  allowed  and  what- 
ever the  period  covered. 


III.  EIGHTEENTH  REPORT  OF  THE  PUBLIC  ARCHIVES 
COMMISSION,  WITH  APPENDIXES. 


Decembek  27,  1917. 


VICTOR  HUGO  PALTSITS,  Chairmari, 
476  Fifth  Averme,  New  Yorlc  City. 

CLARENCE  W.  ALVORD, 
Urbana,  III. 

SOLON  J.  BUCK, 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

JOHN  C.  FITZPATRICK, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

GEORGE  N.  FULLER, 
Lansing,  Mich. 

GEORGE  S.  GODARD, 
Hartford,  Conn. 

PETER  GUILDAY, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

THOMAS  M.  OWEN, 
Montgomery,  Ala. 


105 


CONTENTS. 

Page. 
Eighteenth  report 109 

Appendix  A.     Proceedings  of  the  eighth  annual  conference  of  archivists..       115 
Appendix  B.     Report  on  the  public  archives  of  Idaho,  by  Thomas  Mait- 

land  Marshall 141 

107 


REPORT  OF  THE  PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  COMMISSION. 


December  27,  1917. 
To  the  Executive  Council  of  the  American  Historical  Association: 

The  public  archives  commission  of  the  American  Historical  As- 
sociation has  the  honor  to  submit  its  report  for  the  year  1917. 

The  report  of  the  commission  for  1916  was  transmitted  to  the 
publication  committee  in  season  and  is  in  press.  With  the  publica- 
tion of  this  report,  there  will  be  available  several  more  chapters 
treating  of  phases  of  the  science  of  archives.  These  and  those  that 
have  appeared  in  former  reports  make  an  almost  complete  series  of 
tentative  presentations  toward  the  proposed  "  Primer."  The  com- 
mission judges  that  it  may  well  rest  its  labors  at  this  stage  and 
await  future  developments,  under  more  propitious  circumstances,  for 
bringing  the  proposed  work  to  completion  in  its  final  form. 

Prof.  Thomas  Maitland  Marshall,  formerly  of  the  University  of 
Idaho,  and  now  of  the  department  of  history  in  the  University  of 
Colorado,  was  appointed  an  adjunct  member  of  the  commission  for 
1917.  He  has  prepared  a  "  Report  on  the  public  archives  of  Idaho," 
which  forms  Appendix  B  of  the  commission's  report.  His  survey 
was  confined  to  the  archives  in  the  old  and  the  new  capitol  buildings 
at  Boise.  No  attempt  was  made  to  examine  the  records  of  the 
various  State  institutions;  but  for  the  assistance  of  investigators  a 
list  of  the  institutions  is  included.  Likewise,  boards  and  commis- 
sions whose  records  are  not  at  Boise  have  been  listed. 

Prof.  Charles  Edward  Chapman,  of  the  University  of  California, 
made  in  1916  a  partial  survey  of  a  number  of  important  archives  of 
South  America,  including  Buenos  Aires,  Santiago,  and  Lima.  The 
results  he  embodied  in  an  article  on  "  South  America  as  a  field  for  an 
historical  survey."  This  article  forms  an  appendix  to  the  report  of 
the  public  archives  commission  for  1916.  It  has  also  been  printed  as 
Document  X  in  a  pamphlet  entitled :  "  A  Californian  in  South  Amer- 
ica," of  which  only  200  copies  were  issued  for  private  distribution. 

The  State  of  California,  under  the  auspices  of  The  California 
Historical  Survey  Commission,  has  been  making  a  survey  of  the 
county  archives.  It  has  already  issued  a  "Preliminary  Report," 
which  is  divided  into  three  parts.  The  first  part  gives  a  general  ac- 
count of  the  work  done  by  the  commission  to  November,  1916;  the 
other  parts  relate  to  the  county  archives.  The  work  of  the  Arkansas 
Historical  Commission  is  set  forth  in  its  "  Publications "  for  1917. 
Its  aims  are  defined  in  Bulletin,  pp.  21-23.    A  new  Georgia  Historical 

109 


110  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


1 


Association  was  organized  at  Atlanta,  on  April  10,  1917,  of  which 
Dr.  R.  P.  Brooks,  of  the  University  of  Georgia,  is  secretary-treasurer. 
In  the  published  proceedings  of  its  first  annual  session  are  several 
sections  of  archival  interest,  such  as  "  The  Condition  of  Georgia's 
Archives,"  by  Mrs.  Maud  Barker  Cobb;  "  Georgia's  Most  Vital  Need : 
A  Department  of  Archives,"  by  Lucian  L.  Knight ;  and  a  "  Check 
List  of  Georgia  Archival  Material  in  Certain  Offices  of  the  State 
Capitol,"  by  Mrs.  Cobb.  During  the  past  summer  the  Michigan  His* 
torical  Commission  began  a  survey  of  the  State  archives  in  the 
executive  department^  at  Lansing;  and  a  survey  of  the  county 
archives  is  to  be  undertaken  during  the  summer  of  1918. 

It  appears  that  the  legislature  of  Michigan  has  appropriated  the 
generous  sum  of  $800,000  for  a  new  State  building,  in  which  the 
Michigan  Historical  Commission  will  have  offices  and  accommoda- 
tions for  its  records,  including  the  centralization  of  the  State  ar- 
chives and  for  a  pioneer  museum.  The  substantial  new  building  pro- 
vided for  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society  at  St.  Paul  has  been 
completed  and  occupied. 

A  self-appointed  body  of  citizens  prepared  a  very  informing  "  Re- 
port on  the  condition  of  the  public  records  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,"  which  was  used  in  an  endeavor  to  secure  legislation  during 
the  winter  of  1917.  This  report  has  been  reprinted  as  an  appendix 
to  the  public  archives  commission's  report  for  1916,  with  the  consent 
of  our  publication  ^mmittee  and  by  permission  of  the  New  Jersey 
committee. 

A  conference  of  archivists,  the  eighth  in  succession,  was  organized 
for  Thursday  afternoon,  December  27,  in  connection  with  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  American  Historical  Association.  The  proceedings 
of  this  conference  are  printed  herewith  as  xVppendix  A. 

Although  nearly  every  State  legislature  was  in  session  in  the  year 
1917,  the  amount  of  legislation  enacted,  aflfecting  archives,  was  small. 
The  following  laws,  exclusive  of  sundry  enactments  defining  the 
nature  of  proceedings  to  be  made  mattei*s  of  record,  represent  the 
total  of  archival  legislation  duriilg  1917: 

ARIZONA. 

Chapter  18,  house  bill  43.  Approved  March  6,  1917.  Act  pro- 
viding for  the  destruction  of  the  records  of  the  juvenile  courts, 
under  certain  restrictions.  Records  to  be  destroyed  after  the  expi- 
ration of  the  period  for  which  the  defendant  has  been  placed  on 
probation,  or  within  two  years  after  his  discharge,  except  where  he 
has  been,  within  this  period,  convicted  of  any  offense  against  the 
laws  of  this  or  any  other  State. 

^Tbe  results  bare  since  been  printed  in  tbe  Micbigan  History  Magazine,  vol.  2,  pp. 
23&-256. 


EIGHTEENTH  REPORT  OF  PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  COMMISSION.        Ill 

COLORADO. 

Chapter  104,  senate  bill  115.  Approved  April  21,  1917.  Provid- 
ing that  photographic  copies  of  records  be  deemed  recording. 

DELAWARE. 

Chapter  80.  Approved  April  19,  1917.  Act  amending  section  24 
of  chapter  49  of  the  revised  code  relating  to  coroner's  records.  Coro- 
ners ordered  to  keep  a  record,  character  of  which  is  described,  and 
to  index  same.  Record,  to  be  delivered  by  the  coroner  to  his  suc- 
cessor. 

FLORIDA. 

Chapter  7335.  Approved  June  1,  1917.  Act  amending  sections 
1831  and  1832  of  general  statutes  relating  to  keeping  of  circuit  court 
records.  Kind  and  character  of  records  to  be  kept  by  the  clerks  of 
the  circuit  courts,  with  specific  provision  that  all  must  be  indexed. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Chapter  19.  Approved  February  21,  1917.  Act  relative  to  the 
manner  in  which  records  of  cities  and  towns  shall  be  kept.  Defining 
the  words  "  in  books  "  Avhere  they  relate  to  records  as  not  prohibiting 
the  keeping  of  the  record  in  separate  or  loose  leaves,  provided  same 
are  afterwards  bound  in  permanent  book  form. 

MISSOURI. 

Chapter  101.  Revised  statutes  1909.  Approved  April  10,  1917. 
Amending  by  adding  a  section,  to  be  known  as  10432a,  to  chapter 
101,  providing  that  whenever  records  are  to  be  transcribed  into  new 
books,  or  rebound,  that  photographic  copies  of  same  shall  be  deemed 
transcribing,  and  may  be  bound  as  such  transcribed  records. 

For  the  year  1917,  the  executive  council  appropriated  $50  as  a 
budget  for  the  public  archives  commission.  As  a  report  on  the 
Idaho  archives  could  be  secured  only  if  arrangements  were  made  at 
once  with  Prof.  Marshall,  the  chairman  of  the  commission  requested 
him  to  proceed.  Prof.  Marshall's  expenses  amounted  to  $75,  and  he 
waited  several  months  to  be  reimbursed.  It  was  only  through  an 
additional  grant  in  October  of  $40,  by  transfer  from  the  committee 
on  publications  on  authorization  of  the  executive  council,  that  the 
public  archives  commission  was  able  to  certify  the  payment  of  Prof. 
Marshall's  outlay.  The  total  budget  of  the  commission  was  there- 
fore $90,  of  which  $75  went  for  the  Idaho  report;  for  typewriting 
the  report  of  1916,  and  carbons,  $2.85;  for  postage  used,  $1.85;  for 
postage  in  advance,  $3 — a  total  of  $82.70;  leaving  a  balance  un- 
expended of  $7.30. 


112  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

The  chairman  of  the  commission  was  offered  two  contributions 
of  money,  but  deemed  it  inadvisable  to  accept  them  without  authori- 
zation by  the  executive  council.  This  raises  a  question  in  finance. 
Could  not  provision  be  made  by  the  executive  council  for  the  ac- 
ceptance of  voluntary  contributions  for  special  objects,  so  that  these 
contributions  may  be  paid  over  to  the  treasurer  of  the  association, 
to  be  held  by  him  as  an  addition  to  the  budget  for  the  particular 
object  for  which  the  money  has  been  designated  by  the  donor  or 
donors?  It  is  conceivable  that  funds  may  be  made  available  in  this 
manner  for  work  that  can  not  now  be  carried  on  and  for  which 
there  is  a  sound  basis  in  need  and  demand. 
Respectfully  submitted. 

Victor   Hugo   Paltsits, 
Clarence   W.   Alvord, 
Solon  J.  Buck, 
John  C.  Fitzpatrick, 
George  N.  Fuller, 
George  S.  Godard, 
Peter  Guilday, 
Thomas  M.  Owen. 


APPENDIX  A. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  EIGHTH  ANNUAL  CONFER- 
ENCE OF  ARCHIVISTS. 


88582°— 19 8  113 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  EIGHTH  ANNUAL  CONFERENCE  OF 

ARCHIVISTS. 


The  Eighth  Annual  Conference  of  Archivists  was  held  in  the  hall 
of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  on 
Thursday  afternoon,  December  27,  1917.  The  program,  which  fol- 
lows, was  carried  out  successfully.  About  50  persons  were  in  at- 
tendance. 

PROGRAM. 

Chairman,  Victor  Hugo  Paltsits,  New  York  City. 

General  subject :  "  The  preservation  and  collection  of  war  records." 

"  The  archives  of  the  war,"  Waldo  G.  Leland,  Washington,  D.  C. 

"  The  archives  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration  as  historical 
sources,"  Everett  S.  Brown,  U.  S.  Food  Administration,  Washington,  D.  C. 

"  The  collection  of  Catholic  war  records,"  Rev.  Peter  Guilday,  Catholic  Uni- 
versity of  America. 

Discussion:  .R.  M.  Johnston,  Harvard  University ;  R.  D.  W.  Connor,  North 
Carolina  Historical  Commission ;  Clarence  W.  Alvord,  University  of  Illinois ; 
Solon  J.  Buck,  Minnesota  Historical  Society ;  James  Sullivan,  New  York  State 
Historian ;  George  N.  Fuller,  Michigan  Historical  Commission,  and  others. 

The  Chairman.  The  conference  will  please  come  to  order.  I  think 
it  might  be  desirable  to  state  to  those  who  are  in  the  habit  of  looking 
for  the  annual  report  of  the  public- archives  commission,  that  the  last 
report  issued  was  for  1914.  The  report  for  1915  has  been,  for  a  long 
time,  in  the  hands  of  the  Government  Printing  Office  at  Washington. 
The  latter  report  of  the  commission  contains  a  report -on  the  public 
archives  of  California,  a  report  on  the  public  archives  of  Vermont, 
and  other  matters.  I  am  assured  by  the  secretary  of  the  American 
Historical  Association  that  as  soon  as  the  congestion  in  the  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office  is  over,  this  material  will  be  in  the  hands  of  the 
members  of  the  association.  The  report  for  1916,  which  contains  the 
account  of  the  conference  held  last  December,  in  Cincinnati,  embraces 
papers  on  the  restoration  and  repair  of  manuscripts,  by  Mr.  Berwick ; 
on  the  housing  of  archives,  by  the  architect  in  the  Federal  architect's 
office,  and  other  materials  that  were  presented  then,  or  held  in  the 
traveling  bag  of  the  chairman,  detained  for  many  hours  on  the  way 
to  Cincinnati. 

This  report  will  also  contain  a  reprint  of  an  interesting  report 
made  particularly  for  legislative  uses  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  and 
which  describes  the  condition  and  vicissitudes  of  the  archives  in  that 

115 


116  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL,  ASSOCIATIOIT. 

State.  The  report  for  1917  is  expected  to  contain  the  proceedings 
of  this  conference,  and  a  report  on  the  public  archives  of  the  State 
of  Idaho,  by  Prof.  Marshall. 

We  come  now  to  the  conference  of  to-day.  The  general  subject  is 
"  The  preservation  and  collection  of  war  records."  It  was  felt  that 
a  body  like  the  public  archives  commission,  serving  as  the  agent  of 
that  greater  body  of  American  historical  scholarship,  represented  in 
the  American  Historical  Association,  should  not  fail  to  signalize  in 
this  conference  the  great  need  of  preserving  the  official  documents  and 
papers  produced  by  Government,  whether  Federal,  State,  or  local, 
as  well  as  by  those  extra-official  bodies  which  in  times  like  these 
associate  themselves  with  the  necessary  welfare  of  the  Government, 
and  so  you  will  see  on  the  program  that  various  phases  of  this  sub- 
ject are  to  be  presented  by  those  who  have  given  thought  to  particu- 
lar problems,  and  who  are  able  to  suggest  to  us,  representing  different 
centers  of  gravity  in  the  Nation,  ideas  that  may  be  carried  home  and 
put  into  practice.  It  gives  me  pleasure,  therefore,  to  announce  as 
the  one  who  is  to  present  the  first  paper  on  the  archives  of  the  war, 
the  secretary  of  the  American  Historical  Association,  who  is  also 
the  secretary  of  the  national  board  for  histo^^ical  service.  I  present 
Mr.  Leland. 


THE  ARCHIVES  OF  THE  WAR.* 


By  Waldo  G.  Leland. 


It  is  my  purpose  this  afternoon  to  call  your  attention  especially  to 
the  desirability  of  immediate  provision  for  the  preservation  of  all  the 
official  records  of  the  war  activities  of  the  country — national,  state,  and 
local.  I  shall  confine  this  paper  chiefly  to  the  official  records,  or 
archives  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the  word,  because  this  is  a. gathering 
of  official  archivists,  and  because  the  problem  of  collecting  and  pre- 
serving the  many  varieties  of  nonofficial  material  is  to  be  discussed 
at  another  conference. 

One  has  only  to  make  a  hasty  survey  of  the  national  and  state 
archives  for  the  periods  of  our  earlier  wars  to  discover  how  incom- 
plete they  are.  The  published  "  Official  Records  of  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion  "  seem  indeed  to  be  measurably  complete  so  far  as  military 
operations  are  concerned,  but  when  it  comes  to  making  a  study  of 
the  economic  and  social  history  of  the  Civil  War  the  historian  is 
obliged  to- go  far  afield  in  his  search  for  sources.  It  is,  of  course, 
true  that  at  the  present  time  there  are  many  agencies  of  the  National 
Government  which  not  only  did  not  exist,  but  were  not  even  dreamed 
of  in  1861 ;  and  we  should  hardly  expect  to  find  as  great  a  variety  of 
official  records  for  the  earlier  period  when  government  was  less  com- 
plex, and  when  war  was  not  so  much  the  mobilization  of  an  entire 
nation  as  it  is  to-day. 

It  may  be  expected  as  a  matter  of  course  that  the  records  of  the 
executive  departments  and  permanent  offices  of  the  National  Govern- 
ment will  be  as  carefully  preserved  for  the  present  war  period  as  at 
any  time  during  the  last  decade.  They  are  protected  by  law  from 
unauthorized  destruction  and  we  may  look  with  confidence  therefore 
to  having  access  at  some  future  time  to  the  complete  records  of  the 
departments  of  State,  Treasury,  Interior,  Agriculture,  Justice,  Com- 
merce, Labor,  War,  and  Navy,  and  the  other  regular  establishments. 
All  of  these  will  have  masses  of  records  bearing  most  directly  Upon 
the  war.  The  Department  of  Agriculture,  for  example,  will  have 
the  records  of  its  efforts  to  stimulate  the  production  of  food  crops; 
the  Department  of  the  Interior  will,  to  mention  a  single  instance, 

*  The  manuscript  of  Mr.  Leland's  paper  having  been  lost,  the  text  here  printed  repre- 
sents a  rewriting  of  the  article. 

117 


118  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

have  the  records  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  which  is  cooperating  with 
the  Army  in  the  production  of  gas  for  the  chemical  warfare  service. 
The  Department  of  State  already  has  the  records  of  our  administra- 
tion of  the  interests  of  most  of  the  belligerents  before  we  ourselves 
entered  the  war.  The  Department  of  Labor  will  have,  in  the  records 
of  the  employment  service,  most  valuable  material  on  the  enlistment 
and  distribution  of  labor  in  the  war  industries.  In  the  Department 
of  Justice  the  Bureau  of  Special  Investigation,  or  the  "  Secret  Serv- 
ice" as  it  is  now  popularly  designated,  is  accumulating  masses  of 
material  and  reports  respecting  the  activities  of  alien  enemies  and 
other  suspected  persons,  in  comparison  with  which  the  corresponding 
records  for  the  Civil  War  in  the  Department  of  State  are  insignifi- 
cant. In  the  Treasury  Department  will  be  found  not  only  the 
records  of  the  successive  Liberty  loans,  but  the  archives  of  the 
Bureau  of  War  Risk  Insurance ;  while  the  Department  of  Commerce, 
through  its  Bureau  of  Domestic  and  Foreign  Commerce,  gathers  in- 
formation of  all  sorts  relating  to  commercial  conditions. 

By  no  means  of  secondary  interest  will  be  the  records  of  the 
temporary  war  boards  and  administrations.  None  of  these  comes 
nearer  to  the  everyday  life  of  the  Nation  than  the  Food  Adminis- 
tration, the  historical  value  of  whose  records  will  be  described  to  you 
by  Mr.  Brown.  The  Shipping  Board,  engaged  in  one  of  the  most 
spectacular  and  gigantic  enterprises  ever  undertaken  by  any  govern- 
ment, will  have  archives  that  will  doubtless  be  a  favorite  hunting 
ground  of  the  historian  for  many  years.  The  Council  of  National 
Defense  with  its  hundreds  of  committees  engaged  in  an  effort  to  ef- 
fect the  complete  economic  and  industrial  mobilization  of  the  Nation, 
is  accumulating  records  of  a  sort  never  before  brought  together, 
which  should  throw  a  flood  of  light  upon  the  country's  resources  and 
manufactures ;  especially  is  this  true  of  the  records  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board.  The  Committee  on  Public  Information  has  in  its  files 
letters  by  the  hundred  thousand,  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  which 
illustrate  the  state  of  public  sentiment  and  the  reaction  of  individuals 
to  the  conditions  of  war.  Other  organizations  and  offices,  such  as  the 
Red  Cross,  the  Fuel  Administration,  the  War  Trade  Board,  and  the 
Alien  Property  Custodian,  need  only  to  be  mentioned  to  suggest  the 
nature  and  value  of  their  archives. 

The  military  and  naval  records  of  the  war  are  in  a  class  by  them- 
selves. The  records  of  the  local  draft  boards  alone  will  contain 
such  a  mass  of  detailed  information  respecting  millions  of  men  of 
draft  age  that  we  shall  undoubtedly  be  able  to  have  a  far  better  and 
more  accurate  picture  of  ourselves  in  the  years  1917  and  1918  than 
it  has  ever,  until  now,  been  possible  to  draw.  Already  we  are  real- 
izing unpleasant  facts  vith  regard  to  illiteracy,  disease,  and  physical 


THE  ARCHIVES  OF  THE  WAR.  119 

defects,  which  are  as  astonishing  as  they  are  distressing  to  a  people 
that  has  prided  itself  on  its  intelligence  and  on  its  hardy  manhood. 

It  is  earnestly  to  be  hoped  that  in  the  reorganization  of  the  Gen- 
eral Staff,  now  being  effected,  some  place  may  be  found  for  an  his- 
torical section  or  branch  which  shall  insure  the  proper  collection  and 
organization  of  the  military  records  and,  if  possible,  their  speedy 
utilization  for  historical  purposes.  It  is  already  clear  that  the  mili- 
tary records  alone  will  present  a  problem  in  storage  of  unexampled 
magnitude.  It  is  hardly  too  much  to  expect  that  the  accumulajtion 
for  the  war  period  of  records  in  the  War  Department,  the  canton- 
ments, the  American  Expeditionary  Forces,  the  draft  boards,  etc., 
will  greatly  exceed  the  previous  accumulation  of  120  years.  The  ab- 
solute necessity,  therefore,  for  an  archive  building  becomes  more  ap- 
parent than  ever. 

There  is  a  class  of  records,  not  governmental  in  origin,  but  na- 
tional in  scope  and  of  great  importance,  that  should  be  carefully 
preserved.  These  are  records  of  semi-public  organizations,  such  as 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  the  Knights  of  Columbus,  the  Young  Men's  Hebrew 
Association,  the  American  Library  Association,  etc.,  which  are 
charged  by  the  Government  with  the  performance  of  certain  func- 
tions. Other  organizations,  devoted  to  educational  propaganda, 
such  as  the  American  Security  League,  must  possess  records  which 
will  be  of  great  service  to  the  student  in  estimating  the  spirit  of  the 
times.  The  National  Board  for  Historical  Service,  to  mention  a 
minor  example,  has  files  of  correspondence  with  members  of  the  his- 
torical profession  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  these  letters,  many 
of  them  of  considerable  length,  contain  interesting  and  valuable  ob- 
servations with  respect  to  public  sentiment  and  educational  needs. 

Turning  to  the  archives  of  the  States  and  their  subdivisions,  we 
find  accumulations  of  records  that  constitute  an  invaluable  supple- 
ment to  the  records  of  the  National  Government.  The  State  Coun- 
cils of  Defense,  with  their  subordinate  county  councils,  deal  with  all 
phases  of  State  and  local  war  activity  and  their  records  should  be 
carefully  preserved.  States  in  which  cantonments  are  located  come 
into  close  coxitact  with  the  organization  of  the  military  forces,  and 
this  should  be  reflected  in  the  records  of  the  adjutant  general's  office, 
as  well  as  in  those  of  other  departments  of  the  State  government. 
State  employment  services  are  cooperating  with  the  national  service 
in  securing  labor  for  war  industries  and  State  departments  of  agri- 
culture are  actively  engaged  in  stimulating  production  and  in  increas- 
ing the  acreage  under  cultivation.  The  policy  of  the  National  Gov- 
ernment decentralizing  many  activities  has  resulted  in  the  closest  co- 
operation between  National  and  State  Governments,  rendering  the 
records  of  the  latter  of  even  more  than  usual  importance  at  the  pres- 
ent time. 


120  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATIOIT. 

It  is  encouraging  to  note  the  very  general  tendency  on  the  part 
of  State  historical  agencies  to  take  active  measures  for  the  collection 
and  preservation  of  all  kinds  of  material  that  may  serve  to  record 
and  illustrate  the  war  activities  of  the  States  and  local  communities. 
As  these  measures  have  to  do  quite  as  much  with  the  collection  of 
nonoflficial  material,  which  would  otherwise  be  hopelessly  lost  after 
a  few  years,  as  with  the  preservation  of  official  records,  I  should 
wander  beyond  the  prescribed  limit  of  my  subject  were  I  to  describe 
them  at  any  length.  A  few  typical  cases  should,  however,  be  noted. 
The  State  historian  of  New  York  has  sent  circulars  to  the  clerks 
of  all  counties,  cities,  towns,  and  villages  calling  upon  them  to  make 
a  special  effort  to  collect  material  illustrating  war  history  of  their 
respective  communities : 

To  county,  city,  toum,  village  clerks: 

The  present  war  affords  an  excellent  opportunity  for  you  to  gather  and 
keep  written  and  printed  material  relating  to  the  activities  of  the  citizens 
of  your  community  in  their  relation  to  the  war,  whether  these  activities  are 
carried  on  by  individuals,  committees,  or  other  groups.  If  such  material  is 
not  gathered  now,  the  history  of  the  part  played  by  your  locality  in  the  war 
and  in  preparation  for  it  is  likely  to  be  lost. 

Will  you  not,  therefore,  take  the  initiative  in  this  matter  and  either  on  your 
own  account  or  as  the  member  of  an  organized  committee  take  steps  to  ac- 
cumulate the  following,  in  so  far  as  they  relate  to  the  war: 

(1)  Documents:  Official,  such  as  municipal  ordinances,  proclamations  of 
mayors,  notices  of  boards,  etc.;  semiofficial,  resolutions  of  public  meetings, 
labor  unions,  church  societies,  etc. ;  issued  by  public  service  corporations,  an- 
nouncements, notices,  orders,  etc. 

(2)  Posters  (recruiting  and  other),  programs  of  concerts,  meetings,  fairs, 
price  lists,  advertisements. 

(3)  Propaganda  material. 

(4)  Clippings  from  local  newspapers,  pamphlets.. 

(5)  Photographs  or  prints  of  local  events,  soldiers,  bodies  of  troops,  etc. 

(6)  Manuscript  material,  letters,  diaries,  sermons,  addresses. 

(7)  Miscellaneous. 

You  may  file  these  collections  in  your  own  archives  or  forward  them  to 
this  division  for  preservation. 

We  hope  that  you  will  take  action  along  these  lines  and  let  us  know  when 
you  have  done  so.    We  also  express  the  wish  that  if  you  have  any  suggestion 
to  make  to  this  office  you  will  feel  free  to  do  so. 
Very  truly,  yours, 

James  Sulltvan, 
Director,  Division  of  Archives  and  History, 
State  Department  of  Education,  Albany,  N.   Y, 

The  Council  of  Defense  of  the  State  of  Washington  has  organized 
a  Department  of  Historical  Service  which  has  asked  the  County 
Council  of  Defense  to  organize  a  War  History  Committee  in  each 
county  and  has  published  the  following  circular  of  suggestions: 


THE  ARCHIVES  OP  THE  WAR.  121 

[State  Council  of  Defense,  Department  of  Historical  Service,  Edmond  S.  Meany,  Seattle.] 

Univeksity   Station, 
Seattle,  Wash.,  24  October,  1917. 

HISTORIC AI,    SERVICE   DURING   THE    WAR, 

The  National  Board  for  Historical  Service,  1133  Woodward  Building,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  has  appealed  to  the  State  Council  of  Defense  for  cooperation 
in  the  State  of  Washington.  In  response  to  this  appeal,  the  State  Council  of 
Defense,  through  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  and  such  other  volunteer 
agencies  as  are  available,  will  undertake  the  work  as  outlined. 

Every  veteran  of  the  American  Civil  War  has  long  realized  how  important 
would  have  been  the  service  if  each  county  had  saved  the  records  of  enlist- 
ments, drafts,  battles,  casualties,  and  evidences  of  public  opinion  from  the  be- 
ginning to  the  end  of  the  war.  Such  work  would  have  served  not  only  to  sat- 
isfy a  wholesome  public  interest  in  such  events  during  the  time  of  conflict  and 
for  the  years  immediately  following,  but  such  records  would  have  sufficed  to 
answer  important  questions  for  many  years  thereafter.  They  would  also  have 
aided  in  making  more  accurate  and  more  vital  the  national  history  and,  above 
all,  they  would  have  been  of  immense  value  in  any  crisis  like  the  present. 

By  earnest  cooperation  it  is  now  possible  for  the  State  of  Washington  to  join 
with  the  other  States  of  the  Union  in  accomplishing  this  important  national 
work  for  the  present  and  for  the  future.  Each  county  should  have  a  com- 
mittee of  at  least  three  persons  who  are  willing  to  give  freely  the  long  and 
patient  hours  necessary.  The  local  newspapers,  always  patriotic,  may  surely  be 
counted  upon  for  assistance  to  the  limit  of  their  abilities. 

The  County  Councils  of  Defense  are  being  asked  to  name  a  war  history  com- 
mittee in  each  county.  These  committees  will  then  be  expected  to  go  back  at 
least  to  the  time  of  the  declaration  of  war,  April,  1917,  and  collect  every  record, 
such  as  newspaper  clippings,  photographs,  letters,  manuscripts,  posters,  and 
other  evidences  of  possible  historical  value. 

As  the  records  are  gathered  they  should  be  placed  for  permanent  preservation 
in  the  most  adequate  and  most  central  public  library  within  the  courfty.  This 
will  keep  the  collections  closest  to  the  home  folks  of  those  who  make  the 
records  on  distant  land  or  sea  or  in  the  air.  If  any  county  should  have  no 
adequate  library  as  place  of  deposit,  the  State  University  of  Washington  will 
gladly  volunteer  to  render  that  part  of  the  service. 

The  following  suggestions  may  be  of  assistance  to  those  who  undertake  the 
work: 

CUPPINGS. 

Whenever  a  clipping  of  article  or  editorial  Is  made  from  a  newspaper  or 
magazine,  be  sure  to  attach  to  it  at  once  the  name  of  the  paper  and  its  date,  as 
very  essential  parts  of  the  record.  In  order  to  give  sequence  to  the  collection, 
it  would  be  well  to  keep  the  clippings  in  some  receptacle  until  you  feel  that 
you  have  a  proper  beginning.  Since  many  newspapers  print  large  and  valuable 
illustrations,  it  would  be  well  to  choose  large  sheets,  preferably  of  tough  manila 
paper,  on  which  to  paste  the  clipi^ings,  with  the  name  and  date  of  the  paper 
neatly  attached.  When  the  collection  is  completed  these  sheets,  uniform  of 
course  in  size,  can  be  bound  in  permanent  form. 


122  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

PHOTOGRAPHS. 

Each  photograph  should  have  written  on  its  back  at  once  as  full  Information 
as  possible.  Brief  titles  may  be  used  if  the  pictures  are  to  be  placed  in  albums* 
or  frames,  but  for  ultimate  value  the  fuller  record  on  the  back  should  not  be 
omitted. 

POSTEBS  AND  PBOGBAMS. 

This  form  of  record  is  probably  more  elusive  than  any  of  the  others.  They 
seem  so  plentiful  and  common  at  the  time  that  few  think  of  saving  them.  Who 
would  not  now  prize  a  program  announcing  Lincoln's  speech  at  Gettysburg? 
In  a  few  years  our  own  local  programs  and  posters  will  have  a  real  and  inti- 
mate interest.    A  collection  of  them  is  well  worth  saving  in  each  county. 

LETTERS  AND  MANUSCRIPTS. 

, Means  must  be  devised  to  collect  and  save  as  many  letters  and  manuscripts 
as  the  committees  can  secure.  This  will  be  difficult,  but  it  is  not  impossible. 
In  starting  thus  early  there  is  one  good  way  that  may  be  suggested  :  Let  the  War 
History  Committee  in  each  county  write  to  some  of  their  leading  men  in  the 
Army  or  Navy  and  get  some  letters  as  to  their  experiences.  The  present  writer 
has  a  bundle  of  precious  letters  obtained  in  that  way  from  leaders  in  the 
Spanish-American  War.  And  as  the  work  progresses  friends  who  receive  valu- 
able letters  may  be  induced  to  add  them  to  the  local  collections. 

INDEXES. 

As  this  work  process,  sample  index  cards  will  be  sent  to  each  War  History 
Committee  so  that  a  uniform  system  of  indexing  may  be  established.  This  will 
add  very  much  to  the  value  of  each  collection. 

VOLUNTEER    WORK. 

There  will  be  expenses  connected  with  the  assembling  and  care  of  such  mate- 
rials. No  public  funds  are  available  for  such  expenses.  It  is  believed,  however, 
that,  among  those  who  are  privileged  or  who  are  compelled  to  remain  at  home 
in  times  like  these,  there  will  be  interest  and  enthusiasm  enough  to  render 
adequately  the  important  service  outlined  above. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Edmond  S.  Meant. 

The  Minnesota  Commission  of  Public  Safety  has  forwarded  to  all 
the  county  directors  the  following  request  from  the  Minnesota  His- 
torical Society: 

The  records  of  the  public  safety  work  in  your  county  should  be  preserved 
for  historical  purposes.  This  material  whl  one  day  be  of  great  service  in 
writing  a  most  important  chapter  in  the  history  of  our  State  and  Nation.  The 
historical  records  desired  are  the  following: 

1.  Preserve  all  records  of  proceedings,  account  books,  letter  flies,  and  other 
records  developing  in  the  conduct  of  the  organization's  activities.  Make  the 
record  as  full  and  detailed  as  possible,  bearing  in  mind  that  what  is  common- 
place to-day  may  be  of  peculiar  interest  to-morrow. 


TH|:  ARCHIVES  OF  THE  WAR.  123 

2.  The  county  director  and  each  local  representative  of  the  Public  Safety 
Commission  should  file  and  preserve  all  letters  and  papers  received  by  him  in 
his  official  capacity. 

3.  Preserve  copies  of  all  official,  printed,  mimeograph  or  typewritten  matter, 
notices,  circulars,  and  letters. 

4.  Whenever  there  is  a  change  of  officials,  see  that  the  retiring  officer  turns 
over  to  his  successor  all  the  records  and  papers  in  his  office  with  these  instruc- 
tions. 

5.  When  the  commission's  work  is  done,  all  these  records  and  papers  are  to 
be  sent  to  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society,  St.  Paul.  The  public  safety 
archives  of  the  whole  State  are  to  be  made  a  permanent  record. 

The  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission  has  addressed  the 
following  letter  to  the  sheriffs  of  the  State : 

Raleigh,  N.  C,  June  5,  1917. 

Deab  Sir:  Many  of  the  sheriffs  of  North  Carolina  are  sending  notices, 
posters,  circulars,  etc.,  relative  to  the  registration  of  June  5,  under  the  selective 
draft  law.  If  you  have  done  anything  of  this  sort,  will  you  not  kindly  mail 
to  me  a  copy  of  each  notice,  circular,  poster,  etc.,  which  you  have  issued? 

The  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission  is  attempting  to  collect  all  such 
material  possible,  bearing  upon  North  Carolina's  part  in  the  war,  to  be  pre- 
served for  the  use  of  the  future  historian  of  the  State.  Such  material  as  that 
referred  to  above  will  some  day  be  of  considerable  historical  value  as  showing 
the  efforts  made  by  the  officials  of  the  State  and  counties  to  perform  their 
parts  in  this  great  national  crisis. 

I  hope,  therefore,  that  you  will  consider  this  request  of  sufficient  importance 
to  deserve  your  attention  and  favorable  response. 
Very  truly,  yours, 

R.    D.   W.  CONNOB. 

The  cases  cited  are  but  illustrations.  The  example  is  spreading, 
and  it  is  clear  that  many  States  will  eventually  have  collections  of 
war  materials  that  will  be  of  the  utmost  value  to  the  future  historian. 

The  Chairman.  We  will  now  have  the  paper  by  Prof.  Everett  S. 
Brown,  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration,  Washington. 


ARCHIVES  OF  THE  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION  AS  HISTORICAL 

SOURCES. 


By  Everett  S.  Bbown. 


In  discussing  the  records  of  the  Food  Administration  it  will  per- 
haps be  wise  to  describe  briefly  its  organization.  It  is  highly  proper 
that  the  Food  Administration  should  be  considered  as  a  war  organi- 
zation, and  that  its  records  should  be  regarded  as  war  records.  In 
every  instance  where  the  Food  Administration  has  been  oflficially 
referred  to,  its  status  has  never  been  considered  other  than  that  of  a 
temporary  war  measure.  For  instance,  when  on  May  19,  1917, 
President  Wilson  issued  his  first  statement  of  the  administration's 
food-control  program,  he  said :  "  The  proposed  food  administration 
is  intended,  of  course,  only  to  meet  a  manifest  emergency  and  to  con- 
tinue only  while  the  war  lasts. "  The  enacting  clause  of  the  food 
control  law,  approved  August  10,  contains  the  words,  "  That  by 
reason  of  the  existence  of  a  state  of  war,  *  *  *  ";  and  section 
24  provides :  "  That  .the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  cease  to  be  in 
effect  when  the  existing  state  of  war  between  the  United  States  and 
Germany  shall  have  terminated,  and  the  fact  and  date  of  such  termi- 
nation shall  be  ascertained  and  proclaimed  by  the  President.  " 

Because  of  its  temporary  nature,  it  was  decided  by  Mr.  Hoover, 
the  United  States  Food  Administrator,  to  treat  the  entire  question 
of  administration  of  the  food  control  law  as  one  of  a  series  of  prob- 
lems. As  each  new  problem  arises  a  man  is  selected  to  deal  with  it. 
When  a  problem  demands  a  more  or  less  permanent  staff,  a  head 
is  selected  to  devote  his  entire  time  to  the  subject,  or  commodity,  as 
the  case  may  be.  In  this  way  a  number  of  divisions  have  been  es- 
tablished, each  of  which  keeps  records  and  data  of  its  own  particular 
activities. 

The  principal  records  of  the  Food  Administration  may  be  summed 
up  under  the  following  heads: 

PRINTED  DOCUMENTS. 

First  under  this  heading  come  the  Government  documents,  such 
as  the  text  of  the  food  control  law,  the  Congressional  Record  for  the 
debate  on  the  bill,  and  the  reports  of  investigating  committees. 

An  important  series  of  printed  documents  is  the  one  issued  by  the 
Food  Administration,  beginning  with  the  President's  statement  of 
124 


ARCHIVES  OF  THE  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION.  125 

May  19,  telling  the  need  for  food  control  and  naming  Mr.  Hoover 
as  head  of  the  organization  to  be  formed,  and  containing  important 
speeches  of  Mr.  Hoover  and  members  of  his  staff. 

Then,  too,  there  are  various  printed  bulletins  issued  by  the  conser- 
vation library,  or  other  divisions  of  the  Food  Administration. 

NEWSPAPER  RELEASES. 

All  important  statements  and  information  which  the  Food  Ad- 
ministration wishes  to  make  public  are  mimeographed  and  released 
to  the  newspapers.  These  releases  form  one  of  the  most  valuable 
sources  for  the  writing  of  the  history  of  the  Food  Administration. 
They  are  issued  as  a  numbered  series.  These  releases  are  placed  in 
folders,  and  a  table  of  contents  giving  the  number,  date,  and  title  of 
each,  is  pasted  on  the  outside.  To  facilitate  still  further  the  use  of 
the  releases  a  card  subject  index  is  kept.  Going  back  to  the  first 
statements  of  Mr.  Hoover  upon  his  arrival  in  this  country  from 
Europe,  in  May,  a  complete  record  of  the  Food  Administration  is 
thus  available. 

DAILY  PRESS  REPORT  TO  MR.  HOOVER. 

A  brief  summary  of  the  principal  newspaper  stories  and  editorial 
comments  is  sent  to  Mr.  Hoover  every  day.  Accompanying  the  sum- 
mary goes  a  digest  of  the  clippings  used  in  making  up  the  report. 
These  daily  reports  would  be  of  great  assistance  to  anyone  wishing  to 
trace  the  trend  of  newspaper  opinion  on  the  food  question. 

Copies  of  these  reports  are  kept  on  file  according  to  date. 

NEWSPAPER    CLIPPINGS. 

In  order  to  keep  in  touch  with  newspaper  opinion  and  to  make  out 
the  reports  already  noted,  a  press  clipping  section  is  maintained. 
Aside  from  the  big  dailies  which  are  received  regularly,  clippings 
are  purchased  from  clipping  agencies  in  different  parts  of  the  coun- 
try. These  clippings  are  sorted  according  to  subject  matter  and  sent 
to  the  various  chiefs  of  divisions.  After  having  been  read  by  these 
men  the  clippings  are  returned  to  the  press  clipping  section  for  filing. 
The  clippings  are  filed  according  to  date,  being  pasted  on  loose  sheets 
of  paper.  An  alphabetical  arrangement  by  State,  city,  and  papei 
is  maintained.  News  items  and  editorials  are  kept  in  separate 
folders  under  the  nalne  of  the  particular  paper. 

A  card  subject  index  of  the  articles  on  the  Food  Administration 
contained  in  the  New  York  Times  is  kept,  and  assists  greatly  in  run- 
ning down  news  items.  Such  an  index  of  all  newspaper  clippings 
would  require  too  great  an  expenditure  of  time  and  labor  for  the 
benefit  to  be  derived  therefrom. 


126  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL.  ASSOCIATION. 

IjETTERS. 

Every  letter  received,  together  with  a  copy  of  the  answer,  is  filed 
by  the  division  to  which  the  letter  was  sent.  A  second  carbon  copy 
of  every  letter  sent  from  any  department  or  section  of  the  Food  Ad- 
ministration is  preserved  in  the  general  filing  room.  There  are. 
therefore,  on  record  two  copies  of  every  letter  which  goes  out. 

SPECIAIi  DATA. 

Some  of  the  divisions  of  the  Food  Administration  are  of  such  im- 
portance from  the  historical  point  of  view  that  a  short  description 
of  their  organization  and  records  seems  imperative  in  this  connection. 

The  first  of  these,  the  States  Administration  Division,  has  to  do 
with  the  relations  between  Federal  and  State  Governments.  On  Mr. 
Hoover's  recommendation,  Federal  Food  Administrators  in  the 
States  and  island  possessions  have  been  appointed  by  the  President. 
They  forrti  a  link  between  the  United  States  Food  Administration 
at  Washington  and  all  State  activities  relating  to  food  matters. 
They  are  the  official  representatives  of  the  Food  Administration. 

The  States  Administration  Division  keeps  constantly  in  touch 
with  the  Federal  Food  Administrators  in  the  States.  It  handles  all 
correspondence  with  them.  This  correspondence,  therefore,  will  in 
t^e  future  have  a  distinct  historical  importance. 

Within  the  State  •fliere  is  also  a  definite  organization,  although 
there  is  no  one  fixed  form  for  all  of  the  States.  A  typical  State  or- 
ganization is  as  follows: 

The  president  of  the  largest  bank  in  each  county  is  asked  to  call 
in  a  representative  of  each  bank  in  his  city,  the  editors  of  the  lead- 
ing newspapers^  and  the  chief  executive  of  the  commercial  club,  to 
nominate  for  county  food  administrator  the  most  active  and  aggres- 
sive man  in  the  county,  who  will  give  his  services  without  com- 
pensation and  who  will  devote  considerable  time  to  the  work. 
These  nominees  are  appointed  by  the  Federal  Food  Administrator 
of  the  State. 

A  meeting  of  the  county  administrators  is  then  called.  Each  one 
is  asked  to  appoint  a  committee  to  assist  him,  this  committee  to  in- 
clude one  person  from  each  town  in  the  county.  All  publications  are 
distributed  through  these  committees.  They  are  also  charged  with 
the  duty  of  investigating  complaints  regarding  the  violation  of  the 
food  laws  in  their  respective  counties,  and  reporting  to  the  Food  Ad- 
ministrator for  the  State  the  cases  which  prove  to  be  well  founded. 

Another  very  important  division  is  that  which  handles  statistics. 
It  is  engaged  in  collecting  and  collating  data  on  the  production,  con- 
sumption, movement,  and  prices  of  food  material  both  in  the  United 
States  and  in  European  allied  and  neutral  countries. 


AECHIVES   OF   THE   FOOD  ADMINISTRATIOIT.  127 

Mimeographed  information  service  bulletins  are  prepared  and  dis- 
tributed to  heads  of  divisions  and  to  Federal  Food  Administrators 
in  the  States. 

Weekly  reports  on  retail  prices  of  staple  commodities  are  received 
from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  monthly  reports  from  man- 
ufacturers and  dealers  in  food  commodities,  who  are  under  license. 
The  information  contained  in  these  reports  will  be  tabulated  so  as 
to  show  profits,  overcharges,  and  speculations  in  the  various  trades. 
The  data  so  collected  will  constitute  perhaps  the  most  complete  sta- 
tistics ever  gathered  in  any  country  relative  to  its  food  manufactur- 
ing industries. 

The  last  of  these  special  divisions  is  that  of  coordination  of  pur- 
chases. The  functions  of  this  division  are  to  purchase  foodstuffs 
(other  than  grains,  which  are  purchased  through  the  United  States 
Food  Administration  Grain  Corporation  for  the  Allies) ,  and  to  har- 
monize the  purchases  of  the  Allies,  the  Army,  the  Navy,  and  the 
Food  Administration,  of  the  most  important  staple  food  supplies 
and  to  cooperate  with  the  Army  and  Navy,  and  other  Government 
departments  in  an  endeavor  to  coordinate,  so  far  as  practicable,  their 
purchases  of  such  food  supplies. 

Under  the  contracts  between  the  United  States  Treasury  and  the 
Allies  all  food  purchases  must  be  made  with  the  approval  of,  or  by, 
the  United  States,  and  this  power  has  been  delegated  to  the  Food 
Administration. 

The  Chairman.  We  will  pass  now  to  the  next  paper,  "  The  collec- 
tion of  Catholic  war  records,"  by  the  Rev.  Peter  Guilday,  editor  of 
the  Catholic  Historical  Review,  and  professor  at  the  Catholic  Uni- 
versity of  America,  Washington. 

The  Rev.  Peter  Guilday.  Mr.  Chairman,  ladies,  and  gentlemen,  I 
regret  that  illness  has  prevented  me  from  preparing  a  paper  upon 
the  subject  which  has  been  given  to  me.  When  the  National  Cath- 
olic War  Council  was  inaugurated  last  April  the  first  committee  to  be 
started  was  the  Committee  on  Historical  Records,  This  committee 
was  directed  by  the  administrative  committee  of  bishops  to  bend 
every  effort  to  secure  immediately,  and  to  preserve,  an  accurate  and 
complete  record  of  all  Catholic  American  activity  in  the  present  war. 
In  all  the  preliminary  meetings  of  the  council,  this  part  of  this  work 
was  constantly  emphasized.  It  was  seen  that  unless  provision  was 
made  at  once  for  the  history  of  Catholic  patriotism  and  effort  in  this 
war,  the  church  would  be  guilty  of  a  neglect  which  can  never  be  reme- 
died and  of  a  mistake  which  can  never  be  retrieved.  The  purpose  of 
the  Committee  on  Historical  Records  was  to  secure  every  record  and 
document  and  the  description  of  every  kind  of  spiritual  and  patri- 
otic service  which  would  assist  the  future  historian  in  telling  the 
story  of  Catholic  activity  in  the  war.    In  the  matter  of  collecting 


128  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

these  Catholic  war  records  two  things  have  been  begun — the  compi- 
lation of  the  census  of  Catholic  men  and  women  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States  and  the  collection  of  every  possible  kind  of  historical 
material.  Aiding  and  assisting  the  national  committee  are  the  dio- 
cesan committees,  which  act  as  central  boards  in  directing  the  work 
of  collecting  war  history  material  throughout  the  diocese.  This 
means  that  the  national  committee  functions  through  104  sub- 
committees, the  chairmen  of  which  are  appointed  by  the  bishops  of 
the  dioceses.  In  each  one  of  these  ecclesiastical  centers  workers  have 
been  appointed  to  keep  files  of  service  lists,  promotions,  honors,  deco- 
rations, etc.,  and  a  casualty  list  of  the  diocese  is  also  being  kept.  It 
is  from  the  parish,  however,  that  the  diocesan  war  council  receives  its 
most  thorough  cooperation.  Here,  the  pastor  is  not  only  the  leader 
and  guide,  but  it  is  from  him  that  the  parochial  committee  on  histori- 
cal records  will  receive  its  best  inspiration. 

The^  are  in  the  United  States  about  16,000  parochial  units,  and 
an  appeal  is  being  made  to  each  one  of  these  units  to  secure  as  accu- 
rately as  possible  all  material  of  importance  from  the  families  of  the 
men  in  the  service,  which  can  later  be  used  in  writing  the  history  of 
the  war.  It  is  the  hope  of  those  in  charge  of  this  work  that  this 
project  may  eventually  be  the  basis  for  the  foundation  of  a  national 
Catholic  archives.  For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  church 
in  this  country  the  Catholic  body  has  been  awakened  to  the  realiza- 
tion of  how  important  and  necessary  is  such  a  central  archival  home. 
Outside  of  the  three  national  councils  of  the  bishops,  held  in  1851, 
1866,  and  1884,  there  has  never  been  any  concerted  movement  on  the 
part  of  the  church  in  the  United  States.  Those  who  were  instru- 
mental in  forming  the  National  Catholic  War  Council  hope  to  see 
it  continue  after  the  war  is  over  for  just  such  practical  purposes  as 
that  of  creating  a  national  Catholic  archival  center.  It  is  thought 
by  the  leaders  that  once  the  collection  of  war  material  is  completed 
and  properly  housed,  the  hierarchy  and  the  C§,tholic  public  will  then 
appreciate  the  crying  necessity  of  a  central  bureau  where  the 
sources  and  materials  for  the  study  of  Catholicism  in  the  United 
States  may  be  brought  together  for  the  use  of  students,  both  Catholic 
and  non-Catholic.  At  present,  however,  all  our  energies  are  being 
expended  to  gather  in  a  complete  record  of  Catholic  activities  during 
these  days  of  storm  and  stress  to  the  Nation.  I  wish  again  to  ex- 
press my  regret  that  I  have  been  unable  on  account  of  illness  to  pre- 
pare a  paper  describing  this  work  more  in  detail.  This,  however,  is 
being  done,  and  within  a  short  time  a  "  handbook  "  will  be  published 
giving  an  exact  idea  of  the  scope  of  the  historical  committee's  work. 

The  Chairman.  I  have  had  a  letter  from  Prof.  Alvord,  of  the 
University  of  Illinois,  in  which  he  stated  that  he  felt  that  he  ought 
to  conserve  his  energies  for  his  work,  the  work  he  has  on  hand,  and 


AECHIVES   OF   THE   FOOD  ADMINISTRATION.  129 

therefore  he  has  not  come  to  this  meeting.  He  had  intended  to  take 
part  in  the  discussions  at  this  meeting.  I  received,  a  few  hours  ago, 
a  telegram  from  Mr.  Godard,  of  Connecticut,  in  which  he  stated  that 
he  was  sick  with  the  grip.  I  was  almost  prevailed  upon  by  necessity 
to  stay  away  myself ;  but  I  have  come  on  with  a  cold,  which  is  evident 
from  my  speech,  and  for  which  I  apologize;  a  sense  of  duty  impelled 
me  to  come  here.  We  have  with  us  Prof.  Johnston,  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity ;  Mr.  Connor,  of  the  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission ; 
Dr.  Buck,  of  Minnesota ;  and  Dr.  Sullivan,  of  the  division  of  archives 
and  history.  New  York.  I  think  that  any  one  of  the  gentlemen  just 
named  might  now  engage  in  the  discussion.  After  these  gentlemen 
have  spoken,  anyone  in  the  audience  may  take  part,  as  we  wish  to 
have  a  consensus  of  opinion  and  advice,  as  Mr.  Leland  suggested, 
with  respect  to  the  problem  of  war  records  and  material. 

Prof.  Johnston.  I  feel  that  I  should  not  get  up  on  my  feet  and 
try  to  tell  you  archivists  anything  on  this  subject,  and  the  only  rea- 
son I  am  presuming  to  address  you  on  this  occasion  is  because  of  the 
request  of  Mr.  Leland;  he  suggested  that  I  should  do  so.  Another 
reason  is,  because  I  am  so  deeply  interested;  indeed  I  am  boiling  over 
with  indignation  on  this  question  of  a  national  building  for  archives 
and  documents,  and  before  the  war  began  it  seemed  that  our  hopes 
might  be  realized.  We  are  suffering  very  severely  in  consequence  of 
not  having  such  a  building,  and  I  think  that  now  that  the  war  has 
come  on  it  is  perfectly  outrageous.  This  matter  should  not  be 
neglected,  and  I  don't  really  think  that  it  is  a  difficult  thing  at  the 
present  time  for  the  Government  to  undertake  the  erection  of  a 
national  archive  building.  I  think  it  would  be  a  matter  of  economy. 
You  can  always  leave  the  ornamental  front  until  afterwards ;  all  that 
you  need  is  concrete  and  plenty  of  glass.  It  would  be  an  economy  to 
have  such  a  place  in  which  to  store  the  new  documents;  and  it  would 
be  an  enormous  economy  to  substitute  a  handful  of  trained  archivists 
for  the  staff  of  Government  clerks  who  are  handling  those  documents 
inefficiently  in  a  few  buildings  in  Washington  at  the  present  time. 
It  should  be  done  if  for  nothing  else  than  as  a  war  economy.  It  is  a 
perfectly  fair  argument  that  the  building  for  public  archives  is  a 
present-day  necessity.  I  don't  know  that  I  can  add  very  much  to  this 
discussion;  but  you  can  see  that  I  feel  very  strongly  on  this  subject. 
Not  being  an  archivist,  and  dwelling  in  a  remote  part  of  the  country, 
far  from  the  center  of  affairs.  I  have  not  been  able  to  do  much,  yet 
I  have  pitched  in  and  done  what  I  could,  and  I  think  that  is  what 
everyone  should  do.  I  want  to  tell  you  of  one  or  two  steps  forward 
that  I  have  taken,  which  I  hope  will  lead  to  other  steps  that  may 
eventually  bring  about  the  much  desired  result. 
88582'— 19 0 


130  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

We  had  a  dinner  about  four  weeks  ago — a  dinner  at  which  almost 
all  of  the  patriotic  societies  of  Massachusetts  were  represented  by 
their  presiding  officers,  and  at  which  Mr.  Worthington  C.  Ford,  Prof. 
Turner,  and  myself  were  present ;  we  put  forward  the  case  for  the  pub- 
lic archives  building.  Now  as  we  all  know,  patriotic  societies  are 
pretty  generally  not  making  use  of  archivists  and  historians  as  they 
should,  but  on  the  other  hand,  they  are  deeply  interested  in  the  records 
of  the  past,  and  they  wanted  to  know  something  about  it.  Now,  that 
meeting  was  of  a  most  hopeful  character.  I  am  accustomed 
to  speak  pretty  plainly  about  things  and  I  told  them  of  the 
attempt  to  organize  the  records  of  the  war;  I  told  them  things  that 
I  thinlc  some  of  them  did  not  altogether  like,  but  the  response  on 
the  whole  was  excellent;  we  passed  a  resolution  on  this  subject,  and 
that  resolution  is  being  submitted  to  all  the  patriotic  societies 
throughout  the  country,  especially  in  the  Southern  States,  and  the 
support  of  these  societies  will  be  enlisted.  Another  step — I  got 
in  touch  with  a  member  of  the  Commercial  Economy  Board,  work- 
ing with  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  and  we  have  now  some 
one  worlcing  for  us  at  Washington.  You  all  know  of  the  work  that 
Mr.  Leland  is  doing.  I  think  this  is  a  very  practical  and  workable 
proposition.  Several  of  the  most  influential  members  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  were  approached  with  the  idea  of  seeing  how 
they  would  view  this,  regarding  the  right  representation  that  should 
be  made.  Now  thatfls  just  an  example  of  what  a  person  living  in  a 
remote  part  of  the  country  tried  to  do,  but  I  think  if  everybody 
would  be  stirred  up,  if  we  could  get  the  people  interested,  sooner 
or  later  we  could  get  hold  of  the  right  man  in  Washington  or  some- 
where out  West,  to  take  hold  of  the  thing,  use  influence,  and  get  it 
done.  I  think  we  have  been  talking  about  this  for  some  time  and  the 
time  has  now  come  for  action. 

Mr.  Connor.  It  has  been  suggested  that  I  should  say  something 
about  the  collection  of  war  archives  and  war  material  from  the 
viewpoint  of  the  State  organization — the  collection  of  State  mate- 
rial rather  than  that  of  the  Nation.  I  should  say  that  in  my  own 
efforts  along  that  line  I  have  found  that  some  valuable  work  has 
been  accomplished  through  two  different  organizations — one  the 
North  Carolina  Historical  Commission,  of  which  I  am  secretary, 
and  the  other  the  State  council  of  defense,  the  historical  committee 
of  which  I  have  been  made  chairman,  so  that  I  work  through  these 
two  organizations.  In  some  cases  I  find  I  can  get  a  certain  class 
of  matter  better  through  the  historical  commission,  and  other  mat- 
ters better  through  the  State  council  of  defense.  In  some  cases  we 
have  issued  a  number  of  appeals  to  people  engaged  in  war  work, 
urging  upon  them  the  necessity  of  collecting  war  material  and  the 
importance  of  the  preservation  of  such  material  now,  rather  than 


ARCHIVES   OF  THE  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION.  131 

to  wait  later,  when  much  of  it  will  be  destroyed.  We  have  asked 
them  in  a  general  way  to  collect  materials,  such  as  illustrate  the 
mind  of  the  people,  their  points  of  view  toward  the  war,  local  as 
well  as  State  events  and  activities,  the  effect  of  the  war  on  social, 
educational,  economic,  agricultural,  political,  religious  conditions, 
personal  achievements  or  sacrifices,  or  distinguished  services  of  in- 
dividuals, and  we  have  grouped  those  general  descriptions  under  ten 
or  a  dozen  different  headings.  The  great  difficulty  is  that  the  aver- 
age person  does  not  appreciate  the  importance  of  documents  of  the 
moment,  at  the  time  at  which  they  are  issued.  They  do  not  think 
a  document  has  any  historical  value  until  it  is  a  hundred  or  two 
hundred  years  old;  it  is  a  fact  we  must  impress  upon  their  minds, 
that  the  documents  of  to-day  will  be  of  great  historical  value  in  the 
future,  and  that  these  documents  are  of  great  historical  value  now, 
greater  than  those  of  former  national  crises. 

I  shall  not  go  into  all  of  the  details,  but  I  will  give  you  an  illus- 
tration of  what  we  are  asking  of  them.  We  are  asking  them  first 
of  all  to  keep  official  documents,  municipal  ordinances  relating  to 
the  war,  proclamations  and  other  public  papers  of  the  governor, 
sheriffs,  mayors,  and  other  public  officials;  documents  issued  by 
State  or  local  boards  of  food  conservation,  and  other  public  boards 
and  commissions  growing  out  of  the  war  or  relating  to  the  war, 
posters  of  the  Eed  Cross,  Liberty  loans,  etc.  The  second,  semiofficial 
documents.  Among  them  we  have,  for  instance,  the  classification 
of  documents  issued  by  the  various  committees  on  the  Liberty  loans. 
Now,  I  have  recently  requested  the  chairman  of  the  campaign  com- 
mittee of  the  State  to  write  for  me  a  complete  report  of  the  work 
of  his  committee  in  connection  with  the  Liberty  loan  campaigns, 
both  the  first  and  the  second,  which  would  come  under  this  heading. 
The  third  is  publfc-service  documents,  which  include  public-service 
corporations,  mills,  factories,  etc. ;  educational  material,  showing 
the  effect  the  war  has  had  on  schools ;  economic  material,  quotations 
from  local  markets,  advertisements  showing  the  effect  of  a  state  of 
war  on  economic  conditions.  ♦ 

We  also  urge  the  making  of  photographs  wherever  possible,  and 
I  had  quite  an  interesting  photograph  recently.  A  dealer  had  re- 
ceived a  shipment  of  sugar  of  about  60,000  pounds,  and  as  soon  as  it 
was  rumored,  about  two  or  three  hundred  people  gathered,  and  they 
stayed  there ;  there  was  always  a  crowd  there,  and  they  were  demand- 
ing sugar,  so  I  had  a  picture  taken  of  the  crowd,  showing  the  senti- 
ment. Another  division,  propaganda  material,  including  circulars, 
letters,  advertisements,  resolutions  of  meetings,  etc.;  pictorial  mate- 
rial, pictures  of  military  affairs.  In  regard  to  that,  it  seems  to  me 
inadvisable  just  now  to  collect,  i.  e.,  to  make  a  list  of  soldiers  and 


132  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

sailors,  to  try  to  keep  up  with  them  individually,  as  that  will  be  done 
by  the  War  Department,  and  done  better  than  the  local  organization 
could  do  it.  Of  course,  if  anything  unusual  comes  up  with  any  of 
the  boys  a  record  should  be  made  of  it.  Another  division  is  devoted 
to  military  material,  manuscript  material  (such  as  letters  received 
from  friends  or  relatives  at  the  front  or  in  camps),  diaries,  and  ser- 
mons and  public  addresses.  Another  classification  relates  to  woman's 
work;  women  doing  Red  Cross  work,  nursing,  knitting,  etc.;  and, 
finally,  newspaper  clippings  from  the  local  papers.  I  have  attempted 
to  get  a  report  from  each  county  through  a  county  collector.  Just 
what  the  results  will  be  I  do  not  know.  It  really  is  too  early  to  say. 
We  have  not  as  yet  received  any  great  amount  of  material,  but  what 
we  have  received  is  all  more  or  less  of  value;  but  I  think  that  the 
total  results  are  going  to  be  very  good.  For  instance,  I  received 
promises  from  the  food  administrator,  the  fuel  administrator,  and 
also  from  the  heads  of  other  war  organizations,  to  turn  over  to  me 
at  the  close  of  the  war  all  the  records  of  their  offices,  provid- 
ing the  National  Government  at  Washington  permits  them  to  do  so, 
and  the  State  council  of  defense  will  do  the  same.  The  counties 
will  preserve  all  such  records  and  correspondence  and  turn  them  over 
to  the  North  Carolina  Historical  Society  at  the  close  of  the  war ;  so 
that  all  of  these  results  have  been  accomplished  up  to  the  present  time. 
They  are  not  great,  but  I  think  that  the  promise  of  the  future  is  ex- 
ceedingly bright  and,encouraging. 

Dr.  Buck.  I  trust  that  Mr.  Connor  will  keep  the  picture  of  the 
hungry  mob  demanding  sugar  out  of  the  hands  of  the  German 
propaganda,  as  its  circulation  in  Germany  might  be  considered  as 
giving  aid  to  alien  enemies.  At  the  present  time  it  is  not  necessary 
to  call  attention  to  the  distinction  between  archives  and  other  ma- 
terial for  history,  and  yet  there  has  been  considerable  confusion,  I 
think,  in  the  discussion  this  afternoon  with  reference  to  these  two 
subjects,  and  of  course  the  collection  of  both  is  of  very  great  impor- 
tance. I  am  going  to  confine  my  remarks  to  the  collection  of  official 
archives,  official  records  of  governmental  activities.  In  the  State 
of  Minnesota  we  have  an  organization  corresponding  to  the  Council 
of  National  Defense  of  North  Carolina,  which  has  been  mentioned, 
known  as  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety.  This  body  does  not  have 
any  historical  department,  or  commission,  and  takes  no  special  inter- 
est in  history,  or  in  the  historical  bearing  of  its  work.  The  only 
official  organization  in  Minnesota  with  authority  to  look  after  the 
historical  records  is  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society.  This  society 
has,  as  yet,  no  definite  archive  function;  but  it  expects  to  have  in 
the  future,  and  it  has  taken  considerable  interest  in  reference  to  war 
archives.  I  am  going  to  tell  you  two  or  three  things  we  have  tried 
to  do.     In  the  first  place  we  persuaded  the  Committee  of  Public 


ARCHIVES  OF  THE  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION.  133 

Safety  to  issue  an  order  to  every  county  agent  that  had  been  ap- 
pointed, to  cooperate  with  the  committee,  directing  the  agent  to 
preserve  all  of  the  correspondence  and  records  of  every  sort,  and  to 
turn  that  material  over  ultimately  to  the  Minnesota  Historical 
Society,  Or  whatever  other  authority  might  be  designated  by  law,  or 
by  an  official  order,  to  preserve  the  archives. 

Considerable  time  has  been  devoted  to  the  investigation  of  the 
situation  in  the  various  localities,  and  we  are  trying  to  urge  upon  the 
county  agents  the  necessity  of  preserving  the  records  of  the  present 
day,  particularly  as  they  relate  to  the  war.  It  occurs  to  me  that  there 
is  another  phase — another  variety  of  records  that  are  undoubtedly 
accumulating  in  great  quantities,  and  that  need  special  attention. 
They  are  Federal  rather  than  State  documents.  I  refer  to  the  records 
of  the  local  registration  boards.  The  mass  of  this  material  is  very 
great.  We  had  some  investigation  in  the  way  of  handling  and 
classifying  it,  and  we  find  that  in  most  cases  it  is  being  well  handled 
and  cared  for  at  the  present  time,  but  it  is  a  question  what  will 
become  of  it  in  the  future.  Will  the  War  Department  look  after  it — '• 
after  the  preservation  of  this  material?  Or,  is  it  advisable  for  the 
State  and  State  institutions  to  go  into  the  matter  of  the  proper  pres- 
ervation of  this  material  which  belongs  to  the  Federal  archives  or 
is  in  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Federal  archives?  The  only  other  point 
which  I  care  to  make  is,  this  work  that  we  are  doing  now  is  special 
work;  we  are  preserving  material  for  the  history  of  America,  of 
America's  participation  in  the  war.  It  should  be  looked  upon  as 
part  of  the  general  work  of  archivists  and  historical  collectors,  and, 
had  the  Government  done  its  duty  along  these  lines  before  the  war, 
it  would  be  now  a  simple  matter — simply  a  continuation  of  this  duty, 
and  we  would  have  been  sure  of  the  preservation  of  this  material. 
It  seems  to  me  that  we  must  not  lose  sight,  in  our  collection  of  war 
material,  of  the  equal  importance  of  collecting  other  material,  that  is, 
materials  that  do  not  pertain  to  war.  I  think  that  special  emphasis 
should  be  laid  on  that  matter  at  the  present  time,  on  the  collection 
of  things  of  the  present  day  which  may  ultimately  be  needed  by 
future  historians  who  write  the  history  of  this  present  day,  regardless 
of  the  war,  but  with  respect  to  the  ordinary  aspects  of  civil  life. 

Dr.  Sullivan.  In  interpreting  this  title  of  the  program,  I  think  I 
have  taken  a  somewhat  broader  view  of  this  matter  of  records  than 
Dr.  Buck.  Of  course,  if  we  were  to  interpret  the  word  "  record,"  we 
should  probably  confine  ourselves  more  nearly  to  public  records,  and 
not  pay  attention  to  the  subject  that  is  going  to  be  discussed  later  at 
the  conference  of  historical  societies.  When  the  war  broke  out,  we 
were  very  much  interested,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  in  getting  the 
machinery  for  collecting  war  material  at  work,  immediately.  A  letter 
was  drafted,  which  was  sent  to  historical  societies  and  to  public  offi- 


134  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

cials,  with  reference  to  utilizing  their  opportunities  to  get  this  war 
material  together.  Shortly  after  that  a  communication  came  from 
Mr.  Leland  with  reference  to  a  plan  for  the  collection  of  that  material 
and  we  immediately  got  out  a  supplementary  letter,  which  was  printed 
and  sent  to  agencies  that  we  regarded  as  war  material  agencies ;  that 
is,  certain  agencies  which  it  seemed  possible  to  get  to  work  for  the 
collection  of  material  relating  to  the  war.  In  other  words,  I  should 
class  them  as  gathering  agencies.  We  have  in  the  State  of  New  York, 
of  course,  public  agencies  such  as  would  be  found  in  a  village  clerk's 
oifice,  the  village  board  minutes,  the  town  board  minutes,  and  the 
county  board  of  supervisors,  council,  and  so  on,  who  will  get  together 
material  relating  to  any  special  matter.  We  felt,  however,  that  we 
should  not  stop  at  that  point  and  therefore  we  sent  this  letter  far 
afield.  In  other  words,  we  sent  a  letter  to  all  of  the  history  teachers 
in  the  high  schools  of  the  State  and  to  all  of  the  libraries.  There 
are  about  750  high  schools  in  the  State  and  about  750  libraries.  We 
further  sent  this  letter  to  the  historical  societies  and  the  patriotic 
societies.  This  letter  urged  the  members  of  these  societies  to  gather 
the  fugitive  matter  for  preservation,  for  the  reason  that  if  they  did 
not  take  care  of  it  immediately,  it  would  be  lost. 

Another  agency  that  we  approached,  was  that  agency  connected 
with  the  Committee  of  Public  Defense  in  the  various  counties,  known 
as  the  publicity  conynittee,  and  we  also  sent  the  letter  to  the  local 
newspapers.  Our  object  in  doing  this  was  merely  to  get  local 
material  together;  we  did  not  care,  in  a  certain  sense,  for  the  material 
that  might  be  gathered  by  the  larger  agencies,  such  as  would  be  found 
in  a  metropolitan  city  like  New  York,  Albany,  Syracuse,  or  other 
large  centers;  but  we  have  wished  to  get  the  material  that  existed 
around  throughout  the  State,  which  could  be  gotten  by  the  various 
little  organizations,  so  we  urged  them  to  do  it.  We  did  not  expect  to 
have  a  gi'eat  percentage  of  good  returns.  Anybody  who  has  had  any 
experience  with  local  oflficials  realizes  that  they  are  not  the  kind  of 
people  who  seemingly  care  much  about  historical  matters.  They  sel- 
dom answer  their  correspondence;  we  found  that  that  was  a  fault  not 
confined  to  local  political  officers,  but  that  one  of  the  most  energetic 
of  the  so-called  publicity  bureaus,  with  a  college  professor  at  its 
head,  did  not  answer  four  letters  which  were  sent,  showing  that  even 
in  the  seats  of  the  mighty  there  are  some  people  who  are  deficient  in 
doing  some  of  the  things  they  are  asked  to  do,  even  though  they  pro- 
fess enthusiasm  for  doing  it  in  a  public  meeting. 

Now  I  could  expand  at  some  length  on  the  deficiencies  of  some  of 
these  agencies.  Thi'ee  letters  were  sent  out  to  each  of  the  publicity 
committees  and  out  of  a  total  of  62  committees  we  succeeded  in 
getting  31  answers;  that  is,  after  three  different  sets  of  letters  had 
been  sent  out  to  those  men.  They  were  seemingly  willing  enough  to  get 


ARCHIVES   OF   THE  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION.  135 

their  names  into  print  at  the  head  of  a  sheet  of  paper,  but  they  did  not 
seem  willing  to  come  down  to  earth  and  get  at  the  task  of  collecting 
this  material.  We  also  got  up  a  uniform  filing  system  for  the  filing 
of  this  material.  In  each  county  there  was  a  library,  a  central  place 
established  to  which  material  could  be  sent,  and  we  urged  all  of  the 
62  libraries  to  get  material  in  duplicate,  so  that  they  could  keep  one 
set  and  send  the  other  to  the  State  library.  One  experience  has 
come  out  of  this  that  I  think  would  be  valuable  to  anyone  who  is 
doing  the  same  work,  and  that  is  the  necessity  for  what  we  might 
call  circularizing  at  regular  intervals.  The  first  letter  is  not  suffi- 
cient; it  ought  to  be  followed  up  throughout  the  length  of  the  war 
at  regular  intervals,  with  other  letters,  asking,  "What  have  you 
done?"  "What  are  you  doing?"  "  Have  you  done  anything?"  "  Will 
you  do  something?"  We  have  gotten  good  results  from  many  of  the 
historical  societies.  I  could  read  clippings  that  I  have  here  from 
the  various  societies,  showing  exactly  what  they  have  done,  how 
they  have  taken  hold  of  the  work.  We  have  encouraged  the  people 
to  send  in  material — ^not  only  the  historical  material,  but  other  ma- 
terial. The  newspapers  have  done  a  very  good  work  in  publishing 
appeals  from  us  to  send  in  material.  We  have  sent  letters  to  the 
newspapers,  asking  parents  to  send  in  the  letters  they  receive  from 
their  sons  who  have  gone  over  to  France,  or  who  are  still  located  in 
this  country.  Some  of  these  letters  that  have  been  published  are  re- 
markably good  and  show  the  spirit  of  the  men.  Of  course,  there  are 
published  volumes  of  such  letters,  but  I  have  seen  letters  published 
in  local  newspapers  which  are  far  more  indicative  of  a  spirit  of  the 
times,  are  better  war  records,  than  any  I  have  seen  published  in 
books  edited  by  certain  well-known  men.  That  is  all  that  we  have 
been  doing,  but  I  have  listened  with  pleasure  to  the  remarks  of  Mr. 
Connor.  He  has  suggested  some  things  which  we  can  put  into  op- 
eration. 

Following  the  remarks  by  Dr.  Buck  there  was  a  brief  discussion 
respecting  rumors  of  the  unauthorized  des.truction  of  records  of  the 
National  Government  having  historical  value,  and  the  conference 
voted  to  request  the  public  archives  commission  to  employ  its  offices 
in  preventing  the  destruction  of  such  material. 

The  conference  then  adjourned. 


\ 


APPENDIX  B. 


REPORT  ON  THE  PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IDAHO. 


By  THOMAS  M.  MARSHALL, 

Department  of  History  in  the  University  of  Colorado. 


137 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction 141 

1.  Governor 142 

Territory 142 

State 143 

2.  Secretary  of  state 144 

Secretary  of  the  Territory 144 

Secretary  of  state : 144 

3 .  Auditor 147 

Territory 147 

State 148 

4.  Treasurer 150 

Territory 150 

State 150 

5.  Attorney  general 152 

Territory 152 

State , 152 

6.  Superintendent  of  public  instruction 153 

7.  Inspector  of  mines 153 

8.  State  engineer 154 

9.  Fish  and  game  warden 154 

10.  Insurance  commissioner 155 

11.  Bank  commissioner 156 

12.  Director  of  farm  markets 156 

13.  Adjutant  general 157 

Territory 157 

State 157 

14.  Commissioner  of  education '. 158 

15.  Boiler  inspector 158 

16.  Chemist 158 

17.  Bacteriologist 158 

18.  Dairy,  food ,  and  sanitary  inspector ^ 158 

19.  Horticultural  inspector 159 

20.  Bee  inspector 159 

21 .  Veterinary  siu^eon 159 

22.  Law  librarian 160 

Territory 160 

State 160 

23.  Commissioner  of  immigration,  labor,  and  statistics 160 

24.  Hay  and  grain  inspector 160 

25.  Board  of  land  commissioners 160 

26.  Highway  commission 163 

27.  Public  utilities  commission 163 

28.  Board  of  education 164 

29.  Board  of  examiners 164 

30.  Board  of  equalization 164 

31 .  Board  of  State  prison  commissioners 165 

32.  Board  of  pardons 165 

139 


140  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Page. 

33.  Board  of  health 166 

34.  Board  of  horticultural  inspection 166 

35.  Live  stock  sanitary  board 166 

36.  Board  of  canvassers 167 

37.  Depository  board 167 

38.  Board  of  trustees  of  soldiers'  home 167 

39.  Board  of  management  of  capitol  building  and  groimds 167 

40.  Board  of  medical  examiners 167 

41.  Board  of  osteopathy 168 

42.  Board  of  dental  examiners 168 

43.  Boara  of  optometry , 168 

44.  Board  of  pharmacy 168 

45.  Board  of  examination  and  registration  of  graduate  nurses 168 

46.  Board  of  veterinary  medical  examiners 168 

47.  State  grain  commission 168 

48.  Board  of  arbitration 168 

49.  Library  commission 168 

50.  Supreme  coiu-t  building  and  library  commission 169 

51 .  Fiscal  board  having  sale  of  bonds 169 

52.  Commission  to  locate  northern  asylum 169 

53.  Commission  to  revise  irrigation  laws '. 169 

54.  Commission  to  investigate  wages  of  women  and  minors 169 

55.  Labor  commission 169 

56.  Code  commission 169 

57.  Board  of  control  of  Heybum  Park 169 

58.  Lumber  inspectors 169 

59.  Board  of  accountancy 169 

60.  Board  of  examinere'of  architects 169 

61.  Industrial  accident  board 169 

62.  Insurance  manager  of  State  indxistrial  insurance  fima 169 

Educational  institutions 169 

University  of  Idaho:  Extension  department 170 

Other  State  institutions ; 170 

State  Historical  Society 170 

Exposition  papers 170 

Columbian  Exposition 170 

Alaska- Yukon  Pacific  Exposition 170 

Panamar Pacific  International  Exposition 170 

Supreme  coiurt 171 

Territory 171 

State 171 

Legislature 171 

Territory : 171 

State 172 


THE  PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  IDAHO. 


By  Thomas  Maitland  Marshall. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  organic  act,  by  which  the  Territory  of  Idaho  was  created, 
was  approved  on  March  3,  1863.  The  first  capital  was  located  at 
Lewiston,  but  the  legislature  of  1864  passed  an  act  removing  it  to 
Boise.  After  a  spirited  legal  battle  between  the  people  of  Lewiston 
and  the  legislature,  the  United  States  marshal  received  orders  from 
Washington  to  take  charge  of  the  archives  and  convey  them  to 
Boise,  an  action  which  settled  the  contest.  Idaho  became  a  State 
in  1890. 

All  of  the  territorial  records  and  most  of  the  State  records  are 
housed  in  the  new  capitol,  a  fireproof  building,  the  wings  of  which 
have  not  been  completed.  In  consequence  office  space  is  inadequate, 
and  several  offices  are  still  in  the  old  capitol,  a  brick  structure , 
which  is  a  veritable  fire  trap.  In  the  new  capitol  the  vaults  are 
fireproof,  but  they  are  small,  greatly  overcrowded,  and  inconven- 
iently arranged.  The  shortage  of  space  and  frequent  changes  of 
administration  have  not  been  conducive  to  the  establishment  of  a 
well  -  organized  system  of  record -filing  and  deposit.  The  most 
crowded  vault  is  that  adjacent  to  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state, 
designated  below  as  vault  1,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  investiga- 
tor will  find  many  of  the  records  here  listed  in  that  vault  removed 
to  vaults  2  or  3.  The  governor's  vault,  designated  in  this  report 
as  vault  4,  is  too  small  and  the  filing  system  is  such  that  it  would 
take  a  far  longer  period  than  at  my  disposal  to  determine  with 
certainty  the  contents  of  the  filing  cases.  The  overflow  from  many 
offices  has  been  stored  in  boxes  in  the  basement,  the  records  now 
being  inaccessible.  The  land-office  vault  in  the  old  capitol  is  a 
sad  commentary  on  political  waste,  for  it  houses  about  a  hundred 
expensive  ledgers  which  contain  not  a  scratch  of  a  pen.  These  are 
filed  indiscriminately  with  volumes  containing  records. 

The  survey  was  confined  to  the  archives  in  the  old  and  new  capitol 
buildings.  No  attempt  was  made  to  examine  the  records  of  the 
various  State  institutions,  but  for  the  assistance  of  investigators 
a  list  of  the  institutions  is  included.    Boards  and  commissions  whose 

141 


142  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


1 


records  are  not  at  Boise  have  also  been  listed.    The  last  legislature 
created  several  boards  and  commissions,  and  a  list  of  these  is  also  ■ 
given.     In  the  report  the  word  "  file,"  with  the  exception  of  court 
records,  means  a  narrow  drawer.    The  wide  drawers  are  designated 
as  drawers.     The  investigation  of  the  archives  was  made  in  June,  fl 
1917.  ■ 

The  State  officers  showed  unvarying  courtesy  to  the  compiler  of 
this  report,  who  was  authorized  by  the  governor  "  to  see  everything." 
Especial  courtesies  were  extended  by  ex-Gov.  James  H.  Haw- 
ley  and  by  many  members  of  the  office  forces.  Of  those  to  whom  I 
am  especially  indebted,  I  wish  to  mention  Mr.  Sanford  F.  Hartman, 
chief  clerk  of  the  secretary  of  state ;  Mr.  Charles  A.  Groves,  deputy 
State  treasurer;  Mr.  E.  G.  Gallet,  secretary  of  the  public  utilities 
commission;  Dr.  Edward  Biever,  secretary  of  the  board  of  health; 
Mr.  I.  W.  Hart,  clerk  and  ex  officio  reporter  of  the  supreme  court; 
Mrs.  Edith  R.  Turner,  clerk  in  the  adjutant  general's  office;  and 
Mrs.  Clara  Brown,  proof  clerk  in  the  engineer's  office. 

A.  Elective  Ofticers. 
I.  governor. 

The  Territorial  governor  was  appointed  by  the  President  and  held 
office  for  four  years,  and  until  his  successor  was  appointed  and  had 
qualified.  In  case  of  his  death,  removal,  resignation,  or  absence  from 
the  Territory;  the  secretary  assumed  his  functions. 

The  State  governor  is  elected  for  two  years  and  has  the  usual 
powers,  with  the  exception  that  the  pardoning  power  is  vested  in  a 
board  of  pardons. 

The  records  are  kept  in  the  vault  off  the  office  of  the  secretary  of 
state,  designated  below  as  vault  1;  in  the  secretary  of  state's  vault 
off  the  library,  designated  below  as  vault  2 ;  and  in  the  vault  off  the 
governor's  office,  which  is  designated  as  vault  4. 

TERKITOBT. 

Messages,   proclamations,   and   other   executive   documents,   1863-1874,    1876- 

1881,  2  volumes.    Vault  2. 
Executive  military  orderg,  issued  during  the  Nez  Percys  war,  1877.     These  oc- 
cupy the  first  part  of  the  bill  book  of  the  Territorial  legislature  of  1880. 
Vault  2. 
Appointments : 

Appointment  book,  1869-1880.    Vault  2. 

Appointment  book,  1880-1889.    Vault  1. 
Pardons : 

Register  of  applications  for  pardons,  1887-1889,  1  volume.    Vault  4. 

Book  of  pardons  and  proclamations.    Vault  1. 

Record  of  pardons,  1870-1881,  2  volumes.     Vault  2. 
Correspondence :  ^ 

Letter  book,  1881-1883.    Vault  2. 

Letter  books,  1887-1890,  4  volumes.    Vault  4. 
Papers  labeled  "  Old  State  matters,  1886-87."    Vault  4. 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES   OF   IDAHO.  143 

,   STATE. 

Appointments : 

Record  of  appointments,  1890-1917,  3  volumes.     Vault  1. 

Register  of  appointments,*  1893-94,  1  volume.    Vault  4. 

List  of  appointments,  1901,  1  volume.    Vault  4. 

Appointments,  1903-1906.    1  drawer.    Vault  1. 

Record  of  appointments,  1905-6,  1  volume.    Vault  4. 

Notary  public  appointments,  1890-1917.    3  drawers.    Vault  1. 

Notary    public    applications    for    appointments,    1895-1911.      4    drawers. 
Vault  1. 

Miscellaneous  appointments,  1907-1915.     1  drawer.     Vault  1. 

Miscellaneous  appointments.    1  drawer.    Vault  1. 

Applications   and   indorsements   for   appointments,    1912-1914,    1    volume. 
Vault  4. 
Extradition  and  convicts: 

Extradition  papers,  1899-1912.    8  drawers.    Vault  1. 

Extradition  papers,  1917.    1  drawer.     Vault  1. 

Extraditions,    requisitions,    writs   of   mandate;    supreme   court   decisions, 
judgments,  1891-1898,  1  volume.    Vault  4. 

Extradition  and  requisition  papers,  1913-14.    1  d»awer.    Vault  4. 

Proclamations,  reprieves,  and  rewards,  1890-1917.    2  drawers.    Vault  1. 

Record  of  discharge  of  prisoners,  proclamations,  and  extradition  of  crim- 
inals from  Idaho,  1905-1917,  2  volumes.     Vault  1. 

Restoration  papers.  1903,  1907-1914.    Vault  4. 

Parole  of  convict  papers.     1  drawer.     Vault  1. 

Papers  regarding  indeterminate  sentence  law,  1909-10.    Vault  4. 
Proclamations  and  messages: 

Book  of  messages,  1890-1899.    Vault  4. 

Communications  to  the  legislature  and  bills  approved,  1901.     Vault  1, 

Communications  to  the  legislature,  1903-1907.     Vault  4. 

Proclamations,  1903,  1905-1914.     Vault  4. 

Proclamations  received,  1911-1914.    Vault  4. 

Communications  to  the  secretary  of'  state  in  re  matters  connected  with  the 
legislative  sessions,  1907,  1909.    Vault  4. 
Record  of  bills  before  the  legislature,  1911,  1  volume.    Vault  4. 
Bills  of  the  eleventh  legislature  approved  or  vetoed  by  Gov.  Hawley,  with 

his  messages  and  receipts  for  bills  from  the  secretary  of  state.    Vault  4. 
Institutions : 

Reports  of  State  institutions,  1902,  1903,  1906-7.    Vault  4. 

Reports  of  State  institutions,  1903-1905,  1909-10.    Vault  4. 
Account  book  and  vouchers : 

Duplicate  vouchers,  1903-4.    Vault  4. 

Account  book,  1905-1907.     Vault  4. 

Vouchers,  1909-1914.     Vault  4. 
Requisition  papers: 

Old  requisition  papers.    Vault  4. 

Requisition  papers,  1897.    Vault  4. 
Official  letters,  1890-1917.    These  are  in  three  groups:  (1)  those  kept  In  steel 
filing  cases;   (2)   letters  of  1903-1906  and  1909-10,  in  35  paper  boxes;   (3) 
letter  books  of  1901,  1903-1905,  3  volumes.    No  system  of  filing  has  been  fol- 
lowed and  State  papers  have  been  mixed  with  letters.    All  are  in  vault  4. 
Papers  regarding  land  contests,  1889-90.    Vault  4. 
Record  of  deeds  to  State  lands,  1892-1907,  1  volume.    Vault  4. 
Coal  investigation  papers,  1897.    Vault  4. 
Record  of  visitors,  1905,  1  volume.    Vault  4. 


144  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Signatures  of  governor  and  private  secretades,  1907-1909,  1  volume.    Vault  4. 

Supervisor's  district  plan,  1910.    Vault  4. 

Annual  reports  of  Northern  Pacific  Railway  Ck).  and  Great  Northern  Railway 

Co.,  1910.     Vault  4. 
Report  on  Payette-Boise  project.    Vault  4. 

Idaho  Industrial  Training  School  investigation  papers,  1912.    Vault  4. 
Papers   regarding   creation    of   boundary.     Benewah    and    Madison   Counties. 
Papers    regarding   creation   of   boundary,    Benewah    and    Madison   Counties. 

Vault  4. 

2.  SECRETARY  OF  STATE. 

The  Territorial  secretary  was  appointed  by  the  President  and  held 
office  for  four  years.  He  was  required  to  record  and  preserve  all  laws 
and  proceedings  of  the  legislative  assembly,  and  all  the  acts  and 
proceedings  of  the  governor  in  his  executive  department.  In  spite 
of  the  legal  provision,  the  laws  of  the  second  and  third  legislatures 
are  missing  from  the  archives. 

The  secretary  of  state  is  elected  for  two  years.  He  is  the  custodian 
of  legislative  acts,  resolutions,  memorials,  and  journals,  of  the  State 
seal,  and  of  records,  deeds,  parchments,  maps,  and  papers  which  the 
law  requires  shall  be  deposited  in  his  office.  Since  1913  he  has  been 
in  charge  of  motor  vehicle  registration.  The  records  are  kept  in 
vault  1,  which  is  off  the  office  suite;  vault  2,  which  is  off  the  library 
and  is  known  as  the  secretary  of  state's  vault,  and  vault  3,  which  is 
in  the  basement  off  the  engine  room. 

.      SECRETARY  OF  THE  TERKITORT. 

# 

Book  of  election  returns,  1866.    Vault  2. 

Letter  books,  1867-1879,  1884-1889,  6  volumes.    Vault  2. 

Notarial  bonds,  1863-1889,  2  drawers.     Vault  1. 

Oaths  and  bonds  of  Territorial,  State,  and  county  officials,  1887-1890,  2  volumes. 

Vault  2. 
Inventory  of  books,  furniture,  and  stock  in  the  secretary's  office,  1883,  1  volume. 

Vault  2. 
List  of  persons  to  whom  copies  of  the  Idaho  supreme  court  records  were  sent 

in  1885,  1  volume.    Vault  2. 
List  of  persons  to  whom  governmental  publications  were  sent,  1887-1889,   1 

'  volume.    Vault  2. 
Corporations : 

General  index  of  incorporations  of  the  Territorial  period,  included  in  the 

first  volume  of  the  State  index.     Vault  1. 
Record  of  incorporations,  1  volume.     Vault  1. 

Lists  of  foreign  corporations   with  agents  operating  in   Idaho,     n.  d.,  1 
volume.     Vault  2. 
Fee  books,  1886-87,  4  volumes.    Vault  2. 
Notebook  of  A.  J.  Pinkham  giving  county  divisions,  n.  d.     Vault  2. 

SECRETARY  OF  STATE. 

Corporations : 

General  index  of  incorporations,  1864-1917,  2  volumes.     Vault  1. 

Record  of  foreign  corporations  doing  business  in  Idaho,  1891-1917.  8  vol- 
umes.    Vault  1. 

Articles  of  incorporation  of  several  foreign  corporations  of  various  dates. 
Too  large  to  file  in  boxes ;  1  shelf.    Vault  1. 


PUBLIC  AKCHIVES  OF  IDAHO.  145 

Corporations — Continued. 

Record  of  incorporation  of  domestic  corporations,  1898-1917,  29  volumes. 

Vault  1. 
Certificates  of  incorporation,  1899,  1  volume.     Vault  2. 
Articles  of  incorporation,  1903-1917,  83  drawers.     Vault  1. 
Record  of  corporation  fees,  1907-1909,  1  volume.     Vault  2. 
License  and  tax-receipt  books,  1907,  1910-1917,  5  volumes.    Vault  1. 
Designation  of  agents,  1  volume.     Vault  1. 

Annual  statements  of  corporations,  1908-1910,  8  drawers.  Vault  1. 
Record  of  nonproductive  corporations,  1909-10,  1  volume.  Vault  1. 
Cooperative  Irrigation   and   telephone  company   reports,   1910,   1   drawer, 

Vault  1. 
Reports  of  nonproductive  corporations,  1910,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 
Annual  statements  of  corporations,  1910-1917,  30  drawers.    Vault  1. 
Memoranda,  1911,  1  volume.     Vault  2. 
Newspaper  announcements  of  charters  forfeited  in  1912.     Roll  of  papers. 

Vault  1. 
Tax  receipts,  1912-1916,  9  volumes  of  stubs.     Vault  3. 
Report  on  corporation  tax,  1  file.    Vault  5. 
Bonds  and  oaths: 

Notarial  bonds,  1890-1917,  15  drawers.    Vault  1. 

Official  bonds,  1890-1917,  2  drawers.    Vault  1. 

Official  bonds,  1909,  1910,  1917,  1  file.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 

Notary  records  of  bonds  and  oaths  of  State  officials.  1890-1917,  5  volumes. 

Vault  1. 
Official  oaths  and  resignations,  1892-1912,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 
Notary  bond  and  oath  books,  5  volumes.     Vault  1. 
Official  oaths,  1913-1915,  1  drawer.     Vault  1. 
Elections : 

Convention  nominations  and  platforms,  1890-1908,  1  drawer.    .Vault  1. 
Abstracts  of  votes,  1896-1910,  9  drawers.     Vault  1. 
Abstracts  of  State  elections,  1898,  1904-1910,  loose  papers.    Vault  2. 
Nominating  petitions  for  National,  State,  and  county  officers,  1910.    These 

are  in  a  wooden  box  and  are  unclassified.     Vault  2. 
Primary  nominations  and  platforms,  1910-1916,  4  drawers.     Vault  1. 
Abstract  of  vote  for  National,   State,   and   county   officers,  1912.     Large 

sheets  bolted  together.     Vault  2. 
Abstract  of  primary  elections,  1912-1916,  3  volumes  of  large  sheets  bolted 

-together.     Vault  2. 
List  of  scattering  votes  for  National  and  State  officers,  n.  d.,  1  volume. 

Vault  2. 
Certification  of  result  of  vote  in  new  counties,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 
Abstract  of  Portneuf  County  vote,  1917.     Vault  4. 
Correspondence : 

Letter  books,  1890,  1893-1902,  46  volumes.     Vault  2. 
Letters  to,  regarding  corporation  tax,  1908-1911,  2  filing  boxes.    Vault  2. 
Letter  books  regarding  corporation  tax.  1908-1911,  5  volumes.     Vault  2. 
Correspondence   regarding   corporation   tax,   1911-1914.     6   boxes   marked 

"  Corporation  tax."     Vault  3. 
Letters  to  and  from,  1911-1912,  6  filing  boxes.     Vault  2. 
Letters  to  and  from,  1912-1915,  19  filing  boxes,  marked  "  official."    Vault  3. 
Duplicate  claims  of  legislature  and  secretary  of  state,  1907-1911,  1  drawer. 
Vault  1. 

88582°— 19 10 


146  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATIOIT. 

Bids  and  contracts: 

Public  building  specifications,  bids,  and  contracts,  and  warranty  deeds,  1 
drawer.    Vault  1. 

New  capltol  building  contracts  and  bonds,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 

Penitentiary  ditch  bids,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 

Penitentiary  supply  bids,  1  drawer.     Vault  1. 

Bids  for  buildings  at  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  School,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 

Bids  and  contracts  for  printing  and  binding  laws,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 
Motor  vehicles: 

Registration  of,  1913-1915,  2  volumes.    Vault  1. 

Registration  of,  1913-1915,  20  drawers.    Vault  2. 

Registration  of,  1915,  2  drawers.     Vault  1. 

License  receipts,  1913-1914,  1916-1917,  9  drawers.     Vault  1. 

License  receipts,  1915,  4  drawers.    Vault  2. 

Record  of  fines,  1913-1914,  1  volume.    Vault  1. 

Registration  of  automobile  dealers,  1913-1915,  1  volume.    Vault  1. 

Record  of  motor  vehicles  in  Idaho,  1915,  1  volume.     Vault  2. 

Record  of  motor  vehicles  in  Idaho,  1916-1917,  2  volumes.    Vault  1. 
Fees: 

Fee  book,  1892-1893.    Vault  2. 

Fee  books,  1897-1916,  4  volumes.    Vault  1. 

Fee  book,  1905-1906.    Vault  2. 
Receipts  and  Expenditures: 

Expense  book,  1892-1893.    Vault  1. 

Duplicate  receipts,  1903-1906,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 

Account  book,  1909-1910.    Vault  1. 

Record  of  expenditures,  1911-1916,  1  volume.    Vault  1. 

Duplicate  vouchers,  2  drawers.    Vault  1. 

Cash  receipt  book,  1917.    Vault  1. 

Dally  deposit  slips,  1917,  1  file.    Auditor's  ofl5ce,  room  1. 

Certificates  for  appropriations,  1917,  1  drawer.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 

Record  of  State  warrants  paid,  1892-1893,  2  volumes.    Vault  2. 

Duplicate  claims,  legislative,  1913,  1  drawer.    A'ault  1. 

Duplicate  claims,  Capitol  building  maintenance,  1913-1914, 1  drawer.  Vault  1. 
Trade-Marks  and  Labels: 

Index  of  trade-marks  and  labels,  1  volume.    Vault  1. 

Record  of  trade-marks  and  labels,  1907-1916,  1  volume.    Vault  1. 
Reports : 

Reports,  1903-1906.    Vault  4. 

Reports  to  the  treasurer,  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 

Copies  of  reports  to  the  treasurer,  2  drawers.    Vault  1. 

Quarterly  reports,  1917,  1  file.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 
Reception  book,  recording  all  documents  received  by  the  Secretary  of  State, 

1912-1914.    Vault  1. 
Mailing  register  of  State  publications,  1890-1891,  1  volume.    Vault  1. 
Record  of  criminals  indicted,  1896-1898,  1  volume.    Vault  2. 
Registration  of  citizenship,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 
Receipts  of  house  bills,  1915.    Vault  1. 

Bundle  of  photographs  of  plans  of  the  State  capitol.    Vault  2. 
Maps: 

Maps  and  profiles,  5  drawers.    Vault  1. 

Bundle  of  maps  of  proposed  counties,  1917.    Vault  1. 
Miscellaneous  papers: 

Receipts,  petitions,  and  miscellaneous  papers,  5  drawers.    Vault  1, 

Old  miscellaneous  papers,  2  drawers.    Vault  1. 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES   OF   IDAHO.  147 

Miscellaneous  papers — Continued  . 

One  bundle  of  unclassified  papers.    Vault  1. 

One  bundle  of  miscellaneous  papers  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  mainly  let- 
ters to  the  Secretary,  1912.    Vault  2. 
Record  of  deeds  of  property  transferred  to  the  State,  1905-1907,  1  volume. 

Vault  1.      " 
Book  of  photographs  of  deeds  of  property  owned  by  the  University  of  Idaho. 

Vault  1. 
List  of  State  property,  n.  d.,  1  volume.    Vault  2. 

3.   AUDITOR. 

The  office  of  auditor  was  created  by  the  first  Territorial  legislature, 
but  no  records  covering  1863-1876  were  found.  The  State  auditor 
is  elected  for  two  years.  He  keeps  a  record  of  legislative  appropria- 
tions, issues  warrants  for  money  paid  from  the  treasury,  and  keeps 
a  record  of  these  warrants  and  upon  what  funds  they  are  drawn.  He 
also  calculates  the  amount  of  the  biennial  appropriations,  and  keeps 
the  account  of  the  State  with  the  United  States,  with  other  States, 
with  counties,  and  with  persons  and  corporations.  As  ex  officio  State 
examiner  he  keeps  an  inventory  of  the  State's  chattel  property,  and 
supervises  the  system  of  accounts  used  in  State  and  county  offices, 
and  in  State  institutions. 

The  records  are  kept  in  the  auditor's  office,  designated  below  as 
room  1,  in  a  basement  room  under  the  land  office,  designated  below 
as  room  2,  and  in  the  vault  off  the  land  office.  At  present  the  records 
in  room  2  are  in  a  chaotic  condition,  as  the  present  auditor  is  install- 
ing a  new  system  of  accounting  and  is  engaged  in  sorting  the  vouch- 
ers and  warrants  which  have  accumulated  since  1890. 

TEBRITOBT. 

Bonds : 

Bond  register,  1877-1889.    In  book  with  State  record,  1890-1913.    Room  1. 

Record,  1880-1884,  1  volume.     Room  2. 

Official  bonds  of  county  auditors,  1880-1883,  1  volume.    Room  2. 
Record  of  public  printing,  1881-1888,  1  volume.     Room  2. 
Licenses  and  taxes : 

Poll-tax  record  and  license  account,  1882-83,  1  volume.     Room  2. 

Memoranda  of  licenses,  1885,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

Record  of  licenses  and  poll  taxes,  1886,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

License  account,  1887-1889.     The  book  also  contains  the  State  record  to 
1893.     Room  2. 

Poll-tax  account,  1887-1889.     The  volume  also  contains  the  State  record 

until  1892.    Room  2.  # 

Assessment  books,  property  tax,  1887-1889;  with  State  record,  1890-1894, 
2  volumes.    Room  2. 
Ledgers,  1887-1889,  2  volumes.    Room  2. 
Letter  book,  1888-89.    Room  2. 
Journals : 

Journal,  1889-1914,  13  volumes     Room  2. 

Journal,  1914-1916,  1  volume.    Vault  7. 

Journal,  1917.  1  volume.    Room  1. 


148  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

STATE. 

Account  books: 

Ledger,  1890-1910,  1912-1916,  10  volumes.    Room  2. 

Ledger,  1910-1912,  3  volumes.    Vault  7. 

I^edger,  1916-17,  1  volume.    Room  1. 

Appropriation  account  books,  1892-1908,  11  volumes.    Room  2. 

State-fund  ledger,  1892.    Room  2. 

Cashbook,  1906-1911.    Room  2. 
Vouchers  and  warrants: 

About  300,000  warrants  and  vouchers,  1890-1917.    Now  being  arranged  In 
chronological  order  in  filing  cases.    Room  2. 

General  and  special  fund  warrant  registers.    About  250  volumes.    Stored 
in  alcove  off  room  2. 

Register  of  State  warrants,  1896-1901,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

Carey-act  voucher  record,  1901-1915,  1  volume.    Vault  7. 

Warrant  books,  1911,  1917,  6  volumes.    Vault  7. 

General-fund  warrant  register,  12  volumes.    Room  1. 

Undelivered  warrants,  2  files.    Room  1. 

Applications  for  duplicate  warrants,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Voided  warrants,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Miscellaneous  orders  for  warrants,  1917,  2  files.    Room  1. 
Bonds : 

Bond  register,  1890-1913.     In  the  book  with  the  Territorial  record,  1877- 
1889.    Room  1. 

Record  of  surety  bonds,  1902-1912,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

Record  of  surety  bonds,  1905-1917,  1  volume.    Room  1. 

Receipts  for  surety  bonds,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Certificates  of  appgintment  of  oflScers  of  national  surety  companies,  1917, 
1  file.    Room  !.*• 
Lands : 

School  land  receipt  books,  1891,  1897-1905.  3  volumes.    Room  2. 

University  land  receipt  book,  1892-1905,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

Land  board  receipts  for  State  land  sales,  1903-1917, 1  volume.    Room  2. 

Register  of  land  receipts,  1905-1909,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

Land  department  abstracts.    Room  2. 
Licenses  and  taxes: 

Assessment  book,  1890-1894 ;  with  Territorial  record,  1887-1889.    Room  2. 

Assessment    book,    property    tax,    1890-1894.      In    book    with    Territorial 
record,  1887-1889.    Room  2. 

Abstract  of  assessment  rolls,  1905-1914,  7  volumes.    Room  2. 

County  auditor's  abstract  of  assessments,  1914-1916,  5  files.    Room  1. 

Poll-tax  account,  1890-1899,  2  volumes.     Room  2.     The  first  volume  con- 
tains the  Territorial  poll-tax  account. 

Tax  and  license  account,  1891-1893,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

License    register,    1891-92,    1901-1904,    1907-1912,    3    volumes.      Room    2. 
The  first  volume  contains  the  Territorial  register,  1887-1889. 

License  register,  1914-1917.    Room  1. 

License  accounts,  1892-1900,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

Tax  register,  1906-1915,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

Transfer  tax  register,  1907-1914,  1  volume.    Vault  7. 

Transfer  tax  reports,  1917,  6  files.    Room  1. 

Inheritance  tax  reports,  1916-17,  2  files.    Room  1. 

Certificates  of  valuation,  1891-1895,  2  volumes.    Room  2. 

Certificates  of  valuation,  1913,  1  file.    Room  1.  , 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES   OF   IDAHO.  149 

Licenses  and  taxes — Continued. 

Certificates   of   valuation   of   Bonner   and   Cassia    Counties,   1906,   1   file. 
Room  1. 

County  auditors'  affidavits  of  valuation,  1908,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Annual   financial   statements  of  county  auditors,   1909-1916,  10  dfawers. 
Room  1. 

Certificates  of  tax  apportionment,  1913-1916,  19  volumes.    Room  2. 

Certificates  of  tax  apportionment,  1917,  3  volumes.    Vault  7. 

Register  of  apportionment  to  funds,  1917,  1  volume.    Room  1. 

Register  of  certificates  issued,  1917,  1  volume.    Room  1. 

Record  of  receipts,  1914,  1  volume.    Vault  7. 

Notices  of  receipts  of  money  from  treasurer,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Treasurer's  license  receipts,  1917,  3  drawers.    Room  1. 
Claims : 

Claim  register,  12  volumes.    Room  2. 

Record  of  claims,  1899-1900,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

Claims  certified  to  legislature,  1913,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Deficiency  claims  record,  1895-96,  1905-6,  2  volumes.     Room  2. 

Claims,  1917,  3  drawers.    Room  1, 

Claims  against  the  State,  1917.    Unfiled  vouchers.    Room  1. 

Disallowed  claims,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 
Correspondence : 

Letter  books,  1893,  1896-1899,  1901,  7  volumes.    Room  2. 

Correspondence,  1901-1917,  88  files.    Stored  in  alcove  of£  Room  2. 

Correspondence,  1917,  5  drawers.    Room  1. 
Miscellaneous : 

"  Scratch  "  book,  1893.    Room  2. 

Treasurers'  receipts,  1893-1895,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

Treasurers'  monthly  statements,  1893-94,    Room  2. 

Appointments,  1905-6,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Deputy  State  auditor's  appointments,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Requisitions  filed  from  legislature,  1907,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Requisitions  fi'om  legislature,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Authorizations  of  deficiencies,  1908-1911,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Game  fund  record,  1911-1914,  7  volumes.    Room  2. 

Subsequent  roll,  1913,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Reports  of  private  car  companies,  1915-16.    Room  1. 

Abstract  of  personal  property  assessment  roll,  1916,  2  files.    Room  1. 

Inventories  of  State  institutions,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Inventory,  chattel  property,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Book  of  expenditures  and  miscellaneous   and   contingent  appropriations, 
1917,  1  volume.    Room  1. 

Daily  deposit  slips  of  bank  commissioner,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Orders  of  commitment  to  insane  asylum,  1917,  2  files.    Room  1. 

State  and  county  examination  reports,  1917,  7  drawers.     Room  1, 

Miscellaneous  reports  of  State  officials,  1917,  2  files.    Room  1. 

Opinions  of  attorney  general,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

List  of  mortgages  filed  with  treasurer,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Post-office  receipts,  1917,  2  files.    Room  1. 

Forest  reserve  apportionment,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1, 

Approved  bills,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

District  court  decrees  and  deposit  slips,  1917,  2  files.    Room  1. 


150  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Miscellaneous:  ^ 

Depository  securities  and  releases,  9  boxes.    Room  1, 

Requests  for  future  State  publications,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Suits  against  the  State,  1917,  1  file.    Room  1. 

Miscellaneous  papers.    On*  a  shelf  In  the  alcove  is  a  mass  of  disorganized 

papers.     Room  2. 
Index,  1  volume.    Room  2. 

V 

4.   TREASURER. 

The  act  of  Congress  by  which  the  Territory  of  Idaho  was  created 
provided  that  the  legislature  should  appropriate  annually  "  the  usual 
sum  to  be  expended  by  the  governor  to  defray  the  contingent  expenses 
of  the  Territory  *  *  *  and  *  *  *  a  sufficient  sum,  to  be  ex- 
pended by  the  secretary  of  the  Territory,  and  upon  an  estimate  to  be 
made  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  to  de- 
fray the  expenses  of  the  legislative  assembly,  the  printing  of  the 
laws,  and  other  incidental  expenses ;  and  ,the  governor  and  secretary 
of  the  Territory  shall,  in  the  disbursement  of  all  moneys  entrusted 
to  them,  be  governed  solely  by  the  instructions  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  of  the  United  States."  In  the  document  no  provision 
was  made  for  a  treasurer  but  the  office  was  created  by  the  first 
legislature. 

The  State  treasurer  is  elected  for  two  years.  He  is  required  to  keep 
a  separate  account  for  each  fund  in  his  possession  and  how  the 
money  is  disbursed.*  The  records  are  kept  in  vault  5  off  the  treasurer's 
office  and  in  vault  6  which  is  off  the  library  and  is  used  jointly  by 
the  treasurer  and  bank  commissioner. 

TEREITORY. 

Register  of  warrants,  1863-1889,  3  volumes.    Vault  6.  _ 

Bonds : 

Bond  registers,  1866-1869,  1885,  4  volumes.     Vault  6. 

Bond  register,  insane  asylum,  1885,  1  volume.     Vault  6. 

Bond  register,  capitol  building,  1885,  1  volume.     Vault  G. 
Cashbooks,  1863-1871, 1887,  2  volumes.     Vault  6. 
Letter  books,  1869-1871,  1880-1889,  2  volumes.     Vault  6. 
Ledger,  1872-1888,  3  volumes.     Vault  6. 
Journal,  1872-1891,  3  volumes.     Vault  6. 
Day  book,  1875-1889.     Vault  6. 

Reports  of  treasurer  and  controller,  1880-1890,  2  volumes.     Vault  6. 
Book  of  receipts  and  expenses,  1887-1891.    Vault  6. 

STATE. 

Bonds,  mortgages,  and  loans: 

Bond  registers,  1890-1917,  4  volumes.     Vault  5. 
Record  of  dead  mortgages,  loans,  and  bonds,  1  volume.     Vault  S. 
Record  of  bonds  redeemed,  1885-86,  1  volume.     Vault  6. 
Wagon-road  bond  register,  1890,  1  volume.     Vault  6. 
Refunding  bond  register,  1891,  1  volume.    Vault  6. 
Mortgages,  farm  loans,  1890-1917.    Vault  5. 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES   OF   IDAHO.  151 

Bonds,  mortgages,  and  loans — Continued. 

Loan  register,  1892-1906,  1  volume.     Vault  5. 

School   bonds,   1901-1917,   1   volume.     Vault   5. 

Five  packages  of  surety  bonds.     Kept  in  safe.     Vault  5. 

Notes,  1902-1917.     Kept  in  safe.     Vault  5. 

Surety   bond    register,    1915-1917,    1    volume.     Vault   5. 

Register    of    collections,    bonds,    mortgages,    and    certificates,    1    volume. 
Vault  5. 

Reports  on   collections,   bonds,   loans,   and   certificates,  1915-1917;   1   file. 
Vault  5.     (The  word  file  as  here  used  means  a  narrow  steel  drawer.) 
Banking : 

Monthly   bank   statements   to  1912.     Two  shelves   of  unassorted  papera 
Vault  6. 

Book  of  daily  fund  balances,  1903-4.    Vault  6. 

Register  of  deposits,  1905,  1  volume.     Vault  6. 

Bank  balance  books,  1905-1908,  3  volumes.     Vault  6. 

Bank  balance  books,  1910-1917,  6  volumes.     Vault  5. 

Book  of  check  stubs,  1907,  1  volume.     Vault  6. 

Deposit  book,  1908-9.     Vault  6. 

Register  of  interest  on  State  deposits,  1909-1917,  1  volume.     Vault  5. 

Local  bank  deposit  percentages,  1915-17,  1  file.    Vault  5. 

Monthly  and  quarterly  bank  statements,  1915-1917,  10  files.    Vault  5. 

Check  registers,  1915-1917,  1  file.     Vault  5. 

Cancelled  checks,  1915-1917,  11  drawers.     Vault  5. 

Deposit  slips,  1915-1917,  6  drawers.     Vault  5. 

Deposit  slips  in  active  banks,  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 

Cancelled  checks,  1915-1917,  2  files.     Vault  5. 

Statements  of  outside  banks,  1917,  1  drawer.     Vault  5. 
Receipts  and  expenditures : 

Register  of  warrants,  1890-1908,  4  volumes.    Volume  1  also  contains  Terri- 
torial warrant  records,  1886-1889.    Vault  6. 

Warrant  registers,  1910-1917,  4  volumes.    Vault  5. 

Auditor's  duplicate  warrants,  1917,  2  files.    Vault  5. 

Book  of  receipts  and  expenses,  1890-91.    In  the  same  book  are  Territorial 
records,  1887-1889.     Vault  6. 

Receipt  books,  1907-1912,  16  volumes.    Vault  6. 

Receipt-book  stubs,  22  volumes.    Vault  5. 

Summary  sheets  of  money  received,  1  file.    Vault  5. 
Account  books: 

Ledgers,  1894-1896,  1901,  2  volumes.     Vault  6. 

Ledgers,  1910-1917,  6  volumes.    Vault  5. 

Journal,    1890-1894,   2   volumes.     The   first   volume   contains  Territorial 
record,  1886-1889.     Vault  6. 

Journal,  1905,  1  volume.    Vault  6. 

Cashbooks,  1890-91,  1895,  1897-1907,  7  volumes.    Vault  6. 

Cashbooks,  1915-1917,  8  volumes.    Vault  5. 
Reports : 

Book  of  monthly  reports.  1891-1901.    Vault  6. 

Reports,  1893-1897.    Vault  6. 

Reports  to  the  auditor,  1901-1906,  3  volumes.    Vault  6. 

Report,  1908.    Vault  4. 

Unapportioned  reports  to  auditor  from  treasurer,  1  file.    Vault  6. 

Auditor's  certificates,  1915-1917,  2  files.    Vault  5. 


152  '  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Reports — Continued . 

Auditor's  receipts,  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5, 

Treasurer's  daily   and   monthly    reports   to   the   auditor,    191G-17,   1 
Vault  5. 

County  record  book,  1905-1907.    Vault  6. 

County  treasurer's  reports,  1915-1917,  2  flies.    Vault  5. 

Report  on  docket  fees  from  various  counties,  1  file.    Vault  5. 
Claims : 

Capitol  building  claims  to  1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 

Capitol  building  expense  book.    Vault  5. 

Book  of  capitol  building  claims,  1915-1917.    Vault  5. 

Books  of  claims,  treasurer's  office,  1915-1917.    Vault  5. 

Claims,  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 
Apportionments : 

Apportionment  record,  1902-1904,  1  volume.    Vault  6. 

Auditor's  apportionment  sheets,  8  files.  Vault  5. 
Correspondence : 

Letter  books,  1893-1900,  1903-1909,  13  volumes.    Vault  6. 

Correspondence  and  bank  statements,  1908-1910,  6  paper  files.     Vault  6. 

Correspondence,  1911-1915,  4  files.    Vault  5. 

Correspondence,  1915-16,  5  drawers.     Vault  5. 

Active  correspondence,  1917,  12  files.    Vault  5. 
Miscellaneous :  • 

State  sales  certificates,  16  files.    Vault  5. 

Collection  account  book,  1908-9.    Vault  6. 

Remittance  sheets,  3  files.    Vault  5. 
-  Textbook  accounts,  1899,  1  volume.    Vault  6. 

Stenographic  fees,  1915-1917,  1  drawer.    Vault  5. 

Docket  fees,  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 

Motor  vehicle  registration,  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 

Miscellaneous  papers,  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 

6.    ATTORNEY    GENERAL. 

The  organic  act  by  which  the  Territory  of  Idaho  was  created  pro- 
vided for  the  appointment  of  an  attorney  who  was  to  serve  for  four 
years.  The  attorney  general  of  the  State  is  elected  for  two  years. 
With  the  exception  of  a  single  volume  no  records  of  the  Territorial 
attorney  were  foiind.  The  letters,  letter  books,  and  cases,  1890-1912, 
of  the  attorney  general  are  stored  in  boxes  in  the  basement  and  are 
not  accessible.  The  other  records,  with  two  exceptions,  are  in  the 
office  of  the  attorney  general,  the  loose  papers  being  kept  in  steel 
filing  cases. 

TEBSITOBT. 

Letter  book,  1887-1890.    Vault  2. 

STATES, 

Correspondence : 

Correspondence,  1913-1917,  3  drawers. 
Correspondence  index  book,  1915-1917, 
Abstract  letters,  1917. 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES  OF  IDAHO.  153 

Docket  book,  1897. 

Opinion  on  University  bonds,  1905.     Vault  4. 

Cases : 

Index  of  cases,  1905-1917,  4  volumes. 

Cases  disposed  of,  1913-1916,  4  drawers. 

Land  cases,  1911-1917. 

Carey  Act  project  cases. 

Public  Utilities  Commission  opinions  and  cases,  1917. 

Cases  pending,  2  drawers. 

6.  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION. 

The  superintendent  of  public  instruction  is  elected  for  two  years 
and  is  also  ex  officio  a  member  of  the  State  board  of  education  and 
of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  University  of  Idaho.  Since  1911  the 
records  of  the  oiRce  have  been  kept  with  care;  but  few  documents 
before  1911  have  been  preserved.  The  documents  are  kept  in  filing 
cases  in  the  office  of  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  which 
is  in  the  same  suite  with  the  board  of  education. 

Record  of  apportionment  of  common  school  fund,  1891-1912,  1  volume. 

Minutes,  Idaho  State  Teachers'  Association,  1892-1913,  2  volumes. 

Teachers'  register,  1898,  1  volume. 

Index  of  appropriations,  1905-6. 

Journal  containing  record  of  life  and  State  certificates,  1904-5, 

Receipts  and  expenditures: 

Expense  book,  1907-8. 

Vouchers,  1911-1914,  6  drawers. 

Receipts  of  certificate  fees,  1911-1916,  5  drawers. 
Day  books,  entry  of  applications,  1911-1917,  3  volumes. 
Summer  normal  school  records,  1911-1917,  4  drawers. 
Correspondence  and  certification  of  teachers : 

Correspondence  and  certification  of  teachers,  1911-1917,  12  drawers. 

Applications  for  certificates,  1916-17,  1  drawer. 

Correspondence  with  county  superintendents,  1917,  2  drawers. 

Records  of  certificates  granted,  1911-1917,  4  volumes. 
After  apportionment,  daily,  deposit  slips,  1917,  2  files. 

Auditor's  office,  room  1. 

7.   INSPECTOR  OF   MINES. 

The  inspector  of  mines  is  elected  for  two  years.  His  records  are 
kept  in  filing  cases  in  his  office.  No  documents  before  1905  were 
found,  but  the  inspector  was  out  of  the  State  and  his  office  force  on 
vacation  at  the  time  the  survey  was  made,  so  that  it  is  possible  that 
other  records  may  be  stored  in  the  basement.  By  the  courtesy  of 
the  secretary  of  State,  I  was  allowed  to  examine  the  records  in  the 
office. 

Correspondence,  1911-1917,  5  drawers.  " 

Mining  and  individual  reports,  1905-1909,  2  drawers. 

Annual  reports,  1908-1913. 

"  Blue  sky  "  reports,  1912-1916. 


154  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

B.  Appointive  Officers. 

8.   STATE   ENGINEER. 

The  office  of  State  engineer  was  created  in  1 895  and  is  filled  by  an 
appointment  by  the  governor  for  a  four-year  term.  The  business  of 
the  engineer  is  to  measure  and  keep  a  record  of  the  flow  of  streams 
which  may  be  used  for  irrigation,  to  ascertain  suitable  sites  for  reser- 
voirs, to  examine  plans  for  proposed  dams  and  dikes,  and  to  inspect 
dams,  dikes,  and  embankments,  and  force  the  rebuilding  of  such  as 
are  found  defective.  Previous  to  1903  water  location  notices  were 
filed  with  county  records.  The  documents,  with  four  exceptions,  are 
kept  in  filing  cases  in  the  engineer's  office  in  the  old  capitol. 

Register  of  certificates,  1893-1895.     Vault  2. 

Surveyor's  licenses,  1895-1917,  3  drawers. 

Card  index  of  water  location  notices,  1895-1917. 

Plans  and  specifications  of  dams  and  embankments. 

Decree  books  showing  water  rights  decreed  by  district  courts,  1901-1917,  3  vol- 
umes. 

Card  index  of  decreed  streams,  1901-1917. 

Books  of  permits  to  appropriate  public  waters,  1903-1917,  45  volumes. 

Permit  card  index,  1903-1917. 

Card  index  for  streams,  1903-1917. 

Original  applications  for  water,  1903-1917,  186  volumes. 

Books  of  completion  of  work  and  proofs  of  beneficial  use  of  water,  1903-1917, 
4  volumes. 

Book  of  certificates  o^transfer  of  use  of  water  rights,  1904-1917. 

Reports,  1909.  1  steel  drawer.     Vault  1. 

Reports  to  treasurer,  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 

Books  showing  water  district  records,  1916-17. 

Report  and  daily  deposit  slips,  1917.    2  files.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 

Carey  act  documents.     20  drawers. 

Correspondence  and  permit  files,  1895-1917.     70  drawers. 

9.  FISH  AND  GAME  WARDEN. 

The  governor  appoints  the  fish  and  game  warden  for  a  term  of  two 
years.  The  office  was  established  in  1899,  but  with  the  exception 
of  corespondence,  no  records  before  1905  have  come  to  light.  Unless 
otherwise  stated,  the  records  are  kept  in  filing  cases  in  the  warden's 
office. 

Licenses : 

Record  of  licenses,  1905-1909,  2  volumes.    Auditor's  office,  room  2. 

Record  of  licenses,  1907-1917,  6  volumes. 
Vouchers  and  cash  books: 

Expense  and  salary  vouchers.  1907-1917,  10  drawers. 

Cash  reports,  1911.     1  drawer. 

Cash  books.  1911-1916,  2  volumes. 

Record'  of  vouchers,  1911-1917,  2  volumes. 
Permits : 

Shipping  permits,  1911,  1913-14,  1  drawer. 

Private  pond  permits,  1  drawer. 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES  OF  IDAHO.  155 

Bonds  of  deputies,  1911-12.     1  drawer. 

Record  of  fry  planting,  1913-1916. 

Reports  to  treasurer,  1915-1917,  1  file.     Vault  5. 

Heyburn  Park  record,  1915-16,  2  volumes. 

Requisitions,   1   drawer.  "^ 

Resignations,  commissions,  and  bonds. of  resigned  deputies.    1  drawer. 

Messenger  reports,  1  drawer. 

Buck  fishway  papers,  1  drawer. 

Record  of  claims,  1917. 

Taxidermist  reports,  1  drawer. 

Deeds,  abstracts,  and  contracts,  1  drawer. 

Reports.     Vault  4. 

Tags,  fish-can  labels,  1  drawer. 

Cori-espondeuce :  , 

Correspondence,  1917,  8  'drawers. 

Correspondence  files,  1899-1908.     Stored  in  basement. 
Daily  deposit  slips,  1917.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 
Monthly  reports,  1917,    2  files  Auditor's  office,  room  1. 

10.   INSURANCE   COMMISSIONER. 

The  insurance  commissioner  is  appointed  by  the  governor  for  a 
four-year  term.  The  records,  unless  otherwise  stated,  are  in  the 
office  in  the  old  capitol. 

Insurance  company  record,  1893-1908,  4  volumes. 

Agency  record,  1908-1917,  1  volume. 

Articles  of  incorporation  of  insurance  companies  and  fraternal  orders,  1901- 

1917,  19  files. 
Account  books : 

Ledger,  1901-1906.  ^  ' 

Transfer  ledger,  1907. 

Journal,  1901-1904,  2  volumes. 

Journal,  license  account,  1903. 

Cash  books,  1903-1917,  3  volumes. 

Record  of  policies  issued  by  Idaho  State  insurance  companies,  1910-1912. 

Insurance  statistics,  1910-1917. 

Journal,  abstract  of  vouchers,  1911-1917. 

Fee  record,  1911-1917. 
Reports  to  the  treasurer,  1915-1917,  1  file.     Vault  5. 
Annual  statements  of  insurance  companies,  1915-1917,  8  drawers. 
Agent's  register,  1915-1917. 

Record  of  companies  and  agent's  licenses,  1916-17.  ' 

List  of  receipts  of  moneys  charged  to  county  treasurer. 
Daily  deposit  slips,  monthly  reports,  and  license  receipts,  1917,  1  file.    Auditor's 

office,  room  1. 
Correspondence : 

Letter  books,  1903-1906,  2  volumes. 

Correspondence,  1911-1917,  20  drawers. 
Miscellaneous  papers,  1901-1917,  2  cabinets. 


156  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

11.    BANK    COMMISSIONER. 

The  bank  commissioner  is  appointed  by  the  governor  for  a  term 
of  four  years.  When  not  otherwise  designated,  the  records  are  kept 
in  the  commissioner's  office. 

Textbook  account,  1895-1899,  2  volumes. 

Record  of  drafts,  1909.     Vault  6. 

General  ledger,  1909-1911.     Vault  6. 

Articles  of  incorporation,  1911-1917,  4  drawers. 

Claim  vouchers,  1913-1916,  1  drawer. 

Treasurer's  receipts,  1913-1916,  1  drawer. 

Reports  on  banks,  1906-1909.     Files  arranged  by  counties,  24  drawers.    Vault  6. 

Call  reports : 

Call  reports  to  close  of  1913,  30  drawers.     Vault  6. 

Call  reports,  1914-1917,  5  drawers. 

Abstract  of  call  reports  and  examinations,  1915-1917. 
Reports  of  examinations.    Unsorted  bundles  filling  one  case.    Vault  Q. 
Bank  examinations: 

Bank  examinations,  1912-13,  16  drawers.     Vault  Q. 

Bank  examinations,  1914-1917,  9  drawers. 
Reports : 

Special  reports,  1  drawer. 

Reports  of  receivers,  1913-1916,  1  drawer. 

Reports  to  governor  and  board  of  bank  commissioners,  1  file. 

Reports  to  treasurer,  1915-1917,  1  file.     Vault  5. 

Reports,  1913-1917,  2  drawers. 
Record  of  disbursemerfts  and  receipts,  1915-1917,  cash  book. 
"  Blue  sky  "  filings,  1915-1917,  2  drawers. 
Earnings  and  dividends,  1916,  1  drawer. 
Oaths  of  bank  directors,  7  drawers.     Vault  6. 
Officers,  directors,  and  directors'  oaths,  1914-15,  1  drawer. 
Oaths  of  bank  directors,  1917,  1  drawer. 
Report  of  examining  committee,  1917,  1  drawer. 
Reports  of  conditions,  1917,  2  drawers. 
Publisher's  certificates,  1917,  1  drawer. 
Verifications,  1917,  3  drawers. 
Officials  and  collections,  1917,  1  drawer. 
Collective  agency  bonds,  1917,  1  drawer. 
Quarterly  reports,  1917.     1  file.  Auditor's  office,  room  1, 
Correspondence : 

Miscellaneous  correspondence,  7  files.    Vault  6. 

Correspondence,  1911-1915,  8  drawers. 

"  Blue  sky  "  law  correspondence,  1917,  1  drawer. 

12.   DIRECTOR  OF  FARM  MARKETS. 

This  office  was  created  in  1915.  The  director  is  appointed  by  the 
governor  for  a  term  of  two  years.  The  records  are  kept  in  the  office 
in  the  old  capitol. 

Index  files  of  producers  and  buyera 
Cash  books,  3  volumes. 
Correspondence,  3  files. 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES  OF  Ix^aHO.  157 

13.   ADJUTANT  GENERAIi. 

Article  XIV,  section  4,  of  the  State  connntution  provides  that  "  all 
military  records,  banners,  and  relics  of  the  States,  except  when  in 
lawful  use,  shall  be  preserved  in  the  office  of  the  adjutant  general." 
In  spite  of  the  provisions  the  records  were  poorly  kept  before  1912. 
Such  records  as  exist  which  are  not  here  tabulated  are  stored  in  tlie 
basement,  are  unclassified,  and  are  now  inaccessible. 

TEKBITOBY. 

Nez  Percys  and  Bannock  War  veteran  discharges  and  copy  of  muster  rolls, 
1877-78,  1  drawer. 

STATE. 

Muster  rolls: 

Muster  rolls,  1898,  1  drawer. 

Muster  rolls,  Second  Idaho  Infantry,  1916. 

Muster  rolls  for  present  regiment  and  enlistment  papers,  1917,  1  file. 

Muster  files  and  correspondence,  1917,  1  drawer. 
Receipts  and  expenditures : 

Expense  book,  1901. 

Soldiers'  back  pay  records,  1907-8,  1  file. 

Property  account,  regimental  staff  officers,  1910,  1  file. 

Subsistence  returns,  1910-1912,  1  file. 

Receipts  for  warrants,  1911-12,  1  file. 

Expense  vouchers.  State,  1911-12,  1  file. 

State  vouchers,  1911-1917,  4  files. 

Receipts  for  property,  1912,  1  file. 

Pay  rolls,  1912-1914,  1  file. 

Subsistence  account,  1913,  1  file. 

Record  of  vouchers,  1913. 

Quartermaster  returns,  1913-14,  2  files. 

Account  current  of  United  States  property  and  disbursing  office,  1914-1917, 
1  file. 

Back  pay  vouchers,  1916,  1  file. 

Cash  book,  1916-17. 
Correspondence : 

Correspondence,  1913-1917,  9  files  and  drawers. 

Inspector  instructor  correspondence,  2  files. 

Telegrams  of  mobilization,  1916,  1  drawer. 
Miscellaneous : 

Roster  of  rejections,  1898. 

Commissioned  officers'  record,  1902-1917,  1  file. 

Reports  of  small-arms  firing,  1906-1915,  2  files. 

Retained  transportation  requests,  1910-1917,  1  file. 

Individual  records  of  enlisted  men,  1912-13,  1  file. 

Individual  company  records,  1912-1915,  18  files. 

Ordnance  property  book,  1913. 

Reports  of  training  camps,  1913-14,  1  file. 

Drill  reports,  1913-1916,  3  files. 

Drill  report  cards,  1914,  1  file. 

Mobilization  papers,  1914,  1  file. 

Reports  of  musters  into  service,  1914,  1  file. 

Target  practice  records,  1914,  1  drawer. 


158  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Miscellaneous — Continued. 
Health  rolls,  1914,  1  file. 
Officers'  military  record,  1915,  1  file. 
Field  and  annual  inspection  reports,  1915-16,  1  file. 
Bonds  and  leases  of  target  ranges,  1915-16,  1  file. 
War  Department  statistics,  1915-1917,  1  ile. 
Requisitions  to  the  War  Department,  1915-1917,  1  file. 
Uniform  allowance,  1916,  1  file. 
Report  of  survey  of  Government  property,  1916. 
Enlistment  papers,  1916,  1  file. 

Change  of  status  of  officers  and  enlisted  men,  1916,  1  file. 
Reserve  descriptive  lists,  1916-17,  1  file. 
Property  book,  1916-17. 
Transportation  papers,  1917,  1  file. 
Oaths  of  officers,  1917. 
Registration  oaths,  1917,  1  file. 
Medical  and  ordnance  returns,  1917,  2  files. 
Examination  of  noncommissioned  officers  to  be  officers,  1  file. 

14.    COMMISSIONER  OF  EDUCATION. 

The  commissioner  of  education  is  appointed  by  the  board  of  edu- 
cation and  performs  such  duties  as  are  assigned  by  the  board.  The 
records  are  kept  in  the  office  in  the  suite  occupied  by  the  board.  The 
most  important  documents  pertain  to  the  school  districts. 

15.  BOILER  INSPECTOR. 

This  office  existed  only  during  1893-94.  Su^h  records  as  exist  are 
in  the  secretary  of  state's  vault  2. 

Mileage  report,  1893-94. 

Account  books,  1893-94,  2  volumes. 

Register,  1893-94. 

16.    CHEMIST. 

This  office  was  established  in  1909  and  placed  under  the  control 
of  the  board  of  health.  The  chemist's  records  are  kept  in  his  office 
off  his  laboratory. 

Records  of  analyses,  1909-1917. 
Correspondence,  1909-1917. 

17.   BACTERIOLOGIST. 

The  office  was  established  in  1911  and  was  placed  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  board  of  health.  The  records  are  kept  in  the  office  which 
adjoins  the  laboratory. 

Cash  book,  1911-1917. 
Records,  1911-1917. 

18.   DAIRY,  FOOD,  AND  SANITARY  INSPECTOR. 

This  officer  is  now  appointed  by  the  board  of  health.  Recent  rec- 
ords, unless  otherwise  stated,  are  kept  in  the  office  adjoining  that 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES   OF   IDAHO.  159 

of  the  secretary  of  the  board  of  health,  but  early  records  are  stored 
in  the  basement  and  are  not  now  accessible. 

Cash  books : 

Cash  books,  1905-1912,  2  volumes. 

Cash  record,  1917. 
Vouchers : 

Voucher  record,  1907-S,  1913,  1916-17,  3  volumes. 

Vouchers,  1913-1917,  3  drawers. 
Ledgers : 

Ledgers,  1913-1916,  2  volumes. 

Ledger  of  fees  and  appropriations,  1915-1917. 

Index  to  ledgers,  3  volumes. 
Criminal  complaints,  1915-16,  1  bundle. 
Scale  inspection  reports,  1915-1917,  3  drawers. 
Applications  for  license,  Babcock  test,  1915-1917.    Loose  bundles. 
Reports  to  treasurer,  1915-1917,  1  file.     Vault  5. 
Correspondence,  1915-1917,  8  drawers. 

Report  and  daily  deposit  slips,  1917,  2  flies.    Auditor's  office,  room  1, 
Hotel  and  slaughter  house  score  cards,  2  drawers. 
Daily  reports  of  deputy  inspectors,  2  drawers. 

19.    HORTICULTURAL   INSPECTOR. 

For  records,  see  Board  of  Horticultural  Inspection. 

20.   BEE  INSPECTOR. 

See  Board  of  Horticultural  Inspection.        • 

21.   VETERINARY   SURGEON. 

The  governor  appoints  the  state  veterinary  surgeon,  who  executes 
laws  governing  the  live  stock  interests,  and  appoints  deputy  inspec- 
tors for  live  stock  inspection  districts  which  are  created  by  the  live 
stock  sanitary  board.  Unless  otherwise  stated,  records  are  in  the 
office  of  the  veterinary  surgeon. 

Time  books,  1905-1914,  2  volumes. 

Brand  records,  1905-1917,  12  volumes. 

Stallion  record,  1909-1917,  3  volumes. 

Ledger,  1910-1917,  3  volumes. 

Claim  vouchers,  bounty  claims,  predatory  animal  claims,  1911-1917,  18  drawers. 

Serum  account,  1913-1916,  4  volumes. 

Cash  books,  1915-1917,  2   volumes. 

Reiwrts  to  the  treasurer.  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 

Health  certificates,  1916,  1  drawer. 

Sheep  inspection,  1916,  1  drawer. 

Post-mortem  file,  1916  . 

Correspondence,  1916-1917,  8  drawers.     Early  correspondence  is  stored  in  the 

basement. 
Receipts  and  daily  deposit  slips,  1917,  2  files.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 
Quarantine,  2  drawers. 
Bills  of  sale,  brands,  1   drawer. 
Inspecting    cars,    1   dpawer. 


160  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

22.  LAW  LIBRARIAN. 

Before  the  period  of  statehood,  the  secretary  of  the  Territory  was 
also  the  law  librarian. 

TEXRITOBT. 

Law  library  account  books,  1883,  1885-86,  2  volumes.    Vault  2. 
List  of  books  received  by  the  law  library,  1885.    Vault  2. 

STATE. 

File  of  receipts  of  books  sent  out,  1901-1917. 
List   of   bills,    1912-1917. 
Correspondence,  1908-1917. 

23.  COMMISSIONER  OF  IMMIGRATION,  LABOR,  AND  STATISTICS. 

This  office  was  abolished  in  1915  and  none  of  its  records  were 
found. 

24.  HAT  AND  GRAIN  INSPECTOR. 

This  office  was  abolished  in  1913.  No  records  of  the  office  were 
brought  to  light. 

C.  Permanent  Boards  and  Commissions, 

25.    board  of  land  COMMISSIONERS. 

This  board  is  composed  of  the  governor,  the  superintendent  of 
public  instruction-,  the  secretary  of  state,  the  attorney  general,  and 
the  auditor.  Under  regulations  established  by  law  it  controls  and 
sells  State  lands,  lands  given  by  the  National  Government  to  State 
institutions,  and  Carey  Act  lands.  Most  of  the  records  are  kept  in 
the  land  department  office  in  the  capitol,  but  one  group  of  documents 
is  in  the  dairy,  food,  and  sanitary  office,  another  group  in  the  base- 
ment, and  a  third  group  in  a  vault  in  the  old  capitol.  Adjoining  the 
land  department  office  is  a  small  vault  which  is  referred  to  below  as 
vault  7.  The  vault  in  the  old  capitol  is  designated  as  vault  8.  When 
the  location  of  land  department  documents  is  not  specifically  stated 
below,  they  are  in  the  main  office  in  the  capitoL 

Abstract  books,  128  volumes.    Vault  8. 

Minutes,  1891-1917. 

Ledger,  1891-1915,  7  volumes. 

Cash  books,  1893-1912,  8  volumes.    Vault  8. 

Cash  books,  1909-1917,  5  volumes. 

Cash  books,  bonds,  loans,  and  warrants,  1911-1914.    Vault  8. 

Note  register,  1891-1902.    Vault  8. 

Leases: 

Lease  record,  1891-1900,  1912-1917,  16  volumes. 

Lease  record,  1901-1911,  5  volumes.     Vault  8. 

Public  land  lease  record,  1892-1899.    Vault  8. 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES   Or   IDAHO.  161 

Lea  ses — Con  tin  ued. 

Lease  application  register,  1898-1911.     Vault  8. 

Lease  assignment  record,  1898.     Vault  8. 

Register  of  State  land  leases,  1899-1900.     Vault  8. 

Applications  to  lease,  1912-1917,  13  files. 

Lease  journal. 
Sales: 

Sale  record,  1891-92.     Vault  8. 

Record  of  certificates  of  sale,  1891-92.     Vault  8. 

Certificates  of  sale,  1891-1917,  21  volumes. 

Sales,  1903-1917,  10  files. 

Sales  receipts,  1909-1915,  5  files. 
Loans : 

Loan  application  register,  1892-1898.     Vault  8. 

Canceled  loans,  1909,  1  bundle. 
Deeds : 

Warranty  deeds  to  public  lands,  1890-1917,  30  files. 

Deed  record.  1891-1917. 

Right-of-way  deeds,  1905-1917,  6  tiles. 

Right-of-way  deed  book,  1910. 
Record  book  of  declaration  of  forfeiture,  1898.     Vault  8. 
School  lands : 

School  land  record,  1891-1917,  7  volumes. 

Certificate  of  school  land  sale  record,  1892. 

Abstract  book,  school  lauds,  1898-99.    Vault  8. 

Record  of  indemnity  school   lands  granted  to  Idaho,   1905-G,  3  volumes. 
Vault  8. 

Indemnity  school  lands  ledgers,  3  volumes. 

School  lands  transfer  register,  1902-1907,  2  volumes. 
School  bonds : 

Journal  of  school  bonds,  1912.     Vault  8. 

School  bonds  list,  1912-1915.     Vault  8. 
Carey  Act: 

Carey  Act,  record  of  entry,  1900-1904,  1907,  1913-1917,  3  volumes. 

Carey  Act,  record  of  entry    1905-6,  1908-1912,  5  volumes.     Vault  8. 

Applications  for  Carey  lands,  1903-1912,  G  volumes.     Vault  8. 

Applications  for  Carey  lands,  1913-1917. 

Entries  on  Carey  Act  projects,  1903-1917,  250  drawers. 

Land,   water,  and  irrigation  companies,  and  Carey  Act  companies,  1903^ 
1917,  1  file. 

Carey  Act  trust-fund  papers,  1903-1917,  7  files. 

Carey  land  patent  records,  1905-1917,  9  volumes. 

Register  of  applications  for  entry  of  Carey  Act  lands,  Salmon  River,  1908. 

Carey  Act  project  records,  8  volumes. 

Carey  lands,  plat  books,  3  volumes. 
Receipts  and  expenditures: 

Register  of  land  receipts,  1893-1907,  3  volumes.     Vault  8. 

Registers,  report  and  receipt,  1905-1917,  4  volumes. 

Register  of  daily  cash  receipts,  1917. 

Record  of  receipts  and  disbursements,  suspense  fund,  1917. 

Register,  report,  and  treasurer's  receipts,   1917,  1  file.     Auditor's  Office, 
room  1. 
Land  appraisement  book,  1905-1917. 
88582°— 19 11 


162  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

State  funds  Journal,  1912-1915. 

Homestead  entries,  1891-1917.  5  files. 

Record  of  assignments,  1891-1917,  1  volume. 

Record  of  certified  lands,  1894,  1  volume.    Vault  8. 

Record  of  penitentiary  and  insane  asylum  lands,  1905-6.  1  volume.    Vault  8. 

Special  land  grants : 

Records  of  special  land  grants,  1889-1894,  3  volumes.    Vault  8. 

Special  grant  certificate  record.  1891-1917,  2  volumes. 

Special  grant  record,  1893-1905,  1  volume. 
King  Hill  project  papers,  1915-16.  1  file. 
Payette  Lakes  fire  protection  roads,  1917,  1  file. 
Southern  Idaho  Cooperative  fire  protection  vouchers,  1917,  1  file. 
Lava  Hot  Springs : 

Bank  check  record.  Lava  Hot  Springs,  1916-17,     Kept  in  Dairy,  Food,  and 
Sanitary  Oflice. 

Ledger,  Lava  Hot  Springs,  1916.     Kept  in  Dairy,  Food,  and  Sanitary  Oflice. 

Cash  book,  Lava  Hot  Springs,  1915-16,  3  volumes.     Kept  in  Dairy,  Food, 
and  Sanitary  OflUce. 
Maintenance  fund  papers,  1911-1917,  4  files. 
Timber  lands: 

Book  of  certificates  of  timber  land  sales,  1901-1906, 

Timber  estimates,  1905. 

Land  appraisements,  1905-1917,  and  timber-laud  appraisements,  17  volumes. 

Book  of  timber  estimates  [n.  d.).    Vault  8. 

Book  of  notices  of  timber-land  sales,  1915, 
Vouchers : 

Miscellaneous  vouchers,  1891-1907,  1  file. 

Voucher  record,  1915-16. 
Miscellaneous  funds,  tSl3-14,  1  file. 
Correspondence : 

Most  of  the  correspondence.  1900-1913,  is  stored  in  the  basement. 

Mortgage-loan  correspondence,  1890-1917.  22  drawers. 

Correspondence  docket,  1892-1895,  2  volumes.    Vault  8. 

Letter  books,  1900-1907,  5  volumes. 

Letter  book,  1907.    Vault  8. 

Correspondence,  1913-1917,  12  drawers. 
Certificate  records : 

Canceled  certificates,  special,  1902-1917,  11  files. 

Extension  certificate  record,  1891-92. 

Record,  1891-1907. 
Releases  of  cut-over  land,  1913-1917,  1  file. 
Tax  papers,  1913-1917,  1  file. 

Offered  applications  to  purchase,  1915-1917,  4  files.  ^ 

Purchaser's  index.     Vault  8. 

Reports  to  the  treasurer,  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 
Transcript  of  approval  of  claims,  1917,  1  file.    Auditor's  Oflice.  room  1. 
Lists  filed  with  State  auditor,  1917,  1  file. 

Bonds  and  loans,  daily  deposit  slips.  1917,  1  file.    Auditor's  Office,  room  1. 
Orders  for  warrants,  1917,  1  file.    Auditor's  Office,  room  1. 
Plat  books: 

Plat  books,  8  volumes. 

Plat  and  abstract  book  of  Lewiston  land,  1899.    Vault  8. 

Plat  book  In.  d.].    Vault  8. 
Miscellaneous  papers,  1900-1917,  15  files. 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES   OF   IDAHO.  .         163 

2  6.    HIGIIAVAY     COMMISSION. 

The  higliway  commission  Avas  organized  in  1913  and  is  composed  of 
the  secretary  of  state  and  two  other  memhers  appointed  by  the 
goA^ernor.  The  commission  appoints  a  highAA^ay  engineer  and  the 
records  are  kept  in  his  office  in  the  old  capitol,  unless  otherAvise  desig- 
nated. Before  1913  the  entire  AA'ork  of  State  road  construction  AA'as 
handled  by  a  State  highAvay  engineer  AA'ithout  a  governing  commis- 
sion. 

Road   matters,   irOo-6.     Files  of  paper.     A'^ault   4. 

Wagon  roads,  duplicate  vouchers.  1905-G.     Vault  4. 

Record,  1913-1917,  1  volume.    Vault  1. 

Field  note  books,  1913-1917,  about  500  volumes. 

Cost   ledger,   1913-1917. 

Vouchers : 

Ledger  and  voucher   record.   1913-1917. 

Voucher    files,    1913-1917,    17    drawers. 
Correspondence : 

Correspondence  of  the  secretary  of  state,  who  is  secretary  of  the  com 
mission,  regarding  highways  and  automobile  tax,  1913-1915,  3  boxes. 
Vault  3. 

Correspondence,   1913-1916,  4  files. 
Highway  contracts  and  bonds,  1914-1915,  1  drawer.     Vault  1. 
Reports  of  county  and  highway  districts,  1915-1917,  1  drawer. 
.Journal,  1917. 

Appropriation    ledger,    1917.  . 

Deeds  for  right  of  way,  1  drawer.     Vault  1. 
Plans,  profiles,  and  designs,  4  cases. 

27.    PUBLIC    UTILITIES    COMMISSION. 

This  commi.ssion  AA^as  created  in  1913  and  is  composed  of  three 
members  appointed  by  the  governor.  Its  records  are  kept  in  filing 
cases  in  the  office. 

Minute  book,  1913-1917. 

Register  of  actions,  1913-1917,  2  volumes. 

Informal  cases  Closed,  3  drawers 

Formal  and  informal  cases,  191.3-1917,  8  drawers. 

Exhibits  used  at  hefi  rings.  1913-1917,  1  drawer. 

Reports  of  special  investigations,  1913-1917,  1  drawer.  • 

Book  of  general  orders,  1913-1917. 

Orders  of  the  commission,   1913-1917,  1   drawer. 

Annual  reports,  electric,  Avater,  telephone,  warehouse,  vessels,  Irrigation,  car, 

gas,   railroads,  express,  1913-1917,   10  drawers,  • 

Transportation  schedules,  1913-1917,  20  drawers. 
Calendars,  1913-1917,  4  volumes. 
Order  books,   1913-1917,   2  volumes. 
Rill   register  and  invoice  record,  1  volume. 
Voucher   record,   1913-1917,   1   volume. 
Correspondence,  1913-1917,  20  drawers. 


164  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

28.  BOARD  OF  EDUCATION. 

This  board  is  composed  of  five  members,  one  being:  appointed 
every  year  by  the  governor  for  a  five-year  term,  and  the  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  who  is  ex-officio  a  member.  The  board 
of  education  also  acts  as  a  board  of  regents  of  the  University  of 
Idaho.  The  control  of  the  entire  educational  system  of  the  State 
since  1912  has  been  concentrated  under  the  board  of  education.  The 
commissioner  of  education  appointed  by  the  board  is  powerless,  and 
there  are  no  clearly  defined  spheres  of  activity  for  the  commissioner 
and  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  The  records  of  the 
board  are  kept  in  the  office  in  the  capitol  building. 

Proceedings,  1892-1910. 

Minutes,  1911-1917.  6  volumes. 

Apportionment  record,  1911-1917. 

Correspondence,  1911-1917,  13  drawers. 

Vouchers,  1913-1917. 

Record  of  appropriations,  1913-1917,  2  volumes. 

Annual  reports  of  county  superintendents,  1913-1917,  4  volumes. 

Press  bulletins,  1913-1917.  1  drawer. 

Insurance  register,  1914-1917. 

Joint  bulletin  distribution  record,  1916-1917. 

Cash  record,  1917. 

Bonds,  book  contracts,  deeds,  1  drawer. 

State  institution  creeds,  1  tlrawer. 

Insurance  policies,  St«te  institutions,  3  drawers. 

Board  of  text-book  commissioners — Proceedings,  1893-1899. 

Summer  school  normal  commission — Minutes,  1911. 

29,  BOARD    OF    EXAMINERS. 

This  board  consists  of  the  governor,  the  secretary  of  state,  and 
the  attorney  general.  It  has  power  to  examine  all  claims  against 
the  State,  except  salaries  or  compensation  of  officers  fixed  by  law, 
and  no  claims,  with  the  above  exception,  shall  be  passed  upon  by 
the  legislature  without  first  having  been  considered  and  acted  upon 
by  the  board. 

Record,  1890-1917,  4  volumes.    Vault  1. 

Record'of  bills  allowed,  1899-1900.    Vault  2. 

Book  of  claims,  1890-1917.     Vault  1. 

Journal,  1890-1917.  3  volumes.    Vault  1. 

Day  book,  1890-1917.    Vault  1. 

Minutes  book,  W13-1917.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 

Orders  anc^  motions,  1917,  2  files.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 

30.  BOARD   OF   EQUALIZATION. 

•This  board  is  composed  of  the  governor,  the  secretary  of  state, 
the  auditor,  the  attorney  general,  and  the  treasurer.    Its  chief  busi- 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES   OF   IDAHO.  165 

ness  is  to  assess  the  property  of  public  service  corporations  and  to 
equalize  the  assessed  valuation  of  property  between  counties. 

Proceedings : 

Proceedings,  1S93-1902.     Vault  7. 

Proceedings,  1893-94.     Auditor's  office,  room  2. 

Proceedings,  1903-4,  2  files.     Auditor's  office,  room  1. 
Minutes : 

Minutes  books,  1903-1909,  2  volumes.     Auditor's  office,  room  2. 

Minutes  books,  1913-1917.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 
Correspondence,  1917,  4  drawers.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 

31.   BOARD   or   STATE   PRISON    COMMISSIONERS. 

This  board  is  composed  of  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and 
attorney  general.  The  board  appoints  the  warden  of  the  State 
prison  and  has  general  supervision  of  the  institution.  Little  is  known 
of  the  prison  in  territorial  days,  the  only  record  which  was  brought 
to  light  being  a  register  of  convicts,  1884—1889,  which  was  also  used 
by  the  State  warden  until  1896. 

Register  of  convicts,  1884-1896,  2  volumes.    Vault  4. 

Register  of  the  prison,  1892.     The  volume  also  contains  many   loose  papers 

connected  with  prison  affairs.     Vault  2. 
Record,  1893-1917,  2  volumes.     Vault  1. 
Reports : 

Reports,  1  drawer.     Vault  1. 

Reports  of  the  warden,  1893-94,  1906,  2  volumes.     Vault  4. 

Reports  of  the  warden,  1901-1914,  5  drawers.     Vault  1. 

Reports  of  the  warden  to  the  State  treasurer,  1915-1917,  1  file.     Vault  5. 
Descriptions  of  convicts.  3  di-awers.     Vault  1. 
Investigation  papers.     Vault  4. 

3  2.   BOARD    or    PARDONS. 

The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  attorney  general  constitute 
the  board  of  pardons.  The  board  has  power  to  remit  fines  and  for- 
feitures, and  to  grant  commutations  and  pardons.  The  governor  has 
only  the  power  to  grant  reprieves  until  the  next  meeting  of  the 
board. 

Record,  1891-1917.     Vault  1. 

Proceedings,  1917,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 

Record  of  pardons,  1906^1911.     Vault  1. 

Pardon    papers.      Miscellaneous    group    of    applications    for    pardon,    protests 

against  pardons,  and  pardons  granted.     1  drawer.     Vault  2. 
Pardon  papers,  1904-1917,  12  drawers.    Vault  1. 
Pardon  papers,  cases  pending.  1917.  2  drawers.     Vault  1. 
Applications  for  pardon.  1912,  13  drawers.    Vault  1. 
Pardon  petitions,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 
Pardons  denied,  1917,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 


166  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

33.   BOARD   OF   HEALTH. 

The  board  of  health,  which  was  organized  in  1907i  is  composed  of 
the  attorney  general,  the  State  engineer,  two  physicians  who  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor,  and  another  physician  who  is  appointed  by 
the  other  members  of  the  board  and  who  acts  as  secretary.  The  board 
appoints  a  dairy,  food,  and  sanitary  inspector,  a  deputy,  a  chemist,  a 
bacteriologist,  and  necessary  assistants.  The  records  are  kept  in  the 
office  of  the  secretary  of  the  board. 

Minutes,  1907-1917. 

Register  -of  marriage,  1907-1917,  3  volumes. 

Vouchers : 

Record  of  voucliers,  1907-1917. 

Voucliers,  1911-1917. 
Record  of  eniba liners,  1909-1914. 
Record  of  examiners  of  embalmers,  1909-1914. 
Correspondence,  1911-1917,  6  drawers  and  several  paper  files.    Correspondence 

before  1911  is  stored  in  the  basement. 
Birth  and  death  certificates,  indexes,  and  records,  1911-1917. 
Cash  book  of  embalmer's  fund,  1913-1917. 
Cash  record,  191G-17,  2  volumes. 

34.  BOARD   or  HORTICULTURAL  INSPECTION. 

This  board,  which  was  established  in  1903,  is  composed  of  five 
members  who  are  appointed  by  the  governor  every  two  years.  The 
board  appoints  a  ^tate  horticultural  inspector,  who  is  also  ex  officio 
the  State  bee  inspector.  The  records,  unless  otherwise  stated,  are 
kept  in  the  office  of  the  inspector. 

Minutes  of  the  board,  1903-1917,  2  volumes. 
Correspondence,  190.3-1917,  20  drawers  and  paper  files. 
Ledgers  and  cash  books :. 

Ledger,  1904-1911,  2  volumes. 

Ledger  and  cash  book,  1913-1916. 

Cash  book,  1917. 
License  books,  1909-1917,  14  volumes. 
Claims : 

Claims,  1909-1917,  3  files. 

Claim  books,  1913-1917,  3  volumes. 
Journal,  1912. 

Reiiorts  of  deputies,  1914-1917,  2  files. 
Reports  to  treasurer,  1915-1917,  1  file.    Vault  5. 

Daily  deposit  slips,  and  reports,  1917,  2  files.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 
Bonds,  1  file. 
Miscellaneous  papers,  3  files. 

35.  LIVE  STOCK  SANITARY  BOARD. 

This  board  is  composed  of  seven  members  appointed  by  the  gover- 
nor, three  representing  the  sheep,  interests,  three  the  cattle  interests, 
and  one  the  horse  interests.    The  board  has  never  been  of  great  im- 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES   OF   IDAHO.  167 

portance,  and  the  actual  work  is  carried  on  by  the  State  veterinary 
surgeon.  Such  records  as  exist  will  be  found  listed  under  Veterinary 
Surgeon. 

36.    BOARD   OF    CANVASSERS. 

The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer,  and  attorney 
general,  or  any  three  of  them  constitute  the  board  of  canvassers. 
The  business  of  the  board  is  to  canvass  the  abstracts  of  votes  in 
National  and  State  elections,  and  determine  who  are  elected. 
Record  of  elections,  1890-1916,  2  volumes.     Vault  1. 

3  7.    DEPOSITORY  BOARD. 

The  laws  regulating  the  deposit  of  State  money  or  State  funds 
have  been  on  the  statutes  since  1905,  but  in  1915  the  legislature 
passed  a  very  complete  depository  law  creating  a  State  depository 
board  consisting  of  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  the  attorney 
general.  Prior  to  1915  the  same  officers  had  some  supervision  over 
the  deposit  of  the  State  funds,  but  their  ^powers  were  not  broad  nor 
well  defined.  The  depository  board  acts  upon  appeals  from  persons 
dissatisfied  with  the  rulings  of  the  bank  commissioner. 

Record,   1915-1917.     Auditor's  office,   room   1.  ' 

Appeals  and  papers,  1917,  2  files.     Auditor's  office,  room  1. 
Reports  of,  as  a  board  of  appeals,  1  drawer.     Vault  1. 

3  8.    BOARD    OF   TRUSTEES    OF    SOLDIERS'    HOME. 

The  soldiers'  home,  located  at  Boise,  is  under  the  control  of  a 
board  of  trustees  composed  of  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and 
the  attorney  general. 

Record,  1893-1917.     Vault  1. 

Reports,  1907-1912,  1  drawer.  ^  Vault  1. 

Other  reports.     Vault  4. 

39.    BOARD  OF  MANAGEMENT  OF  CAPITOL  BUILDING  AND   GROUNDS. 

The  board  is  composed  of  the  governor,  the  secretary  of  state, 
and  the  treasurer.  The  records  of  the  board  are  variously  desig- 
nated as  those  of  the  capitol  building  commission,  the  capitol  build- 
ing board,  and  the  board  of  trustees  of  capitol  building  and  grounds, 
and  the  board  of  trustees  of  public  buildings. 
Record  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  public  buildings,  1893-1917.    All  notations 

are  headed  "  capitol  building  board."    Vault  1. 
Record  of  the  capitol  building  commission,  190.5-1915,  3  volumes.     Vault  1.     . 

40.    BOARD    OF    MEDICAL    EXAMINERS. 

The  board  is  composed  of  six  physicians  representing  at  least 
three  schools  of  medicine.     With  the  exception  of  the  one  item  men- 
tioned below,  the  records  of  the  board  are  in  the  keeping  of  the 
secretary.  Dr.  C.  A.  Dettman,  of  Burke.     - 
Applications,  1903-4.     Vault  4. 


168  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

41.    BOARD   OF   OSTEOPATHY. 

The  hoard  is  composed  of  live  members.  The  records  are  kept 
by  the  secretary,  Dr.  E.  G.  Houseman,  of  Nampa. 

4  2.    BOARD   OF   DENTAL   EXAMINERS. 

This  board  is  composed  of  five  members.  The  records  are  in  the 
keeping  of  the  secretary,  Dr.  Albert  A.  Jessup,  of  Boise. 

43.  BOARD  OF  OI'TOMETRY.  ~  ' 

This  board  is  composed  of  three  members.  The  records  are  in 
the  keeping  of  the  secretary,  Edwin  S.  Owen,  of  Boise. 

44.  BOARD   OF    PHARMACY. 

The  board  is  composed  of  three  members.  The  records  are  in  the 
possession  of  the  secretary,  E.  E.  Colpin,  of  Oakley. 

4  5.    BOARD    OF    EXAMINATION    AND    REGISTRATION    OF    GRADUATE    NURSES. 

The  board  is  composed  of  three  members.  The  secretary  has  the 
records. 

4G.    BOARD   OF    VETERINARY    MEDICAL   EXAMINERS. 

The  board  is  composed  of  three  members.  The  records  are  either 
in  the  keeping  of  the  secretary  of  the  board  or  in  the  office  of  the 
State  veterinary. 

4  7.    STATE    GRAIN    COMMISSION. 

This  commission  was  composed  of  thrfee  members  appointed  by 
the  governor  for  two  years.  It  has  now  been  supplanted  by  the 
farm  markets  department.  No  records  of  the  commission  were 
found. 

48.    BOARD    OF    ARBITRATION. 

This  board  is  composed  of  two  labor  commissioners  and  the  judge 
of  the  district  where  there  is  business  for  the  board.  Upon  petition 
of  25  people  the  board  investigates  strikes  and  lockouts,  and  at- 
tempts to  settle  labor  disputes.  No  records  were  brought  to  light 
during  the  survey. 

49.   LIBRARY    COMMISSION. 

This  commission  is  composed  of  the  attorney  general,  secretary  of 
state,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  the  president  of  the 
State  university.  It  has- charge  of  the  traveling  libraries  and  ap- 
points a  librarian.     No  records  of  the  commission  were  found. 


PUBLIC   ARCHIVES   OF   IDAHO.  169 

D.  Special  Commissions,  Boards,  and  Offices. 

50.    SUPREME    COURT    BUILDING   AND    LIBRARY    COMMISSION. 
Minutes,   1903-1905.     Vault  4. 

51.    FISCAL   BOARD   HAVING   SALE   OF   BONDS. 
Minutes,  1905.     Auditor's  office,  room  1. 

52.    COMMISSION  TO  LOCATE  NORTHERN  ASYLUM. 
Minutes.    1905-1910.     Auditor's  office,    room    1. 

53.    COMMISSION    TO    REVISE   THE    IRRIGATION    LAWS. 
Created  in  1915.  No  records  were  found. 

54.    COMMISSION    TO    INVESTIGATE    WAGES    OF    WOMEN    AND    MINORS. 

Created  in  1915.     No  records  were  found, 

55.  LABOR    COMMISSION. 
No  records  were  found. 

56.  CODE  COMMISSIONER. 

The  office  was  created  in  1917  to  codify  the  laws  of  Idaho.     No  records  were 
found. 

57.  BOARD  OF  CONTROL  OF  HEYBURN  PARK. 

This  board  is  composed  of  the  governor,  the  game  warden,  and  one  other. 
No  records  were  found. 

58.    LUMBER    INSPECTORS. 

There  are  three  lumber  inspectors.     No  records  were  found. 

E.  Recently  Created  Boards  and  Offices. 

The  last  legislature  created  several  boards  and  offices  which  will 
be  established  in  1917  or  1918.  For  the  assistance  of  future  investi- 
gators, it  seems  necessary  to  name  them. 

59.  Board  of  Accountancy. 

60.  Board  of  examiners  of  architects. 

61.  Industrial  accident  board. 

62.  Insurance  manager  of  State  industrial  insurance  fund. 

F.  Educational  Institutions 

The  educational  institutions  of  Idaho  are:  (63)  the  University  of 
Idaho,  at  Moscow;  (64—65)  the  normal  schools  at  Lewiston  and  Al- 
bion; (66)  the  Academy  of  Idaho  at  Pocatello;  (67)  the  Industrial 
Training  School  at  St.  Anthony;  and  (68)  the  school  for  the  deaf 
and  blind  at  Gooding.  Records  will  be  found  at  the  institutions 
with  the  exception  of  the  extension  department  of  the  universitj 
which  maintains  an  office  in  the  capitol. 


170  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

UNIVERSITY   OF   IDAHO:    EXTENSION    DEPARTMENT. 

Annual  reports  of  staff  menihers,  1910-1917,  1  file. 

C«)ire.si><)n(lonce,  1914-1917,  8  files.  '^ 

Voucher  books,  1914-1917,  5  volumes. 

Account  book,  1915-1917. 

Boys  and  girls  club  work,  12  files. 

G.  Other  State  Institutions. 

The  institutions  other  than  educational  are  (69)  the  State  peni- 
tentiary at  Boise;  (70)  the  soldiers'  home  at  Boise;  (71)  the  insane 
asyhini  at  Blackfoot;  (72)  northern  Idaho  sanitarium  at  Orofino; 
and  (73)  the  sanitarium  at  Nampa.  The  records  of  the  penitentiary 
will  be  found  at  the  institution  or  tabulated  under  board  of  State 
prison  commissioners  and  board  of  pardons.  The  records  of  the 
soldiers'  home  are  at  the  institution  or  tabulated  under  board  of 
trustees  of  soldiers'  home.  The  records  of  the  insane  asylum  will 
be  found  at  Blackfoot  except  a  few  reports  kept  at  the  capitol  m 
vaults  4  and  5.  Records  of  the  northern  Idaho  sanitarium  are  at 
Orofino  and  those  of  the  sanitarium  are  at  Xampa,  except  receipts  for 
1917,  which  are  to  be  found  in  the  auditor's  office,  room  1. 

^  H.  State  Historical  Society. 

The  society  was  established  in  1907.     The  office  and  museum  are  in 
the  old  capitol  building.     The  society  has  devoted  itself  to  the  col-' 
lection  of  historical  curios,  and  possesses  but  few  books,  newspapers, 
and  manuscripts.     Its  records  are  also  very  scanty. 

Record  of  articles,  books,  etc.,  loaned  and  presented,  2  volumes. 
Cash  book,  1907-17. 

I.  Exposition  Papers. 

Idaho  was  represented  at  the  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago  in 
1893,  at  the  Alaska- Yukon  Pacific  P^xposition  in  1909,  and  at  the 
Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  in  1915.  The  following 
papers  have  been  preserved : 

COLrMBIAN    EXPOSITION. 

Papers   connected   with   the    Idaho   exhibition,    1893.     Bundle   of   unarranged 

papers.     Vault  2. 
Correspondence,  1893.     Vault  4.     ' 

ALASKA-YUKON    PACIFIC    EXPOSITION. 

Idaho  building  register,  1909.     Vault  8. 
Papers,  1909.     Vault  4. 

PANAMA-PACIFIC  INTEBNATIONAL  EXPOSITION. 

Pai)ers.    Vault  4. 


PUBLIC 'archives   OF   IDAHO.  171 

J.  Supreme  Court. 

The  records  of  the  supreme  court,  unless  otherwise  stated,  are  kept 
in  a  large  vault  off  the  judges'  chambers. 

TERRITORY. 

Record  of  opinions,  1864-1889,  4  volumes. 

File  of  original  records  on  appeal  and  briefs  of  council.  1864-1889.  About  250 
cases.  ' 

Court  record,  1864-1889,  3  volumes.  The  last  volumes  also  contain  State  rec- 
ords, 1890-1893. 

Minutes  book,   1867-1873. 

Records  in  bankruptcy,  1868-1875. 

Register,  1868-1889,  2  volumes. 

Clerk's  notes,  1869-1873,  1885-1889,  4  volumes. 

Bar  calendar,  1872. 

STATE. 

File  of  original  records  on  appeal  and  briefs  of  council,  1890-1917.     About  2,800 

cases. 
Journal,  1890-1895,  1911-12,  2  volumes. 
Court  record,  1890-1917,  7  volumes. 
Register  of  actions,  1890-1917,  3  volumes. 
Original  opinions  of  the  court,  1890-1917,  30  volumes. 
Index  of  State  cases.  ' 

Clerk's  correspondence,  1890-1917,  50  volumes. 
Clerk's  notes,  1891-92,  1894-1908,  5  volumes. 
Journal  oi"  citizenship.  1894-1906,  2  volumes. 

Cash  books  of  the  clerk  of  the  court,  1909-1911,  1914-1916.  2  volumes. 
Court  stenograpiier's  quarterly  reports,  1911.     1  file.    Auditor's  office,  room  1. 
Clerk's  reports  to  treasurer,  1915-1917,  1  file.     Vault  5. 
Expense  account.  1915-16.     In  siime  volume  with  records  in  bankruptcy,  1808- 

1875. 
Clerk  of  the  supreme  court,  quarterly  reports  and  daily  deposit  slips,  1917,  2 

files.     Auditor's  office,  room  1. 

K.  Legislature. 

The  legislative  records  are  kept  in  the  vaults  of  the  secrotarv  of 
state.  Two  items  were  found  in  the  governor's  vault,  but  they  are 
duplicates  of  documents  in  the  keeping  of  the  secretary  of  state. 

TERRITORY. 

Journals  of  the  council   [senate]   and  house  of  representatives,  1863-04,  1860- 

1889,  26  volumes.     Vault  2. 
Bill  books,  1863-1866,  1875-1889,  17  volumes.    Vault  2. 
Laws,  1863-64,  1866-1889.    20  drawers.    Vault  1. 

Territorial  laws,  4  tin  boxes.     Vault  1.  "■ 

Journal  of  executive  proceedings  of  the  council,  1888-89.     Vault  2. 
Laws  of  the  twelfth  session  received  by  the  governor.     Vault  2. 
Revised  code,  1887,  1  drawer.    Vault  1. 

Record  of  memorials,  resolutions,  and  bills  passed,  1888-89.     Vault  2. 
Revised  statutes,  2  drawers.    Vault  1. 


172  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


House  and  senate  journals,  bill  books,  calendars,  and  records.  1890-1017.  153 

volumes.     Vault  1. 
Enrolled  bills,  resolutions,  niemorinls,  and  vetoed  bills,  governors'  messages, 

and  committee  reports,  1890-1917,  192  drawers.     Vault  1. 
House  and  senate  record  of  bills,  resolutions,  and  memorials,  1890,  1893,  1899. 

and  1903,  8  volumes.     Vault  2. 
Index  of  legislation,  1891.    Vault  2. 
Bill  books,  1890-1895,  8  volumes.    Vault  $.. 
Bills,  resolutions,  memoriuLs,  etc.,  passed  in  1893.     Vault  4. 
General  orders  of  tbe  day  and  special  orders,  house  of  representatives.  1894- 

1897,  2  volumes.    Vault  2. 
Minutes   of   the   judiciary   committee   of   the   senate,    1897,   1901,   2   volumes. 

Vault  2. 
Calendar  of  the  legislature,  1897.    Vault  2. 

Kecord  of  reenacted  laws  of  1899  and  session  laws  of  1901.    Vault  2. 
Senate  bills,  1903.    Vault  4. 

Enrolled  laws  passed  at  tire  eighth  session.    Vault  2. 
Minutes  of  proceedings  In  the  house,  1908-9.    Vault  2. 
Senate  concurrent  resolutions,  1908.    Vault  2. 
House  concurrent  resolutions,  1909.     Vault  2. 
Record  of  senate  and  house  bills,  1909.  2  volumes.    Vault  2. 
Idaho  revised  code,  1909.     Vault  1. 

House  bills,  eleventh  session,  approved  or  vetoed  by  Gov.  Hawley.    Vault  4. 
Transcript  of  proceedings  at  hearings  of  the  house  investigation  committee  of 

the  transactions  of  the  various  State  departments,  1915.     Vault  1. 


IV.  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  FOURTEENTH  ANNUAL 
CONFERENCE  OF  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES. 


PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  DECEMBER  29,  1917. 


173 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  FOURTEENTH  ANNUAL  CONFERENCE  OF 
HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES. 


The  fourteenth  conference  of  historical  societies  met  at  the  His- 
torical Society  of  Pennsylvania  on  December  29,  1917.  With  the 
conference  were  representatives  of  the  hereditary  patriotic  societies, 
as  the  subject  concerned  them  also.  The  attendance  was  not  very 
large  from  distant  societies,  but  there  was  a  good  representation  from 
Philadelphia  and  vicinity.  Unfortunately  the  meeting  was  late  in 
starting  and  so  the  business  was  deferred  until  the  end  and  then 
part  of  it  was  referred  to  committees. 

Judge  Norris  S.  Barratt,  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  Phila- 
delphia, spoke  on  the  relation  of  the  patriotic  societies  and  historical 
societies,  with  special  reference  to  cooperation  in  publication.  Judge 
Barratt  referred  to  the  resolution  of  the  hereditary  patriotic  societies 
of  December,  1916,  that  the  council  of  the  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation appoint  a  committee,  to  suggest  cooperation,  out  of  which 
resolution  grew  the  present  topic.  He  mentioned  some  nine  heredi- 
tary patriotic  societies  and  referred  to  the  purposes,  objects,  and  pub- 
lications of  some  of  these,  for  instance,  the  Colonial  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  in  the  Commonwealth 
of  Pennsylvania  with  their  valuable  publications  on  Philadelphia 
colonial  history;  the  large  Pennsylvania  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the 
Eevolution  w^ith  its  publications  of  historical  addresses  and  its  other 
activities;  the  Genealogical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  and  its  collec- 
tion of  transcripts  and  its  publications;  the  Pennsylvania  German 
Society  with  its  collections  and  twenty-five  annual  volumes  and  the 
issue  of  many  parts  of  a  critical  history  of  Pennsylvania;  the 
Sw^edish  Colonial  Society  and  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  said :  "  The  real  function  of  these  societies  aside  from 
the  purely  social  ones,  with  which  we  have  now  no  concern,  is  to 
publish  historical  books  and  papers  upon  subjects  germane  to  their 
purposes  of  organization.  State  historical  societies  have  a  Avider 
scope,  as  it  should  be  their  aim  to  preserve  the  legends  of  the  vil- 
lages, together  with  all  historical  material  that  goes  to  make  up  the 
history  of  the  State  and  Nation  while,  for  instance,  the  Pennsylvania 
Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  should  confine  its  activities 
to  the  history  of  the  revolution  exclusively  and  not  extend  it  bej^ond. 
What  the  Sons  of  the  Eevolution,  for  example,  want  to  publish  and 
what  they  have  published  I  have  already  given. 

176 


176  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL,   ASSOCIATION.' 

"The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  and  Dr.  John  Wolf  Jor- 
dan, its  able  librarian,  have  always  given  the  Pennsylvania  Society 
of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution  their  cooperation  and  friendly  advice 
and  aid.  Personally,  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  duplication  of 
eifort.  We  may  premise  that  shortcomings  exist  here  as  in  other 
departments  of  life.  We  can  not,  therefore,  hope  for  perfection,  but 
we  ought  to  make  the  best  progress  we  can  on  the  road.  The  object 
is  to  make  those  uninformed  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  knowledge 
of  what  has  been  done  in  old  times,  with  all  its  interesting  detail 
and  local  color.  These  papers  will,  it  is  hoped,  become  a  mine  of 
information  for  the  future  historian.  They  are  unlike  general 
treatises  or  books  published  for  sale  or  commercial  purposes,  but  are 
merely  for  distribution  among  those  belonging  to  a  society.  Of 
course,  for  kindred  societies  to  publish  the  same  records  or  duplicate 
practically  the  work  of  a  similar  society  would  be  not  only  wasteful, 
but  as  a  practice  can  not  be  vindicated."  He  summed  up  with  the 
two  propositions:  (1.)  That  there  should  be  some  general  clearing 
house,  so  that  the  hereditary  patriotic  societies  could  keep  in  touch 
with  the  activities  of  each  other  and  the  historical  societies.  This 
would  be  helpful  in  many  ways,  especially  in  preventing  duplications 
and  in  suggestions  for  developing  certain  historical  material.  (2.) 
That  this  can  best  be  attained  by  the*  appointment  of  a  committee 
composed  of  representatives  of  the  different  societies,  to  prepare  and 
submit  definite  suggestions  for  a  method  of  cooperation  between 
them  in  various  lines  of  historic  work. 

Prof.  William  Libbey,  of  Princeton  University,  and  a  member 
and  officer  o'f  three  patriotic  societies,  opened  the  discussion,  saying: 

"  I  am  rather  sorry  that  our  good  friend  Judge  Barratt  laid  so  much 
stress  upon  the  subject  of  publication  and  so  little  emphasis  upon 
the  matter  of  cooperation.  We  are  all  agreed  on  the  necessity  for 
publication  work,  for  the  work  already  done  is  the  best  evidence 
that  there  is  a  need  for  it.  The  crucial  point  for  discussion,  as  inti- 
mated on  the  program  for  this  morning,  is  as  to  whether  we  can 
bring  about  a  cooperation  of  the  historical  and  patriotic  societies  in 
the  matter  of  publication.  Of  course  there  is  the  question  which 
might  be  discussed  as  to  the  value  of  the  efforts  of  a  great  many  con- 
temporary writers  on  historical  subjects.  Some  of  this  material  may 
be  of  permanent  value  and  more  of  it  perhaps  will  not  be  of  this 
character.  These  writers  as  a  rule  do  not  give  us  the  facts  as  they 
stand,  but  very  frequently  interpretations  of  historical  documents. 

"  Although  a  member  and  officer  of  three  patriotic  societies  I  am  not 
authorized  to  represent  them  in  any  capacity,  but  I  appear  before 
you  solely  in  response  to  the  request  of  your  secretary,  and  it  was 
intimated  that  I  should  try  to  give  the  viewpoint  of  the  patriotic 
societies   upon   this  subject.     These   patriotic   societies   are   widely 


FOUKTEENTH  ANNUAL  CONFERENCE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES.       177 

separated  organizations  and  I  am  sorry  to  say  that  some  jealousy 
is  found  to  exist  among  them.  This  is  absolutely  subversive  to  all 
good  work,  but  I  believe  that  this  condition  could  be  overcome  if  we 
developed  cooperation.  It  would  be  beneficial  in  many  ways.  You 
generally  have  a  much  better  idea  of  a  person  after  you  have  worked 
with  him  for  a  while  and  have  become  better  acquainted  with  his 
methods.  All  this  however  would  be  useless  unless  a  central  office 
could  be  established  and  some  standardization  of  methods  could  be 
adopted. 

"  Now  what  are  the  facts  as  far  as  patriotic  societies  are  concerned. 
We  find  that  societies  vary  in  practice  considerably.  For  example, 
the  general  society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  publishes  little  ex- 
cept addresses  at  the  annual  meetings.  The  State  societies  prepare 
more  or  less  complete  genealogical  sketches  of  their  members.  The 
Society  of  Colonial  Wars  practically  does  the  same  thing,  but  the  State 
societies  as  a  rule  publish  niore  extended  sketches  of  their  members, 
|)articularly  of  the  deceased  members.  In  addition  they  have  pub- 
lished a  list  of  the  ancestors  of  the  members  of  their  societies,  giv- 
ing an  account  of  their  services.  The  New  Jersey  Society  has  pub- 
lished a  list  of  the  colonial  wars  officers  of  the  State.  Again,  the 
Order  of  Founders  and  Patriots  pursues  the  policy  of  combining  in 
one  volume  all  the  records  of  the  general  and  State  societies.  In 
addition,  I  am  glad  to  say  that  the  members  of  these  societies  in 
the  State  of  New  Jersey  are  very  much  interested  in  thj  preserva- 
tion of  the  archives  of  the  State  and  are  working  hard  to  bring 
about  the  formation  of  a  commission  for  this  purpose. 

"  My  recommendation  upon  this  subject  would  be  that  a  committee 
be  appointed  to  deal  with  the  whole  subject;  that  this  committee 
should  determine  just  what  subjects  should  be  included  in  the  series 
of  publications,  and  that  the  series  should  be  determined  by  the  char- 
acter of  the  material  submitted.  It  should  determine  not  only  the  se- 
lection of  the  material  but  should  form  a  committee  on  publication 
with  certain  editorial  functions,  each  society  to  be  represented  on  the 
committee  by  a  delegate  with  power.  This  committee  should  de- 
termine the  size  of  the  page,  the  type  to  be  used;  and  the  content 
of  each  article  should  determine  the  series  in  which  it  is  to  be  pub- 
lished. Many  publications  consist  of  a  jumble  of  historical,  genea- 
logical, biographical,  and  statistical  articles.  They  form  an  impos- 
ing volume,  but  it  is  bulky  and  contains  a  lot  of  material  which  some 
people  do  not  care  for.  If  each  of  the  'articles  upon  these  subjects 
were  published  in  separate  pamphlet  form,  similar  to  those  of  the 
Chicago  Museum,  there  would  be  an  escape  from  this  medley  and  its 
confusion.  There  could  be  a  series  of  each  type  for  each  society,  if 
desired,  but  each  pamphlet  would  be  complete  in  itself.  Eventually 
a  sufficient  number  on  a  similar  subject  could  be  bound  in  one  volume. 
88582°— 19 12 


178  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL,  ASSOCIATION. 

"  The  advantages  of  such  a  system  are  apparent.  If  all  the  societies 
should  adopt  a  standard  size  for  their  publications  which  would  accord 
with  the  view  of  this  central  committee,  and  should  publish  ac- 
cording to  this  plan,  there  would  be  very  little  interference  with  the 
activities  of  the  various  societies,  and  each  would  be  contributing 
according  to  its  financial  ability.  Series  collected  afterwards  might 
be  bound  together  for  the  use  of  the  societies  or  for  more  general  pur- 
poses. In  any  event  such  a  system  would  promote  greater  inter- 
change of  opinion  and  more  friendly  relations  and  better  acquaint- 
ance among  people  interested  in  this  material,  in  all  parts  of  our 
country." 

Ex-Gov.  L.  Bradford  Prince,  of  New  Mexico,  a  representative  of 
both  historical  and  patriotic  societies,  commented  on  the  remarks 
of  the  other  speakers,  and  said  on  behalf  of  the  historical  societies: 
"  We  shall  welcome  all  aid  given  by  the  patriotic  societies,  and  on  be- 
half of  the  patriotic  societies,  we  shall  welcome  all  aid  given  by  the 
historical  societies." 

Mr.  Worthington  C.  Ford,  editor  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  said:  "  I  represent  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society  and 
the  Colonial  Society  of  Massachusetts,  both  interested  in  bringing 
the  historical  and  patriotic  societies  into  closer  relations  with  one 
another,  and  both  willing  to  do  all  that  is  possible  in  bringing  these 
various  societies  into  closer  alliance  with  the  American  Historical 
Association.  In  Massachusetts  the  first  steps  to  effect  a  better  co- 
operation among  the  patriotic  societies  in  that  State  are  yet  to  be 
taken,  and  there  is  as  yet  no  connection  for  joint  eflFort  between  them 
and  the  historical  societies.  Recently  delegates  of  12  patriotic  so- 
cieties met  at  a  social  dinner,  to  see  if  a  plan  of  cooperation  could 
be  devised.  The  outcome  remains  to  be  determined.  In  Pennsyl- 
vania, as  Judge  Barratt  has  shown,  no  little  progress  has  been  made 
toward  combination  in  collections  and  agreement  upon  publications, 
and  with  good  results.  Nothing  of  this  exists  in  Massachusetts  ex- 
cept in  the  specialized  libraries.  In  former  days  each  librarj'  was 
intent  upon  getting  all  it  could,  without  much  attention  to  fitness. 
Now  the  leading  libraries  buy  carefully,  and  do  not  unnecessarily 
duplicate  what  is  in  the  special  libraries. 

"  We  have  in  Massachusetts  a  League  of  Historical  Societies  which 
includes  34  of  the  local  and  general  historical  societies ;  but  it  does  not 
seek  to  influence  or  control  ^yhat  each  societj'  should  print,  nor  are  its 
own  publications  of  importance.  The  league  collects  a  small  fee  from 
each  member  society  and  meets  twice  a  year.  The  patriotic  societies 
have  pursued  a  course  independent  of  each  other  and  of  all  other  his- 
torical societies.  Their  sphere  of  publications  is  much  narrowed. 
Having  issued  their  "  service  "  books,  it  would  be  a  waste  of  money  to 
reissue  the  full  pedigrees  for  the  incoming  generation,  and  thus  there 


FOURTEENTH  ANNUAL  CONFERENCE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES.       179 

should  be  a  fund  free  for  issues  of  a  truly  historical  character.  The 
danger  lies  in  duplication.  The  orderly  books,  for  example,  tempt 
publication.  Yet  already  much  money  has  been  wasted  in  partial  pub- 
lication. The  general  orders  apply  to  the  whole  army,  the  brigade 
orders  to  the  brigade,  and  the  regimental  orders  to  one  regiment. 
Completeness  requires  examples  of  all  the  brigade  orders  and  all  the 
regimental  orders.  For  this  no  society  or  combination  of  societies 
will  suffice.  The  War  Dopartment  finding  a  large  force  of  trained 
clerks  in  the  Adjutant  General's  Office,  on  completing  the  Official 
Records  of  the  Rebellion,  began  to  collect  the  records  for  the  War  for 
Independence  and  for  the  War  of  1812,  and  so  great  an  undertaking 
may  well  be  left  to  the  National  Government. 

"  My  idea  of  a  possible  cooperation  would  be  to  assess  on  each  society 
an  annual  fee,  and  to  use  the  resulting  fund  in  subsidizing  under- 
takings of  general  scope  and  merit.  The  Colonial  Dames  have  set  a 
good  example.  They  have  issued  the  Letters  to  Washington  to  1775, 
in  five  volumes;  Correspondence  of  William  Pitt  with  the  American 
Governors,  etc.,  in  two  volumes,  and  the  Correspondence  of  William 
Shirley,  in  two  volumes.  These  are  works  of  historical  value  and 
true  contributions  to  history,  carefully  edited  by  capable  hands. 
The  entire  expense  was  borne  by  the  Dames.  In  the  scheme  which  I 
have  outlined,  the  local  society  would  be  aided  to  publish,  due  regard 
being  given  to  the  quality  of  the  material  and  the  manner  in  which 
it  has  been  treated.  Such  a  plan  will  bring  to  accomplishment  de- 
serving undertakings  which  are  now  kept  back  for  want  of  funds, 
or  proper  editing,  or  want  of  advice,  and  raise  the  standard  of  publi- 
cations. As  there  will  be  inaily  details  to  be  considered  and  de- 
termined before  such  a  cooperation  as  is  proposed  can  be  effected  I 
submit  the  following  resolution :  " 

Resolved,  That  the  president  of  the  American  Historical  Association  appoint 
a  committee  of  13 — four  to  be  talfen  from  historical  societies,  four  from  patri- 
otic societies,  one  from  the  American  Historical  Association,  and  four  from 
societies  of  a  historical  character — to  consider  the  question  of  a  closer  coopera- 
tion among  such  societies,  especially  with  a  view  to  preventing  duplication 
of  publication  and  of  planning  a  better  and  more  systematic  method  of  publish- 
ing historical  material :  this  committee  to  report  to  the  council  of  the  American 
Historical  Association  at  its  early  convenience. 

The  motion  was  carried  and  has  been  communicated  to  the  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Historical  Association. 

The  second  part  of  the  program  was  devoted  to  discussion  of  the 
subject,  "  The  collection  of  local  war  material  by  historical  societies." 

Prof.  Harlow  C.  Lindley  spoke  of  what  they  have  been  doing  in 
the  department  of  history  of  the  Indiana  State  library.  As  soon  as 
the  United  States  became  officially  engaged  in  the  war  the  librar}' 
adopted  a  plan  of  preserving  all  material  about  the  war,  in  the 
newspapers,  which  concerned  Indiana  in  any  way.    In  this  way  it  was 


180  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

hoped  to  add  local  color  to  the  official  reports.  The  plan  has  been : 
(1)  To  clip  carefully  all  material  bearing  upon  the  militarj'  activities 
of  the  State,  from  the  two  leading  daily  papers  of  Indianapolis.  As 
this  is  the  capital  and  the  center  of  the  State,  these  newspapers  cover 
the  whole  State,  and  a  great  national  training  camp  located  there 
adds  importance.  The  material  is  classified  under  general  war  news, 
relief  work — i.  e..  Red  Cross,  etc.,  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison  material, 
draft,  and  registration.  Under  each  heading  the  clippings  are  ar- 
ranged chronologically,  mounted  and  bound;  (2)  in  a  laige  ledger 
book  every  important  event  is  entered  in  chronological  order  with 
reference  to  full  account;  (3)  a  card  index  is  being  made  according 
to  subject  of  every  article  in  the  newspapers  that  bears  upon  Indiana's 
part  in  the  war.  This  plan  is  probably  too  ambitious  for  the  average 
local  historical  society  or  library,  but  each  could  undertake  the  index- 
ing of  its  local  publications  and  the  collecting  of  material  of  local 
significance.  This  was  suggested  to  every  local  historical  society  and 
public  library  in  the  State  by  the  department. 

Dr.  Buck,  of  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society,  indicated  at  some 
length  the  work  being  done  in  Minnesota.  An  index  was  started 
after  the  war  began  and  500  papers  wer#  collected  from  April  1 
to  August  1.  Posters  and  programs  of  various  meetings  and  a 
great  many  pictures  have  been  collected.  The  number  of  organiza- 
tions engaged  in  war  activities  is  innumerable  and  the  importance  of  ^ 
keeping  their  records *rs  emphasized  by  the  disappearance  of  records 
of  similar  organizations  of  the  Civil  War.  Letters  from  men  in 
the  military  service  also  ought  to  be  preserved.  The  State  society 
is  doing  all  it  can  and  is  urging  the  same  policy  upon  local  societies 
and  libraries.  It  is  important  to  secure  as  much  publicity  as  possible 
and  thus  secure  the  cooperation  of  the  people  in  saving  everything. 
The  newspaper  men  are  of  great  importance.  The  question  of  how 
to  care  for  this  material  arises.  As  it  comes  in  it  should  be  separated 
into  what  is  worth  while  and  what  is  not,  and  the  important  things 
filed.  Many  have  become  enthusiastic  about  this  work  in  Minnesota 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  as  a  result  of  this  impetus,  the  work  of 
collecting  current  material  will  not  be  abandoned  after  the  war. 

•It  was  hoped,  had  time  allowed,  to  ask  the  representatives  of  the 
different  societies  present  to  state  in  what  manner  each  was  collect- 
ing war  material,  in  order  that  some  new  ideas  might  be  brought 
forth.  Since  that  was  not  possible  a  general  questionnaire  has  been 
sent  to  every  known  historical  society  and  agency  in  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  asking  them  to  state  their  activities  in  this  line.  The 
answers  to  this  will  be  included  in  the  handbook. 

The  secretary  reported  in  brief  that  after  the  conference  of  1916 
the  proceedings  were  published  in  February,  1917,  together  with  the 


FOURTEENTH  ANNUAL  CONFERENCE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES.       181 

information  and  statistics  of  activity  reported  by  some  90  societies, 
in  a  16-page  pamphlet.  The  $50  appropriated  by  the  American 
Historical  Association  was  expended,  and  it  seemed  wise  to  postpone 
asking  for  the  contributions  from  historical  societies  until  1918. 
However,  contributions  were  received  from  the  following  societies: 
California  Genealogical,  Hunterdon  County  (N.  J.),  Iowa  State, 
Middlesex  County  (Conn.),  New  Mexico,  Chester  County  (Pa.), 
Church  (Pa.),  Women's  Canadian,  of  Ottowa,  and  Lehigh  County 
(Pa.).     Other  societies  have  promised  contributions. 

For  completing  the  organization  of  the  conference  as  provided  for 
last  year,  three  committees  were  appointed :  on  nomination  of  chair- 
man of  fifteenth  conference,  F.  H.  Severance;  on  financial  contribu- 
tions and  voting,  S.  J.  Buck;  on  committees  and  officers,  Prof.  B.  F. 
Shambaugh.  Answers  to  the  questionnaire  have  been  received  in 
gratifying  numbers,  168  (since  the  conference  to  date  182),  which 
means  a  good  basis  for  the  Handbook  of  Historical  Societies  pro- 
posed for  1918.  Other  points  in  the  report  came  up  later  in  the  busi- 
ness meeting. 

The  committee  on  organization  reported  in  favor  of  placing  the 
treasurer's  duties  with  the  secretary  for  1918  and  of  having  the  audit 
made  by  the  American  Historical  Association  auditors.    Carried. 

The  committee  on  nomination  of  chairman  reported  in  favor  of 
the  reelection  of  Mr.  Montgomery.    Carried. 

The  committee  on  financial  contributions  and  voting  powers  recom- 
mended the  appointment  of  the  chairman,  secretary,  and  a  third 
member  to  devise  a  plan  for  1918,  the  final  plan  to  be  voted  on  at  the 
next  conference.    Carried. 

This  committee  has  since  reported  the  following  working  plan : 

1.  The  conference  of  historical  societies  includes  all  historical,  genealogical, 
numismatic  and  similar  societies,  historical  commissions,  State  departments  of 
history,  other  historical  agencies,  and  hereditary  patriotic  societies,  general, 
State,  and  local. 

2.  Such  societies  as  desire  to  further  the  progress  of  historical  societies  and 
their  mutual  interests  shall  contribute  such  amount  as  shall  seem  suitable  to 
them  in  view  of  their  resources,  membership,  and  interest.  The  suggested  basis 
is  1  cent  per  member  (but  not  over  $10)  with  approximately  $5  for  commis- 
sions and  departments.  From  societies  which  desire  to  show  interest  but  whose 
resources  are  small  or  otherwise  appropriated,  contributions  of  any  size  are 
asked. 

3.  Societies  and  agencies  of  whatever  kind  which  contribute  on  the  proposed 
basis  shall  have  a  vote  at  the  annual  conference  by  proxy  or  delegate,  or  by 
mail. 

4.  Such  publications  as  shall  be  issued  by  the  conference  shall  have  a  price 
set  upon  them  at  which  the  public  can  buy.  Contributing  societies  shall  receive 
such  number  of  copies  as  they  desire,  more  than  one,  as  their  contribution 
shall  be  proportionate  to  the  price. 

The  conference  heard  with  regret  statements  from  the  chairman 
and  others,  that  owing  to  war  conditions  in  Washington  and  the  tre- 
mendously increased  need  for  offices  and  bureau  rooms,  certain  old 
papers  and  archives  had  been  removed  and  sold  or  destroyed.    As 


182  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

these  are  known  to  have  included  some  very   valuable  historical 
papers,  the  conference  passed  the  following  resolution : 

Resolved,  That  the  conference  strongly  urge  a  temporary  housing,  either  In 
Washington  or  near  by,  of  this  material  in  order  eventually  to  restore  it  to 
permanent  archives. 

Resolved,  That  the  conference  cooperate  with  the  public  archives  commission 
in  urging  the  proper  authorities  to  preserve  these  records. 

Resolved,  That  the  secretary  of  the  conference  bring  these  resolutions  before 
the  500  historical  societies  of  the  country,  urging  them  to  take  action  on  the 
subject. 

It  is  suggested  that  the  historical  societies  of  the  country  take  this 
matter  up  and  communicate  with  their  Congressmen  and  Senators, 
who  will  doubtless  be  interested,  upon  the  proper  representation  being 
made  to  them,  in  seeing  to  the  preservation  in  some  way  of  these 
valuable  records. 

Those  present,  as  far  as  names  could  be  obtained,  were  the  follow- 
ing persons,  representing  at  least  58  historical  societies  (patriotic 
societies  not  included)  : 

Ames,  Herman  V.,  American  Antiquarian  Soc. 

Balch,  Thomas  W.,  American  Antiquarian  Soc. 

Barratt,  Norris  S.,  Pa.  Hist.  Soc. 

Bradford,  J.  E.,  Ohio  Valley  and  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Hist.  Societies. 

Brown,  Mrs.  R.,  Friends  Hist.  Soc. 

Browning.  C.  H.,  Cal.  Genealogical  Soc. 

Buck,  S.  J.,  Minn.  Hist.  Soc. 

Campbell,  Miss  J.,  American  Catholic,  City  Hist,  societies. 

Connor,  R.  D.  W..  N.  C.  ^ist.  Commission,  N.  C.  Literary  and  Hist,  .\ssoc 

Cope,  Gilbert,  Chester  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 

Deats,  H.  E.,  Hunterdon  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 

Ely,  Warren  S.,  Bucks  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 

Ford,  Worthington  C,  Mass.  Hist.  Soc,  Colonial  Soc.  of  Mass. 

Fox,  Miss,  Montgomery  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 

Gunmere,  Mrs.  F.  E.,  Friends  Hist.  See. 

Hammond,  Otis  G.,  N.  H.  Hist.  Soc. 

Hayes,  J.  Carroll,  Chester  Co,  Hist.  Soc. 

Heilman,  Samuel  P.,  Lebanon  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  Pa.  Federation  of  Hist.  Societies. 

Hostetter.  A.  L..  Lancaster  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 

Jellett,  E.  C,  City  Hist.  Soc,  Site  and  Relic  Soc 

Jordan,  J.  W.,  Pa.  Hist.  Soc,  Colonial  Soc.  of  Pa.,  Swedish  Hist.  Soc 

Kean,  G.  B.,  Pa.  Hist.  Soc,  American  Philosophical  Soc,  Colonial  Soc.  of  Pa., 
Swedisli  Hist.  Soc. 

Keller,  H.  A.,  McCormick  Hist.  Soc. 

Konkle,  B.  A.,  Pa.  Hist.  Soc. 

Landis,  G.  C,  Lancaster  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 

Leach,  J.  Granville,  Old  Plantei's  Soc.  Genealogical  Soc.  of  Pa. 

Lewis,  F.  G..  American  Baptist  Hist.  Soc. 

Libbey,  William,  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc  N.  J.  Hist.  Soc 

Lindley,  Harlow,  Ind.  Hist.  Soc,  Ind  Hist  Commission. 

McGeorge.  W.,  Gloucester  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 

Magee,  D.  H..  Lancaster  Co.  Hist.  Soc 

Montgomery,  Thomas  L.,  Pa.  Hist.  Soc,  Pa.  Hist.  Commission,  Dauphin  Co. 
Hist.  Soc. 


FOURTEENTH  ANNUAL  CONFERENCE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES.      183 

Myers,  A.  C,  Delaware  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 

Nead,  D.  M.,  Pa.-German  Hist.  Soc,  Berks  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 

Paine,  Mrs.  C.  S.,  Miss.  Valley  Hist.  Assoc. 

Paltsits,  V.  H.,  various  societies,  including  Prince  Soc,  Me. 

Prince,  L.  Bradford,  N.  Mex.  Hist.  Soc,  National  Hist.  Soc. 

Reilley,  J.,  American  Numismatic  Soc. 

Robinson,  Morgan  G.,  Va.  Hist.  Soc 

Severance,  F.  H.,  Buffalo  Hist.  Soc. 

Shambaugh,  B.  F.,  Iowa  State  Hist.  Soc. 

Shearer,  A.  H.,  Grosvenor  Library. 

Sioussat,  Mrs.  A.  W.,  Colonial  Dames. 

Smedley,  Miss  C,  Frankford  Hist.  Soc. 

Sullivan,  James,  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc 

Spofford,  E.  C,  Pa.  Hist.  Soc. 

Turner,  Joseph  B.,  Presbyterian  Hist.  Soc 

Wall,  A.  J.,  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc 

Wren,  Christopher,  Wyoming  Hist,  and  Geological  Soc. 

Augustus  H.  Shearer,  Secretary, 


APPENDIX. 


REPORTS  OF  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES,  1917.* 

NATIONAL,    SECTIONAL,    RELIGIOUS 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  Worcester.  1812.  175  members.  Waldo 
Lincoln;  Charles  L.  Nichols.  Mail  to  Clarence  S.  Brigham,  librarian. 
Publications :  Proceedings,  2  issues.  Large  additions  of  early  newspapers, 
imprints,  book-plates,  genealogies,  and  general  Americana. 

American  Baptist  Historical  Society.  Philadelphia;  library,  Chester,  Pa. 
1853.  Prof.  Spencer  B.  Meeser,  D.  D. ;  Rev.  John  W.  Lyell,  D.  D.,  1701 
Chestnut  St.  Rearrangement  of  much  of  the  library  collection  looking 
toward  proper  cataloging. 

American  Catholic  Historical  Society.  Philadelphia.  1884.  783  members. 
James  M.  Willcox ;  Jane  Campbell,  715  Spruce  St.  Publications :  Records  of 
the  American  Catholic  Historical  Society,  March,  June,  September,  Decem- 
ber, 1917.  Shelving  and  cases  have  been  built  in  the  newspaper  and  periodical 
rooms  at  a  cost  of  $533.  The  library  has  received  a  valuable  incunabulum, 
"  Origen  against  Celsus,"  the  first  book  published  by  George  Herolt,  Rome, 
1481. 

American  Jeicish  Historical  Society,  New  York  City.  1892.  378  members. 
Cyrus  Adler;  Albert  M.  Friedenberg,  38  Park  Row.  Publications:  No.  25; 
Nos.  26  and  27  now  in  press. 

The  American  Numismatic  Society.  Broadway  between  155th  and  156th  St., 
New  York  City.  1858.  Nearly  400  members.  Edward  T.  Newell;  Sydney 
P.  Noe.  Publications :  American  Journal  of  Numismatics ;  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Numismatic  Society.  The  medal  to  commemorate  the  decla- 
ration of  war  by  the  United  States  was  issued  in  October.  A  collection  of 
coins  and  medals  relating  to  Luther  and  the  German  Reformation  was  on 
exhibition  during  November.  An  exhibition  of  the  J.  Pierpont  Morgan 
loan  collection  of  coins  and  medals  was  opened  in  December. 

American  Society  of  Church  History.  1888 ;  merged  in  the  American  Historical 
Association,  1896;  reorganized  1906;  incorporated  1916.  155  members.  Prof. 
David  Schley  Schaff,  D.  D. ;  Prof.  Wm.  Walker  Rockwell,  3041  Broadway, 
New  York,  room  420.  Publications:  Papers  of  the  American  Society  of 
Church  History,  second  series,  vol.  5. 

*  In  December,  1917,  a  questionnaire  was  sent  to  all  historical  societies  whicli  were 
known  to  be  alive,  others  whose  status  was  not  known,  to  all  general  societies  of  an 
hereditary  patriotic  nature,  and  to  such  State  societies  of  the  latter  class  as  were 
known  to  be  interested  in  historical  work.  It  was  expected  to  publish  a  handbook  of 
these  societies  in  1918,  and  as  a  result  a  very  considerable  number  of  replies  was  re- 
seived.  In  addition,  in  preparation  for  the  handbook,  societies  which  had  ever  reported 
to  the  conference  were  included,  and  those  which  were  known  from  other  sources.  It 
was  found  Impossible  to  publish  the  handbook  In  1918 ;  therefore  the  former  procedure 
of  publishing,  in  this  form,  was  followed  and  this  will  be  used  as  a  basis  for  the  hand- 
book In  1919.  As  a  consequence  there  are  more  societies  listed  here  than  replies  were 
received,  and  because  the  publication  has  been  postponed,  some  statements  have  been 
changed,  though  no  attempt  to  include  facts  later  than  1917  has  been  made. 

185 


186  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

National  Society  Colonial  Dames  XVII  Century.  Organized  1914  In  San  Fran- 
cisco, at  Panama  Exposition  during  meeting  of  International  Genealogical 
Society.  Miss  Stella  Pickett  Hardy,  Batesville,  Ark.,  president  general; 
Miss  Mary  Florence  Taney,  secretary  general,  309  E.  3rd  St.,  Covington, 
Ky.  Object,  establishing  chairs  of  historical  research  in  colleges  and  uni- 
versities and  a  college  of  heraldry  active  in  patriotic  work. 

Colonial  Daughters  of  America,  National  Society.  1907.  Over  400  members. 
Miss  Mary  Florence  Taney ;  Miss  Florence  May  Washington,  Nelson  Place, 
Newport,  Ky.  Great  activity  in  regard  to  preparedness ;  patriotic  meetings ; 
Red  Cross  work.  Erected  a  fountain  in  memory  of  Mrs.  John  Barry  Taylor 
(Betty  Washington),  first  president  general,  Colonial  Daughters. 

Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  National  Society.  Memorial  Continental 
Hall,  Washington,  D.  C.  1890.  110,000  members.  Mrs.  George  Thacher 
Guernsey ;  Miss  Emma  L.  Crowell,  recording  secretary  general.  Publica- 
tions: Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  Magazine  (monthly)  ;  Report 
to  the  Smithsonian  Institution ;  Proceedings  of  the  twenty-sixth  Continental 
congress,  D.  A.  R. ;  JLineage  Book,  vols.  44  and  45.  War  ReUef  Service  Com- 
mittee works  for  war  relief.  Property  loaned  to  Government  for  the  erection 
of  temporary  office  building  of  National  Council  of  Defense.  Have  added 
materially  to  society's  museum  and  library — to  the  museum,  manuscripts  and 
relics  peculiar  to  the  period  of  the  Revolutionary  War;  to  the  library,  his- 
torical and  genealogical  works,  making  the  total  number  8,175. 

Descendants  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Philadelphia. 
1907.  300  members.  Col.  W.  Gordon  McCabe;  Carl  Magee  Kneass,  Stone- 
leigh  Court,  Phila.  Erection  of  tablets  or  monuments  at  the  graves  of  all 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Publication,  in  connection  with 
the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  of  Biographies  of  the  Signers. 

Historical  Society  of  thi Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States.  40  members. 
Rev.  James  W.  Crawford;  Rev.  Daniel  G.  Glass,  Lancaster.  Collections  in 
storage  in  library  of  Theological  Seminary  of  Reformed  Church  at  Lancaster. 

Huguenot  Society  of  America.    105  E.  22nd  St.,  New  York  City.    1883. 

Mayflower  Descendants,  General  Society.  Made  up  of  17  State  societies.  1897. 
3,200  members.  Gov-gen.,  Leonard  Wood ;  sec-gen.,  Walter  S.  Allerton,  44  E. 
23rd  St.,  New  York  City.  At  general  congress  held  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  Sept. 
6,  1918,  plans  were  made  for  celebration  in  1920. 

Mennonite  Historical  Association.  Newton,  Kans.  1911.  124  members.  Rev. 
H.  R.  Voth,  Goltry,  Okla. ;  Rev.  H.  P.  Krehbiel,  Newton,  Kans.  Publications : 
Report  to  triennial  conference.  Worthy  of  report  is  the  historical  ma- 
terial collected  and  the  increase  in  new  members. 

Military  Order  of  Foreign  Wars  of  the  V.  S.  1895.  About  1,000  members. 
Commander  general,  Brig.  Gen.  S.  W.  Fountain,  U.  S.  A.,  retired;  secretary 
general,  Maj.  David  Banks,  23  Park  Place,  New  ifork  City. 

Mississippi  VaUey  Historical  Association,  Lincoln,  Nebr.  1907.  1,000  members. 
St.  George  L.  Sioussat;  Mrs.  Clarence  S.  Paine,  Lincoln.  Publications: 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  published  quarterly;  Proceedings, 
101i>-lG. 

Missouri  Valley  Hiatorical  Society.  300  members.  Mrs.  Nettie  Thompson 
Grove,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

National  Genealogical  Society.  Washington,  D.  C.  Miss  Cora  C.  Curry,  1020 
Monroe  Street  NW.     Publication :  Quarterly. 

National  Historical  Society.  M.  T.  R.  Washburn,  30  East  Forty-second  Street, 
New  York  City. 


REPORTS   OF   HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES,  1917.  187 

Naval  Historical  Society.  New  York  City.  1909,  inc.  1912.  567  members.  Col. 
Robert  M.  Tliompsoii ;  Robert  W.  Neeser.  Room  1618,  35  West  Forty-second 
Street.     Publications:  The  Dallas  Papers. 

Scottish  Historical  Society  of  North  America.  1911.  109  members.  John 
Calder  Gordon.    17  Milk  Street,  Boston. 

Society  of  the  Army  of  Santiago  de  Cuba.  Washington,  D.  C.  Organized  July 
31,  1898,  in  the  Governor's  Palace,  Santiago  de  Cuba.  Approximately  1.000 
life  members,  4,105  registered.  Gen.  A.  A.  Harbach ;  Col.  Charles  A.  Williams, 
The  Ontario,  Washington,  D.  C.  Eligibility  to  membership  absolutely  re- 
stricted to  officers  and  enlisted  men  who  worthily  participated  in  the  cam- 
paign between  the  dates  of  June  14  and  July  17,  1898. 

Sons  and  Daughters  of  the  Pilgrims,  National  Society.  1908,  inc.  1910.  Gov.- 
gen.  R.  W.  Littlefield;  Sec. -gen.  and  registrar,  Thomas  W.  Bicknell,  207 
Doyle  Street,  Providence,  R.  I.  Persons  whose  ancestors  settled  in  any 
American  colony  before  1700  are  eligible.  Publication:  The  Colonial  (quar- 
terly). 

Swedish  Historical  Society  of  America.  F.  N.  Andr6n,  Insurance  Building, 
Chicago,  111. 

United  Confederate  Veterans.  Gen,  W.  E.  Mickle,  820  Audubon  Building,  New 
Orleans,  La. 

The  Union  Society  of  the  Civil  War.  New  York  City.  1909.  325  members. 
Maj.  Paul  Dana;  Walter  Rysam  Jones,  65  Park  Avenue. 

United  States  Catholic  Historical  Society.  New  York  City.  1884.  400  mem- 
bers. Stephen  Farrelly ;  Joseph  H.  Fargis,  346  Convent  Avenue.  Publica- 
tions :  Volumes  10  and  11  of  official  publication,  "  Historical  Records  ami 
Studies."  Prize  of  $100  given  for  essay  contest  among  Catholic  colleges, 
male  and  female,  of  the  United  States.  Awarded  to  representative  of  George- 
town University,  Mr.  Louis  A.  Lange,  subject,  "  The  Marcus  Whitman  Myth 
and  the  Missionary  History  of  Oregon." 

AXABAMA. 

Alabama  Anthropological  Society.  Montgomery.  1909.  24  active,  38  asso- 
ciate members.  Thomas  M.  Owen ;  Peter  A.  Brannon,  Box  358,  Montgomery. 
Publications :     Misc.     Publications,  III. 

Alabama  Department  of  History  and  Archives.  1901.  T.  M.  Owen,  Mont- 
gomery. 

Alabama  Historical  Society.  Montgomery.  1850,  1874,  1901.  Thos.  M.  Owen, 
Montgomery. 

Alabama  History  Teachers'  Association.  Meets  with  Alabama  Educational 
Assoc,  in  different  cities.  1915.  38  members.  John  B.  Clark;  David  G. 
Chase,  2205  15th  Ave.,  Birmingham.  Publications:  Annual  Proceedings  for 
past  three  years.  The  Association  has  a  committee  working  with  the  teach- 
ers in  an  effort  to  secure  material  and  increase  the  efficiency  of  patriotic 
teaching  and  work  throughout  the  State. 

Iberville  Historical  Society.    Mobile.     Hon.  P.  G.  Bromberg,  Mobile. 

Tennessee  Valley  Historical  Society.    Guntersville.    Hon.  O.  D.  Street. 


Arizona  Pioneers'  Historical  Society.  200  W.  Congress  St.,  Tucson.  1884,  re- 
organized 1897.  247  members  living,  altogether  over  600.  Fretlerick  Rou- 
stadt ;  John  E.  Magee. 


188  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

ABKANSAS. 

Arkansas  Historical  Association.  Fayetteville.  1902.  A.  C.  Miller;  T.  H. 
Reynolds,  Conway.     Publications:     Vol.  4. 

Arkansas  Historical  Coinmisfiian.  Little  Rock.  lOOn.  Dallas  T.  Henulon. 
This  is  a  State  board  of  nine  members  supported  by  State  appropriations. 
Publications:  Quarterly  bulletins  and  biennial  reiwrts,  the  latter  in  collab- 
oration with  the  Arkansas  Historical  Association. 

CALIFOBNIA. 

Academy  of  Pacific  Coast  History.    Berkeley.    H.  Morse  Stephens. 

California  Ccncalogical  Society.  Sutro  Branch  of  California  State  Library, 
cor.  Sacramento  and  Webster  Sts..  San  Francisco.  lSi)S.  229  meml)ers. 
Henry  Byron  Phillips;  Sarah  Louise  Kimball,  202-G  Kohl  building,  San  Fran- 
cisco. Intended  publishing;  a  new  roster  in  1918.  In  I'\'bruary,  1917,  the 
California  Genealogical  Society  placed  its  library  under  the  care  of  the  deputy 
state  librarian.  Miss  Laura  Steffens,  at  the  newly  established  Sutro  Branch. 

California  Historical  Society.  1886.  A.  S.  Hubbard.  Masonic  Temple,  San 
Francisco. 

California  Historical  Survey.     J.  M.  Guinn,  5539  Monte  Vista  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

Historical  Society  of  Southcm  California.  Los  Angeles.  1883.  75  members. 
Rockwell  D.  Hunt;  J.  M.  Guinn,  5539  Monte  Vista  St.  Publications:  Col- 
lections, parts  1  and  2  of  vol,  X. 

Society  of  California  Pioneers.  1850.  John  I.  Spear,  Pioneer  Building,  5 
Pioneer  Place,  San  Francisco. 

Sons  of  the  Revolution  in  the  State  of  California.  State  headquarters,  619-625 
Citizens'  National  Bank  Building,  Los  Angeles.  1893.  380  members.  Orra 
E.  Monnette;  Nelson  O.  Rhoades.  Publications:  The  Liberty  Bell  Quarterly. 
Gathering  material  for  supplement  to  our  book.  Spirit  of  Patriotism.  Over 
100  new  members.  Agitating  need  of  fireproof  building  all  our  own,  and 
ample  endowment.  About  500  volumes  and  pamphlets.  Pre.serving  current 
history  in  scrap  books  covering  current  events,  California  facts,  Los  Angeles 
facts,  historical  war  pictures,  war  pamphlets.  Genealogical  departments  in 
the  following  papers:  Boston  Transcript.  Hartford  Times,  N'orwalk  (Conn.) 
Hour,  Daily  Argus  (Portland,  Me.),  Newark  News  (N.  J.),  De.sert  News, 
etc.  Gathering  biographical  material,  however,  in  unorganized  ways  as  yet. 
Can  secure  from  National  Museum  at  Washington  large  collection  now  there 
when  we  liave  fireproof  building  to  accommodate  same. 

COLORADO. 

State  Historical  and  Natural  History  Society  of  Colorado.  Denver.  1879. 
About  100  members.  L,  G.  Carpenter;  John  Parsons.  Publications:  The 
Biennial  Report  of  the  Society,  1915-16.    This  is  a  State  institution. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Acorn  Clvb.    1899.    John  Murphy;  Lucius  B.  Barbour,  Hj  rtford. 

Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts  and  Science.     New  Haven.     Dr.  Geo.  F.  Eaton, 

secretary    (absent  on  naval  work)  ;  Alexander  W.  Evans,  acting  secretary. 

The  academy  occasionally  publishes  historical  works,  but  otherwise  is  not  a 

historical  agency. 


REPORTS  OF   HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES,  1917.  189 

Mottatuck  Historical  Society.  Waterbury.  1S77.  More  than  1,000  members. 
Arthur  Reed  Kimball ;  Frederick  Griswold  Mason,  P.  O.  B.  185,  Waterbury. 
Publications :  Ancient  burying  grounds  of  the  town  of  Waterbury,  together 
with  other  records  of  church  and  town,  compiled  and  edited  by  Katheriue 
A.  Pritchard,  1917,  being  vol.  II  of  the  publications  of  the  society,  pp.  1-338. 
Tlie  Mattatuck  Historical  Society  has  given  over  practically  its  entire  plant 
to  the  Waterbury  chapter  of  tlie  Red  Cross  for  use  in  war  worli.  Its  museum 
cases  and  collections  have  been  stored,  and  all  work  of  this  kind  has  been 
suspended  for  the  period  of  the  war.  Eminent  lecturers  on  various  phases  of 
the  present  war  have  talked  to  large  audiences  in  Mattatuck  Hall.  The  an- 
nual exhibition  of  paintings  by  American  artists,  however,  was  held  as  usual 
with  marked  success.  In  October  a  bronze  tablet  was  erected  In  memory  of 
Elislia  Leavenworth,  benefactor  of  the  society.  A  second  hand-book  of  the 
society  is  in  course  of  preparation. 

Middlesex  County  Historical  Society.  Middletown.  1902.  100  members.  Rev. 
Azel  W.  Hazen,  D.  D. ;  W.  J.  Robinson,  Middletown.  Publications :  Annual 
report. 

New  Haven  Colony  Historical  Society.  New  Haven.  1862.  400  members. 
Rev.  W.  A.  Beardsley ;  Thomas  M.  Prentice,  144  Grove  Street.  Publications: 
Ancient  Records  of  New  Haven,  vol.  1,  1649-1672. 

DELAWARE. 

Delaware  Historical  Society.  Wilmington.  Christopher  L.  Ward,  Equitable 
Bldg.  1864.  225  members.  The  society  had  occupied  the  Old  First  Church 
building  since  its  organization.  Owing  to  the  sale  of  the  land  on  which  the 
Old  First  Presbyterian  Church  (built  1740)  stood  and  the  building  being  un- 
suitable, our  society  purchased  the  Old  Town  Hall  (1795)  from  the  city  of 
Wilmington  for  $91,000  and  had  plans  for  restoring  and  flreproofing  the  build- 
ing in  1917.  The  war  made  it  necessary  for  the  Red  Cross  to  have  a  large 
building,  and  this  being  the  only  one  available  we  at  once  stored  our  books 
and  possessions  of  all  kinds  and  turned  over  the  entire  building  for  Red  Cross 
purposes.  Prior  to  the  purchase  of  the  Old  Town  Hall  we  had  purchased  a 
tine  building  site  and  had  plans  prepared  for  a  suitable  society  building.  The 
sale  of  the  old  colonial  Town  Hall  brought  a  demand  from  our  citizens 
that  the  historical  society  secure  it,  which  we  could  only  do  by  purchase. 

DISTRICT  OF   COLUMBIA. 

Columbia  Historical  Society.  District  of  Columbia.  1894.  213  members. 
Allen  C.  Clark,  816  Fourteenth  Street  NW.,  Washington;  Miss  Maud  Burr 
Morris.     Publication:  Records,  vol.  XX. 

FLORIDA. 

Florida  Historical  Society.    Jacksonville.    1902. 

St.  Augustine  Institute  of  Science  and  History.  1884.  81  members.  F.  B. 
Matthews.    Publication  :  Year  Book. 

GEORGIA. 

Georgia  Historical  Association.    Atlanta.    1917.    Luclan  L.  Knight. 

Georgia  Historical  Society.  Savannah.  1839.  260  members.  W.  W.  Mackall; 
Otis  Ashniore.  Publications:  Proceedings  of  the  Sevent.v-elghth  Annual  Meet- 
ing; The  Georgia  Historical  Quarterly  (W.  Harden,  ed.),  4  uos. 


190  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

HAWAn. 
Hawaiian  Historical  Society.    Honolulu.    1892.    Howard  M.  Bnllou. 

ILLINOIS. 

Boone  County  Historical  Society.    Belvldere.    Richard  V.  Carpenter. 

Bureau  County  Historical  Society.    Princeton.    1912.    Miss  Fannie  Moseley. 

Champaign  County  Historical  Society.    Champaign.     1899.     E.  B.  Greene. 

Chicago  Historical  Society.  Chicago.  1856.  1,200,  exclusive  of  lOG  honorary 
and  corresponding  members.  C.  A.  Burley ;  Seymour  Morris;  Caroline  M. 
Mcllvaine,  asst.  sec.  Dearborn  Ave.  and  Ontario  St.  Pulbications :  Sixtieth 
Anniversary  Yearbook,  1916;  Family  History  Questionnaire.  Building  over- 
hauled to  hring  fireproof  methods  up  to  date  by  way  of  wireglass,  placing 
fire  extinguishers,  etc.  Lectures  and  museum  work  have  been  expanded 
along  patriotic  lines.  Special  effort  has  been  made  to  collect  war  preparation 
literature  and  enlistment  posters.  The  latter  are  displayed  in  the  windows 
and  on  screens.  The  subject  cataloguing  of  the  library  is  making  the  re- 
sources more  readily  available  than  ever  before. 

Colored  Historical  Society.  1905.  In  care  of  State  Historical  Society.  Spring- 
field. 

Evanston  Historical  Society.  Evanston.  1898.  About  150  members.  Frank 
R.  Grover ;  William  C.  Levere.  J.  Seymore  Currey  originated  the  society  in 
1898,  acted  as  secretary  8  years,  and  president  10  years,  until  January  29, 
1917.  The  collection  now  amounts  to  some  4,000  volumes,  including  pam- 
phlets, with  a  museum  collection  of  considerable  value.  The  rooms  are  in 
the  Public  Library  building,  but  hopes  are  entertained  for  a  new  building. 
Support  conies  chiefly  from  special  contributions,  also  from  dues  ($1  a  year) 
and  city  council  votes  ^50  each  year. 

German-American  Historical  Society.  Chicago.  1900.  350  members.  Dr.  O, 
L.  Schmidt ;  Max  Baum,  Room  1613,  Mailers  Building,  5  South  Wabash  Ave- 
nue.   Publications :  Yearbook  1916.  vol  XVI  of  Geschichtsblfitter. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Quincy.  Quincy.  1896.  213  members.  Joseph  W. 
Emory ;  Miss  Mary  B.  Bull,  cor.  sec.,  1550  Maine  St. 

Illinois  Catholic  Historical  Society.  Chicago.  1918.  Wm.  J.  Onahan ;  James 
Fitzgerald,  617  Ashland  Block.  Publishes  Illinois  Catholic  Historical  Review 
(quarterly). 

Illinois  Centennial  Commission.  Urbana.  Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer  Weber,  Spring- 
field. This  is  a  State  commission,  which  organized  a  board  of  authors  for 
the  Centennial  History  of  Illinois,  in  five  volumes.  It  receives  $8,500  an- 
nually. 

Illinois  Historical  Survey.  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana.  1910.  Clarence 
W.  Alvord,  418  Lincoln  Hall.  The  past  year  the  survey  purchased  about 
6.000  pages  of  transcripts  of  material  from  the  Archives  Nationales  of  Paris 
bearing  on  Mississippi  Valley  and  Illinois  history,  and  2,7(X)  pages  of  tran- 
scripts from  the  Archive  General  de  Indias,  Seville,  relating  to  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  and  early  Louisiana.  The  survey  is  cooperating  with  other 
historical  agencies  in  five  states  in  having  a  calendar  made  of  the  material 

-  on  western  history  in  the  State  and  other  departments  at  Wa.<?bington,  D.  C. 
It  is  al.so  cooperating  with  the  Centennial  roiiimis.sion  of  Illinois  in  the  work 
of  publishing  a  five-volume  history  of  the  State. 

Illinois  Jewish  Historical  Society. 


REPOKTS   OF   HISTORICAL   SOCIETIES,   1917.  191 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society.  Springfield.  1890.  1,460  members.  Otto  L. 
Schmidt ;  Mrs.  Jessie  P.  Weber,  Capitol  Bldg.  Publications :  Quarterly 
Journal,  Annual  Transactions.  On  Oct.  5,  1918,  the  corner  stone  of  a  Cen- 
tennial Memorial  Building  was  laid  as  a  part  of  the  State's  centennial 
observance.  This  building  when  completed  will  provide  quarters  for  the 
State  historical  library  and  society.  The  Historical  Society  held  a  special 
centennial  meeting  in  April,  1918. 

Jersey  County  Historical  Society.     Jerseyville.     1893.     J.  W.  Vinson. 

Johnson  County  Historical  Society.     Vienna.     J.  C.  R.  Heaton. 

Kankakee  County  Historical  Society.  Kankakee.  1906.  54  members.  Dr. 
B.  F.  Uran ;  Mrs.  Orson  B.  Spencer.  Interested  in  centennial  celebration  of 
the  State  of  Illinois,  1918. 

Knox  County  Historical  Society.     Galesburg.     1905.    Mrs.  Charles  A.  Webster, 

La  Salle  County  Historical  Society.    Ottawa.     C.  C.  Glover. 

McCormick  Historical  Association.  Chicago.  1885.  Members  of  the  Cyrus  H. 
McCormick  family  and  others  by  invitation.  Herbert  A.  Keller,  sec, 
675  Rush  Street.  New  library  building  completed.  Addition  of  numerous 
manuscripts,  books,  periodicals,  and  newspapers  falling  within  the  period 
1820-1900,  relating  to  agriculture,  the  Presbyterian  church,  the  Democratic 
Party,  and  mining,  especially  those  which  refer  to  harvesting  machinery; 
the  Seminary  of  the  Northwest ;  Presbyterian  reunion  sentiment ;  National, 
State,  and  local  campaigns,  1860-1884 ;  and  search  for  gold  in  the  Caroiinas, 
1860-1884.     Colonial  furniture  sufficient  for  a  room  has  been  discovered. 

The  McLean  County  Historical  Society.  Bloomington.  Room  304,  courthouse. 
1892.  1,100  members.  Henry  McCormick;  Dwight  E.  Frink.  Publications 
authorized  and  under  way.  $50,000  building  fund  campaign  inaugurated. 
Steady  growth  of  museum.  Completion  of  membership  campaign  in  which 
about  one  thousand  were  added.  Society  cooperating  in  the  celebration  of 
the  Illinois  centennial, 

Macon  County  Historical  Society.     Decatur.     John  F.  Wicks. 

Macoupin  County  Historical  Society.     Carlinville.     George  Jordon. 

Madison  County  Historical  Society.    Alton.    Miss  Julia  Buckmaster. 

Manlins-Rutland  Historical  Society.     Marseilles.     1907.     Frank  T.  NefC. 

Maramech  Historical  Society.    Piano.    1900.    Geo.  S.  Faxon. 

Montgomery  County  Historical  Society.  Hillsboro.  1905.  25  members.  E.  C. 
Richards;  A.  T.  Strange.  Publications:  A  history  of  the  county  written  by 
the  secretary,  3918.  Have  a  small  museum  and  adding  to  it  from  time  to 
time.    The  county  gives  a  room  in  the  courthouse. 

Morgan  County  Historical  Society.    Jacksonville.     1904.     Frank  J.  Heinl, 

New  England  Society  of  Rockford.    Rockford.    1900. 

Peoria  Historical  Society.     Peoria.     1903.     E.  S.  Wilcox ;  Mrs.  Helen  Wilson. 

Pioneer  Association  of  Will  County.  Joliet,  408  members,  Hon,  Dorrence 
Dibell;  William  W.  Stevens. 

The  Polo  Historical  Society.    Polo.    1904.    J.  W.  Clinton. 

Rock  Island  County  Historical  Society.    Rock  Island.    .John  H.  Hangerg. 

St.  Clair  County  Historical  Society.     Belleville.     1905.     E.  W.  Plegge. 

Sangamon  County  Old  Settlers  Association.     Springfield.    1876. 

Tazewell  County  Historical  Society.    Pekin.    Mrs.  W.  R,  Curran. 

Whiteside  County  HistoHcal  Society.  Sterling.  1903.  L.  C.  Thome;  W.  W. 
Davis.     Income  derived  from  city  and  contributions.     Housed  in  city  hall. 

Woodford  County  Historical  Society.  1903.  66  n)embers.  L.  J.  Freese;  Miss 
Amanda  L.  Jennings.  Eureka,  Preparing  manuscript  for  a  Bulletin  of  the 
History  of  the  Society. 


192  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

INDIANA. 

Cass  County  Historical  Society.  Logansport.  1907.  About  SO  members.  J. 
Z.  Puwell,  M.  D. ;  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Ballard,  100  Market  Street,  Logansport.  All 
activities  suspended  on  account  of  war. 

Department  of  Indiana  History  and  Archircs.  Indiana  State  Library,  State- 
hou.se,  Indianapolis.  1913.  Department  of  the  State  government.  Harlow 
Lindley,  director.    Acquired  papers  and  letters  of  John  Tipton. 

Elkhart  County  Historical  Society.  Go.shen.  1896.  25  members.  H.  S.  K. 
Bartholomew ;  Miss  Luella  Barlow.  The  war  has  engrossed  the  people's  in- 
terest to  such  an  extent  that  no  more  has  been  done  than  to  hold  the  regular 
meetings  and  to  provide  for  preserving  the  data  relating  to  this  county's  par- 
ticipation in  the  war. 

Franklin  County  Historical  Society.     Public  Library,  Brookville. 

Gary  Historical  Society.  Gary.  1915.  15  or  20  members.  H.  S.  Norton; 
Louis  J.  Bailey.  Gary  Public  Library.  Acquired  the  Baker  CoUectitm  of 
Indian  relics,  small  in  number  but  choice  specimens.  Mr.  Baker  for  many 
years  was  secretary  of  Northern  Indiana  Historical  Society.  Number  of 
books  added  to  library.  Cooperating  with  Lake  County  Historical  Society  in 
promoting  authorship  of  papers  and  distribution  of  personal  record  sheets. 

Grant  County  Historical  Society.  Marion.  30  members.  I.  M.  Miller;  R.  L. 
Whitson.     Income  derived  from  dues.     Housed  in  the  city  library. 

Hamilton  County  Historical  Society.    Noblesvllle.     1894. 

Harrison  County  Historical  Society.    Corydon.     1899. 

Henry  County  Historical  Society.  Newcastle.  1886.  100  members.  Adolph 
Rogers;  John  Thornburgh. 

Indiana  Historical  Commission.  Indianapolis.  1915.  Nine  members  appointed 
by  the  governor.  Hon.  James  P.  Goodrich,  governor  of  Indiana,  president; 
Harlow  Lindley,  secretary.  State  Library,  Indianapolis.  Publications:  The 
Play-Party  in  Indiana. 

Indiana  Historical  Society.  Indianapolis.  1831.  100  members.  Daniel  Wait 
Howe;  J.  P.  Dunn,  Dept.  of  Indiana  History,  State  Library.  Publications: 
Proceedings  of  the  Tenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Ohio  Valley  Historical 
Association,  edited  by  H.  Lindley ;  Sieur  de  Vincennes  identified,  by  Roy ; 
Morgan's  Raid  in  Indiana,  by  Ewbank. 

Indiana  Historical  Survey.  Bloomington.  1912.  History  faculty  of  uni- 
versity. Logan  Esarey,  secretary.  Publications:  Indi;ina  Magazine  of  His- 
tory (quarterly)  ;  three  volumes  of  Publications.  We  have  devoted  the  year 
to  completing  our  collections  of  Indiana  State  publications  and  to  a  collection 
of  textbooks  used  in  the  schools  during  the  last  century. 

Jackson  County  Historical  Society.  Seymour.  1916.  40  members.  Richard  A. 
Cox ;  John  H.  Thomas,  Medora.  I'ublieations :  Newspapers  only.  No  bul- 
letins issued  yet,  but  will  be  in  1918.  Erecte<l  three  historical  markers,  in- 
cluding monument  on  site  of  Gen.  Tipton's  battleground.  Cooperates  with 
schools  and  library  of  Seymour.  Arranging  for  records  of  present  war. 
Had  an  exhibit  of  relics  in  connection  with  Indiana  centenary  celebration  in 
1916,  so  far  as  related  to  our  county. 

Jay  County  Historical  Association.  Portland.  1913.  45  members.  Dr.  John 
W.  Hall;  Miss  Mary  E.  Boltin.  Publications:  Newspaper  article.s.  Prepara- 
tions made  to  have  published  a  list  of  articles  on  pioneer  history  of  the 
county. 

Johnson  County  Historical  Society.    Franklin. 

Knox  County  Historical  Society.    Vincennes.    1899. 


REPORTS  OF  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES,  1917.  193 

Kosciusko  County  Historical  Society.    Warsaw. 

La  Porte  County  Historical  Society.  La  Porte,  1906.  Members,  originally 
about  50,  all  pioneers  or  their  descendants.  William  Niles;  Mary  Treat 
Clark,  1518  Michigan  Ave.  Headquarters  at  Public  Library.  Many  inter- 
esting papers  have  been  read  and  a  tablet  placed  on  site  of  old  fort.  Nearly 
all  who  were  most  deeply  interested  have  passed  away  and  it  seems  difficult 
to  Interest  the  present  generation.  Ten  years  ago  we  were  younger  and 
more  alive. 

Madison  County  Historical  Society.    Anderson. 

Miami  County  Historical  Society.  Peru.  1916.  30  members.  Hal  C.  Phelps; 
C.  B,  Cannon.  We  have  a  museum  in  the  dome  of  the  courthouse.  Our 
hobby  is  the  handicraft  of  our  fathers.  On  each  article  we  give  a  short 
family  history.  After  our  centennial  we  moved  five  wagon  loads  to  the 
courthouse ;  much  has  been  gathered  since.  Among  the  articles  are  pistol 
and  scalping  knife  of  She-pack-a-noh,  the  husband  of  Frances  Slocura,  the 
lost  sister  of  Wyoming,  and  many  other  interesting  articles.  All  articles 
are  presented  or  loaned. 

Monroe  County  Historical  Society.  Bloomington.  1905.  27  members.  Dr. 
Logan  Esarey ;  Dr.  Ernest  V.  Shockley. 

Montgomery  County  Historical  Society.  Carnegie  Library,  Crawfordsville. 
1911. 

Northern  Indiana  Historical  Society.  South  Bend.  1895.  70  members.  Dr. 
H.  T.  Montgomery ;  Frank  A.  Stover,  203  Citizens'  Bank  Bldg.  This  society's 
collection  of  books  and  historical  objects  outranks  any  other  collection  in 
Indiana,  being  exceeded  in  this  vicinity  only  by  the  Chicago  Historical  So- 
ciety. 

Old  Settlers  and  Historical  Association  of  Lake  County.  Public  library,  Crown 
Point. 

Owen  County  Historical  Society.    G.  A.  R.  room,  Spencer.    1916. 

Porter  County  Historical  Society.    New  Library  building,  Valparaiso. 

Spencer  County  Historical  Society.    Rockport. 

IOWA. 

Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences.  Davenport.  1867.  300  members.  George  E. 
Decker;  Edward  K.  Putnam,  acting  director.  Collection  of  local  historical 
material  continued.  The  institution  maintains  its  historical  library  and 
archives  in  a  special  room  in  a  fireproof  bulding.  Mrs.  Ruth  Irish  Preston 
is  in  charge. 

Decatur  County  Historical  Society.  Decatur.  About  150  members.  Guy  Ar- 
nold ;  Heman  C.  Smith,  Lamoni.  For  several  years  the  society  has  not  mani- 
fested much  activity.  It  is  proposed  to  try  to  arouse  a  new  interest  in  the 
summer  of  1918. 

Historical  Department  of  Iowa.    Des  Moines.    1892.    Edgar  A.  Harlan. 

Historical  Society  of  Linn  County.  Cedar  Rapids.  75  members.  B.  L.  Wick ; 
Luther  A.  Brewer. 

Jefferson  County  Historical  Society.    Glendale.    1903.     Hiram  Heaton. 

Lucas  County  Historical  Society.  Chariton.  200  members.  Warren  S.  Dun- 
gan ;  Mrs.  F.  H.  Boynton.  Income  from  members'  fees.  One  room  in  Public 
Library. 

The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa.  Iowa  City.  1857.  650  members. 
Euclid  Sanders;  Benj.  F.  Shambaugh,  superintendent.  Publications:  Iowa 
and  War  (series  issued  monthly);  Biography  of  Samuel  J.  Kirkwood; 
88582°— 19 13 


194  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION; 

Marches  of  the  Dragoons  in  the  Mississippi  Valley ;  Old  Fort  Snelling ;  and 
The  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics  (Issued  quarterly).  Since  the 
beginning  of  the  war  emphasis  is  being  placed  on  military  and  war  history 
so  far  as  the  researches  and  publications  of  the  society  are  concerned. 

KANSAS. 

Kansas  State  Historical  Society.  Topeka.  1876.  Membership  1,500,  includ- 
ing the  newspapers  of  Eans.  George  P.  Morehouse;  Wm.  E.  Connelley. 
Publications :  List  of  Kansas  Newspapers.    Usual  work ;  usual  growth. 

KENTUCKY. 

Filson  Club.  Louisville.  1884.  200  members.  Alfred  Pirtle ;  Otto  A.  Rothert, 
1321  Starks  Building.  Publications:  The  Kentucky  River  Navigation,  by 
Mary  Virhoeff,  1917 ;  The  Anti-Slavery  Movement  in  Kentucky  prior  to 
1850,  by  Asa  Earl  Martin,  Ph.  D.,  1918.  Meetings  first  Monday  of  every 
month  except  July  and  August. 

Kentucky  State  Historical  Society.  Frankfort.  Mrs.  Jennie  C.  Morton,  secre- 
tary.   Publications:  Kentucky  Historical  Register. 

1X)TJISIANA. 

Louisiana  Historical  Society.  New  Orleans.  1836.  650  members  active, 
10  honorary.  Caspar  Cusachs ;  Robert  Glenk,  corresponding  secretary  ;  Miss 
Grace  King,  recording  secretary,  Cabildo,  Jackson  Square,  New  Orleans. 
Publications:  Report  and  Proceedings  for  1916-17;  Louisiana  Historical 
Quarterly.  Louisiana  Historical  Quarterly  publication  begun.  Plans  matur- 
ing for  great  celebration  of  bicentennial  of  founding  of  New  Orleans,  Febru- 
ary 9,  10,  11,  1918.  Laying  of  corner  stone  of  proposed  statue  to  Bienville, 
February  9,  1918.  C(AnmIttee  sent  by  city  of  New  Orleans  to  Paris  to  com- 
memorate with  French  Government  events  which  lead  up  to  founding  of 
New  Orleans,  October  24,  1918. 

MAINE. 

Bangor  Historical  Society.  Bangor.  1864.  225  members.  Henry  Lord ;  Ed- 
ward Mitchell  Blanding.  A  year  of  reasonable  activity  with  numerous  ac- 
cessions to  membership  and  important  additions  to  museum  and  library.  An- 
nual field  day  was  held  in  early  October  at  Indian  Island,  Old  Town,  Me., 
where  the  society  donated  an  oak  library  table  to  the  new  Community  House. 

Maine  Genealogical  Society.  Portland.  1884.  250-300  members.  LeRoy  F. 
Tobie,  457  Cumberland  Avenue.  On  Jan.  1,  1917,  total  number  of  bound 
volumes,  3,943 ;  pamphlets,  3,246. 

Maine  Historical  Society.  485  Congress  Street,  Portland.  1822  (in  Bruns- 
wick). 292  members.  Hon.  James  P.  Baxter;  Hon.  W.  D.  Patterson,  cor- 
responding sec. ;  Charles  Thornton  Libby,  recording  sec.  Publications :  None 
in  1917.  In  1916,  vols.  21  to  24,  Collections,  documentary  series.  No  appro- 
priation from  the  State  this  year.  Museum  and  collection  of  books  and 
manuscripts  are  steadily  growing.  Winter  course  of  lectures  was  well  at- 
tended. Energy  at  present  is  spent  in  making  available  mass  of  material, 
which  has  never  been  catalogued. 

Piscataquis  County  Historical  Society.  Dover.  1908.  75  members.  John 
Francis  Sprague;  Edgar  Crosby  Smith,  corresponding  secretary.  1917  has 
been  a  blank  year ;  planning  for  activity  in  1918.  Propose  to  place  memorial 
tablets  at  the  birthplaces  of  Sir  Hiram  S.  Maxim  and  Edgar  Wilson  Nye. 


EEPOKTS  OF  HISTORICAL,  SOCIETIES,  1917.  195 

MABTLAND. 

• 

Historical  Society  of  Harford  County.  Belair.  A.  Finney  Galbreath;  J. 
Alexis  Shriver. 

Maryland  Historical  Society.  Baltimore.  1844.  772  members.  Edwin  War- 
field  ;  Richard  H.  Spencer,  corresponding  sec.  Publications :  Mary- 
land Historical  Magazine,  vol.  XII;  Archives  of  Maryland  (for  the  State), 
vol.  37.  New  building  in  course  of  erection.  Genealogical  collection  of  R.  T. 
Semmes  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  received  by  bequest.  Several  church  records  and 
burial-ground  records  copied  and  indexed. 

Methodist  Protestant  Historical  Society.  316  North  Charles  Street,  Baltimore. 
1912.  30  members.  Rev.  J.  W.  Trout;  Rev.  J.  H.  Straughn.  The  library 
consists  of  a  collection  of  books,  pamphlets,  portraits,  etc.,  on  Methodism. 

Society  of  the  Army  and  Navy  of  the  Confederate  States  in  the  State  of  Mary- 
land. Baltimore.  1871.  860  members.  Lieut.  McHenry  Howard ;  Capt. 
William  L.  Ritter,  Reisterstown,  Maryland. 

Society  for  the  History  of  Germans  in  Maryland.  Baltimore.  1886.  45  mem- 
bers.    Dr.  Ernest  J.  Becker ;  J.  Leonard  Hoffman. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Amherst  Historical  Society.  Amherst.  Organized  1899;  incorporated  1903. 
83  regular,  27  life  members.  Mrs.  Mabel  Loomis  Todd ;  Rev.  Chas.  S.  Walker, 
Ph.  D.  The  oldest  house  in  town,  built  in  1744,  was  bequeathed  to  the  society 
by  Mrs.  Felicia  E.  Welch,  with  small  fund  for  maintenance,  and  was  taken 
over  by  the  society  for  its  permanent  home,  October  1,  1916.  Many  additions 
to  our  excellent  collection  of  local  antiques  have  been  made  during  the  year. 
Mrs.  An.son  D.  Morse,  in  memory  of  her  husband,  many  years  professor  of 
history  in  Amherst  College,  has  contributed  the  making  and  care  of  an  old- 
fashioned  garden  on  the  grounds  of  the  society. 

Arlington  Historical  Society.    Arlington.    1897.     Fred.  C.  Fowle. 

The  Bay  State  Historical  League.  1903.  Composed  of  societies  ranging  in 
membership  from  8  to  1,150.  Sh^rwin  L.  Cook;  Alexander  Starbuck, 
Waltham,  Mass.  Publications :  Proceedings.  Meetings  are  held  usually  with 
local  societies  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  the  purpose  being  to  stimulate 
and  unify  the  work  of  local  associations,  to  obviate  duplication  of  work,  and 
to  indicate  the  needed  lines  of  endeavor. 

Bedford  Historical  Society.     Bedford.     1893. 

Berkshire  Historical  and  Scientific  Society.  Pittsfield.  1878.  100  members. 
Joseph  Pierson ;  Harlan  H.  Ballard.  The  society  is  an  adjunct  of  the  Berk- 
shire Athenaeum  and  Museum,  and  maintains  no  separate  collection. 

Beverly  Historical  Society.  Beverly.  1891.  106  members.  George  E.  Wood- 
berry  ;  Rev.  B.  R.  Bulkeley. 

Billerica  Historical  Society.  Billerica.  1896.  57  members.  Warren  Stearns; 
Clara  E.  Sexton. 

The  Bostonian  Society.  The  Old  State  House,  Boston.  1881.  About  1,150 
members.  Grenville  H.  Norcross;  Charles  F.  Read.  Publications:  Annual 
Proceedings,  1917 ;  Bostonian  Society  Publications,  ser.  2,  vol.  II. 

Brookline  Historical  Society.    1891.    225  members.    Edward  W.  Baker. 

Cambridge  Historical  Society.  Cambridge.  1905.  200  members.  William 
Roscoe  Thayer;  Samuel  F.  Batchelder,  721  Tremont  Building,  Boston,  Mass. 
Publications :  Vol.  X  of  Proceedings ;  Letters  of  John  Holmes.  Only  the  three 
stated  meetings,  with  usual  papers  and  addresses. 

Canton  Historical  Society.    Canton.    1871.    W.  M.  Tenney. 


196  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL.  ASSOCIATION. 

Clinton  Historical  Society.  Clinton.  1903.  108  members.  Wellington  E. 
Parkhurst,  98  Cedar  Street,  Clinton.     F.  T.  Holder  erftlowment,  .$23,540. 

Club  of  Odd  Volumes.  Boston.  1886.  65  members.  Henry  W.  Cunningham; 
James  P.  Parraenter. 

The  Colonial  Society  of  Massachusetts.  Boston.  1892.  Membership,  resident, 
96 ;  corresponding,  28 ;  honorary,  3.  Fred  Norris  Robinson,  Ph.  D. ;  corre- 
sponding secretary,  Rev.  Charles  Edwards  Park,  D.  D.  Address,  Henry  H. 
Edes,  treasurer,  30  Staje  Street,  Boston.  Publication:  Transactions,  vol.  18. 
1915-16.  A  bequest  of  $20,000  from  one  of  our  resident  members,  to  be  added 
to  the  publications  funds.  The  resident  membership  of  the  society  is  limited 
to  100  persons. 

The  Concord  Antiquarian  Society.  Concord.  1886.  118  members.  Adam 
Tolman;  Henry  F.  Smith,  jr.  Occasional  meetings  held  and  papers  read. 
Numerous  articles  added  to  the  museum,  including  a  large  collection  of  Indian 
relics  gathered  in  this  locality. 

Connecticut  Valley  Historical  Society.  Springfield.  1876.  Henry  S.  Booth. 
The  society  has  about  250  members,  and  publishes  Papers  and  Proceedings. 

Danvers  Historical  Society.    Danvers.    1889. 

Dedham  Historical  Society.  Dedham.  1859.  180  members.  Julius  H.  Tuttle; 
Charles  E.  Mills,  recording  secretary ;  Walter  Austin,  corresponding  secretary. 
No  publications  since  the  suspension  of  the  Dedham  Historical  Register  in 
1893,  except  this  year  a  list  of  Dedham's  Revolutionary  soldiers,  by  Frank 
Smith.  The  society  continues  to  hold  monthly  meetings  from  October  to  May, 
with  an  average  attendance  of  about  90;  building,  with  library  of  several 
thousand  volumes  and  collection  of  manuscripts  and  an  interesting  collection 
of  historical  relics,  open  every  week-day  afternoon,  in  charge  of  two  assistant 
librarians.  The  society  aims  to  encourage  the  interest  in  local  and  general 
history,  and  to  ident\^  itself  with  the  best  civic  interests. 

Dorchester  Historical  Society.  Dorchester,  1891.  140  members.  Edwin~^J. 
Lewis,  jr. ;  Isaac  T.  Ripley,  7  Mt.  Everett  St. 

The  Essex  Institute.  Salem.  1848.  589  members.  William  0.  Endicott; 
George  Francis  Dow.  Publications:  Historical  Collections,  vol.  53;  Annual 
report ;  Inscriptions  in  Central  Burying  Ground,  Boston ;  Probate  records 
of  Essex  Co.  quarterly  courts,  vol.  5;  Vital  record  of  Salem,  vol.  1;  Plumer 
Genealogy;  History  of  the  Eastern  Railroad;  Visitors  Guide  to  Salem  (new 
edition)  ;  total,  2,688  printed  pages.  Purchased  Pierce-Nichols  House,  built 
In  Salem  in  1783;  the  Hammond  collection  of  clocks  (152)  and  watches  (31). 
Constructed  an  annex  building  to  museum  (28  by  56  feet)  to  contain  the 
coarser  furniture,  tools,  and  utensils,  transportation,  basketry,  stoves,  etc. 
The  library  has  acquired  the  Waters-Withington-Lea  genealogical  MSS., 
relating  to  English  research,  the  largest  collection  now  in  the  country,  in- 
cluding abstracts  of  50.000  wills,  chancery  proceedings,  index  of  75,000 
names,  copies  or  abstracts  from  600  parish  registers,  acts  books,  note  books, 
etc. 

Fitchhurg  Historical  Society.  Grove  St.,  Fitchburg.  1892.  225  members. 
Charles  Fosdick ;  Ebenezer  Bailey. 

The  Foxboro  Historical  Society.  Foxboro.  1898.  24  members  at  present, 
formerly  much  larger.  Merton  R.  Wheeler;  Miss  Mary  E.  Clark.  Our  build- 
Is  unique  in  that  it  was  years  ago  a  reservoir  for  one  or  two  families  then 
in  town,  consequently  the  walls  being  about  a  foot  and  a  little  over  In  thick- 
ness, it  is  fireproof;  round  In  shape.  The  hill  on  which  it  is  built  formerly 
was  called  Beacon  Hill  because  beacons  first  were  built  upon  it  Have  a 
very  large  collection  of  articles. 


REPORTS  OF  HISTORICAL.  SOCIETIES,  1917.  197 

Oroton  Historical  Society.    Groton.    1894. 

The  Harvard  Commission  on  Western  History.  Cambridge.  1912.  13  mem- 
bers. Andrew  McF.  Davis,  cbairman ;  Roger  Pierce,  secretary.  Address, 
Thomas  P.  Martin,  archivist.  Room  47,  Widener  Memorial  Library,  Cam- 
bridge. An  account  of  the  recent  acquisitions  of  the  commission  is  printed 
In  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review  for  September,  1917.  Three 
scrap  books  of  ancient  advertising  matter  in  connection  with  the  sale  of  the 
Nebraska  Land  Grant,  have  recently  been  added. 

Harvard  History  Club.  Cambridge.  40  members.  R.  F.  Arragon,  62  College 
House. 

HaverJiill  Historical  Society.  Haverhill.  1897.  300  members.  E.  G.  Froth- 
ingham ;  Mrs.  Mabel  D.  Mason,  corresponding  secretary,  3  Belvidere  Road. 
At  the  present  time  we  are  building  a  fireproof  assembly  hall  to  seat  200, 
with  cases  around  the  sides,  the  gift  of  two  members.  This  is  joined  to  our 
main  building,  "  The  Buttonwoods,"  a  fine  old  colonial  ho?ne  with  very 
large  fireproof  room. 

Hingham  Historical  Society.  Hingham.  1914.  94  members.  Charles  Benja- 
min Barnes;  William  Wallace  Dunt,  clerk  and  secretary.  P.  O.  box  25. 
Publication  No.  1,  The  Old  Salt  Works,  by  Orrin  Brewster  Sears.  Gifts  re- 
ceived, 93  commissions,  tax  lists,  and  (manuscript)  public  papers  relating 
to  Hingham.  Cooperated  with  Commonwealth  in  reinstating  original  names 
to  highways  in  town.  Furnished  entertainment  to  marines  and  jackies  sta- 
tioned at  Naval  Reservation  and  Camp  Hingham.  Compiled  epitaphs  in  all 
cemeteries  and  private  burial  tombs  in  Hingham.  Supported  Liberty  Bond 
and  Red  Cross  drives.  Collected  records  of  soldiers,  sailors,  and  marines, 
natives  and  citizens  of  Hingham. 

Historical  and  Natural  History  Society  of  Dover  and  Vicinity.  Dover.  1895, 
inc.  1900.  175  members.  Frank  Smith,  125  Court  Street,  Dedham;  Mrs. 
Sarah  Higgins.    Publications :  Genealogical  Sketches,  by  Frank  Smith. 

Historical  Society  of  Old  Newbury.  Newburyport.  400  members.  Harriet  E. 
Jones,  34  Boardman.St. 

Historical  Society  of  Watertoton.    1888.    Walter  C.  Stone. 

HolUston  Historical  Society.  Holliston.  1910.  200  members.  Willis  A. 
Kingsbury  ;  Frank  Haviland.  • 

Hyde  Park  Historical  Society.  Hyde  Park.  1887.  Now  55  members.  Quite  a 
loss  bj'  death  during  the  past  year.  Horace  Summer ;  Mrs.  Herbert 
Greenwood,  10C5  River  St. 

Ipsioich  Historical  Society.    Ipswich.    1890.    Thomas  Franklin  Waters. 

Leominster  Historical  Society.  Leominster.  1906.  250  members.  Charles  K. 
Davis ;  Wm.  H.  Durant,  45  Mt.  Pleasant  Ave. 

Lexington  Historical  Society.  Lexington.  1886.  300  members.  Herbert  G. 
Locke;  Miss  Mabel  P.  Cook. 

Littleton  Historical  Society.  Littleton.  1894.  The  society  has  15  members 
and  possesses  two  cases  of  relics.    Miss  S.  F.  White. 

Lowell  Historical  Society.  Lowell.  Francis  Appleton,  care  Locks  and  Canals 
Co.    The  society  has  about  200  members  and  $1,500. 

Lynn  Historical  Society.  Lynn.  765  members.  William  E.  Dorman.  Books, 
2,500. 

Maiden  Historical  Society.  Maiden.  1886.  160  members.  Hon.  Charles  E. 
Mann;  Geo.  W.  Chamberlain,  29  Hillside  Avenue.  Publications:  Register 
No.  5.  The  library  has  been  arranged  so  that  it  is  accessible  to  members  and 
special  students  of  local  history. 


1^8  AMERICAIJ  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATIOlf. 

Marblehead  Historical  Society.  1898,  inc.  1902.  450  members.  Hon  Wm.  D.  T. 
Trefry ;  Miss  Hannah  Tutt,  15  Washington  Street. 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society.-  1154  Boylston  Street,  Boston.  1791.  100 
resident  members,  50  corresponding,  10  honorary.  Hon,  Henry  Cabot  Ix)dge ; 
Edward  Stanwood,  recording  secretary ;  Wm.  R.  Thayer,  corresponding  secre- 
tary. Publications:  Proceedings,  vol.  50  (October,  191&-June,  1917);  Collec- 
tions, vol.  72  (Warren-Adams  Letters,  vol.  1,  1743-1777). 

Massachusetts  Society  of  Mayflower  Descendants.  53  Mt.  Vernon  St.,  Boston. 
1896.  Governor  Rev.  Frederick  B.  Allen ;  George  Ernest  Bowman.  Publica- 
tions: Tlie  Mayflower  Descendant  (a  quarterly),  vol.  19;  Pilgrim  Ngtes  and 
Queries  (8  times  a  year),  vol.  5. 

Medfield  Historical  Society.  Medfield.  1891.  34  members,  some  not  active  and 
ministers  excused  from  paying  dues,  but  few  charter  members  left.  Rev. 
Albert  E.  Hylan ;  Harriet  A.  Fowle.  A  small  country  society  can  not  afford 
yearly  publications.  Since  the  Town  History  by  a  member,  and  a  catechism 
for  schools  made  from  It  by  another  member,  and  a  few  souvenir  booklets 
for  the  town's  two  hundred  and  fiftieth  anniversary,  nothing  has  been  pub- 
lished. After  storing  most  of  our  belongings  for  several  years,  though  we 
have  held  quarterly  meetings,  we  are  to  have  the  use  of  one  room  in  the 
new  Historical  Library,  and  have  moved  in  part  of  our  things.  We  are  to 
share  the  room  for  meetings  with  the  Civic  Association.  The  town  select- 
men never  have  become  much  Interested  in  historical  societies,  and  required 
the  room  we  used  to  occupy  in  the  town  hall  building.  We  received  this  year, 
an  etching  by  J.  A.  S.  Monks,  the  sheep  painter,  once  resident  in  Medfield, 
also  other  pictures  and  books,  and  a  little  money.  We  have  always  cooper- 
ated with  the  public  schools,  as  much  as  possible.  Lately  we  have  had  a 
few  gifts  from  the  Public  Library  trustees,  and  from  a  former  member,  now 
non-resident.  This  year  our  members  spent  most  of  their  strength  and  money 
on  war  work,  so  we  liave  little  regular  work  to  report.  We  have  added 
homestead  papers  to  our  books  of  homesteads,  this  year,  and  have  about 
25  prominent  homesteads  already,  with  more  promised.  The  town  dates  back 
to  1651. 

Medford  Historical  Society.  Medford.  1896.  150  members.  Moses  W. 
Mann ;  Ggo.  S.  V.  Fuller,  corresponding  secretary,  7  Alfred  St.  Publication : 
Historical  Register,  voL  20.  Have  erected  a  new  building  at  a  cost  of 
about  $5,000. 

Medtcay  Historical  Society.  Medway.  1901.  75  members.  Herbert  N.  Hixon ; 
Ambrose  R.  Saunders,  U.  S.  N. ;  David  B.  Hixon,  acting  secretary,  West 
Medway.  A  number  of  valuable  genealogical  books  added,  given  by  children 
of  former  members.  April,  1917,  patriotic  meeting  to  which  town  officers, 
patriotic  societies  and  townspeople  were  invited ;  June  17,  memorial  exer- 
cises to  revolutionary  soldiers  of  Medway,  boy  scouts  and  S.  of  V.  invited 
to  assist  In  decorating  graves.  We  make  a  special  effort  to  interest  the 
young  people  of  our  village.  We  always  have  music  at  the  meeting,  whldi 
is  followed  by  refreshments  with  social,  at  which  old  and  young  join  in  a 
"  Virginia  reel."  We  have  done  this  for  6  or  8  years  and  the  historical 
society  holds  a  unique  place  in  our  community  life,  tlie  old,  young  and  middle- 
aged  come  together  with  no  constraint  and  join  in  the  social,  and  the  young 
feel  a  loyalty  for  their  town  and  for  their  historical  society. 

Mendon  Historical  Society.  Mendon.  1897.  200  members.  Mrs.  L.  W.  Hol- 
brook. 

Methuen  Historical  Society.  Methuen.  1895.  110  members.  Joseph  S.  Howe ; 
Elizabeth  B.  Currier. 


REPORTS   OF   HISTORICAL,  SOCIETIES,  1917.  199 

Military  Historical  Society  of  Massachusetts.  Cadet  Armory,  Columbus  Ave- 
nue, Boston.  1876,  inc.  1891.  About  200  members.  Colonel  Thomas  L. 
Livermore ;  William  Ropes  Trask.  About  to  publish  our  volume  14,  consist- 
ing of  papers  read  before  the  society. 

Milton  Historical  Society.  Milton,  1904.  357  members.  Nathaniel  T.  Kid- 
der ;  Eleanor  P.  Martin,  recording  secretary ;  Alice  C.  Brecli,  corresponding 
secretary.  Publications :  Twelfth  Annual  Report.  Bibliography  of  Milton, 
in  preparation ;  also  an  Index  to  History  of  Milton,  Teele,  1887. 

Nantucket  Historical  Association.  Nantucket.  1894.  Mrs.  Elizabeth  G. 
Bennett. 

Netv  England  Catholic  Historical  Society.  Boston.  1901.  W.  A.  Leahy,  64 
Pemberton  Square. 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Society.  9  Ashburton  Place,  Boston.  1844. 
1,345  members.  James  Phinney  Baxter,  Portland  Me.,  recording  secretary ; 
Alfred  Johnson,  Brookline,  Mass.,  corresponding  secretary ;  G.  Andrews  Mori- 
arty,  jr.,  Newport,  R.  I.  Publications:  New  England  Historical  and  Genea- 
logical Register  (quarterly  with  supplement,  about  500  pages)  ;  East  Bridge- 
water,  Charlemont,  and  Windsor  Vital  Records. 

New  England  Methodist  Historical  Society.  1881.  Rev.  George  F.  Durgin,  36 
Bromfield    Street,    Boston. 

Netcton  Historical  Society.  1902.  Frank  A.  Mason,  31  Milk  Street,  room  210, 
Boston. 

Oakham  Historical  Society.  Oakham.  1899.  62  members.  Prof.  Henry  P. 
Wright ;  Dr.  Henry  B.  Wright,  Oakham,  Mass.  Tlie  president  and  secretary 
are  writing  the  history  of  the  town  of  Oakham,  2  vols,  with  genealogies. 
The  society  has  a  room  in  the  library  building  and  a  collection  of  antique 
articles  of  historic  worth. 

Old  Planters'  Society.  Salem.  1899,  inc.  1908.  Dr.  Frank  A.  Gardner;  Miss 
Lucie  M.  Gardner,  4  Lynde  Street.  Several  public  meetings  at  which  ad- 
dresses have  beto  given  on  various  phases  of  New  England  life  and  activity 
and  early  history  of  Massachusetts  towns. 

Old  South  Association  in  Boston.  Washington  St.,  Boston.  1877.  100  mem- 
bers. Charles  W.  Eliot ;  Courtenay  Crocker,  845  Tremont  Bldg.  Publications : 
Leaflets,  "  William  Knox  on  American  Taxation,  1769 " ;  "  John  Quincy 
Adams  and  others  on  the  Peace  of  Ghent,  1814  " ;  "  The  Treaty  of  Ghent  and 
Negotiations  that  followed,  1814-1818";  "The  Triumph  of  the  Union,  by 
Charles  De  Montalembert  in  1865." 

Orange  Historical  and  Antiquarian  Society.  Orange.  Mrs.  C.  M.  Mayo,  24 
Winter  St.  The  society  has  20  members  and  a  room  In  the  Wheeler  Memorial 
Library. 

Peabody  Historical  Society.  Peabody.  1896.  Mrs.  Elizabeth  0.  Osborn,  Warren 
National  Bank  Building,  Peabody  Square. 

Pbcumtuck  Valley  Memorial  Association.  Deerfleld.  1870.  M.  Elizabeth 
Stebbins. 

Prince  Society.     Boston.     1858.     Albert  Matthews,  12  Bosworth   Street. 

QuinaMug  Historical  Society.  Southbridge.  1899.  125  members.  John  M. 
Cochran ;  Mary  E.  Clemence,  5  South  Street.  Publications :  We  have  two 
volumes  of  25  papers  each  printed  and  bound  and  eight  leaflets  printed  but 
not  bound. 

Quincy  Historical   Society.     Quincy.     1893.     Elizabeth   H.   Alden. 

Roxbury  Historical  Society.  Roxbury.  Organized  as  Roxbury  Military  His- 
torical Society,  1891 ;  reorganized  1901.  3  honorary,  10  life,  299  regular 
members.     Sherwin  L.  Cook;  Walter  R.  Meins,  Municipal  Court  Building. 


200  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

PublicatJons:  Yearbook  for  1917.  During  1917,  Roxbury  High  Fort,  a  Revo- 
lutionary landmark,  having  been  restored  to  Its  original  appearance,  includ- 
ing replicas  of  Revolutionary  cannon,  was  dedicated  as  a  public  park.  A 
patriotic  parade  followed.  All  was  under  direction  of  this  society.  The 
society  also  observed  its  25th  anniversary  by  a  banquet,  and  entertained  the 
Bay  State  Historical  League  in  October. 

Rumford  Historical  Association.  North  Woburn.  1877.  200  members.  Wil- 
liam R.  Cutter ;  Andrew  R.  Linsett,  2  Poole  Street 

Sharon  Historical  Society.  Sharon.  1903.  75  members.  Edmund  H.  Hewins ; 
John  G.  Phillips. 

Shcpard  Historical  Society.  Cambridge.  1889.  25-^0,  average  membership. 
Rev.  Raymond  Calkins;  Miss  Marion  F.  Lansing,  corner  Garden  and  Mason 
Streets. 

Society  for  the  Preservation  of  New  England  Antiquities.  Boston.  1910.  1,593 
members.  Charles  Knowles  Bolton ;  William  S.  Appleton.  Publications : 
Bulletin.  We  moved  into  our  own  building,  the  old  Harrison  Gray  Otis 
house,  2  Lynde  Street,  Boston,  which  is  now  our  headquarters.  Work  of 
restoration  is  temporarily  halted  by  the  war.  All  our  collections  are  grow- 
ing better  and  faster  than  normally. 

South  Natick  Historical  Society  and  Natural  History  and  Library  Society. 
South  Natick.  1873.  About  100  members.  Mrs.  Mary  Esty ;  Mrs.  Martha 
Bean.  Museum  room  open  to  visitors  free  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday  p.  m. 
2.30  till  5.30  in  Bacon  Free  Library  building,  except  on  holidays. 

Swampscott  Historical  Society.     Swampscott.     1905.     Rev.  G.  A.  Jackson. 

Topsfield  Historical  Society.  Topsfield.  1894.  253  members.  Charles  J.  Pea- 
body ;  George  Francis  Dow.    Publications:  Historical  Collections,  vol.  22. 

Unitarian  Historical  Society.  25  Beacon  St.,  Boston.  1902.  George  Hale 
Reed. 

Wakefield  Historical  Society.    Wakefield.     1905.     Fred  M.  Young. 

Westboro  Historical  Society.  Westboro.  1889.  130  members.  Charles  M, 
Packard;  Miss  Geneva  A.  Perry.  Early  in  the  year  we  rented  a  hall  for  a 
term  of  years.  In  the  spring  we  added  about  50  members.  Nov.  16,  1917, 
the  society  celebrated  the  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  settlement  of  the 
town.  We  hold  monthly  meetings;  1917-18  program  consisted  of  annual 
meeting,  two  entertainments,  two  socials,  one  musical,  two  lectures,  and 
field  day. 

Winthrop  Improvement  and  Historical  Association.  Winthrop.  1903.  215 
members.  Elmer  E.  Dawson ;  Mrs,  Lucy  Hall  Greenlaw,  47  Sunnyside  ave- 
nue. Association  owns  its  house,  which  was  built  about  1640,  and  is  the 
home  of  Deane  Winthrop,  son  of- Gov.  John  Winthrop,  first  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay  Colony,  It  owns  a  museum  and  historical  collection  per- 
taining to  local  history  and  families.  As  its  name  implies,  the  society  is 
also  active  in  civic  interests.  As  the  house  is  often  crowded  to  capacity,  tbe 
association  looks  forward  to  a  new  auditorium  in  the  future. 

Worcester  Society  of  Antiquity.  Worcester.  1875,  Walter  Davidson,  39  Salis- 
bury St. 

IflCHIOAN. 

Antrim  County  Pioneer  Association.  Central  Lake,  Antrim  County.  There  was 
a  flourishing  Pioneer  Association  here  in  this  county  for  a  number  of  years, 
but  many  of  the  old  settlers  having  passed  away,  it  was  allowed  to  lapse,  and 
last  winter  a  few  gathered  in  the  courthouse  at  Bellaire  and  reorganized; 
the  meetings  to  be  held  at  the  courthouse,  and  the  use  of  a  vault  in  the 
judge  of  probate's  office  to  keep  records  aud  mementoes  was  tendered.    The 


REPORTS  OF  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES,  1917.  201 

officers  elected  were  Dempster  H.  Stebbins,  president;  Mary  Morrow,  secre- 
tary. There  is  so  much  to  do  on  account  of  the  war,  with  the  Red  Cross, 
Y.  M,  C.  A.,  and  other  matters  that  no  meeting  has  been  called  since,  but  we 
are  only  waiting,  not  dead. 

Barry  County  Pioneer  and  Historical  Society.  Hastings.  1873.  Approxi- 
mately 200  members.  Hon.  W.  W.  Potter ;  Hon.  Charles  A.  Weissert,  Hastings, 
Mich.  No  publications  are  official.  Historical  papers  prepared  for  the  annual 
meetings  are  always  published  in  local  newspapers.  This  society  has  under- 
taken the  task  of  placing  monuments  on  historical  places  in  Barry  County. 
The  site  of  the  American  Fur  Co.'s  post,  established  in  1828  at  Bull's  prairie 
near  Hastings,  has  been  commemorated  with  a  handsome  field-stone  monu- 
ment bearing  a  bronze  tablet.     Other  places  will  be  marked. 

Charlevoix  Historical  Society.  Charlevoix.  1879.  About  100  members.  Bray- 
ton  Saltonstall;  Miss  Mary  E.  Clarke,  408  Mason  Street.  Publications: 
Usual  program  and  Yearbook.  Celebrated  July  31,  1917,  the  196th  anni- 
versary of  passing  of  Father  Charlevoix  along  our  shores. 

Clinton  County  Pioneer  Society.  St.  Johns.  1874.  About  1,600  names  en- 
rolled on  record  book,  many  d^'ad.  Theo.  H.  Townsend ;  Mrs.  C.  D.  Pearce, 
Dewitt.  Publications :  Reports  of  annual  meeting  in  June  and  Pioneer  picnic 
in  August.  Sixteen  historians  were  appointed  a  few  years  ago  to  collect 
historical  facts  from  each  township  in  Clinton  Co.  Histories  not  complete 
yet. 

Delta  County  Pioneer  and  Historical  Society.  Escanaba.  1916.  73  members. 
F,  X.  Barth ;  Miss  Lura  E.  Brubaker,  Carnegie  Public  Library,  Escanaba. 

Historical  Society  of  Branch  County.  Coldwater.  1902.  10  members.  Hon. 
Henry  E.  Straight;  Rev.  H.  P.  Collin,  98  East  Chicago  Street.  The  society 
has  made  a  collection,  as  nearly  complete  as  possible,  of  all  newspapers  ever 
published  in  the  county,  from  1841. 

Historical    Society    of    Grand    Rapids.    Grand    Rapids.     1895.    42    members. 

Roger  W.  Butterfield ;  Samuel  H.  Ranck,  Grand  Rapids  Library. 
'  Huron  County  Pioneer  and  Historical  Society.  Bad  Axe.  1914.  104  members. 
W.  F.  Bope;  Florence  M.  Gwinn,  Pigeon ;  address  for  mail,  W.  F.  Bope, 
Bad  Axe.  Publications:  Sketches  given  by  pioneers  were  published  by  the 
county  papers  in  full.  12  new  members.  Held  a  picnic  at  Bad  Axe,  June, 
1917,  pioneers  giving  sketches  of  the  earlier  days  in  the  county.  The  sec- 
retary is  gathering  material  for  a  history  of  the  county  in  the  near  future. 
Expect  to  have  a  midwinter  meeting  at  which  articles  in  use  in  pioneer  days 
will  be  exhibited. 

Keweenaw  Historical  Society.  Copper  Country  of  Michigan ;  headquarters, 
Houghton.  1912.  150  members.  J.  T.  Reeder;  J.  A.  Doelle.  Bibliography 
of  region  prepared  and  edited  by  J.  A.  Doelle. 

Michigan  Historical  Commission.  Lansing.  1913.  Six  members,  appointed  by 
governor,  with  governor  ex  officio.  Claude  H.  Van  Tyne;  George  N.  Fuller, 
Lansing.  Publications:  Fuller,  Economic  and  Social  Beginnings  of  Michi- 
gan ;  Harris,  Public  Life  of  Zachariah  Chandler.  Appropriation  increased 
from  $6,000  to  $15,000 ;  archives  in  State  capitol  partially  listed ;  several 
minor  publications  issued;  Michigan  History  Magazine  begun,  quarterly, 
no.  1,  July,  1917,  no.  2,  Oct.  closed  vol.  1. 

Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Society.  Lansing.  1874.  800  members.  Hon. 
Augustus  C.  Carton ;  George  N.  Fuller,  Lansing.  Publishing  activities  taken 
over  by  the  Michigan  Historical  Commission  in  1913.  Membership  and 
museum  collections  materially  increased ;  greatly  increased  interest  in  meet- 
ings (May,  August  and  January),  in  different  parts  of  the  State;  several  new 
county  societies  organized  on  uniform  plan  as  auxiliaries  in  the  collecting  of 
local  materials. 


202  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

St.  Joseph  County  Historical  and  Pioneer  Society.  Centreville.  1873.  Not  a 
close  association ;  everyone  is  a  member  who  has  resided  in  the  county  20 
years.  Henry  Worthington ;  Franlj  S.  Cummings.  Publications :  Newspaper 
reports  of  annual  meeting  on  the  second  Wednesday  in  June.  Very  consider- 
able additions  were  made  to  the  county  musuem  in  1916-17. 

MINNESOTA. 

Canby  Old  Settlers  Association.     Canby. 

Danish  I'ioneers.     Minneapolis. 

Lake  Pepin  Valley  Old  Settlers  Association.     Lake  City. 

Minnesota  Historical  Society.  St.  Paul.  1849.  Charles  P.  Noyes;  Solon  J. 
Buck,  St.  Paul.  Publications:  Minnesota  History  Bulletin,  vol,  2,  nos.  1-4; 
Nineteenth  Biennial  Report.  New  $500,000  building  erected  by  the  State  for 
the  society  and  the  State  archives  completed  and  dedicated,  1918. 

Minnesota  Territorial  Pioneers.  Old  Capitol  Building,  St.  Paul.  189".  3,000 
members.     George  H.  Hazard. 

Old  Settlers  Historical  Society,  of  Pipestone.  Pipestone  City.  1880.  100  mem- 
bers.   Charles  H.  Burnett. 

Winona  County  Old  Settlers  Association.    Winona. 

MISSISSIPPI.  • 

Mississippi  Department  of  Archives  and  History.  Jackson.  1902,  by  act  of 
legislature.  Board  of  trustees,  nine  members;  executive  officer.  Dunbar 
Rowland,  director.  In  charge  of  archives,  art  gallery,  and  museum,  historical 
manuscripts,  historical  library,  diffusion  of  knowledge  of  Mississippi  history. 
Over  1,000,000  historical  documents  collected,  scientitically  classified,  and 
guide  published.  Coll^ions  from  French  archives,  34  volumes ;  from  English, 
20  volumes ;  from  Spanish,  9  volumes.  Collection  of  Mississippi  newspapers, 
files,  1805-1919.  Publications:  Twenty-one  volumes  of  historical  sources,* 
registers,  reports.  Recent  publication.  Letter  Books  of  Gov.  W.  C.  C. 
Claiborne,  6  volumes. 

Mississippi  Historical  Society.  Jackson.  1890,  reorganized  1898.  Dunbar 
Rowland.  Publications :  15  vols,  to  1914 ;  new  series,  "  Centenary  series  " 
in  honor  of  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  State's  admission  to  the  Union. 

MISSOUBI. 

Missouri  Baptist  Historical  Society.  Liberty.  1886,  36  members.  Prof.  R.  P. 
Rider;  Dr.  E.  C.  Griffith,  315  N.  Lightburne  St.  Publications:  Vol.  3,  Mis- 
souri Baptist  Biography. 

Missouri  Historical  Society.  St.  Louis.  1866.  608  members.  Hon.  David  R. 
Francis;  Mr.  Charles  Parsons  Pettus,  Jefferson  Memorial.  Publications: 
Thomas  James,  Three  years  among  the  Indians  and  Mexicans  (Waterloo, 
1846),  edited  with  notes  and  biographical  sketches  by  Judge  Walter  B. 
Douglas ;  Walter  B.  Stevens,  A  Reporter's  Lincoln.  Unusual  collection  of 
firearms,  two  large  collections  of  books,  historical  and  genealogical,  manu- 
scripts relating  to  fur  trade  and  the  West. 

Pike  County  Historical  Society.  Louisiana.  1904.  100  members.  F.  D. 
Stechter;  Clayton  Keith,  M.  D.,  2105  Georgia  St.  Publications:  Sketch  of  the 
Jackson  family;  Military  History  of  Pike  County.  Dedicated  a  stone  and 
bronze  marker  at  the  site  of  old  Buffalo  Fort  near  Louisiana,  Mo. 

/ 


REPORTS  OF  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES,  1917.  203 

The  State  Historical  Society  of  Missouri.  Columbia.  1898.  550  pay  members ; 
500  editorial ;  200  exchange.  Dr.  Walter  B.  Stevens ;  Floyd  C.  SJioemaker. 
Publications :  The  Missouri  Historical  Review.  Additions :  Over  600  volumes 
of  old  Missouri  newspapers,  1850-1898, 

MONTANA. 

state  Historical  and  Miscellaneous  Library.  Helena.  Organized  as  State 
Historical  Society,  1865.  No  members.  C.  B.  Power;  F.  F.  Steele;  W.  Y. 
Pemberton,  librarian.  Publications:  Contributions  to  the  Historical  So- 
ciety of  Montana,  vol.  8. 

NEBRASKA. 

Nebraska  State  Historical  Society.  Lincoln,  1878.  1,300  members.  Samuel 
C.  Bassett ;  Addison  E.  Sheldon,  Station  A,  Lincoln.  Publications :  Vol.  18 ; 
The  Veto  Power  in  Nebraska,  pamphlet.  Close  cooperation  arranged  and 
ratified  by  governing  bodies  of  the  historical  society,  legislative  reference 
bureau,  university  history  departments,  university  library,  and  Nebraska 
Society  Sons  of  the  Amci'ican  Revolution,  and  Nebraska  Society  Daughters 
of  the  American  Revolution.  The  special  situation  in  Nebraska  created 
during  the  past  year  wnri-ants  an  additional  note  of  information:  In  Janu- 
ary last  the  director  of  the  legislative  reference  bureau  was  elected  superin- 
tendent and  secretary  of  the  State  Historical  Society.  One  of  the  main 
purposes  in  this  action  by  the  historical  society  was  to  unite  and  coordinate 
the  work  of  research  in  Nebraska  history  and  ethnology  under  one  head. 
At  the  same  time  was  unanimously  ratified  the  report  of  a  committee  whose 
members  were  appointed  by  the  historical  society,  the  State  university,  and 
the  State  librarian.  This  report  contemplates  the  erection  of  a  historical  and 
university  library  building  on  the  university  campus  which  shall  house  all 
the  State-supported  libraries  at  the  capitol  except  the  law  library  at  the  State 
house.  In  pursuance  of  this  policy  of  unification  the  present  director  of  the 
reference  bureau  and  superintendent  of  the  historical  society  was  unani- 
mously elected  secretary  and  registrar  of  the  Nebraska  Society  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution,  and  the  library  and  archives  of  that  society  removed 
from  Omaha  to  the  historical  society's  rooms.  There  also  are  the  principal 
collections  of  the  Nebraska  Society  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution. 


The  Nevada  Historical  Society.  Reno.  1904.  About  200  members.  Judge  G, 
F.  Talbot ;  Miss  Jeanne  E.  Wier,  844  North  Center  St.  Publications :  Nevada 
Historical  Society  Papers,  vol.  1 ;  Pageant  of  Nevada  History.  History  of 
Taxation  in  Nevada,  now  in  press. 

NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 

The  New  Hampshire  Genealogical  Society.    Dover.    1903.    Hon.  A.  G.  Whltte- 

more;  Fred  E.  Qulmby,  City  Hall,  Dover. 
New  Hampshire   Historical  Society.     Concord.     1823.     700  members.     Frank 

N.  Parsons;  Otis  G.  Hammond.     Publications:  Proceedings,  vol.  5. 
Manchester  Historic  Association.     Manchester.     1896.     230  members.     William 

P.  Farmer;  Fred  C.  Lamb,  452  Merrimack  St.     Publications:  1917  meeting; 

in  previous  years,  12  vols,  of  Collections.    Collections  of  relics,  which  are  lo- 


204  AlVTERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

cated  In  two  fine,  large,  well-lighted  rooms  in  the  Carpenter  Memorial  Public 
Library,  are  growing  fast.  Open  to  public  on  Saturday  afternoons,  2  to  5 
p.  m.  Fre<l  W.  Lamb,  curator.  Include  Gen.  John'  Stark  relict,  Indian  relics, 
military  uniforms  and  equipment  of  the  earlier  years  in  our  locality ;  old 
prints  and  portraits  of  the  early  settlers,  guns,  instruments,  and  old  utensils 
of  the  olden  times,  etc. 

NEW  JKESEY. 

Bergen  County  Historical  Society.  Hackensack.  1902.  130  members.  Cor- 
nelius V.  R.  Bogert;  Theodore  Romalne,  Main  St.,  Hackensack.  Publications: 
Annual  papers  and  proceedings,  1917;  Gen.  Greene's  orderly  book  (pertain- 
ing to  Bergen  Co.)  ;  Justices  and  Freeholders  records,  1715-1782.  We  have  the 
use  of  a  large  new  room  in  the  Johnson  Public  Library,  making  it  possible 
for  the  installation  of  new  cases  in  which  our  collections,  classified,  are  ar- 
ranged and  exhibited.  The  growing  collection  of  colonial  household  articles 
and  hardware,  and  valuable  deeds,  wills,  etc.,  shows  an  encouraging  interest 
in  the  society  and  its  efforts.  Among  our  many  gifts  are  a  number  of  the 
articles  used  in  the  wool  industry.  An  exhibition  of  same,  with  an  illustrated 
talk  as  to  the  methods  of  preparing  the  wodl  for  knitting  100  years  ago,  was 
given  during  the  Christmas  holidays.  Our  society  has  under  consideration 
the  erection  of  a  large  wooden  tablet  on  the  lawn  of  the  courthouse  to  bear 
the  names  of  all  the  Bergen  County  boys  enlisted  in  the  war,  the  complete 
list  to  be  kept  on  record  in  our  rooms.  The  women's  auxiliary  are  planning 
for  a  Home  Land  textile  exhibit. 

Oloucester  County  Historical  Society.  Woodbury.  1903.  John  G.  Whitall; 
Wm.  M.  Carter.  Publications :  One  pamphlet,  embracing  three  papers,  one  by 
Isabella  C.  McGeorge.  The  Heroine  of  Red  Bank;  one  by  Dr.  Wallace 
McGeorge,  The  Battle  of  Gloucester ;  and  one  by  Dr.  Wallace  McGeorge,  Lost 
Towns  and  Hamlets  in  Gloucester  County. 

Hunterdon  County  Historical  Society.  Flemington,  1885.  51  members.  Hugh 
C.  Nevius;  H.  E.  Deats.  Marriage  records  of  the  county  are  being  pub- 
lished by  the  librarian  individually,  and  the  members  are  working  together 
in  copying  tombstone  inscriptions  which  will  be  published. 

Monmouth  County  Historical  Association.  Red  Bank.  275  members.  John 
S.  Applegate ;  Edward  S.  Atwood,  1  Broad  Street 

New  Brunsvyick  Historical  Club.  New  Brunswick.  1870.  About  75  members 
paying  dues.  Austin  Scott ;  John  H.  Logan.  Meetings  have  been  held  regu- 
larly (save  for  a  short  interval  in  the  late  seventies)  and  papers  read  monthly 
during  8  months  of  the  year.  Three  pamphlets  have  been  published.  Further 
publication  of  local  historical  documents  is  proposed. 

New  Jersey  Historical  Society.  16  West  Park  Street,  Newark.  1845.  900 
members.  Hon.  Francis  J.  Swayze;  A.  V.  D.  Honeyman.  Publications: 
New  Jersey  Archives,  1st  ser.,  vol.  29;  2d  ser.,  vol.  5;  Proceedings,  fourth 
(new)  ser.,  vol.  2. 

Princeton  Historical  Association.  Princeton.  1900.  E.  C.  Richardson,  Uni- 
versity Library. 

Salem  County  Historical  Society.  Salem.  1884.  70  members.  Edward  S. 
Sharpe,  M.  D. ;  George  W.  Price.  Additions  to  the  Duval  collections  of 
ceramics.    Books  and  pamphlets  added  to  the  library. 

Somerset  Historical  Society.  Somerville.  About  100  members.  Hon.  James  J. 
Bergen;  John  T.  Reger.     Publications:  Somerset  County  Historical  Quarterly. 

Yineland  Historical  and  Antiquarian  Society.  VIneland.  1864.  42  members. 
Dr.  Joseph  A.  Conwell ;  Frank  D.  Andrews.  Publications:  Annual  report 
Addition  to  the  museum  of  a  collection  of  Indian  relics  from  Cape  May  Co., 


REPORTS  OF  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES,  1911,  206 

Indian  pottery,  modern  Indian  jewelry,  basket  work,  etc.,  collected  by  the 
late  Frank  Learning  of  Cape  May  Court  House  and  presented  to  the  society 
by  Mr.  Learning. 
Women's  Burlington  County  Historical  Society.  Burlington.  1915.  318  mem- 
bers. Miss  Rebekah  B.  Wells;  Mrs.  George  D.  Mcllvaine,  Beverly.  Special 
committees  on  current  history,  early  schools,  old  mills,  samplers,  King's 
Highway,  n(rted  men,  membership,  entertainment,  Y.  M.  C.  A.  pageant,  etc. 
Genealogical  room,  Indian,  Civil  War,  Revolutionary,  and  Colonial  relics 
added,  also  books.  New  Jersey  Society  (women's  branch)  held  mid-winter 
meeting  in  Burlington. 

NEW    MEXICO. 

New  Mexico  Historical  Society.  Santa  Fe.  1859.  100  members.  L.  Brad- 
ford Prince,  IjL.  D.  ;  M.  M.  Berger,  Belen.  Established  department  of 
patriotic  pictures,  photographs  of  all  engaged  in  war  of  1917. 

NEW   YOKK. 

Albany  Institute  and  Historical  and  Art  Society.  400  members.  J.  Townsend 
Lansing;  William  Gorham  Rice.  We  have  a  course  of  lectures  during  the 
winter  and  various  exhibits  during  the  year.  Our  permanent  collections 
consist  of  works  of  art,  paintings,  sculpture,  china,  and  historical  relics. 

Brooklyn  Catholic  Historical  Society.    Brooklyn. 

Buffalo  Historical  Society.  1862.  Approximately  700  members.  Hon.  Henry  W. 
Hill ;  Frank  H.  Severance,  Historical  Building,  Buffalo.  Publications :  Sever- 
ance, An  Old  Frontier  of  France,  2  vols.,  constituting  vols.  20  and  21,  Buffalo 
Historical  Society,  Publications  series,  published  for  the  general  trade  by 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  Report  of  annual  meeting.  Accession  to  MSS.  collec- 
tions :  The  Porteous  Papers,  gift  of  Mr.  Henry  R.  Howland ;  important  for 
study  of  trade  and  traffic  conditions,  New  York  and  Canada,  latter  half  of 
18th  century.  This  institution  shared  in  forming  a  Federation  of  Historical 
Societies  of  the  old  Genesee  Country  (New  York  west  of  Seneca  Lake),  June 
1917.  In  preparation  for  publication  in  1918:  The  Journals  and  Letters  of 
Samuel  Kirkland,  missionary  to  the  Senecas  and  Oneidas,  Government  agent 
and  founder  of  Hamilton  College.  ' 

Canisteo  Valley  Historical  Society.    Hornell. 

City  History  Club  of  New  York.  New  York.  1896,  inc.  1897.  About  200  sup- 
porting members  (student  members  fluctuating).  Mrs.  A.  Barton  Hepburn; 
Mrs.  Carr  Van  Anda,  105  West  Fortieth  Street.  Publications :  The  Beaver, 
3  issues.  Held  an  exhibition  of  historical  scrapbooks  and  albums  of  old 
New  York.  Children  engaged  in  Red  Cross  work  of  all  sorts.  Marked  two 
historical  milestones  in  New  York  with  ceremonies. 

Dutchess  County  Historical  Society.    Pleasant  Valley. 

Falls  House  Memorial  Collection.    Newburgh.    William  Stanbrough. 

Flushing  Historical  Society.    Flushing.    Leon  C.  Case. 

Genesee  Country  Historical  Federation.  1917.  Sanford  D.  Van  Alstine,  Pal- 
myra.   15  societies  are  members. 

Geneva  Historical  Society.    Geneva.    Katherine  S.  B.  Duryea. 

Herkimer  County  Historical  Society.  Herkimer.  1896.  2(K)  members.  Arthur 
T.  Smith.    Occupies  room  in  Public  Library. 

Historical  and  Genealogical  Society  of  the  tovm  of  Cortland.    PeekskllL 


206  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION". 

Historical  Society  of  Neiolurgh  Bay  and  the  Highlands.  Newburgh.  1883. 
W.  C.  Belknap,  112  1st  St. 

Historical  Society  of  Saratoga,  Including  the  upper  Hudson,  Lake  George,  and 
Lake  Clianiplain.  Saratoga  Springs.  1883.  125  members.  James  Madison 
Andrews ;  Irving  I.  Goldsmith.  Society  maintains  a  museum  in  the  Saratoga 
Casino ;  includes  a  large  and  rare  collection  of  Indian  arrowheads.  Preserves 
a  record  of  important  current  local  events,  and  is  preparing  a  history  of 
Saratoga  Springs  from  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  first  settlers. 

Holland  Purchase  Historical  Society.  Batavia.  Before  1893.  250  members. 
Mrs.  Frances  Thomas;  L.  W.  Griswold ;  address  for  mail,  Frank  S.  Wood. 
Headquarters  at  office  of  Holland  Land  Co.,  erected  1804;  dedicated  to 
memory  of  Robert  Morris  at  celebration  1893.  Museum,  especially  papers. 
Also  own  log  cabin  on  fair  ground,  with  annual  exhibition.  Member  Genesee 
Country  Federation. 

Holland  Society  of  New  York.  New  York  City.  1885.  1,000  members.  Seymour 
Van  Santvoord ;  Frederick  R.  Keator,  90  West  St.    Publications :  Year  book. 

Huntington  Historical  Society.     Huntington.     D.  Elizabeth  Irwin. 

Johnstoicn  Historical  Society.  Johnstown.  1892.  73  members.  Harwood  Dud- 
ley ;  Alonzo  M.  Young. 

Kings  County  Historical  Society.  Brooklyn.  C.  H.  Scrwin,  Room  42,  250 
Fulton  St. 

Livingston  County  Historical  Society.  Geneseo.  1875.  280  members.  William 
H.  Brodie. 

The  Long  Island  Historical  Society.  Brooklyn.  1863.  447  members,  Hon. 
Willard  Bartlett;  Cyril  H.  Burdett.  Two  exhibitions,  one  of  manuscripts 
and  first  editions  pertaining  to  Martin  Luther,  and  one  of  bookplates. 

Madison  County  Historical  Society.    Oneida.    1898.     D.  B.  Dealing. 

Montgomery  County  Historical  Society.  Amsterdam.  1904.  200  members. 
Charles  E.  French,  58  Rf^ket  St.    Publishes  Proceedings  twice  a  year. 

Morris  Memorial  Historical  Society.    Chatham. 

Nassau  County  Historical  and  Genealogical  Society.  Mineola.  1915.  About 
100  members.  James  S.  Cooley,  M.  D. ;  Robert  M.  Darbee,  Rockville  Center. 
Publications:  A  leafiet  giving  annual  report.  Have  accepted  the  invitation 
of  the  trustees  to  make  the  old  mill  at  Roslyn,  headquarters  temporarily. 
The  old  grist  mill  has  been  fixed  up  for  a  historical  museum.  We  have  also 
prepared  a  set  of  genealogical  blanks  for  use  in  recording  family  history  in  a 
permanent  way. 

New  York  Genealogical  and  Biographical  Society.  New  York  City.  1869.  600 
members.  Clarence  Winthrop  Bowen;  Henry  Russell  Drowne,  226  West 
Fifty-eighth  Street.  Publications:  New  York  Genealogical  and  Biographical 
Record,  vol.  48,  a  continuous  publication,  quarterly  since  Jan.,  1870.  The 
society  owns  its  home  and  also  owns  Nos.  222,  224,  226  East  Fifty-eighth 
Street,  where  it  contemj)lates  erecting  its  new  home  in  the  future. 

The  New  York  Historical  Society.  1804.  John  Abeel  Weeks;  Fancher  NicoU, 
170  Central  Park,  West,  New  York  City.  Publications:  Orderly  book 
of  DeLancey  Brigade,  1776-1778;  Bulletins,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  issued  quarterly; 
Cadwallader  Colden  Papers,  1714-1775,  in  press.  An  exhaustive  scientific 
catalogue  of  the  society's  Egyptian  collection  is  being  prepared  by  Mrs. 
Grant  Williams  and  the  treatment  and  repair  of  the  objects  have  been  under- 
taken. New  exhibition  cases  have  also  been  installed.  A  series  of  exhibitions 
has  been  arranged  for  1917-18  showing  the  society's  collection  of  views, 
prints,  caricatures,  and  original  watercolor  drawings  of  Audubon's  Birds  of 
America. 


REPORTS   OF   HISTORICAL,  SOCIETIES,  1917.  207 

New  York  State  Historical  Association.  1889.  900  members.  Hon.  De  Alva  S. 
Alexander ;  Frederick  B.  Richards,  Glen  Falls.  Publications :  Year  Book,  No. 
15.    Annual  meeting,  New  York  City,  October  2,  3,  4. 

Oneida  Historical  Society.  Utica.  1876.  200  members.  William  M.  Starrs, 
Munson  Williams  Memorial  Bldg. 

Onondaga  Historical  Association.  Syracuse.  1867.  225  members.  George  G. 
Fryer ;  Franklin  H.  Chase,  311  Montgomery  Street.  Publications :  SpafEord 
History,  2  vols.,  by  George  K.  Collins. 

Oswego  Historical  Society.    Oswego.  "  1896.    J.  T.  Mott. 

The  Palmyra  Historical  Society.  Palmyra.  1915.  About  150  members.  Eliza- 
beth W.  Eaton ;  Sanford  D.  Van  Alstine,  148  Main  Street.  Publications :  A 
series  of  articles.  "Palmyra  of  the  Past,"  published  w^eekly  in  both  local 
newspapers,  the  entire  year.  This  society  affiliated  with  the  Genesee  Coun- 
try Historical  Fedei'ation,  which  was  perfected  at  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  in 
June,  1917.  The  secretary  became  secretary  of  the  Federation.  Fifteen  other 
societies  affiliated  during  1917. 

The  Pennsylvania  Society.  New  York  City.  Founded  1899,  inc.  1903.  1,600 
members.  James  M.  Beck  ;  Barr  Ferree,  2_49  West  Thirteenth  Street.  Publica- 
tions: Year  Book  for  1917;  the  United  States  and  the  War,  both  edited 
by  Barr  Ferree.  Annual  dinner,  Dec.  8,  1917,  A  tribute  to  France.  Gold 
Medal  of  the  society  awarded  to  the  French  Ambassador,  Dr.  J.  J.  Jusserand. 

Putnam  County  Historical  Society.    Cold  Spring.    Miss  Mary  Haldane. 

Sag  Harbor  Historical  Society.     Sag  Harbor.     C.  W.  Payne. 

Schenectady  County  Historical  Society.  Schenectady.  1905.  400  members. 
Allen  W.  Johnston ;  George  W.  Featherstonhaugh,  jr.,  13  Union  Street.  Pub- 
lications: Small  folder  for  use  by  general  public,  giving  historical  data  of 
Schenectady,  city  and  county. 

Seneca  Falls  Historical  Society.     Seneca  Falls.    Emma  Maier, 

Society  for  the  Preservation  of  Historical  and  Scenic  Places.     Geneva. 

Society  of  Pennsylvania  Women  in  New  York.  1913.  252  members.  Mrs. 
Joshua  A.  Hatfield ;  Mrs.  William  Harrison  Brown,  249  West  13th  Street. 
Publications :  Manual :  Handbook  of  Members.  The  society  is  supporting 
this  year  eight  beds  in  the  American  Military  Hospital  No.  1  at  Neuilly, 
France  (formerly  the  American  Ambulance  Hospital),  at  the  cost  of  $4,800, 
and  is  also  supplying  many  necessities  and  comforts  for  the  wounded. 

Suffolk  County  Historical  Society.  Riverhead.  1886.  263  members.  Ruth 
H.  Tuthill, 

Ticonderoga  Historical  Society.    Ticonderoga.     J.  T.  Weed. 

Waterloo  Library  and  Historical  Society.  Waterloo.  1879.  100  members. 
Rev.  Henry  E.  Hibberd. 

Wyoming  County  Historical  Society.    Wyoming. 

NOKTH    CAROLINA. 

Historical  Commission  of  North  Carolina.     Raleigh.     R.  D.  W.  Connor. 

Historical  Society  of  North  Carolina.  Chapel  Hill.  J.  G.  de  Roulhac  Ham- 
ilton;  C.  E.  Mcintosh. 

State  Literary  and  Historical  Association  of  North  Carolina.  Raleigh.  1900. 
538  members.  Henry  A.  London ;  R.  D.  W.  Connor,  Publications :  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Seventeenth  Annual  Session,  published  by  the  North  Carolina 
Historical  Commission,  Bulletin  no.  22. 

Trinity  College,  North  Carolina,  Historical  Society.  Durham,  25  members. 
W.  K.  Boyd ;  G.  R.  Davia. 


208  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

NOBTH   DAKOTA. 

State  Historical  Society  of  North  Dakota.  Bismarck.  1895.  95  members. 
Judge  Charles  F.  Amldon ;  O.  G.  Llbby,  University  of  North  Dakota.  Publi- 
cations: Bulletin  no.  1,  Museum  and  Library  of  the  State  Historical  Society. 
Collections,  vol.  5,  in  process  of  publication.  Society  is  custodian  of  a  group 
of  State  parks,  located  at  historic  spots  and  designed  as  community  centers. 
Preservation  of  living  flora  and  fauna  in  these  parks,  indigenous  to  State. 

OHIO. 

Clark  County  Historical  Society.  Springfield.  1897.  150  members.  Miss 
E.  J.  Smart. 

Firelands  Historical  Society.  Norwalk.  140  members.  C.  H.  Gallup;  A. 
Sheldon. 

Historical  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Ohio.  Cincinnati.  1831.  88  members. 
Burnet  Woods ;  Charles  T.  Greve,  Van  Warner  Library,  Cincinnati.  Publica- 
tions :  Quaterly,  vol.  12.  The  society  receives  no  State  aid,  securing  its  funds 
by  voluntary  contributions,  $79,000,  increase  of  $4,000.  27,222  in  book 
collections;  also  manuscripts. 

The  Historical  Commission  of  Ohio.  15th  Ave.  and  High  St.,  Columbus. 
Arthur  M.  Schlesinger,  chairman,  Ohio  State  University.  "  The  Historical 
Commission  of  Ohio  is  the  official  agency  of  the  State  for  the  <rollection  and 
preservation  of  the  records  of  services  of  Ohioans  in  connection  with  the 
great  war.  The  Historical  Commission  is  endeavoring  to  make  a  complete 
collection  of  documents  and  materials  which  will  disclose  the  work  of  the 
civilian  war  agencies  in  Ohio  as  well  as  the  exploits  of  Ohio  men  and  women 
in  the  service  abroad.  It  desires  to  obtain  manuscripts,  printed  matter  of 
all  kinds,  scrapbooks,  photographs,  moving  pictures,  posters,  cartoons,  and 
relics.  In  other  words,  it  is  attempting  to  preserve  everything  that  may 
help  to  show  what  the  men,  women,  and  children  of  the  State  have  been 
doing  atid  thinking  with  reference  to  the  war  or  as  a  result  of  the  war.'' 
1.  Records  of  State  agencies  and  of  Federal  agencies  within  the  State.  2. 
Military  records.  3.  Religious  records.  4.  Economic  material.  5.  Political 
and  propagandist  material.  6.  Educational  records.  7.  County  and  munic- 
ipal records.    8.  War  literature  by  or  about  Ohioans. 

Muskingum  County  Pioneer  and  Historical  Society.  Zanesville.  1890.  A.  R. 
Josselyn ;  Miss  Annie  Stokes. 

Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society.  High  St.  and  Fifteenth  Ave., 
Columbus.  1875.  G.  Frederic  Wright;  E.  O.  Randall,  secretary  and  editor; 
W^illiam  C.  Mills,  curator  and  librarian.  The  society  is  doing  greater  work 
than  ever  before  in  its  history  and  is  taking  a  very  active  interest  in  the 
collection  of  material  concerning  the  war.  The  society  publishes  the  Diary 
of  R.  B.  Hayes,  and  the  quarterly  magazine  is  now  in  its  28th  volume. 

Old  Northwest  Genealogical  Society.  Franklin  County  Memorial  Building,  280 
East  Broad  Street,  Columbus.  1897.  H.  Warren  Phelps,  librarian  and 
secretary.  The  society  has  a  library  of  more  than  4,000  volumes  of  family 
genealogies  and  general  history.  A  quarterly  publication  has  been  Issued 
from  the  beginning.    The  society  Is  now  financially  embarrassed. 

The  Sandusky  County  Pioneer  and  Historical  Association.  Fremont  1874, 
Inc.  1908.  100  members.  Isadore  H.  Burgoon ;  Basil  Meek,  Fremont  Pub- 
lications: Year  book  in  preparation.  Society  publishes  a. pamphlet  annually 
containing  historic  matters,  called  Yearbook.  By  act  of  State  legislature, 
a  sum  not  exceeding  $200  in  any  one  year  may  be  allowed  to  defray  expenses 
of  publication. 


REPORTS  or  HISTORICAL.  SOCIETIES,  1917.  209 

7'he  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society.  Cleveland.  1867.  William  P. 
Palmer;  W.  H.  Cathcart,  10700  Euclid  Ave.  Publications:  Bulletins,  and 
Tract  No.  97. 

OKLAHOHA. 

Oklahoma  Historical  Society.  Oklahoma  City.  1895.  Jasper  Sipes;  Frank 
D.  Northrup;  W.  P.  Campbell,  custodian  State  capitol,  Oklahoma  City. 
Publications:  Historia  (quarterly).  Moved  into  new  quarters  in  State 
capitol  Dec.  3,  1917.  Collections  of  Alice  Robertson,  daughter  of  earliest 
missionery;  Sam  Houston's  son,  Emmet  Star,  Cherokee  historian;  Fred  S. 
Barde,  noted  correspondent  (last  two  purchased  $650,  $5,0(M))  ;  also  Ruddy 
Indian  collection.  Approximately  3,000  accessories,  also  cases  and  furniture. 
Special  war  service. 

OKEGON. 

Oregon  Historical  Society.  Portland.  1898.  661  members.  Frederick  V.  Hol- 
man;  Prof.  F.  G.  Young,  Auditorium,  Portland.  Publications:  Quarterly 
for  the  year — March,  June,  September,  December.  The  removal  of  all  col- 
lections from  the  old  and  illy-adapted  quarters  to  the  Public  Auditorium, 
where  the  conditions  for  safety  are  excellent,  besides  more  than  2,(KK)  square 
feet  of  floor  space  in  addition  to  what  was  occupied  in  the  former  quarters, 
making  8,0(K)  square  feet  of  floor  space,  besides  a  good  deal  of  wall  space 
for  hanging  portraits  of  early  settlers. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Blair  County  Historical  Society.  Altoona.  231  members.  Plymouth  W. 
Snyder ;  Donald  J.  Howard.  June  14,  1917,  first  annual  meeting ;  monument 
unveiled ;  address ;  plans  for  marking  historical  spots.  Many  historical  arti- 
cles presented. 

Bradford  County  Historical  Society.  Towanda.  1853.  100  members.  Hon. 
A.  C.  Fanning;  J.  Andrew  Wilt.  Publications:  Annual,  containing  proceed- 
ings, reports  of  officers  and  addresses,  and  papers  read,  current  events,  etc. 
Marked  historic  spots  within  the  county,  such  as  first  permanent  settler, 
Indian  town,  battles,  etc. 

Bucks  County  Historical  Society.  Doylestown.  1880.  761  members.  Dr. 
Henry  C.  Mercer ;  Clarence-D.  Hotchkiss ;  Warren  D.  Ely,  librarian.  Publica- 
tions :  Vol.  4,  papers  read  before  the  society  1909-1917 ;  no.  1  of  vol.  5,  papers 
read  at  meeting  of  May  22,  1917.    About  1(K)  volumes  added  to  library. 

Carbon  County  Historical  Society.  Weatherly.  150  members.  Rev.  W.  M. 
Rehrig ;  Fred  Benchman.  Publications :  The  Gateway  to  the  Minisuiks, 
by  Albert  G.  Rau. 

Chester  County  Historical  Society.  West  Chester.  1893.  About  400  members. 
Dr.  George  Morris  Philips ;  J.  Carroll  Hayes.  Publications :  Bulletins,  exer- 
cises in  memory  of  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne ;  address  on  "  The  Star-Gazers' 
Stone,"  and  exercises  at  Revolutionary  Hospital,  Chester  Springs,  Pa. 

Church  Historical  Society.  Philadelphia.  1910,  inc.  1913.  205  members. 
Henry  Budd ;  William  Ives  Rutter,  jr.,  525  South  41st  St. 

City  Historical  Society  of  Philadelphia.  Philadelphia.  1900.  350  members. 
William  J.  Campbell,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D. ;  Herman  Burgin,  M.  D.,  63  W.  Chelten 
ave.,  Germantown.  Publications:  Index  to  vol.  1,  vol.  2,  no.  2,  The  True 
Story  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Eight  addresses  before  the 
Society  during  1917.  Three  excursions  to  places  of  historical  interest. 
88582°— 19 14 


210  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Colonial  Dames  of  Attict-ica,  Pennsylvania  Society.  Mrs.  James  Starr,  1429 
Land  Title  Bldp.,  Phlladelpliia.  Historical  research  committee  coUectiug 
material  on  church  music  and  musical  life.     Books  and  lectures  on  subject. 

Colonial  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  Philadelphia.  1895.  Henry  L.  Belknap, 
northeast  corner  Thirteenth  and  Chestnut  Streets. 

Columbia  County  Historical  Society.  Bloomsburg.  1914.  99  members.  Wil- 
liam W.  Evans ;  Miss  Sarah  Van  Tassel,  3  East  Fifth  Street,  Bloomsburg. 

Delaware  County  Historical  Society.  1895.  113  members.  Hon.  William  B. 
Broomall;  Chester  Palmer,  Chester,  Box  218.  lublications:  Recollections  of 
the  Old  Borough  of  Chester  from  1834  to  1850,  by  George  E.  Darlington. 
Three  public  lectures  given  by  members  of  the  society,  viz.  H.  G.  Ashmead, 
on  The  Old  Court  House,  now  City  Hall  of  Chester,  Jan.  24;  Fre«lerick  H. 
Shelton,  on  Ancient  Industries  and  the  Old  Inns  of  Delaware  County.  May  2, 
1917 ;  George  E.  Darlington,  on  Recollections  of  the  Old  Borough  of  Chester, 
May  31,  1917. 

Donegal  Society  of  Lancaster  County.  277  members.  Miss  Martha  Bladen 
Clark;  Miss  Rebecca  J.  Slayraaker,  230  East  Orange  Street,  Lancaster.  One 
annual  meeting  with  addresses  at  Donegal  Church.  Donations  of  cabinet  and 
book  to  the  Church. 

Erie  County  Historical  Society.  Erie.  193  members.  Hon.  Henry  A.  Clark; 
John  Miller. 

Friends'  Historical  Society  of  Philadelphia.  Philadelphia  and  vicinity.  1904. 
SSd  members.  Arthur  N.  Seeds ;  Miss  Mary  S.  Allen,  24  West  Street,  Metlia. 
Publications:  Bulletin  of  Friends  Historical  Society  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  7, 
no.  3 ;  vol.  8,  no.  1.  Erection  of  bronze  tablet  in  north  archway  of  City  Hall, 
Philadelphia,  "  Prayer  of  William  Penn  for  Philadelphia." 

The  Genealogical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  1300  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 
1892.  306  members.  Col.  J.  Granville  Leach;  James  Emlen.  Publications: 
Vol.  6,  no.  3. 

German- American  Historical  Society.  Philadelphia.  1901.  Dr.  A.  Bernheim; 
Dr.  E.  M.  Fogel,  College  Hall,  University  of  Pennsylvania.    No  meetings  held. 

Hamilton  Library  Association  of  Carlisle.  Carlisle.  1874.  103  members.  C.  F. 
Himes;  Allen  Line. 

Historical  Society  of  Berks  County.  38  North  Fourth  Street,  Reading.  1898. 
357  members.  C.  R.  Scholl,  D.  D.  S. ;  Geo.  M.  Jones.  No  papers  published, 
but  resources  used  for  new  building.  Collection  of  circulars,  posters,  and 
papers  relating  to  the  present  war,  especially  those  of  Reading  and  Berks 
counties;  established  service  roster  of  Berks  County. 

Historical  Society  of  Dauphin  County.  Harrisburg.  1869.  180  members. 
Theo.  B.  Klein ;  Lilla  E.  Peay,  9  South  Front  St.  Many  articles  of  interest 
added  to  the  museum,  fine  coin  collection,  a  number  of  war  pamphlets,  books, 
posters,  etc.,  added  to  library,  general  cooperation  with  civic  enterprises. 
Meeting  place  of  State  federation. 

3'fte  Historical  Society  of  Frankford.  4510  Frankford  Ave.,  Frankford,  Phila- 
delphia. Franklin  Smedley;  Miss  Caroline  W.  Smedley.  The  membership 
has  been  somewhat  increased  and  a  number  of  books  have  been  added  to 
the  library,  and  relics  to  the  society's  collection.  Excursions  to  places  of 
historic  interest  and  weekly  evenings  "  at  home "  have  been  features  of 
interest  to  our  members  and  friends. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Montgomery  County.  Historical  Hall,  18  Penn  Street, 
Norristown.  1881.  400  members.  Rev.  Thomas  R.  Beeber,  D.  D. ;  George  K. 
Brecht,  506  Swede  St.,  Norristown.  Publications:  Vol.  4  of  Historical 
Sketches,  papers  read  before  the  society  during  10  years.     Over  200  books 


REPORTS  OF  HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES,  1917.  211 

and  pamphlets  added  to  our  library;  over  500.articles  to  our  museum.  We 
are  planning  to  increase  our  membership  that  our  income  from  that  source 
may  sustain  the  society  and  enable  us  to  use  all  our  building ;  now,  unfortu- 
nately, a  portion  is  rented,  and  therefore  not  safe  from  fire. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  Philadelphia.  1824.  2,000  members. 
Hon.  Charlemagne  Tower ;  John  Bach  McMaster,  Ph.  D.,  1300  Locust  Street. 
Publications:  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography,  vol.  41. 
To  Nov.  1,  1917,  accessions  for  the  10  months,  1,267  books,  5,223  selected 
pamphlets,  10,404  manuscripts,  2,374  mis(|ellaneous  articles. 

Historical  Society  of  Schuylkill  County.  Pottsville.  1903.  230  members. 
Capt.  Baird  Halberstadt ;  Miss  Ida  R.  Smith.  No  papers  or  publications, 
owing  to  activity  of  members  on  war  committees. 

Historical  Society  of  the  United  Evangelical  Church.  Harrisburg.  1907,  inc. 
1917.  75  members.  Rev.  U.  F.  Swengel ;  Rev.  E.  Crumbling,  Lewisburg. 
Permanent  home  secured  in  U.  E.  Publishing  House  building ;  museum  pro- 
posed ;  two  meetings  held.     Publications :  The  Centennial  Celebration. 

Historical  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania.  Pittsburgh.  1880,  reorganized 
1909.  750  members.  William  H.  Stevenson ;  Burd  S.  Patterson,  Bigelow 
Boulevard  and  Parkman  Ave.  Publications :  The  book  of  words  of  the 
Pageant  and  Masque  of  Freedom  by  George  M.  Baird ;  also  pamphlet,  city 
charter  centennial  exhibits  at  Carnegie  Institute.  Oct.  29-Nov.  6,  1916, 
celebration  of  Pittsburgh's  city  charter  centennial.  Nov.  30-Dec.  1,  1917, 
convention  of  the  Ohio  Valley  Historical  Association  in  society's  building.  A 
number  of  new  books  and  relics  added  during  year.  Commenced  publication 
of  a  quarterly  magazine,  Jan.,  1918. 

Historical  Society  of  York  County.  York.  1892.  200  members.  J.  A.  Demp- 
wolf;  Robert  C.  Bair.  Publications:  York  Past  and  Present,  illustrated. 
This  society  occupies  rooms  on  the  third  floor  of  the  new  courthouse.  In 
one  of  the  large  rooms  is  a  musem  with  10,000  specimens.  These  specimens 
are  in  cases,  covered  with  glass.     The  library  has  3,000  volumes  on  history. 

Huguenot  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  Jan.  9,  1918.  120  members.  Rev.  John 
Baer  Stoudt;  Mrs.  Robert  S.  Birch,  Reading.  Aims  to  perpetuate  Huguenot 
history  and  genealogy. 

Kittochtinny  Historical  Society.  Chambersburg.  1898.  69  members.  W, 
Rush  Gillan ;  Parker  R.  Skinner. 

Krefeld  Society.  Germantown.  26  members.  James  H.  Closson,  M.  D. ;  J. 
E.  Barnett  Buckenham,  M.  D.,  Chestnut  Hill. 

Lancaster  County  Historical  Society.  Lancaster.  1896.  400  members.  Frank 
R.  Diffenderffer ;  Charles  B.  Hollinger.     Publications :    10. 

Lebanon  County  Historical  Society.  Hathaway  Park,  Lebanon.  1898.  142 
members.  Capt.  H.  M.  M.  Richards ;  Dr.  S.  P.  Heilman.  Publications :  Vol. 
7,  no.  1,  Reports  at  nineteenth  annual  meeting,  December  22,  1916,  and  a 
paper  entitled :  "  Some  unpublished  documents  pertaining  to  Lebanon 
County's  part  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution ; "  vol.  7,  no,  2,  "  Life  and 
services  of  Gen.  John  Philip  de  Haas,  1735-1786  " ;  vol.  7,  no.  3,  "  Conserva- 
tion of  the  Past."    595  pieces  added  to  the  library  and  museum. 

Lehigh  County  Historical  Society.  Allentown.  1904.  160  members.  George 
T.  Ettinger,  Ph.  D. ;  Chas,  R.  Roberts,  520  North  Sixth  Street,  Allentown. 
Occupies  a  colonial  stone  building.  "  Trout  Hall,"  built  in  1770  by  James 
Allen,  son  of  William  Allen,  the  founder  of  the  city,  colonial  chief  justice 
of  Pa. ;  restored  by  city  authorities  at  a  cost  of  $8,000.  Lease  of  $1  per 
year.  Building  contains  marble  mantels  over  fireplaces,  walnut  wainscoting, 
etc.    Museum  and  library  In  building. 


212  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Moravian  Historical  Society:  Nazareth.  1857.  379  members.  Rev.  W.  N. 
Schwarze;  W.  H.  Vogler.  Publications:  Transactions.  Rest  house  and 
observatory  built  to  mark  site  of  old  Indian  cemetery,  center  of  plot  of 
5,000  acres  bought  by  Count  Zlnsendorf  for  the  settlement  of  Nazareth  from 
Whltefield. 

Northampton  County  Historical  and  Genealogical  Society.  Easton.  110  mem- 
bers.    David  Bachman. 

The  Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society  of  Philadelphia.  Dec.  28,  1857.  52 
members.  Charles  J.  Cohen;  Jphn  W.  Townsend,  1300  Locust  St.,  Phila- 
delphia. 

The  Pennsylvania  Federation  of  Historical  Societies.  1905.  45  societies. 
Charles  R.  Roberts;  S.  P.  Heilman,  Lebanon,  Pa.  Publications:  Acts  and 
Proceedings  of  12th  annual  meeting.  This  association  holds  an  annual  meet- 
ing in  the  capital  city  of  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  on  the  3d  Thursday  of  January 
each  year.  It  has  no  building,  museum,  collections,  etc.  Is  related  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Historical  Commission  in  a  cooperative  capacity.  Its  activi- 
ties are  deflned  under  the  general  term :  "  The  advancement  of  historical 
research  relating  to  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  local  and  general." 
It  seeks  to  promote  this  advancement  by  means  of  10  standing  committees. 

The  Pennsylvania  German  Society.  1891.  450  members.  Rev.  Jacob  Fry, 
D.  D.,  LL.  D. ;  Daniel  W.  Nead,  M.  D.,  P.  O.  Box  468,  Reading.  Publications : 
Vol.  25  of  Proceedings  and  Addresses  of  the  Society,  containing  the  Dlarlum 
of  Magister  Johannes  Kelplus,  with  annotations  by  Julius  Friedrich  Sachse ; 
Conditions  of  Pennsylvania  during  the  year  1755 ;  A  translation  of  a  French 
pamphlet  found  In  the  Ducal  Library  at  Gotha,  Germany. 

Presbyterian  Historical  Society.  Philadelphia.  1852.  320  members.  Henry 
Van  Dyke;  Rev.  Joseph  Brown  Turner,  520  Wltherspoon  Building.  Publica- 
tions: Journal  of  the  Presbyterian  Society,  quarterly. 

Site  and  Relic  Society  »f  Germantown.  1900.  630  members.  Charles  F.  Jen- 
kins; Horace  M.  Llpplncott,  East  Lane,  Chestnut  Hill,  Philadelphia. 

Society  of  War  of  1812,  Pennsylvania  Society.  1853.  231  members.  John 
Cadwalader;  J.  E.  Burnett  Buckenham,  Chestnut  Hill,  Philadelphia.  Pub- 
lication :  Annual  report. 

Snyder  County  Historical  Society.  Sellnsgrove.  1898.  60  members.  Rev. 
Frank  P.  Manhart,  D.  D. ;  W.  M.  Schnure.  Publications:  Vol.  1,  no.  8 
ready  to  go  to  press.  The  society  inaugurated  the  good  road  movement  that 
culminated  In  the  Susquehanna  Trail,  a  highway  between  Coming,  N.  Y.,  and 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,  traversing  the  Susquehanna  Valley  over  old  Indian  trails 
and  historic  post-roads.  Secured  a  tablet  for  the  Gov.  Simon  Snyder  (War 
Gov.  of  1812)  mansion  at  Sellnsgrove,  Pa.,  from  the  Pennsylvania  Historical 
Commission.  Military  record  of  all  Snyder  County  soldiers  in  the  war  of 
1917  being  complied  by  the  card  index  system. 

Susquehanna  County  Historical  Society.  Montrose.  1890.  95  members. 
Francis  R.  Cope ;  Edgar  T.  Carfield.    Annual  meeting  only. 

Washington  County  Historical  Society.  Washington.  1901.  100  members. 
Samuel  Amspoker;  Miss  Jane  S.  Hall.  In  connection  with  the  county  school 
superintendent,  the  society  has  endeavored  to  -collect  local  history  through 
the  medium  of  township  and  borough  schools  and  It  is  hoped  to  publish  the 
result  at  no  distant  date. 

Wyoming  Historical  and  Geological  Society.  Wilkes-Barre.  1858.  188  annual. 
212  life;  total,  400  members.  Maj.  Irving  R.  Stearns;  Christopher  Wren. 
Publications:  Vol.  15,  Publications  and  Proceedings.  The  death  of  Rev. 
Horace  E.  Hayden  in  August,  1917,  was  a  great  loss,  as  Mr.  Hayden  had 
filled  various  offices  In  the  society  for  25  years. 


REPORTS  OF  HISTORICAL.  SOCIETIES,  1917.  213 

Woman's  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  Pittsburgh.  160  members.  Mrs. 
Charles  B.  McFail ;  Mrs.  Edward  J.  Davies,  543  Norman  Ave.,  N.  S.  Six- 
teeu  meetings,  addresses,  musicals.  Red  Cross,  and  war  work.  Erection  of 
bronze  tablet. 

BHODE    ISLAND. 

Barrington  Historic  Antiquarian  Society.  Barrington.  1885.  All  the  towns- 
people are  members.  Secretary,  Miss  Harriet  A.  Rear ;  president,  Thomas 
W.  Bicknell,  207  Doyle  St.,  Providence.  Publications:  Program  of  Historic 
Celebration.     Celebration  of  200th  anniversary  of  town  during  the  year. 

Bristol  County  Historical  Society.  Providence.  1894.  Thomas  W.  Bicknell, 
207  Doyle  Ave.  This  society  takes  note  of  historical  celebrations  and  notable 
events  in  the  county. 

Newport  Historical  Society.    Newport.    1854.    438  members.    John  P.  Sanborn. 

The  Rhode  Island  Citizens'  Historical  Association.  Providence.  1883.  300 
members.  Mrs.  C.  A.  P.  Weeden ;  Thomas  W.  Bicknell,  207  Doyle  St.  Our 
activities  are  our  only  assets.  10  monthly  meetings;  10  historical  addresses; 
17  half-day  and  all-day  historic  outings.  Historic  monument  erected  at 
Sowams.  Unique  celebration  of  Rhode  Island  Independence  Day,  May  4, 
1917. 

Rhode  Island  Historical  Society.  Providence.  1822.  375  members.  Wilfred 
H.  Munro ;  Howard  M.  Chapman,  librarian ;  Howard  W.  Preston,  68  Water- 
man St.  Publications :  Views  of  Westminster  St.  in  1824.  Obtained  Jeremiah 
Olney  papers,  600  Revolutionary  MSS.,  for  $1,750.  Marked  Pomhams  Fort, 
which  was  built  in  1644.  Compiled  list  of  Rhode  Island  soldiers  and  sailors 
in  the  Colonial  Wars. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Historical  Commission  of  South  Carolina.    Columbia.     1894,  1905.    A.  S.  Salley. 
Huguenot  Society  of  South  Carolitia.    Charleston.    1885.     Rev.  Robert  Wilson, 

75  Corning  St. 
South   Carolina  Historical  Society.    Charleston.     1854.    230  members.     Mabel 

Louise  Webber.    Publication :   South  Carolina  Historical  and  Genealogical 

Magazine  (quarterly),  vol.  18. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

state  Historical  Society  of  South  Dakota.  Pierre.  1901.  100  membera 
Doane  Robinson. 

'TENNESSEE!. 

Tennessee  Historical  Society.  Nashville.  1849.  227  members.  ^  St.  George  L, 
Sioussat,  Vanderbilt  University.  Endowment  fund,  $10,000,  established  in 
1917. 

TEXAS. 

Texas  Library  and  Historical  Commission.    Austin.    Ernest  W.  Winkler,  State 

Library. 
Texas  State  Historical  Association.     University    Station,   Austin.     1897.     700 
.   members.    Chas.  W.  Ramsdell.    Publications :  Southwestern  Historical  Quar- 
terly, vol.  20,  21. 

UTAH. 

Utah  State  Historical  Society.  Salt  Lake  City.  1897.  300  members.  Spencer 
Clawson ;  J.  R.  Letcher.  Income  derived  from  State  according  to  needs. 
Office  in  New  Capitol  building ;  exhibits  at  State  University. 


214  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

VERMONT. 

Vermont  Historical  Society.  Montpelier.  1859.  281  members.  William  W. 
Stlckney ;  Edward  D.  Field. 

VIBQINIA. 

The  Confederate  Memorial  Literary  Society.  Clay  and  12th  Streets,  Richmond. 
1890.  Chartered  May,  1890.  Museum  opened  1896.  Approximately  700  mem- 
bers. Miss  S.  A.  Anderson  ;  Mrs.  John  Mason.  Publications :  Yearbook,  1916. 
Many  relics  added,  especially  the  sword  that  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee  wore  when 
he  surrendered  to  Gen.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  at  Appomattox.  Working  strictly  on 
our  charter  lines — that  is,  collecting  Confederate  relics  in  all  forms. 

Virgiyiia  Historical  Society.  Richmond.  1831.  766  members.  W.  G.  Gordon 
McCabe;  W.  G.  Stanard,  707  E.  Franklin  St.  Publications:  Vol.  25,  Vir- 
ginia Magazine  of  History  and  Biography.  So  far  we  have  not  been  seri- 
ously affected  by  the  war,  except  in  the  great  increase  in  expenses,  especially 
printing.  We  have  not  lost  more  members  than  usual  by  resignations,  but 
found  it  more  difficult  to  get  new  ones.  Unless  there  is  some  great  and  un- 
expected change  in  our  condition,  we  expect  to  continue  our  work  and  pub- 
lication. 

WASHINGTON. 

WasJiitigton  State  Historical  Society.  Tacoma.  1891.  171  members.  Henry 
Hewitt,  jr. ;  W.  P.  Bonney.  Made  attempt  to  persuade  Congress  to  provide 
some  means  of  preserving  valuable  historic  papers  and  delivering  them  to 
the  historical  societies  in  locality  where  they  are  of  interest. 

WEST   VTEGINIA. 

West  Virginia  Departrfient  of  Archives  and  History.  Charleston.  1905. 
Wilson  M.  Foulk,  State  historian  and  archivist,  Statehouse.  Library  of 
74,000  books  and  pamphlets.  Also  charged  with  the  duty  of  maintaining  the 
State  museum  and  historical  collections.  The  newspapers  are  an  important 
feature  of  the  library.    Appropriation  1917-1919,  $23,600. 

WISCONSIN. 

Cfreen  Bay  Historical  Society.  Green  Bay.  1899.  100  members.  Arthur  C. 
Neville;  Miss  Minnie  H.  Kelleher. 

Manitowoc  County  Historical  Society.  Manitowoc.  1904.  27  members.  Emil 
Baensch;  R.  G.  Plumb. 

Ripon  Historical  Society.    RIpon.     1899.     Samuel  M.  Pedrick. 

Sauk  County  Historical  Society.     Baraboo.     1905.     70  members.     H.  K.  Page. 

State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin.  Madison.  1849.  750  members.  M.  M. 
Quaife. 

Walworth  County  Historical  Society.    Elkhorn.     1898.     30  members. 

Waukesha  County  Historical  Society.  1906.  163  active,  8  honorary  members. 
Mrs.  H.  B.  Edwards;  Miss  Julia  A.  Lapham,  Oconomowoc.  Papers  read  in 
the  meetings  are  usually  published  in  the  Waukesha  Freeman.  June  16  a 
boulder  with  bronze  tablet  was  unveiled  on  Lapham  Peak,  formerly  Govern- 
ments  Hill.  The  name  was  changed  by  the  United  States  Geographical 
Board  in  honor  of  Dr.  I.  A.  Lapham,  and  the  memorial  placed  by  the 
Waukesha  Historical  Society.  Many  articles  have  been  added  to  our  col- 
lections during  the  past  year,  including  posters,  papers,  and  pictures  relating 
to  the  war,  especially  locally. 


REPORTS   OF   HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES,  1917.  215 

Wisconsin  Archeological  Society.  Milwaukee.  1903.  300  members.  Dr. 
Samuel  A.  Barrett;  Charles  E.  Brown,  Madison.  Publications:  The  An- 
tiquities of  Green  Lake,  Lake  Shawano,  and  the  Wolf  River ;  The  Chetek  and 
Rice  Lakes.     Conducted  researches  in  Door  and  Sheboygan  counties. 

WYOMING. 

Wyoming  Historical  Society.  Cheyenne.  Created  by  legislature,  Feb.  16,  1895. 
Six  trustees  appointed  by  governor,  secretary  of  state,  governor.  State  libra- 
rian, ex  officio.  Address,  Custodian  of  Wyoming  Historical  Society,  State 
Library,  Cheyenne.  Moved  into  new  quarters  in  the  new  wing  of  capitol 
building,  but  the  historical  collections  have  not  yet  been  permanently  ar- 
ranged. 

CANADA. 

BelleriUe  and  Bay  of  Quinte  Historical  Society.    Belleville,  Ontario.    S.  Russell. 

Brome  County  Historical  Society.  Knowlton,  P.  Q.  1897.  30  members.  H.  S. 
Foster;  Ernest  M.  Taylor.  Books  added  and  many  relics  added  to  the  Paul 
Holland  Knowlton  Memorial  Museum.  Extensive  improvements  contemplated 
in  the  spring,  and  already  funds  have  been  raised  for  the  purpose. 

The  Champlain  Society.  Toronto,  1905.  Membership  of  500  and  a  waiting  list. 
Sir  Edmund  Walker,  C.  V.  O.,  LL.  D.,  D.  C.  L, ;  secretaries :  Prof,  George  M. 
Wrong,  Major  Eric  N.  Armour.  Address :  The  Assistant  Secretary-Treasurer, 
The  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce.  No  publications  on  account  of  the  war. 
The  society  has  in  type  three  volumes  of  Wood's  War  of  1812,  and  the  first  | 
volume  of  six  of  the  Works  of  Samuel  de  Champlain,  and  in  manuscript 
material  for  several  future  volumes,  including  the  Journals  of  La  Verendrye, 
the  Administration  of  Sir  Charles  Bagot  in  Cnnada,  and  Clergy  Reserves. 

Elgin  Historical  and  Scientific  Institute.    St.  Thomas,  Ontario.    H.  S.  Wegg. 

Essex  Historical  Society.  Windsor,  Ontario.  1904.  70  members.  A.  P.  B. 
Panet ;  Andrew  Braid.  A  very  handsome  pillar  was  erected  on  the  grounds 
of  Assumption  Church  near  Windsor,  the  spot  where  the  first  Christian  place 
of  worship  was  built  by  the  Jesuits,  1728. 

Huron  Institute.  Cotlingwood.  1904.  60  members.  F.  T.  Hodgson,  honorary 
president ;  David  Williams,  secretary-treasurer.  Many  additions  to  museum, 
particularly  local  pictures.  About  4,000  exhibits  in  museum.  Rooms  given 
over  to  Red  dross,  also  used  by  Daughters  of  the  Empire,  and  other  patriotic 
organizations.  Two  scrap  books  on  iCollingwood  and  the  war  prepared  and 
contributed  by  vice  president.  Miss  F,  A.  Redmond, 

Kingston  (Canada)  Historical  Society.    Kingston,  Ontario,    Prof,  W,  L.  Grant. 

London  and  Middlesex  Historical  Society.  London,  Ontario.  Rev.  George  M. 
Cox,  746  Waterloo  Street. 

Lundys  Lane  Historical  Society.  Niagara  Falls,  Ontario.  1887.  50  members, 
R,  W,  Geary ;  John  H,  Jackson,  Two  publications  under  way :  Church  His- 
tory of  Niagara  Frontier,  and  School  History  of  Niagara  Frontier, 

Missisquoi  County  Historical  Association.  Bedford,  P,  Q.  30  members.  F.  O. 
Saunders ;  R.  P.  Small,  Dunham,  P.  Q.  No  work  during  past  two  years  owing 
to  war  conditions. 

Niagara  Historical  Society.  Niagara-on-the-Lake,  Ont.  1895.  260  members. 
Miss  Janet  Carnochan ;  Mrs.  E.  Ascher.  Publications :  No.  30,  Some  notable 
results  of  the  war,  sketch  of  the  Hon.  William  Dickson,  original  documents 
reprinted,  nos.  2,  3,  4;  no,  29,  Correspondence  of  Sheriff  Hamilton  in  1837, 
presented  to  the  society    (800  copies)   by  Dr,  A.  H,  U.  Colquhoun.     Many 


216  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

additions  to  the  books,  documents,  and  pictures.  Address  at  an  opening 
meeting  by  Rev.  A.  F.  MacGregor.  Annual  picnic  at  Queenston  Heights  in 
August. 

Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society.  Halifax.  1878.  425  members.  David  Allison ; 
Harry  Piers.    Publications:  Collections,  vol.J.9. 

Ontario  Historical  Society.  Toronto.  1888.  347  annual,  50  ex  officio,  10  dele- 
gates, 6  honorary,  7  corresponding,  3  life,  total  423  members.  Prof.  John 
Squair;  A.  F.  Hunter,  Normal  School  Bldg.  Publications:  Annual  Report 
for  1917 ;  Papers  and  Records,  no.  15.  Additions  to  library  reported  at  last 
meeting:  232  books,  345  pamphlets,  etc.    Eighteen  affiliated  societies. 

Socim  Historique  de  Montreal.  Montreal.  1858.  80  members.  Victor  Morin, 
LL.  D. ;  Prof.  Napoleon  Brisebois,  340  St.  Denis  Street.  This  society  was 
reorganized  last  year  and  has  held  regular  monthly  meetings  since,  at  which 
historical  papers  were  presented  by  its  members ;  organized  the  celebration  of 
the  two  hundred  and  seventy-fifth  anniversary  of  the  foundation  of  Mont- 
real, on  whiclv  occasion  it  led  the  public  in  a  visit  of  the  historic  places 
of  old  Montreal;  has  taken  lead  in  the  creation  of  a  national  museum  of 
arts  in  Montreal ;  is  making  provision  for  the  installation  of  commemorative 
tablets  on  historic  places  in  Montreal. 

The  Woman's  Canadian  Historical  Society  of  Ottawa.  Ottawa.  1898.  148 
members.  Mrs.  J.  Lorn  McDougall ;  Mrs.  J.  M.  Somerville,  188  James  Street. 
Publications :  Annual  Report  for  year  1916-17 ;  Transactions,  vol.  7,  1916-17. 
The  city  of  Ottawa  gave  tliis  year,  for  our  headquarters,  the  old  Registry 
Building,  which  was  opened  October  25,  1917,  by  Mayor  Fisher,  as  the  By- 
town  Historical  Museum,  and  we  have  started  an  interesting  collection  of  his- 
torical pictures,  furniture,  etc.,  pertaining  to  the  city. 

Women's  Canadian  Historical  Society  of  Toronto.  Miss  M.  Agnes  Fitzgibbon, 
Hillcrestj  Bracondale,  Toronto. 


V.  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONFERENCE  OF  TEACHERS 
OF  HISTORY. 


PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  DECEMBER  29,  1917. 


217 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONFERENCE  OF  TEACHERS  OF  HISTORY. 


At  a  joint  session  of  the  Association  of  History  Teachers  of  the 
Middle  States  and  Maryland  and  the  American  Historical  Associa- 
tion, held  at  Philadelphia,  December  29,  1917,  Dean  Marshall  S. 
Brown,  of  New  York  University,  presided. 

The  CHi^RMAN.  The  subject  matter  of  Prof.  Johnson's  paper  is  so 
vitally  important,  and  he  is  so  full  of  that  subject  that  I  am  going 
to  take  no  time  in  introducing  him.  He  is  too  well  known  to  need 
an  introduction,  but  we  congratulate  ourselves  that  we  have  this  sub- 
ject and  this  speaker  this  morning.  Prof.  Johnson,  Teachers'  Col- 
lege, Columbia  University,  will  now  speak  to  us  on  the  "  School 
course  in  history;  some  precedents  and  a  possible  next  step." 

Prof.  Johnson.  In  the  practice  of  Continental  Europe  a  school 
course  in  history  has  come  to  mean  a  carefully  graded,  connected, 
organic  program,  adjusted  to  the  needs  of  a  given  kind  of  school  and 
designed  to  be  completed  by  all  pupils  who  pass  through  that  kind 
of  school.  Courses  in  history  in  this  sense  began  to  appear  in  Europe 
in  the  seventeenth  century.  On  the  Continent  they  have  for  more 
th^n  100  years  been  -a  part  of  the  established  order  in  secondary 
schools,  and  for  about  50  years  a  part  of  the  established  order  in 
elementary  schools.  They  haVe  provided  for  secondary  schools  a 
continuous,  required  study  of  history  extending  over  the  entire  school 
period,  and  for  elementary  schools  a  continuous  required  study  of 
history  extending  over  at  least  four  or  five  years,  and  sometimes  over 
the  entire  school  period. 

In  the  United  States,  from  about  1815,  when  school  instruction  in 
history  first  began  to  assume  perceptible  proportions,  until  about 
1890,  the  prevalent  idea  was  to  provide  subjects  in  history  rather  than 
to  organize  courses  in  history.  Neither  the  problem  of  grading 
materials  nor  the  problem  of  establishing  connection  between  the 
subjects  attracted  much  attention.  In  elementary  schools  the  sub- 
ject was  from  the  beginning  the  history  of  the  United  States,  com- 
monly taught  in  the  eighth  grade  only,  but  sometimes  also  in  lower 
grades.  In  academies  and  high  schools  the  subjects,  the  arrangement 
of  subjects,  and  the  time  allotted  varied  greatly.  Sometimes  the  work 
was  confined  to  general  history  or  to  ancient  history;  sometimes  to 
the  history  of  the  United  States.  Sometimes  two  or  all  three  of  these 
subjects  were  offered,  and  even  required.     Sometimes  English  his- 

219 


220  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL,  ASSOCIATION. 

tory  was  substituted  for  one  of  them,  or  added  as  a  fourth  subject. 
Other  subjects  separately  listed  were  Grecian  antiquities,  Roman  an- 
tiquities, mythology,  and,  occasionally,  church  history.  Any  one  of 
these  subjects  mi^^ht  stand  either  at  the  beginning  or  at  the  end  of  the 
school  program,  or  at  any  point  between  the  beginning  and  the  end. 
The  time  allowance  for  a  subject  ranged  from  six  weeks  to  a  year. 

In  the  midst  of  this  chaos  the  Madison  Conference  of  1892,  aftei" 
resolving  unanimously  to  "suggest  nothing  that  was  not  already 
being  done  in  some  good  schools,"  found  none  the  less  some  prece- 
dents for  an  approach  to  a  course  in  history.  The  program  proposed 
by  the  conference  to  the  committee  of  ten  was  in  a  measure  graded 
and  connected.  It  embraced  in  one  view  both  the  elementary  school 
and  the  high  school.  It  provided  for  eight  years  of  "continuous, 
required  study,  with  an  alternative  of  six  years  of  continuous,  re- 
quired study.  But  these  ideas  were  apparently  too  far  in  advance  of 
average  American  practice  to  be  regarded  as  practical.  The  com- 
mittee of  ten  rejected  the  recommendations  for  the  elementary 
school  as  beyond  its  province  and  left  history  for  the  high  school  a 
collection  of  subjects.  The  committee  of  seven  made  familiar  the 
"block  system."  The  first  two  blocks  taken  in  the  order  proposed 
might  constitute  a  course.  The  other  two  blocks  merely  continued 
the  subject  system.  As  this  program  has  been  administered  not  more 
than  two  of  the  four  blocks  have  on  the  average  been  made  available, 
and  the  blocks  actually  taken,  whatever  the  combination,  have  been 
treated  in  the  main  as  subjects  in  history  and  not  as  related  parts 
of  a  course  in  history.  The  committee  of  eight  undertook  to  provide 
progressive  steps  and  a  continuous  program  for  elementary  schools, 
but  the  topics  for  the  first  six  years  lacked  real  connection.  The 
committee  of  five,  in  revising  the  work  of  the  committee  of  seven, 
made  a  distinct  advance  in  the  direction  of  continuity,  but  its  view 
of  the  field  of  history  was  soriiewhat  narrow.  None  of  our  numerous 
committees,  and  scarcely  any  of  our  individual  contributors  of  the 
last  25  years,  can  be  said  to  have  achieved  for  the  school  course  in 
history  either  the  degree  of  grading  or  the  degree  of  connection 
achieved  in  Europe. 

Since  the  report  of  the  committee  of  five  we  seem  to  have  suffered 
a  relapse.  The  sympathies  of  the  general  educational  public,  never 
very  responsive  to  the  course  idea,  are  now  plainly  enlisted  in  favor 
of  a  principle  that  threatens,  in  some  of  its  present  applications,  the 
disintegration  even  of  subjects  in  history.  Wliat  is  important  to  us 
in  the  present,  we  are  being  told,  must  determine  what  is  important 
to  us  in  the  past,  and  what  is  most  important  to  us  in  the  present  is 
our  own  community.  The  history  program  must,  therefore,  be  deter- 
mined by  the  special  interests  and  special  problems  of  the  community. 
There  must  be  as  many  kinds  of  programs  as  there  are  kinds  of  com- 


CONFERENCE   OF  TEACHERS   OF   HISTORY.  221 

munity  interests  and  problems,  and  a  uniform  program  in  history 
is  neither  possible  nor  desirable.  Furthermore,  these  programs  must 
change  with  the  changing  interests  and  problems  of  the  community. 
What  is  important  this  year,  or  even  this  month,  or  this  week,  may 
not  be  important  at  all  next  year,  or  next  month,  or  next  week.  The 
coming  of  the  war  has,  it  is  true,  directed  the  principle  into  broader 
channels.  The  need  of  international  friendships  and  national 
patriotism,  and  incidentally  the  need  of  a  reasonable  and  proper 
hatred  for  our  enemies,  tendvin  these  tremendous  and  tragic  days  to 
overshadow  the  narrower  interests  and  problems  of  the  community. 
But  the  principle  of  confining  history  to  issues  directly  suggested 
by  present  issues  remains  the  same. 

On  this  principle  it  is  entirely  feasible  to  construct  a  program  in 
history.  A  program  can,  indeed,  almost  be  induced  to  make  itself. 
All  that  is  necessary,  as  some 'very  logical  advocates  of  the  principle 
have  already  discovered,  is  to  let  the  program  follow  the  current  issue 
of  the  Independent,  the  Outlook,  the  Literary  Digest,  or  the  Review 
of  Reviews.  The  principle  itself  is  old  enough  to  be  respectable.  It 
was  suggested  and  applied  in  the  seventeenth  century.  Christian 
Weise,  as  far  back  as  1676,  was  led  by  it  to  emphasize  quite  in  our 
present  manner  even  the  study  of  current  events.  The  French  re- 
formers who  drafted  the  famous  school  decree  of  1793  carried  the 
principle  farther  than  our  own  reformers  have  as  yet  ventured  to 
carry  it.  But  no  one,  so  far  as  I  know,  has  succeeded  in  constructing 
upon  this  principle  a  course  in  history.  The  reason  is  clear.  If  the 
content  of  history  is  to  be  determined  by  present  interests  and  prob- 
lems, and  if  such  interests  and  problems  are  constantly  changing, 
only  a  prophet  could  plan  a  connected,  organic  course  in  history  for 
the  whole  or  any  considerable  part  of  the  12  years  of  school  life,  and 
even  such  a  course  would  require  reconstruction  for  each  set  of  pupjls 
beginning  the  course. 

Continental  Europe  has  achieved  grading,  connection,  and  con- 
tinuity in  the  history  course  to  a  degree  that  leaves  our  practice  es- 
sentially primitive.  It  has  not,  however,  achieved  historicalness. 
From  the  seventeenth  century  to  the  opening  of  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury, history  for  school  purposes  was  history  always  in  the  service 
of  some  immediate  social  need.  Instruction  was  shaped  with  a  view 
to  educational  results,  and  these  results  were  rarely  conditioned  upon 
making  the  past  itself  intelligible.  European  compilers  of  material 
sinned  consciously  and  courageously  against  fact.  They  admitted 
without  hesitation  doubtful  anecdote  and  downright  fable.  They 
unblushingly  paraded  national  bias.  They  violated  the  most  ele- 
mentary sense  of  historical  proportion.  They  took,  in  a  word,  such 
liberties  with  history  as  seemed  to  them  essential  to  make  history  use- 
ful.   The  French  program  of  1902  introduced  the  radically  different 


222  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL.  ASSOCIATION. 

principle  that  the  value  of  history,  like  the  value  of  any  other  sub- 
ject, consists  in  its  being  true,  and  in  this  spirit  undertook  to  trace 
"the  principal  transformations  of  humanity."  But  such  views  are 
still  exceptional.  Outside  of  France  the  older  tradition  is  still  domi- 
nant. It  may  be  summed  up  in  the  dictum :  History  is  anything  that 
history  is  good  for. 

For  the  lower  grades  of  the  elementary  school  we'  have  sinned 
against  the  verities  of  history  as  courageously  as  any  European  peo- 
ple, but  the  best  of  our  recent  textboo|^s  for  the  upper  grades  and 
for  the  high  school  may  safely  challenge  comparison  even  with  the 
best  of  French  textbooks  in  their  regard  for  fact.  Like  the  French 
books,  they  seem  to  assume  that  history  has  something  to  do  with  the 
past  as  the  past ;  that  the  past  itself  can  be  explained  only  in  terms 
of  what  is  important  in  and  to  the  past,  and  that  the  past  itself  must 
be  explained  if  the  past  is  to  be  of  any  service  in  explaining  the 
present.  This,  in  comparison  with  the  average  practice  of  Europe, 
is  revolutionary  doctrine.  It  is,  however,  not  generally  recognized 
as  revolutionary  in  the  United  States.  It  is,  in  fact,  rather  com- 
monly regarded  as  reactionary  by  those  who  in  the  name  of  reform 
and  progress  are  now  leading  us  back  to  the  older  tradition  that  his- 
tory is  only  what  history  seems  at  the  moment  to  be  good  for.  I  do 
not  saj^  that  our  textbook  writers  have  altogether  succeeded  in  mak- 
ing the  past  intelligible;  but  in  so  far  as  they  have  recognized  that 
history  in  school  should  be  not  only  educational  but  also  historical, 
they,  and  not  their  criti^iis,  are  the  real  innovators,  the  real  radicals, 
the  real  revolutionists. 

The  traditional  and  conventional  attitude  toward  history  as  a 
school  study  has  been  accentuated  and  illustrated  anew  under  the 
pressure  of  war.  We  must,  as  all  of  us  know,  win  the  war.  To  that 
supreme  purpose  every  other  consideration  must  be  subordinated. 
Personal  convictions,  personal  emotions,  even  the  love  for  truth, 
must  blend  in  one  harmonious,  overpowering,  stern  will  to  victory. 
What  can  not  be  blended  must  for  the  moment  be  ended.  Inevitable, 
therefore,  the  question  uppermost  in  the  minds  of  thousands  of 
history  teachers  to-day,  and  in  the  minds  of  other  thousands  who 
are  not  history  teachers,  is,  "  What  can  history  do  for  victory  ?  " 
Inevitably  the  first  answers  spring  out  of  that  wise  human  instinct 
which  meets  needs  as  they  arise  without  paralyzing  scrutiny  of  the 
logic  involved. 

Observing  a  certain  lack  of  warmth  in  the  attitude  of  some  Ameri- 
cans toward  the  English,  attention  is  directed  to  the  old  charge  that 
the  study  of  the 'American  Revolution  in  our  schools  tends  to  promote 
an  anti-British  state  of  mind.  Observing  further  that  this  state  of 
mind  might  conceivably  hamper  cooperation  with  our  British  ally, 
it  is  a  natural  reaction  to  demand  revision  .of  our  textbooks  with  a 


CONFERENCE  OF  TEACHERS  OF   HISTORY.  223 

view  to  the  cultivation  of  a  pro-British  state  of  mind,  and  that  re- 
action is  now  actually  in  evidence.  In  a  similar  spirit  it  is  urged 
that  our  school  instruction  in  history  should  be  revised  in  the  direc- 
tion of  a  fuller  and  more  generous  recognition  of  our  indebfedness 
to  the  French,  to  the  Italians,  to  the  Poles,  and  to  other  peoples.  At 
a  meeting  in  New  York,  some  months  ago,  representatives  of  non- 
English  elements  in  our  population  set  forth  with  such  conviction  and 
eloquence  the  contributions  of  their  respective  peoples  that  Americans 
of  English  ancestry  might  well  have  wondered  if  anything  of  really 
great  importance  in  the  making  of  the  United  States  remained  for 
them  to  claim.  That  is  one  side  of  the  balance.  On  the  other  side 
we  have  the  disagreeable  discovery  of  divided  allegiance  and  a  grow- 
ing demand,  in  which  some  historians  share,  that  history  in  school 
should,  with  all  possible  courage  and  all  possible  devotion,  be  turned 
to  the  one  great  task  of  building  up  a  national  patriotism.  This 
appears  to  be  just  now  the  dominant  call.  ' 

The  call  is,  of  course,  not  new.  It  has  been  sounded  many  times 
before  in  the  United  States  and  elsewhere,  and  history,  in  the  United 
States  and  elsewhere,  has  many  times  responded,  with  consequences 
sufficiently  apparent  to  those  who  care  to  look  for  them.  We  do  not 
seem  to  look  for  them.  We  are  not  greatly  interested  in  precedents. 
It  is  enough  for  us  that  an  urgent  need  exists  and  that  we  have  the 
instinct  to  meet  it.  We  are,  however,  meeting  it  in  a  way  that  the 
precedents  would  approve,  if  we  had  the  time  and  the  inclination  to 
invoke  them.  The  Germans,  for  example,  in  the  crisis  of  the  conflict 
with  Napoleon,  had  a  problem  in  making  history  in  school  serve  the 
cause  of  patriotism,  identical  in  some  fundamental  respects  with  our 
present  problem.  Their  arguments,  and  even  their  language,  trans- 
lated into  English,  would  be  found  almost  identical  with  arguments 
and  language  heard  in  the  United  States  in  1917.  The  German  argu- 
ments won.  For  almost  a  century  history  has  been  a  factor  in  build- 
ing up  Germanism  and  that  German  view  of  the  world  of  which  we 
have  had  so  many  recent  examples.  We  have  of  late  not  greatly 
admired  the  results.  Shall  we  now,  under  the  stress  of  circum- 
stances similar  to  those  that  confronted  Germany  one  hundred  years 
ago,  repeat  the  German  response  ? 

We  can  not,  it  may  be  urged,  repeat  the  German  response  because 
the  ideals  and  institutions  which  we  seek  to  perpetuate  differ  radi- 
cally from  German  ideals  and  institutions.  But  they  also  differ 
radically  from  the  ideals  and  institutions  of  many  other  peoples. 
WfPwish  to  build  up  of  course  Americanism  and  an  American  view 
of  the  world.  Shall  we  not  in  that  way,  unless  we  can  Americanize 
the  world,  exclude,  just  as  the  Germans  in  building  up  Germanism 
and  a  German  view  of  the  world,  have  excluded  an  understanding  of 
other  peoples?     The  penalty  imposed  by  the  German  experiment, 


224  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

now  beginning  to  be  understood  even  by  Germans,  is  the  tragic  isola- 
tion of  Germany.  We  are  not  at  present  in  a  state  of  isolation,  and 
we  flatter  ourselves  that  we  understand  at  least  the  Germans.  Some 
of  us  are  not  altogether  certain  that  we  do  in  fact  understand  the  Ger- 
mans, but  if  we  do  understand  them,  we  scarcely  give  the  credit  to 
any  history  learned  in  school.  Shall  we  now  turn  history  into  chan- 
nels still  further  removed  from  an  understanding  of  other  peoples? 
Strong  influences  are  urging  us  in  that  direction. 

There  are,  however,  counteracting  influences.  One  of  the  most 
potent  is  the  conviction  of  profound  ignorance  which  has  fallen 
upon  us  in  our  enforced  study  of  the  war.  Instruction  in  history  out- 
side of  school  has  been  provided  on  a  scale  never  before  known  and 
has  ranged  over  a  broader  field  than  ever  before.  Corners  of  the 
earth  not  mentioned  in  our  textbooks,  peoples  neglected  because  they 
were  assumed  to  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  development  of  Amer- 
ican civilization,  have  suddenly  been  thrust  upon  our  notice  in  news- 
papers, in  pamphlets,  in  books,  in  lectures,  on  the  street,  at  church, 
at  the  theater  until  those  of  us  whoifrave  not  cried  for  mercy  and 
stopped  looking  and  listening,  have  actually  discovered  that  the 
United  States  and  western  Europe  have,  after  all,  certain  historical 
connection  with  the  rest  of  the  human  race.  Another  conviction 
that  has  fallen  upon  us  in  the  vast  confusion  of  fact  and  inference 
and  counsel  created  by  the  war  is  that  there  is  such  a  problem  as  that 
of  knowing  how  to  look  and  listen  intelligently.  Outside  of  school 
we  are  feeling  as  we  ifever  felt  before,  the  need  of  really  understand- 
ing other  peoples.  Such  progress  as  we  have  made  in  understand- 
ing the  Germans  has  brought  with  it  the  pleasant  sensation  of  seem- 
ing to  understand  ourselves  better.  Such  progress  as  we  have  made 
in  understanding  our  Allies  has  left  a  similar  impression.  We  are  in 
a  mood  for  generalization  on  the  need  of  understanding  other  peoples, 
even  those  other  peoples  in  our  own  country  to  whom  we  are  now 
striving  to  make  clear  the  duties  of  American  citizenship.  We  are 
ready  to  grant  to  an  extent  not  hitherto  granted,  that  the  better  we 
can  undersand  other  peoples,  and  the  more  other  peoples  we  can  un- 
derstand, the  better  we  shall  be  able  to  understand  and  to  appreciate 
that  part  of  ourselves  which  is  distinctively  American.  So  far  the 
need  is  personal  and  selfish.  But  we  are  not  entirely  selfish.  We 
feel  a  need  of  understanding  other  peoples  for  their  sake  as  well  as 
for  our  own.  We  have  taken  our  place  with  other  peoples  in  a  drama 
that  touches,  and  will  continue  to  touch,  the  entire  world,  and  for 
the  good  of  the  world  we  want  to  understand  other  peoples,  •^he 
lesson  for  history  teachers  is  plain. 

If  this  analysis  of  precedents  and  of  present  tendencies  is  correct, 
it  is  a  fair  inference  that  the  problem  of  shaping  history  for  schools 
is  somewhat  complicated.    If,  however,  we  are,  as  we  profess  to  be, 


CONFERENCE   OF   TEACHERS   OF   HISTORY.  225 

lovers  of  progress;  if  by  progress  we  mean  building  upon  the  ex- 
perience of  the  race,  and  not  building  as  if  nothing  had  ever  been 
built  before,  there  is  a  possible  next  step  which  can  at  least  be  de- 
scribed. Continental  Europe  has  shown  us  how  to  make  a  graded, 
connected,  organic  program.  Our  own  experience  has  taught  us  a 
certain  regard  for  fact.  France  has  developed  both  a  graded,  con- 
nected, organic  program  and  a  regard  for  fact,  and  has  taken  for  its 
theme  the  development  of  humanity.  The  war  has  thrust  us  into  the 
views  of  history  even  in  the  high  and  holy  cause  of  patriotism.  We 
can  not  in  these  spacious  times  rest  content  with  merely  provincial 
views  of  history  even  in  the  high  and  holy  cause  of  patriotism.  We 
want  patriotism,  but  we  do  not  want  the  patriotism  of  self-satisfied 
isolation.  We  want  a  patriotism  founded  upon  the  kind  of  under- 
standing of  ourselves  which  comes  from  an  understanding  of 
other  peoples,  and  which  brings  with  it  a  sense  of  duty  to  our 
neijghbors  as  well  as  to  ourselves.  We  want  history  for  victory, 
but  we  want  history  still  more  for  what  is  to  come  after  victory. 
We  are  making  and  living  world  history,  and  we  must  face  the 
problem  of  teaching  world  history.  The  logical  next  step,  if  we 
really  wish  to  move  forward,  is,  then,  to  take  for  our  field,  humanity, 
and  to  organize  a  course  in  history  for  schools  that  shall  represent  as 
accurately  as  possible  and  explain  as  adequately  as  possible  the  de- 
velopment of  humanity.    What  does  this  imply  ? 

In  the  first  place,  our  facts  must  be  historical  and  must  be  recog- 
nized as  historical.  They  must  represent  history  that  actually  hap- 
pened and  not  history  that  might  have  happened,  nor  even  history 
that  ought  to  have  happened.  The  best  of  our  textbooks  for  the  upper 
grades  and  for  the  high  school'  have  already  met  in  part  this  condi- 
tion. They  treat  of  history  that  actually  happened.  They  give  us 
facts.  They  do  not  as  a  rule  indicate  what  it  is  that  makes  a  fact 
historical.  Facts  of  widely  different  degrees  of  probability,  mere 
personal  opinion  and  pure  speculation  are  mingled  in  one  body  of  as- 
sured information,  and  the  pupil  is  likely  to  reduce  this  information 
to  one  common  level  of  certainty  and  to  look  upon  a  fact  in  history 
as  any  statement  printed  in  a  history  book.  Roger  Williams  was  born 
in  1607.  Roger  Williams  was  banished  from  Massachusetts  because 
of  his  religious  opinions.  Massachusetts  should  not  have  banished 
Roger  Williams.  The  Massachusetts  Bay  Puritans  came  to  America 
to  establish  civil  and  religious  liberty ;  the  Puritan  ideals  were  narrow 
and  intolerant.  Liberty  of  conscience  would  have  fared  better  in  New 
England  if  Roger  Williams  had  never  been  born.  The  world  knows 
the  history  of  Massachusetts  by  heart.  The  Massachusetts  Bay  spirit 
has  made  the  United  States  the  greatest  nation  in  history.  We  have 
the  printed  word  for  all  of  these  statements.  All  of  them  are  alike 
88582°— 19 15 


226  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

historical  in  the  sense  that  they  are  statements  actually  made  in  the 
past.  But  in  other  respects  they  obviously  neither  belong  to  one  com- 
mon species  nor  stand  on  one  common  level  of  probability  or  of  gen- 
erality. The  simplest  kind  of  intelligence  in  reading  history  requires 
some  conception  of  the  kinds  of  evidence  behind  such  statements,  and 
of  the  kinds  of  operations  by  which  they  are  built  up.  History,  that 
is,  to  be  historical  must  involve  not  only  the  question,  "  AVhat  does 
the  author  mean?"  but  the  further  questions,  "  How  does  he  know?" 
and  "Is  it  true?"  This  does  not  imply  the  source  method  as  com- 
monly understood.  It  does  in.ply  some  classification  of  facts  accord- 
ing to  kind  and  according  to  degree  of  probability  and  of  generality, 
and  sufficient  illustration  to  make  the  pupil  conscious  of  differences. 

In  the  second  place,  facts  must  be  selected  and  arranged  from  the 
standpoint  of  development  and  with  a  view  to  conveying  an  impres- 
sion of  development.  In  determining  what  is  important  or  unim- 
portant we  must  look  primarily  for  interests  and  problems  that 
shaped  the  past,  and  not  primarily  for  interests  and  problems  now 
shaping  the  present.  Again,  since  development  implies  change,  and 
since  the  idea  of  change  in  the  world  can  be  grasped  only  through  a 
perception  of  differences,  we  must  emphasize  differences  between  past 
and  present.  Here  again  the  best  of  our  textbooks  have  already  met 
in  part  the  condition-  Within  the  subjects  provided  by  our  history 
programs  they  have  endeavored  to  trace  development.  They  have 
not  to  the  same  extent  nor  in  the  same  spirit  endeavored  to  trace  the 
development  of  humanity.  They  have  not  to  the  extent  of  modern 
French  practice  emphasized  differences  betw^een  peoples  and  institu- 
tions, and  therefore  have  not  brought  home  as  vividly  as  French  text- 
books the  idea  of  change  in  the  world. 

In  the  third  place  we  must  strive  for  continuit}^  for  history  one 
and  indivisible,  one  continuous,  continuing  process.  In  this  condi- 
tion we  encounter  our  greatest  difficulties,  and  it  is  here  that  we  have 
made  the  least  progress. 

The  first  difficulty  is  that  of  reducing  the  characteristics  of  the  one 
continuous,  continuing  process  to  proportions  that  fall  within  the 
limits  of  school  time  and  school  intelligence.  Here  the  French  have, 
I  think,  in  their  program  of  1902,  succeeded  beyond  any  other  people. 
They  have  succeeded  because  eminently  competent  P'rench  historians 
had  the  courage  really  to  face  the  problem  and  a  sense  of  its  im- 
portance which  held  tliem  to  years  of  devoted  labor.  One  of  them 
remarked  in  Paris  in  1904  that  he  had  deliberately  turned  aside  from 
special  research  and  given  20  years  to  the  task  of  tracing  for  school 
boys  "  the  principal  transformations  of  humanity."  No  mind  of 
equal  training,  equipment,  and  power  has  as  yet  given  itself  for  any 
such  period  to  the  task  in  tJie  United  States.     The  occasion  has 


CONFERENCE   OF   TEACHERS   OF   HISTORY.     .  227 

scarcely  arisen.  We  have  been  talking  and  thinking  of  subjects  in 
history,  and  not  of  courses  in  history. 

The  second  difficulty  is  that  presented  by  our  system  of  school 
organization  and  administration.  Pure  democracy  and  undefiled  in 
American  public  education  has  meant  until  recently  a  common  oppor- 
tunity for  eight  j^ears  of  study  that  scarcely  looked  beyond  the  ele- 
mentary school,  followed  abruptly  by  a  common  opportunity  for  four 
years  of  additional  study  that  looked  chiefly  to  the  entrance  require- 
ments for  college.  By  this  scheme  secondary  education  has  been  post- 
poned two  years  bej^^ond  the  usual  period  in  Europe,  and  invidious 
distinctions  in  the  elementary  school  between  pupils  with  and  pupils 
without  high-school  prospects,  and  in  the  high  school  between  pupils 
with  and  pupils  without  college  prospects  have  been  avoided.  The 
principle  in  the  elementary  school  has  been  that  what  is  good  enough 
for  the  majority  is  good  enough  for  the  minority,  and  in  the  high 
school  that  what  is  good  enough  for  the  minority  is  good  enough  for 
the  majority.  In  consequence  of  this  system  of  organization  we  have 
been  forced  in  the  elementary  school  to  shape  programs  for  those  who 
expect  to  drop  out,  and  in  the  high  school  we  have  been  held  to  sub- 
jects prescribed  or  accepted  for  entrance  to  college.  Where  under 
such  a  system  is  the  place,  and  where  the  inspiration,  for  continuity 
of  historical  study  ? 

The  junior  high-school  movement  promised  at  first  some  measure 
of  relief.  It  looked  for  a  time  as  if  we  might  plan  a  related  course 
in  history  extending  throughout  the  six  years  of  the  elementary  school 
and  the  three  years  of  the  junior  high  school.  It  even  looked  for  a 
time  as  if  we  might  base  the  work  in  the  senior  high  school  upon  the 
nine  years  of  preparation  below.  But  the  prospect  is  now  changing. 
In  system  after  system  organized  on  the  6-3-3  plan  the  edict  has  gone 
forth  that  we  can  have  at  most  two  years  for  history  in  the  junior 
high  school,  with  American  history  in  any  case  the  one  indispensable 
subject,  and  that  in  the  senior  high  school  we  must  continue  to  meet 
college  entrance  requirements.  As  for  the  six  years  of  the  elementary 
school,  we  are  reminded  that  conditions  for  history  must  for  the  pres- 
ent be  so  adjusted  as  to  admit  freely  of  the  transfer  of  pupils  from 
six-year  elementary  schools  to  eight-year  elementary  schools,  and 
from  eight-year  elementary  schools  to  six-year  elementary  schools. 
We  thus  appear  to  have  gained  for  history  three  independent,  unre- 
lated units  in  place  of  the  former  two. 

We  can  not,  of  course,  escape  altogether  the  limitations  imposed 
by  our  system  of  school  organization.  But  between  the  difficulty  due 
to  these  limitations  and  the  difficulty  created  by  the  principle  of  con- 
tinuity itself  there  is,  I  suspect,  some  relation.  It  is  true  that 
teachers  of  history  have  been  occupied  with  subjects  in  history  be- 


228  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL,  ASSOCIATIOK. 

cause  school  administrators  have  not  left  room  for  courses  in  history. 
It  is  also  true  that  school  administrators  have  not  left  room  for 
courses  in  history  because  teachers  of  history  have  been  occupied 
with  subjects  in  history.  The  question^of  initial  responsibility  for 
this  situation  might  be  worth  a  quarrel.  But  teachers  of  history 
need  not  begin  it.  It  is  enough  for  them  to  admit  that  neither  they 
nor  school  administrators  have  given  really  anxious  thought  to  the 
significance  of  continuity  in  historj'  progi-ams.  and  that  neither  they 
nor  school  administrators  have  developed  the  kind  of  conviction  that 
has  been  developed  in  Europe.  This  limitation  at  least  can  be  re- 
moved. 

Here,  in  my  judgment,  is  the  point  at  which  our  attack  must 
begin.  Do  we  really  believe  that  a  course  in  history  is  desirable? 
Have  we  any  consistent  principles  that  we  are  ready  to  apply?  I 
have  tried  this  morning  to  set  forth  the  principles  which  have  gradu- 
ally unfolded  themselves  for  me  in  the  course  of  some  years  of  at- 
tention to  the  history  of  history  teaching.  They  seem  to  me  in  the 
light  of  past  experiments  and  experiences  to  represent  a  step  for- 
ward. Whether  they  are  so  regarded  or  not,  whether  they  are 
worthy  of  consideration  or  not,  some  body  of  principles  we  must 
have  if  we  are  to  have  a  course  in  history.  The  alternative  is  the 
confusion  which  has  reigned  from  the  beginning  in  the  teaching  of 
history  in  the  United  States  and  which  still  reigns. 

In  the  ends  to  be  sought  by  a  course  in  history  we  are  in  part  on 
old,  familiar  ground.  We  ^ant  to  understand  the  present.  We  want 
to  understand  ourselves  in  the  community  and  in  the  Nation.  We 
want  to  understand  American  ideals  and  American  institutions.  We 
want  to  be  made  efficient  socialized  Americans  of  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury. But  we  want  to  be  made  also  efficient  partners  in  the  grand  en- 
terprise of  cooperating  with  the  rest  of  the  human  race. 

In  closing,  may  I  venture  to  suggest  to  those  who  are  irrevocably 
committed  to  other  wa5's  of  dealing  with  history,  and  especially  to 
those  who,  on  principle,  do  not  believe  in  principles,  that  certain 
comments  which  have  doubtless  occurred  to  them  have  already  been 
applied  to  most  of  the  plans  now  actually  in  force  and  have  grown 
so  familiar  that  anj'^one  bold  enough  to  face  an  audience  like  this  may 
be  presumed  to  have  given  them  his  earnest  consideration.  I  have,  I 
assure  you,  been  reminded  beyond  any  possibility  of  forgetting,  that 
college  professors  are  ignorant  of  school  conditions;  that  teachers 
of  history  are  sometimes  incompetent,  usually  untrained,  and  always 
overworked;  that  children  in  the  elementary  school  have  immature 
minds;  that  boys  and  girls  in  the  high  school  are  adolescents;  that 
colleges  have  entrance  requirements;  that  the  curriculum  is  crowded; 
that  the  time  for  history  is  short,  and  that,  after  all,  it  is  not  the 
course  in  history  that  matters ;  it  is  not  the  idea  of  development ;  it 


CONFERENCE  OF  TEACHERS  OF  HISTORY.  229 

is  not  the  id^a  of  continuity ;  it  is  the  personality  of  the  teacher.  On 
the  one  point  that  does  matter  I  pause  merely  to  remark  that  those 
who  have  personality — and  it  is  always  the  other  teacher  who  has 
not — should  thank  the  Lord,  and  that  those  who  have  it  not  should 
pray  for  personality  but  not  expect  too  much. 

The  Chairman.  The  discussion  of  this  very  significant  and,  to 
us,  vitally  important  and  interesting  paper,  will  be  begun  by  Prof. 
R.  M.  Tryon,  of  the  University  of  Chicago.  Those  who  are  to  take 
part  in  the  discussion  whose  names  are  on  the  program  will  be  lim- 
ited to  10  minutes.  I  hope  that  thereafter  we  may  have  a  large  num- 
ber of  pertinent  discussions  limited  to  five  minutes. 

Mr.  T^YON.  Mr.  Chairman  and  fellow  teachers,  I  want  to  say  in 
the  beginning  that  I  thoroughly  believe  in  a  course  idea  as  advocated 
by  Prof.  Johnson,  and  I  also  thoroughly  believe  that  that  idea  will 
in  time  be  injected  into  the  history  work  done  in  our  public  schools. 
If  this  great  association  would  take  this  matter  up  with  enthusiasm 
definite  results  would  soon  follow.  For  the  truth  of  this  statement 
one  needs  but  to  look  to  what  the  association  has  accomplished  in 
the  past  along  this  line.  The  chaotic  state  in  which  we  find  ourselves 
at  the  present  time  regarding  history  in  the  elementary  and  high 
schools  is  very  similar  to  that  found  by  the  committee  of  seven 
nearly  20  years  ago.  At  that  time  we  were  organizing  new  schools, 
we  were  perfecting  the  eighth  grade,  we  were  commissioning  new 
high  schools  with  courses  four  years  in  duration.  No  one  seemed  to 
know  what  history  to  teach  in  these  rapidly  growing  high  schools. 
At  the  opportune  time  the  report  of  the  committee  of  seven  ap- 
peared; this  report  brought  order  out  of  chaos.  Whether  or  not  we 
now  agree  to  the  order  it  brought,  the  fact  remains  that  it  did  bring 
order,  and  if  you  will  study  the  statistics  of  history  in  the  high 
schools,  say  10  years  after  this  committee  made  its  report,  you  will 
be  amazed  at  its  widespread  influence.  The  committee  of  eight  re- 
ferred to  by  Prof.  Johnson  had  similar  influence  on  the  course  of 
study  in  the  elementary  schools.  While  it  has  been  less  than  10 
years  since  that  report  came  to  the  public,  its  influence  has  been  felt 
throughout  the  country.  Its  influence,  no  doubt,  would  continue  to 
be  felt  through  another  decade  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  the  or- 
ganization of  the  elementary  school  for  which  it  was  planned  is 
being  displaced  by  an  organization  to  which  the  report  does  not  seem 
to  be  adapted.  This  fact  makes  it  very  urgent  that  this  association 
again  attack  the  history  program  and  bring  some  order  out  of  the 
chaotic  condition  in  which  we  now  find  ourselves.  As  Prof.  Johnson 
suggests,  when  we  upset  the  eight-year  idea  and  substitute  a  six-year 
elementary  school,  we  might  say  that  we  have  overthrown  the  report 
of  the  committee  of  eight,  however  good  it  might  have  been.  We 
have  overthrown,  in  a  measure,  the  report  of  the  committee  of  seven 


230  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

when  we  substitute  a  three-year  high-school  course  for  a  four-year 
high-school  course;  and  when  we  inject  the  junior  high  school  of 
three  years  between  the  elementary  grades  and  the  senior  high 
school,  we  have  a  new  organization  which  was  provided  for  neither 
in  the  report  of  the  committee  of  seven  nor  in  the  report  of  the 
committee  of  eight ;  so  we  are  facing  a  situation  which  we  must  im- 
mediately get  under  control.  I  think  the  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation should  assume  the  leadership  in  adjusting  the  history  pro- 
gram to  these  new  organizations.  There  is  danger  of  its  losing  the 
leadership  at  the  present  time.  What  is  needed  is  an  early  realiza- 
tion that  we  are  confronted  by  conditions  unknown  to  the  com- 
mittees of  seven  and  eight,  and  that  we  must  make  a  histor^prograra 
to  meet  these  new  conditions.  The  association  need  not  be  auto- 
cratic in  its  suggestions.  The  truth  of  the  matter  is,  I  feel,  that  we 
can  not  put  this  thing  over  by  being  autocratic  about  it.  I  think 
that  we  must  take  our  friends,  the  educational  psychologists,  the 
educational  sociologists,  and  the  educational  administrators,  into  our 
confidence.  We  must  realize  that  there  is  a  conflict  between  the 
opinions  they  hold  and  those  held  by  us.  I  have  jotted  down  a  few 
of  these  conflicts  as  I  see  them  at  the  present  time.  I  have  put  on 
one  side  the  historians  who  are  to-day  thinking  about  a  course  in 
history,  and  the  psychologists,  the  sociologists,  and  educational  ad- 
ministrators on  the  other.  Here  are  some  of  the  conflicting  opin- 
ions: The  historians  believe  in  history  for  its  own  sake,  while  the 
educational  psychologists,  sociologists,  and  administrators  believe 
in  history  for  the  sake  of  the  child.  To  them  the  child  is  the  center 
of  gravity,  therefore  everything  must  be  turned  in  its  direction; 
courses  of  study  do  not  matter,  subjects  do  not  matter,  but  the 
child — in  it  all  our  interests  must  lie.  Again,  historians  believe  in 
the  chronological  method  of  approach  and  the  logical  development 
of  the  subject;  while  on  the  other  hand  the  educational  psycholo- 
gists, sociologists,  and  administrators  care  little  about  chronological 
approach  and  logical  development.  Furthermore,  the  historians 
insist  that  we  must  have  a  whole  story — that  the  history  of  the  United 
States,  for  example,  must  begin  at  the  beginning  and  the  story  must 
be  told  logically  from  1492  right  down  to  the  present  time.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  educational  psychologists,  sociologists,  and  adminis- 
trators have  little  interest  in  this  complete  story.  They  say  begin 
at  the  present  if  you  like,  or  in  the  middle,  and  go  in  any  direction 
you  choose.  The  historians  also  believe  that  there  must  be  a  rather 
detailed  view  of  a  period  or  epoch ;  the  other  folks  say  that  a  general 
view  in  most  cases  is  sufficient.  And  finally  the  historians  claim  that 
one  can  not  understand  the  present  until  one  knows  and  understands 
the  past.  The  educators  tell  us  that  the  important  thing  is  to  under- 
stand the  present,  and  if  the  past  will  help,  well  and  good,  but  we 


CONFERENCE   OF   TEACHERS   OF   HISTORY.  231 

should  start  with  the  present  and  then  if  there  is  anything  in  the 
past  that  we  need  we  can  go  back  and  bring  it  to  view.  I  could 
go  on  and  enumerate  other  conflicting  opinions  relating  to  history 
in  schools  held  by  the  historians  and  the  educators,  but  this  seems 
unnecessary.  I  have  mentioned  enough  for  you  to  see  the  trend  of 
affairs  at  the  present  time.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  Prof.  Johnson 
can  not  continue  at  the  head  of  our  committee.  He  is  the  second 
chairman  of  this  committee  whom  we  have  lost;  we  are  drifting 
along,  unfortunately,  but  of  course  we  can  not  help  these  changes; 
but  it  seems  to  me  that  we  should  take  this  thing  in  hand  soon  and 
get  to  work.  It  is  not  a  little  job,  it  is  a  big  job.  Four  or  five  of  us 
can  not  get  together  and  propose  a  program.  The  work  of  the  com- 
mittee of  seven  has  amounted  to  something  because  the  members  de- 
voted four  or  five  years  to  the  work;  that  is  why  its  work  has  been 
so  influential.  The  major  portion  of  the  time  of  some  one  must  be 
spent  in  working  out  a  program  to  meet  the  conditions  that  we  are 
facing  at  this  time.  I  think  this  committee  needs  the  services  of 
a  paid  secretary  to  take  charge  of  this  work.  This  would  make  pos- 
sible a  thorough  survey  of  present-day  conditions  in  order  to  find 
out  what  all  classes  of  educators  are  thinking  and  a  number  are 
doing.  Our  committee  would  then  be  able  to  propose  a  real  pro- 
gram to  the  educational  psychologists,  sociologists,  and  administra- 
tors— a  program  based  on  facts  as  well  as  opinions ;  a  program  which 
would  be  well  received  because  of  the  method  employed  in  its  con- 
struction. To  make  such  a  program  is  the  next  step  which  I  think 
this  association  should  take  and  bring  to  completion  as  soon  as 
possible. 

The  Chairman.  The  discussion  will  be  continued  by  Dr.  A.  M. 
Wolfson,  of  the  High  School  of  Commerce,  New  York  City. 

Dr.  WoLFsoN.  Mr.  Chairman,  ladies,  and  gentlemen,  the  way  my 
name  appears  in  this  program  indicates,  in  part  at  least,  the  way  in 
which  I  have  been  rapidly  changing  my  point  of  view  in  the  course 
of  the  past  three  or  four  years.  Prof.  Tryon  spoke  of  the  difference 
in  point  of  view  between  the  historians  and  the  educational  adminis- 
trators and  educational  psychologists.  When  I  was  in  the  DeWitt 
Clinton  High  School  I  was  perhaps  a  historian — certainly  a  history 
teacher.  Since  then  I  have  perhaps  changed  my  point  of  view ;  cer- 
tainly I  have  become  an  educational  administrator,  maybe  an  educa- 
tional psychologist.  I  am  interested  now  in  the  history  course  as  part 
of  a  general  curriculum  in  a  high  school,  whether  it  be  in  an  academic 
high  school  or  in  a  technical  high  school,  such  as  the  High  School  of 
Conimerce.  I  believe  from  watching  the  boys  and  girls  in  high 
schools  that  our  course  of  study  must  be  so  fashioned  that  while  it  is 
in  progress  it  will  meet  the  present  interests  of  the  boys  and  girls, 
so  that  when  it  is  completed  it  will  meet  their  interest  as  citizens  of 


232  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

the  United  States.  That  far  I  am,  in  spite  of  Prof.  Johnson's 
assertions,  a  strong  believer  in  using  current  events  as  part  of  the 
high-school  course. 

A  year  ago  I  had  something  to  say  on  that  subject,  and  I  tried  to 
make  plain  then,  as  I  wish  to  make  plain  now,  my  point  of  view.  I 
do  not  believe  in  abandoning  all  textbooks  in  history,  in  forgetting 
Greece  and  Kome  and  medieval  Europe,  in  starting  with  the  answer 
that  was  made  a  day  or  two  ago  by  the  Teutonic  allies  to  the  Russian 
proposal  for  peace,  but  I  do  believe  there  must  be  in  our  course  some- 
thing of  what  is  going  on  in  Austria  and  Germany  and  Russia  if 
we  are  to  keep  our  history  in  close  touch  with  the  lives  of  the  children. 
I  should  say  then  that  primarily  our  course  of  study  must  be  made 
with  the  present  interests  of  our  children  constantly  in  mind.  So 
far,  you  see,  I  am  an  educational  psychologist  rather  than  a  his- 
torian. 

The  thing  that  is  distressing  to  me  as  an  educational  administrator 
is  the  fact  that  when  I  walk  into  the  room  of  a  history  teacher  I 
am  apt  to  find  the  boys  discussing,  for  example,  the  early  history  of 
England,  the  period  of  the  Roman  occupation,  and  the  conversion 
of  the  Anglo-Saxons  to  Christianity,  and  I  am  almost  certain  to  find 
them  reproducing  word  for  word  the  same  stories  that  they  told  when 
they  were  in  the  sixth  and  seventh  grades  in  the  elementary  schools. 
There  is,  in  other  words,  no  differentiation  in  our  work  between  the 
elementary-school  attack  and  the  high-school  attack.  Our  children 
get  the  same  thing  over  and  over  again.  I  wish  that  some  one  would 
work  out  a  course  of  study  so  that  boys  and  girls  who  studied  English 
history  or  American  history  in  the  elementary  schools  should  when 
they  come  to  study  these  subjects  in  the  high  school  at  least  study 
them  from  a  different  point  of  view. 

Perhaps  because  I  have  in  the  past  few  years  been  associated  with 
a  special  type  of  school,  with  a  commercial  high  school  rather  than 
the  general  high  school,  I  have  become  more  and  more  convinced  that 
one  way  out  of  the  present  difficulty  is  to  adjust  our  causes  to  the 
different  needs  of  the  different  types  of  pupils.  I  should  like  to  see 
in  the  High  School  of  Commerce,  for  example,  an  attack  of  our  prob- 
lem from  the  point  of  view  of  commercial  development.  I  believe 
that  our  boys  would  get  incidentally  a  larger  understanding  of  the 
political  development  of  the  Nation  if  they  made  their  attack  from 
the  point  of  view  of  the  history  of  commerce.  Similarly,  I  believe 
that  in  the  industrial  high  school  the  course  of  study  should  approach 
history  from  the  point  of  view  of  industrial  development.  In  con- 
clusion, I  should  like  to  take  up,  just  for  a  moment,  a  somewhat  un- 
related topic.  Prof.  Johnson  in  his  address  referred  to  the  necessity 
that  appears  at  the  present  time  of  inculcating  Americanism  and 
American  patriotism  in  our  teaching  of  history.    I  have  not  been  con- 


CONFERENCE   OF  TEACHERS   OF  HISTORY.  233 

vinced  thus  far  that  the  doing  of  this  thing  consciously  will  result 
in  the  ends  that  most  of  us  have  in  view.  I  am  still  convinced  that 
what  I  believed  and  what  most  of  this  audience  believed  5  or  10 
years  ago  about  the  purpose  of  our  history  teaching,  that  it  was  to 
inculcate  historical-mindedness  and  understanding  of  the  past,  and 
of  the  relation  of  nations  in  the  past  without  regard  to  an  emphasis 
upon  American  accomplishment  and  American  ideals,  is  still  here.  I 
believe  in  the  long  run  we  shall  serve  our  purposes  best  and  that  we 
shall  be  able  to  inculcate  in  our  students  a  true  Americanism  if  we 
continue  our  attempt  to  understand  what  were  the  things  that  led  to 
temporary  hostilities  between  the  American  colonists  and  the  men  ill 
England,  what  were  the  things  that  led  to  the  American  Revolution, 
without  attempting  to  gloss  over  the  misunderstanding  in  England 
of  American  purposes.  If  we  continue  to  teach  the  American  Revo- 
lution, for  example,  as  we  have  always  taught  it,  we  shall,  I  believe, 
perform  the  miracle  in  the  future  that  we  performed  in  the  past; 
we  shall  make  of  boys  and  girls  born  in  Germany,  in  Poland,  in 
Austria,  in  Russia,  in  France,  or  in  Italy,  at  the  end  of  10  years  of 
schooling,  good  Americans.  I  do  not  believe  that  it  would  be  wise  for 
us  to  abandon,  in  the  stress  of  war  times,  all  the  things  that  we  stood 
for,  for  so  many  years  before  the  war  came. 

The  Chairman.  The  discussion  will  be  continued  by  Prof.  Henry 
E.  Bourne,  of  the  Western  Reserve  University. 

Prof.  Bourne.  Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  want  to  say 
just  a  word  or  two  about  some  of  the  aims  of  the  committee  of  eight, 
if  I  may  be  pardoned,  having  been  a  member  of  the  committee.  The 
committee  of  eight  set  out  to  d6  the  things  which  Prof.  Johnson  has 
commended — that  is,  to  introduce  a  course  of  study  in  history  in  the 
elementary  schools.  What  we  had  in  mind  was  this  program  I  have 
in  my  hand ;  that  is,  the  French  program  of  1902.  There  were  diffi- 
culties, which  Prof.  Johnson  realizes  quite  as  well  and  better  than  I. 
One  of  the  difficulties  was  the  fact  that  the  committee  could  not  ob- 
tain a  block  of  four  years  for  the  course,  including  the  fifth,  sixth, 
seventh,  and  eighth  grades.  That  was  our  original  plan.  But  the 
superintendents  on  our  committee  held  that  so  many  pupils  leave  at 
the  end  of  the  fifth  grade  that  it  was  absolutely  necessary  to  have  a 
course  in  American  history,  treated  according  to  the  biographical 
method,  in  the  fifth  grade.  We  were  accordingly  restricted  to  a 
block  of  three  years.     This  increased  the  difficulty  of  the  problem. 

Undoubtedly,  our  solution  of  the  problem  is  open  to  improvement, 
but  it  is  true  that  wherever  the  plan  of  the  committee  of  eight  has 
been  introduced  the  schools  are  working,  consciously  or  unconsciously, 
upon  the  principle  commended  by  Prof.  Johnson. 

In  the  construction  of  the  program  I  want  to  point  out  one  or  two 
difficulties.     It  has  been  said  that  the  French  program  in  history 


234  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

embodies  a  study  of  the  development  of  humanity  rather  than  a  study 
of  the  history  of  France.  However,  if  we  look  at  the  program  for 
the  first  cycle  we  find  that  the  first  year  of  the  four  is  devoted  to 
ancient  history,  but  that  the  bulk  of  the  material  for  the  second  year 
is  drawn  from  P'rench  history.  The  French  have  the  advantage  that 
the  history  of  their  country  illustrates  the  development  of  civiliza- 
tion better  perhaps  than  does  the  history  of  any  other  country. 
From  the  Roman  Empire  down,  their  history  may  be  treated  as  the 
nucleus  about  which  the  experience  of  the  rest  of  the  world  is 
grouped.  Not  so  with  us.  Although  our  civilization,  being  P2uro- 
pean,  is  as  ancient  as  theirs,  it  is  not  until  we  reach  the  period  of  the 
discoveries  that  we  seem  to  be  on  American  ground.  This  complicates 
the  problem  of  the  continuous  course. 

The  Chairman.  The  next  discussion  is  by  Prof.  Herbert  D.  Foster, 
Dartmouth  College. 

Prof.  Foster.  Among  the  admirable  features  of  Prof.  Johnson's 
comprehensive  conspectus  was  the  way  in  which  he  forestalled  criti- 
cisms by  mentioning  them  himself  and  sweeping  them  aside.  His 
excellently  planned  structure  is  well  adapted  to  a  siege,  for  he  has 
left  us  exits  rather  than  entrances;  his  castle  has  sally  ports  for 
himself  but  no  drawbridge  let  down  for  our  attack. 

He  has  mentioned  the  schemes  of  educational  sociologists  and  psy- 
chologists, but  are  we  sufficiently  on  guard  against  the  uneducated 
sociologist?  AVhile  \re  was  speaking  I  found  among  my  mail  an 
appeal  which  took  for  granted  that  a  teacher  of  history  could  with- 
out hesitation  reel  ojff  "  a  list  of  a  few  of  the  most  comprehensive 
books  with  which  you  are  acquainted,"  giving  "  a  short  outline  study 
of  the  religious  beliefs  of  the  world;  also  the  beliefs  of  men  in  the 
Stone  Age,  which  I  take  to  be  the  condition  of  the  American  Indians 
and  of  the  African  Negroes  when  the  whites  came  first  in  contact 
with  them."  Is  it  any  less  absurd  to  expect  a  teacher  in  the  second- 
ary school  to  develop  historical-mindedness  and  a  reasonable  amount 
of  intellectual  modesty  while  fox-trotting  with  her  pupils  over  most 
of  the  surface  of  the  earth  in  a  single  year? 

However  we  may  differ  as  to  how  long  a  period  we  should  cover, 
can  we  not  agree  to  recognize  manifest  limitations  of  time,  maturity, 
and  natural  interest,  and  join  in  trying  to  help  teacher  and  pupil  in 
differentiating  the  essential  from  the  unessential  ?  When  I  sit  down 
to  talk  over  with  a  boy  or  girl  a  considerable  block  of  a  book,  say 
like  Green's  Short  History  of  the  English  People,  I  realize  what  a 
body  of  material  there  is  that  the  young  reader  could  not  be  expected 
to  note  or  long  remember,  and  how  difficult  it  is  for  him  to  recognize 
the  important  things.  The  difficulty  of  the  enormous  body  of  mate- 
rial facing  the  immature  pupil  appears  even  more  clearly  when  one 


CONfEllENCE  OF  TEACHERS   OF  HlSTORTf.  235 

looks  at  even  the  most  carefully  prepared  papers  for  the  examining 
of  secondary  school  pupils.  The  stretch  of  time,  the  variety  of  books, 
the  range  of  topics  are  so  tremendous  that  there  is  obvious  need  of 
some  approach  to  a  consensus  of  opinion  as  to  what  should  be  em- 
phasized and  what  may  be  neglected.  Only  through  elimination,  se- 
lection, and  emphasis  can  teacher  and  pupil  win  time  for  some  degree 
of  thoroughness,  and  opportunity  for  real  training  through  enlight- 
ening questions  and  problems  such  as  Prof.  Johnson  has  suggested 
in  his  book  and  his  address.  Such  selection  and  elimination  can  not 
be  done  solely  by  a  single  writer  or  teacher,  or  dictated  to  all  and 
sundry  in  cast-iron  fonn  by  any  committee  representative  of  only 
one  stage  of  teaching.  Such  a  piece  of  work,  to  command  confidence 
and  prove  workable,  must  be  somewhat  elastic  and  must  be  the  prod- 
uct of  cooperation,  and  not  of  contention  or  exploitation. 

If  we  are  to  work  out  a  generally  acceptable  plan,  teachers  in  ele- 
mentary schools,  secondary  schools,  and  colleges  must  pool  their 
knowledge  and  experience.  Through  such  consensus  of  opinion  as 
to  what  should  be  and  what  has  proved  to  be  worth  while  teaching, 
we  can  arrive  at  some  agreement  as  to  what  should  be  emphasized,  so 
that  to  other  topics  the  relieved  teacher  may  devote  as  much  or  as 
little  time  as  his  own  judgment  approves.  If  this  association,  through 
its  committee  on  history  in  schools,  could  cooperate  with  the  com- 
mittees of  the  various  history  teachers'  associations  who  have  already 
given  time  and  thought  to  this  plan,  and  then  say  to  teachers,  "  we 
feel,  having  gone  over  the  field  together,  that  certain  things  prove  to 
be  fundamental,  and  you  can  afford  to  take  time  to  teach  these  es- 
sential things  well,"  then  teachers  and  pupil  would  have  a  certain 
freedom  from  the  feeling  that  they  must  cover,  as  of  equal  impor- 
tance, everything  mentioned  in  the  textbook.  Teachers  would  then 
feel  a  certain  freedom  to  take  up  other  topics  in  which  they  are  espe- 
cially interested  or  in  which  they  find  pupils  taking  keen  interest ;  for 
they  would  find  time  for  such  matters  of  local  or  personal  interest 
because  relieved  of  the  burden  of  the  omnium  gatherum  of  Father 
Time,  and  able  to  pass  over  altogether  some  of  the  antiquities  in 
the  rag  bag,  or  make  any  passing  use  they  may  wish  of  the  even- 
tually negligible.  AVhatever  your  committee  may  do,  however  com- 
prehensive and  ambitious  its  program,  this  marking  out  of  consensus 
of  opinion  as  to  what  is  essential  and  deserving  of  emphasis  in  the 
various  fields  of  history  is  vital  to  any  report. 

It  was  the  demand  for  something  of  this  sort  on  the  part  of  both 
school  and  college  teachers,  expressed  repeatedly  at  conferences  of 
the  American  Historical  Association,  at  meetings  of  history  teachers' 
associations  from  I^ew  England  to  California,  and  through  replies  to 
questionnaires,  that  gave  this  committee  on  history  in  schools  its  ex- 


236  AMERICAlir  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATIOTT. 

istence  and  its  primary  object.^  A  comparatively  brief  list  of  es??en- 
tial  topics  to  be  emphasized  (not  an  elaborate  syllabus)  together 
with  lists  of  topics  for  collateral  reading,  such  as  was  asked  for  by 
replies  from  teachers  in  secondary  schools  and  in  colleges,  might  be 
used  in  the  testing  of  pupils  at  the  close  of  a  school  course  or  at  their 
entrance  to  college.  Is  it  fanciful  to  think  that  possibly  such  lists 
of  topics  and  examinations  based  on  such  lists  and  given  by  the 
school  might  help  to  speed  the  day  when  school  and  college  might 
unite  in  recognizing  the  great  value  of  a  written  examination  given 
by  the  school  on  the  basis  of  material  agreed  upon  by  consensus  of 
school  and  college  teachers?  It  should,  however,  be  always  remem- 
bered that  the  matter  of  college  entrance  is  not  and  has  not  been  the 
main  object  of  this  committee.  It  is  of  course  only  one  of  the  things 
to  be  considered  in  the  problem  of  the  continuous  teaching  of  history. 
As  in  the  matter  of  topics  to  be  treated  there  must  be  some  range 
for  individuality  and  locality,  so  in  programs,  why  should  we 
not  frankly  recognize  that  alongside  an  ideal  program  of  courses 
for  all  schools  (if  we  only  had  some  central  authority  to  carry  it 
through  as  in  France)  we  should  take  into  consideration  differences 
of  conditions  and  aims  and  background  ?  We  have  a  multitude  of 
educational  authorities  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  and  entirely 
different  kinds  of  schools.  There  is  the  ordinary  high  school,  the 
technical  and  commercial  high,  the  junior  and  the  senior  high 
schools,  the  private*  schools,  and  the  historic  endowed  academies. 
Then  there  are  existing  and  well  established  courses  that  should  be 
recognized  as  such  and  entitled  to  definition,  whatever  new  courses 
may  be  hoped  for.  In  1914  Prof.  Johnson,  in  his  excellent  book 
on  the  Teaching  of  History,  reports  that  he  found  out  of  600  schools 
only  10  per  cent  entirely  neglecting  the  epoch-making  report  of  the 
committee  of  seven ;  85  per  cent  offered  ancient  history ;  79  per  cent 
American  history;  76  per  cent  European;  and  58  per  cent  English 
history.  American  history  was  required  in  63  per  cent  of  the  schools, 
ancient  history  in  59  per  cent.  A  school  unable  to  give  four  years  of 
history  and  trying  to  map  out  three  years  might  naturally  give  two 
years  to  European  and  one  to  American  history.  The  difficulty  here 
is  as  to  how  far  to  go  in  the  first  year  and  still  do  work  that  is  really 
historical  and  not  merely  perfunctory  and  uneducational.  Could  we 
not  say  to  schools.  If  you  are  giving  a  four-year  course  as  recom- 
mended by  the  committee  of  seven  and  the  committee  of  five,  or  the 
slightly  modified  four-year  course  suggested  by  the  committee  of 
five,  continue  to  give  these  if  satisfactory;  or  if  jou  can  give  but 

*  The  origin  and  purpose  of  the  movement,  with  analysis  of  412  replies  from  teachers, 
may  be  found  In  The  History  Teacher's  Magazine,  June,  1910,  pp.  191-193.  Ninety- 
two  per  cent  of  those  replying  to  the  specific  question  favored  a  list  of  "  essential 
main  topics,  with  little  oi  no  subdlTisiouii,  which  certainly  ought  to  be  included  and 
emphasized." 


CONFERENCE   OF   TEACHERS   OF   HISTORY.  237 

three  and  are  omitting  the  English  (save  as  included  in  the  Euro- 
pean) continue  to  do  so  if  the  plan  works  well?  If  the  ordinary 
high  school  can  give  but  two  years,  one  of  these  would  inevitably  be 
American  and  the  other  would  probably  be  in  the  majority  of  schools 
with  little  interest  in  ancient  and  more  interest  in  later  times,  a  year 
in  medieval  and  modern  history,  with  emphasis  on  the  modern 
period.  On  the  other  hand,  where  there  is  a  natural  interest  in  the 
classics  and  ancient  civilization,  why  notm  ake  use  of  that  environ- 
ment and  interest?  Why  should  precisely  the  same  selection  of 
courses  be  made  for  the  high  school  in  Sleepy  lEije,  Dawn  (in  Darke 
County,  Ohio),  and  in  the  Roxbury  Latin  School,  and  the  Phillips 
Academy,  Exeter?  A^Tiy  not  teach  thoroughly  Greek  and  Latin 
civilization  through  both  language  and  history  courses,  in  schools 
with  a  sound  historical  background  of  appreciation  of  that  civiliza- 
tion, where  pupils  can  be  led  to  understand  and  take  interest  in  what 
they  really  know  something  about?  That  would  give  real  knowledge 
and  vital  training.  The  quality  of  the  knowledge  and  the  1  raining 
is  more  important  than  a  uniformity  which  would  have  all  pupils 
study  the  same  period  whatever  the  background  and  equipment  of 
the  school.  We  may  well  remember  that  England's  cabinets  have 
largely  been  drawn  from  the  men  who  have  been  trained  not  merely 
in  the  classical  languages,  but  in  the  politics,  social  life,  and  prob- 
lems of  Greek  and  Latin  states,  with  that  constant  comparison  with 
modern  civilization  which  the  w^ell-read  teacher  and  the  reading  and 
thinking  pupil  shall  make.  Quite  different  would  be  the  environ- 
ment and  intellectual  stimulus  of  the  technical  high  school,  or  per- 
haps of  a  school  in  a  town  that  had  been  lately  founded,  where  inter- 
est would  lie  in  more  modern  lines. 

In  any  case  let  us  try  to  cooperate  in  helping  schools  not  to.  attempt 
more  than  they  can  do  well.  Let  us  give  all  the  enthusiasm  and  in- 
telligence we  can  to  helping  teachers  and  pupils  in  history  to  do 
something  well,  so  that  they  may  know  the  difference  between  the 
thing  that  is  and  the  thing  that  is  not,  recognize  the  difference  be- 
tween knowing  and  guessing,  and  be  ready  to  do  their  part  not 
merely  in  making  the  world  safe  for  democracy  but  in  making 
democracy  safe  for  the  world. 

The  Chairman.  I  suppose  every  one  of  us  here  has  ideas  about 
the  subject  that  has  been  discussed,  and  I  hope  a  very  large  number 
will  desire  to  express  those  ideas.  The  time  is  yours,  with  the  un- 
derstanding that  no  one  shall  speak  for  more  than  five  minutes. 

Mr.  MiMS.  I  was  greatly  impressed  by  what  Prof.  Foster  said. 
I  think  he  has  struck  one  of  the  most  vital  problems  that  we  have 
got  to  face.  I  think  the  first  point  of  value  that  we  have  got  to 
take  up  is  not  primarily  the  teaching  of  history.  I  am  going  to  try 
to  get  out  of  one  of  the  exits  that  Prof.  Johnson  closed  up.     I 


238  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

think  we  must  start  with  elementary  and  secondary  education,  and 
there  we  have  immature  minds,  and  the  primary  object  of  all  edu- 
cational systems  is  the  training  of  those  minds.  What  I  am  afraid 
of  is  this:  If  we  go  ahead  and  draft  a  program,  the  teachers  will 
adopt  it  because  it  is  something  definite.  That  is  where  our  text- 
books have  failed,  very  frequently,  I  think,  in  putting  things  into 
a  too  definite  form.  Students  are  continuing,  on  their  entrance 
examinations  (of  which  I  have  read  a  great  many),  to  give  back  to 
you  classified  statements,  classified  knowledge,  apparently  without 
much  effort  at  digestion.  It  has  been  a  question  of  making  the  mind 
a  phonographic  record  instead  of  an  organ  of  digestion,  and  if  you 
give  a  very  definite  program  in  the  teaching  of  history,  the  teachers 
are  going  to  accept  it. 

Now,  I  say  we  are  after  the  education  of  those  children,  instead 
of  teaching  them  so  much  history  or  attempting  to  teach  them  so 
much  that  we  may  keep  them  from  studying  subjects  which  are 
more  profitable  for  them  to  study  in  the  training  of  their  minds. 
In  other  words,  I  think  we  must  be  very  careful  not  to  make  too 
elaborate  a  program.  Furthermore,  might  not  the  suggestion  of  sub- 
jects to  be  taught  in  the  field  to  be  covered  by  our  teachers  tempt  them 
into  too  difficult  programs?  I  am  quite  in  sympathy  with  Prof. 
Foster's  point  of  view  that  the  prime  need  of  American  education, 
in  history,  or  in  anything  with  which  we  are  concerned,  is  to  teach 
well.  If  we  do  suggest  ^  program,  w'h}-  can't  we  make  some  provision 
by  which  the  teacher* -if  he  does  create  a  great  deal  of  interest,  or  a 
school  that  finds  itself  in  possession  of  a  teacher  who  has  enthusiasm, 
make  provision  by  which  the  man  that  really  teaches  one  thing  well 
might  teach  that  and  not  glide  over  a  great  many  subjects?  The 
course  Qf  American  education  to-day  is  along  that  line;  we  are  wan- 
dering in  the  wilderness  and  trying  to  teach  something  of  everything, 
and  not  teaching  anything  effectivel}'.  There  are  rare  exceptions,  but 
in  general  I  think  that  is  the  great  danger  we  are  facing.  I  hope 
this  association,  therefore,  will,  through  some  form  of  committee,  or 
acting  as  a  body,  not  give  to  the  secondary  and  elementary  schools 
too  much  of  a  program,  corrupting  them  along  those  lines  in  which  I 
think  our  educational  system  has  been  corrupted  too  much.  The 
great  field  which  I  hope  to  see  developed  under  some  program  and  of 
which  I  have  heard  no  word  this  morning,  is  for  the  secondary  school, 
the  field  of  historical  biography.  I  believe  it  is  neglected,  and  it  is 
a  most  fruitful  field  for  approach  to  the  study  of  history.  Phillips 
Brooks  once  said  at  Exeter,  in  a  talk  to  the  boys  there,  that  he  thought 
the  most  effective  way  for  a  young  chap  to  get  interested  in  the  past 
was  through  reading  the  life  of  some  great  leader,  and  that  if  he 
found  himself  unable  to  get  interested  in  the  first  chapter  of  the  book, 
he  should  turn  to  the  close  of  the  man's  career  and  then  read  back. 


CONFERENCE   OF   TEACHERS   OF   HISTORY.  239 

We  have  this  study  of  biograph}',  and  it  seems  to  me  that  it  is  a 
tangible  way  to  introduce  the  subject  of  history  to  children  and  I  an: 
surprised  that  it  has  not  been  more  extensively  used. 

Mr.  MooRE.  I  want  to  tell  you  what  we  are  doing  in  Indiana.  I 
never  knew  what  was  the  matter  with  the  State  legislature,  but  I 
think  I  have  found  out  this  morning;  I  think  its  members  have  per- 
sonality. Some  time  since  the  flood  they  demanded  that  if  a  stu- 
dent is  going  to  study  history  for  one  year  in  high  school  it  must 
be  American  history,  and  we  have  tried  ever  since  to  live  that  down. 
Last  fall  the  State  teachers'  association,  through  the  history  section, 
appointed  a  committee  to  revise  the  history  course.  That  committee 
did  a  good  deal  of  work.  It  sent  out  several  questionnaires.  Eighty 
per  cent  responded,  and  we  found  some  very  astonishing  things. 
We  found  that  only  10  per  cent  of  the  students  in  the  larger  high 
schools  have  any  use  for  a  course  in  history,  and  BO  per  cent  of  them 
with  only  one  year  which,  under  the  State  law,  had  to  be  American 
history.  I  am  sorry  I  have  not  the  figures  with  me.  I  can  only  give 
you  general  figures.  We  found  that  seventy-odd  per  cent  of  the  In- 
diana high-school  teachers  are  in  three-teacher  high  schools.  After 
a  good  deal  of  careful  investigation,  a  committee  reported  this  last 
fall  to  the  State  association  and  suggested  a  wise  solution  very  Simi- 
lar to  what  Prof.  Foster  suggested — a  two-year  course.  But  we  still 
have  the  State  law,  so  that  if  we  have  a  two  or  three  year  course  the 
student  must  take  one  year  of  American  history.  Now^,  our  two-year 
course  is  divided  at  1715 ;  that  is,  the  first  year  is  to  cover  the  ground 
down  to  what  we  will  say  is  the  beginning  of  recent  times,  and  the 
second  year  is  to  be  spent  on  the  last  two  centuries. 

In  addition  to  that  there  must  be  a  course  in  American  history 
which  will  include  a  good  deal  of  civics.  You  see  the  two-year  course 
includes  American  history,  which  is  the  State  requirement.  The 
association  adopted  that  report  of  the  committee  and  a  resolution 
was  sent  to  the  State  board,  which  adopted  it,  and  the  coming  March 
the  board  is  to  make  a  five-year  textbook  adoption,  and  the  new 
course  is  to  be  the  thing  around  which  the  textbook  condition  centers. 
I  am  interested  in  the  matter  because  I  am  on  the  committee,  and  the 
committee  is  to  tr}^  to  humanize  the  textbooks  which  have  been  sent 
in.  We  have  already  received  two  textbooks  which  fairly  answer  the 
demands  of  the  two-year  course.  Each  one  is  a  two- volume  set.  I 
have  looked  them  over  very,  very  carefully.  It  is  the  same  old  story ; 
most  of  the  books  deal  with  teaching  the  teacher,  and  the  question 
is  how  to  teach  history  to  children.  Now  a  great  many  of  the 
teachers  know  a  great  deal  more  about  history  than  they  can  pos- 
sibly teach  to  the  children.  You  gentlemen  deal  with  college 
students;  you  are  much  nearer  to  the  students  than  the  high-school 
teacher  is  to  his  students,  or  to  a  still  greater  degree  than  the  grade 


240  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

teacher.  There  is  a  great  gap  which  it  is  very  difficult  to  bridge  over, 
even  though  one  knows  it  exists  and  tries  very  sincerely  to  bridge  it 
over.  We  are  going  to  try  to  make  possible  the  use  of  those  text- 
books in  a  variety  of  schools.  "We  have  made  no  specific  plans  as 
yet,  but  we  are  going  to  try  to  suggest  as  many  possible  ways  of 
using  those  books  as  we  can,  whether  it  happens  to  be  a  Salt  Lake 
City  or  some  place  in  New  Hampshire.  We  have  a  population  which 
is  largely  German  in  some  neighborhoods  in  Indiana ;  in  some  coun- 
ties 50  per  cent  of  the  people  still  speak  only  German,  and  the  other 
part  of  the  population  is  made  up  of  people  from  Kentucky  and 
New  England,  and  we  are  going  to  try  to  suggest  methods  so  broad 
that  they  will  cover  the  local  demands;  and  if  I  am  so  fortunate  as 
to  be  here  a  year  from  now  I  should  like  o  tell  you  what  we  have 
accomplished  in  our  attempt  to  adjust  the  situation.'  I  think  the 
discussion  this  morning  illustrates  the  fluid  state  in  which  the  asso- 
ciation finds  itself  in  regard  to  the  question  of  the  teaching  of  history. 
I  think  that  something  ought  to  be  done  along  the  lines  suggested 
by  Prof.  Tryon.  I  simply  rose  to  say  that  there  is  a  gentleman  who, 
along  with  Prof.  Johnson,  has  been  for  a  long  time  working  on  a 
course  of  history  for  the  high  schools  of  the  State  of  New  York.  I 
wish4hat  Dr.  A.  C.  Flick,  of  Syracuse  University,  would  speak  to  us 
for  a  few  minutes. 

Dr.  Fuck.  I  shall  be  very  glad  indeed  to  tell  you  what  the  com- 
mittee in  New  York  State  has  been  thinking  about.  I  don't  know 
that  I  can  give  away*all  of  the  secrets  of  that  committee;  that  is  not 
expected.  Perhaps  the  general  character  of  our  work  can  be  com- 
pletely understood  w^hen  I  say  that  Prof.  Johnson  has  been,  in  a  way, 
the  guiding  spirit  in  that  committee.  The  committee  feels  that  it  has 
a  very  serious  problem  before  it  in  the  State  of  New  York,  We  have 
unusual  conditions  there ;  we  have  a  great  city  down  along  the  lower 
end  of  the  Hudson,  with  its  own  particular  needs;  we  have  also  small 
towns  and  villages  scattered  throughout  the  remaining  portions  of 
the  State,  and  there  the  conditions  are  verj'  different,  and  the  prob- 
lems must  be  handled  in  a  different  way.  Now,  New  York  State, 
along  with  other  States  of  the  country,  I  believe,  has  honestly  at- 
tempted to  do  something  with  the  old  recommendation  of  the  block 
system,  but  I  think  in  general  it  is  true  that  we  have  found  that 
while  the  idea  was  one  toward  which  a  great  many  teachers  desired 
to  strive,  they  found  it  absolutely  impossible  to  work  it  out,  not  only 
in  the  four-year  c(5lirse,  but  even  in  the  three-year  course.  As  sug- 
gested by  the  gentleman  from  Indiana,  they  found  that  the  State, 
through  its  appropriations,  virtually  compelled  all  of  the  schools  in 
New  York  to  teach  American  historj^  if  the  State  money  was  to  be 
received,  and  there  was  virtually  little  time  left,  as  you  will  under- 
stand, for  three  years  or  even  two  years  of  history  work.    The  com- 


CONFEKENCE   OF   TEACHERS   OF   HISTORY.  241 

mittee  at  its  annual  session  has  sought  to  meet  that  condition.  We 
have  not  been  able  to  teach  the  four-year  or  the  three-year  course. 
What  can  we  do?  Can  we  count  on  two  years?  Can  we  count  on 
three  years?  And  if  we  have  two  years,  or  three  years,  then  what 
ought  we  to  teach?  What  ought  we  to  put  into  the  high  schools? 
The  committee  has  discussed  those  questions,  and  in  a  way  it  has 
answered  them.  We  have  been  led  to  hope  that  in  New  York  State 
we  might  have  three  years  for  history  work,  and  if  that  is  done — 
if  that  is  granted  to  us — then  I  believe  the  committee  will  recom- 
mend that  the  three  years  be  divided  up  somewhat  as  follows. 

The  firs<  year  will  be  devoted  to  ancient  history  and  to  that  period 
following  the  ancient  field  down  to  some  more  recent  epoch,  say, 
1750  or  1789.  That  would  probably  be  the  plan  and  would  mean  that 
one-half  of  the  first  year  would  be  devoted  to  the  field  of  ancient 
history  and  the  second  half  to  the  period  following,  down  to  1789 
or  1750.  If  but  two  years  are  allowed,  there  is  to  be  a  separation  at 
that  point,  and  students  will  have  the  opportunity  of  one  year  of 
American  history  with  the  world  view  in  mind,  American  history  as 
the  center  of  world  history,  or  he  may  go  on  and  take  up  modem 
European  history  with  the  world  history  as  the  goal.  If,  however, 
he  can  devote  his  time  to  two  years,  then  he  will  probably  take  as  his 
second  year  modern  European  history  from  the  world  standpoint, 
and  go  on  to  the  third  year  American,  still  from  the  world  stand- 
point, with  stress  on  civics.  I  think  it  is  the  general  hope  through- 
out the  State  that  we  may  be  able  to  obtain  these  three  years,  and, 
if  we  can,  as  far  as  my  own  view  goes,  I  believe  it  would  be  a  very 
decided  step  forward. 

Miss  Tall.  Those  of  you  who  are  familiar  with  the  elementary 
schools  know  that  up  to  this  time  we  know  what  to  do  in  geography — 
we  know  we  must  have  it  from  the  third  grade  up ;  we  know  what  to 
do  in  arithmetic  from  the  first  grade  up — it  is  well  defined.  Elut 
for  years  we  have  been  wondering  what  to  do  with  history.  The 
teachers  are  willing  to  do  what  you  say;  they  are  not  specialists, 
as  they  are  in  the  secondary  schools;  an  elementary  teacher  has  to 
be  a  very  miscellaneous-minded  person.  She  is  teachable  and  is 
easily  led. 

A  few  years  ago  the  committee  of  eight  gave  us  some  plans,  and  1 
should  say  that  there  has  been  no  greater  evidence  of  the  interest 
in  history,  in  our  country,  than  is  evident  in  our  country  school  sys- 
tem. We  still  need  more  light.  When  Prof  Johnson  says  that  we 
want  continuity,  we  are  willing  to  have  continuity  in  the  elementary 
grades.  We  should  be  glad  to  hav^e  him  lay  out  a  plan  for  the  teach- 
ing of  history  in  the  first  three  grades,  something  like  the  plan 
adopted  by  the  Horace  Mann  School  in  the  Teachers'  College,  and 
88582°— 19 16 


242  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL.  ASSOCIATION. 

this  could  go  out  over  the  country.  It  is  not  only  necessary  for  the 
private  schools,  but  it  is  necessary  for  the  public  schools.  I  am  not 
considering  the  secondary  schools  right  now ;  but  we  should  be  very 
glad  to  follow  a  plan  and  come  back  with  our  evidence  for  discus- 
sion at  the  joint  meeting  of  elementary  teachers  and  historians, 
and  I  think  we  would  have  very  good  results.  But  there  must  be 
definite  standards,  set  up  for  the  grade  teacher,  just  as  there  are 
definite  standards  in  other  branches,  such  as  English.  We  know 
whether  the  sentence  idea  should  be  taught  in  the  first  grade,  whether 
there  should  be  the  recognition  of  a  period  as  punctuation;  do  we 
know  definitely  whether  the  third  grade  should  have  at  least  10 
facts  in  history?  Probably  the  facts  would  not  be  stated,  but  a 
statement  should  be  made  to  the  effect  that  pupils  should  have  10 
facts  in  history,  that  the  child  shall  have  come  in  contact  with  at 
least  the  primary  sources,  that  the  child  shall  have  come  in  contact 
with  at  least  four  evidences,  four  phases  of  historical  evidence,  shall 
have  seen  several  relics,  something  of  that  kind.  Can  it  be  made  as 
definite  as  that?  It  has  got  to  be  if  the  foundation  for  historical- 
mindedness  is  to  be  made  in  the  elementary  school ;  and  according  to 
Prof.  Foster  the  elementary  school  has  got  to  lay  the  foundation. 
They  want  the  secondary  free  to  do  the  special  things;  so  we  have 
got  it  all  to  do  in  the  elementary.  The  matter  of  standard  is  one 
that  I  should  like  to  leave  with  you  this  morning.  It  will  not  meet 
the  situation  just  to  lay  down  the  cycles,  you  must  lay  down  defi- 
nitely the  historical  Ifacts,  the  historical  events  that  you  want  the 
children  in  the  first  and  second  and  third  grades  to  know,  and  I  think 
it  can  be  as  definite  as  that;  and  the  textbooks  that  are  placed  in 
the  hands  of  the  teachers  must  be  well  worked  out.  The  textbooks 
have  got  to  be  improved  very,  very  much  before  history  teaching 
can  be  improved. 

Miss  Belcher.  I  was  in  absolute  sympathy  with  every  word  that 
Prof.  Johnson  said.  We  all  deeply  regret  the  resignation  of  the 
chairman  of  this  committee;  it  will  be  a  great  loss.  I  was  also  in 
sympathy  with  the  remarks  of  Prof.  Tryon.  I  have  felt  that  the 
secondary  school  teacher  has  been  in  a  quandary ;  we  have  been  under 
some  pressure  to  accept  the  educational,  psychological  study,  and 
it  has  been  a  question  whether  we  should  accept  it  or  not.  I  feel 
that  the  American  Historical  Association  should  be  the  leader, 
should  assume  the  leadership,  and  I  wish  to  follow  that  association 
because  it  seemed  to  me  that  the  committee  of  history  teachers  spoke 
with  more  authority  than  the  educational  association.  That  is  the 
stand  I  have  taken  so  far,  but  it  is  difficult  to  keep  that  stand 
unless  the  American  Historical  Association  explains  the  definite 
stand  which  must  be  taken.  I  think  this  association  has  more  au- 
thority, because  we  represent  the  two  sides  of  the  question;  we  are 


CONFERENCE   OF  TEACHERS   OF   HISTORY.  243 

not  only  historians,  but  also  educators;  we  represent  both  points  of 
view.  The  other  committee  has  some  of  the  historical  profession, 
but  has  also  other  members  who  have  nothing  to  do  with  history; 
they  are  school  superintendents  and  administrators.  I  think  Prof. 
Tryon  is  right;  we  ought  to  get  together  and  work  in  sympathy; 
there  should  be  no  antagonism,  because  the  evidence  points  very 
strongly  to  the  fact  that  the  different  committees  are  following 
the  guidance  and  mandates  laid  upon  the  other  committee  of  school 
superintendents  and  school  commissioners.  We  must  have  some- 
thing definite  to  follow,  and  the  report  of  the  committee  of  seven 
did  furnish  some  sort  of  a  plan ;  did  bring  order  out  of  chaos.  I 
should  prefer  to  get  along  with  that,  modified,  until  we  can  have 
something  of  equal  authority,  something  authoritative  from  this 
same  association.  We  have  individual  schemes,  and  I  think  the 
committee  should  continue  its  work  without  creating  more  disorder 
at  the  present  time.  Personally  I  should  be  heartily  in  favor  of 
this  committee  being  continued  and  getting  to  work  with  great 
enthusiasm  and  scholarship  to  give  us  something  definite.  Other- 
wise we  shall  be  forced  to  some  other  leadership. 

Dr.  Knowlton.  At  the  risk  of  being  considered  an  opportunist,  it 
would  seem  to  me  that  the  next  step  is  rather  a  matter  of  defining  the 
field  already  marked  out  by  the  committee  of  seven  and  by  such 
committees  as  have  worked  over  the  fields  of  history.  I  heartily  sym- 
pathize with  the  remarks  of  Prof.  Foster.  It  seems  to  me  that  in 
working  out  the  definition  by  topic,  with  some  idea  of  the  content 
of  the  topic,  we  should  be  ready,  probably  within  two  or  three 
years,  to  take  the  step  which  has  been  suggested  here  as  the  possible 
next  step,  that  is,  a  continuous  course.  A  continuous  course — that  is 
the  point.  Let  us  take  what  we  have  and  make  a  logical  course.  I 
would  like  to  see  such  a  logical  course  mapped  out  along  the  lines 
suggested  by  Prof.  Johnson,  with  that  kind  of  a  theme;  but  I  am 
thinking  of  the  practical  side  of  the  problem,  and  I  know  that  the 
conditions  in  the  high  schools  where  we  have  together  three  or  four 
teachers,  make  it  hard  to  get  them  to  work  toward  a  definite  goal. 
If  it  is  a  hard  thing  to  get  three  or  four  teachers  to  cooperate  with 
th^  head  in  a  single  school,  to  work  over  the  same  ground  and  with 
the  same  aims,  how  much  more  difficult  when  we  have  to  consider  the 
schools  of  the  entire  country  or  the  schools  of  an  entire  State.  It 
seems  to  me  that  this  is  the  line  of  least  resistance.  Let  us  do 
something.  There  is  nothing  that  needs  sound  teaching  more  than 
history,  and  we  need  it  now  more  than  ever.  Can  we  not  within  a 
year  or  two  define  a  certain  field ;  we  have  already  made  some  plans ; 
we  have  a  basis  to  work  upon ;  and  I  think  we  should  map  out  a  pro- 
gram, a  continuous  program,  running  from  the  first  grade  on  to  the 
last  grade  of  the  high-school  course.    That  is  where  I  stand,  and  I 


244  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL,  ASSOCIATION. 

feel  that  my  convictions  have  been  reinforced  by  the  clarifying 
discussion  of  the  morning.  I  was  rather  inclined  to  believe  with 
Prof.  Johnson  that  the  first  step  was  a  course  system;  but  I  feel  I 
have  been  switched  around ;  I  think  the  matter  has  been  forced  upon 
this  a&sociation  and  we  must  face  it,  as  has  been  suggested 
by  two  or  three  speakers.  The  elements  are  already  mapped  out. 
In  the  block  system  we  must  determine  the  points  that  we  are  to 
lead  up  to,  the  points  that  would  appeal  to  the  student  when  first 
taking  up  the  subject.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  coming  textbooks 
for  the  elementary  and  secondary  school  should  be  encouraged  to 
make  their  first  chapters  a  good  deal  easier  than  the  last  chapters. 
It  seems  to  me  that  most  textbooks  are  too  continuous;  they  tell  the 
story  in  too  uniform  a  manner.  The  textbooks  on  other  subjects 
start  in  with  the  easy,  elementary  work  in  the  first  chapter  and 
then  gradually  lead  up  to  the  more  advanced  work.  The  third  point 
I  should  like  to  make  is  the  question  of  having  the  longest  course 
first  in  the  high  school ;  the  course  from  primitive  man  to  1715  seems 
to  me  much  more  difficult  than  the  next  course,  the  next  two  cen- 
turies, of  European  history.  It  is  very  difficult  for  the  young  person 
to  cover  that  vast  extent  of  time.  It  seems  contrary  to  the  idea  of 
taking  up  the  more  elementary  and. easier  portion  of  the  subject  first. 

Miss  Evans.  Has  this  body  the  power  to  act  or  are  we  simply  to 
discuss  this?  I  should  like  to  know  if  we  could  crystalize  some  of 
this  discussion  and  draft  some  resolution  which  could  be  given  to  the 
council  of  this  association  as  the  fruits  of  what  we  have  been  talking 
about;  otherwise  they  may  not  be  present  and  may  not  realize  the 
points  that  have  been  brought  out  to-day.  I  was  personally  very 
much  interested  in  Dr.  Tryon's  suggestion  of  seeking  from  the  coun- 
cil the  continuation  of  this  work  by  securing  a  grant  of  money  and 
the  paid  service  of  a  secretary  in  order  that  the  work  might  not  fall 
too  heavily  upon  people  already  overburdened;  such  work  always 
falls  upon  the  people  who  are  most  overburdened  with  other  things. 

Perhaps  we  could  get  Dr.  Johnson  to  do  the  directing.  I  should 
like  Dr.  Tyron  to  offer  a  resolution  which  might,  if  it  suits  this 
body,  be  passed  on  to  the  council,  asking  that  Prof.  Johnson  be  per- 
suaded to  help  the  committee  in  an  advisory  capacity,  and  that  suffi- 
cient funds  be  subscribed  to  carry  on  the  work.  We  are  going  to 
lose  a  year  or  two  by  losing  the  direction  of  the  work — that  is  with- 
out doubt — and  all  of  the^e  discussions  to-day  have  shown  the  great 
need  for  some  sort  of  crystallization.  As  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee of  the  National  Education  Association,  I  was  interested  to 
see  that  we  are  not  taken  seriously,  that  our  recommendations  are 
unorthodox  because  they  are  not  stamped  with  the  approval  of  the 
American  Historical  Association.    I  expected  that;  but  I  also  noticed, 


CONFERENCE   OF   TEACHERS   OF   HISTORY.  245 

Miss  Belcher,  that  orthodox  historians  are  being  somewhat  in- 
fluenced by  that  report  although  we  were  branded  as  sociologists 
and  failed  to  put  over  an  historical  program  without  the  backing  of 
the  American  Historical  Association.  We  need  either  one  of  two 
things;  either  Mr,  Knowlton's  idea  of  this  morning  of  defining  the 
field,  the  ideas  he  has  just  voiced,  or  his  idea  of  last  night  of  having 
a  continuous  course  in  history.  We  want  something  done.  Why 
wait  a  year  or  two  years  and  then  perhaps  meet  the  same  conditions? 
If  Mr,  Tryon,  who  suggested  the  idea,  would  present  a  resolution 
which  could  be  passed  on  to  the  council,  so  this  committee  might  be 
continued  without  burdening  Prof,  Johnson,  but  might  have  his 
advice,  I  think  we  might  be  able  to  accomplish  results. 

The  Chairman.  We  are  not  a  body  capable  of  taking  action,  but 
it  is  an  indisputable  right  of  any  body  of  Americans  to  offer  and  pass 
resolutions. 

Prof.  DuTCHER.  There  is  some  information  which  I  judge  has 
not  been  put  in  general  circulation,  that  a  committee  was  appointed 
consisting  of  six  secondary  teachers  and  five  college  teachers  of  his- 
tory, to  define,  as  several  have  suggested  here  this  morning,  the  dif- 
ferent existing  fields  as  outlined  by  the  committee  of  seven,  or  later 
modified  by  the  committee  of  five,  so  that  the  teachers  who  are  trying 
to  prepare  students  to  meet  the  college  entrance  examination  may 
have  a  uniform  method  to  follow  in  giving  their  instruction ;  and  it 
is  the  purpose  of  the  college  examination  board  to  have  this  report 
in  the  course  of  the  present  college  year,  and  it  is  intended  to  make 
that  work  simply  a  matter  of  simple  expedience.  There  has  been  no 
attempt  to  encroach  upon  the  field  of  Prof,  Johnson,  The  committee 
has  taken  pains  to  acquaint  itself  with  Prof.  Johnson's  work  and 
the  necessary  relation  of  the  work  of  the  two  committees. 

The  Chairman.  It  is  now  a  little  after  half  past  12  and  I  think  we 
shall  have  to  close  this  meeting  in  a  few  moments ;  but  the  Chair  will 
recognize  those  on  the  floor. 

Mr.  Caldwell.  I  have  felt  in  the  discussion  that  there  must  be  a 
reactionary  cause ;  there  has  been  so  much  stress  laid  on  a  program  of 
a  diversified  character.  I  have  felt  from  my  experience  and  from  my 
own  study  the  impossibility  of  expecting  too  much  from  boys  and 
girls  in  the  way  of  covering  a  wide  ground,  and  particularly  in  the 
way  of  philosophizing.  The  college  entrance  board  on  examinations 
and  the  committee  on  definition  of  standards  have  just  been  men- 
tioned, and  that  is,  it  seems  to  "hie,  more  important  almost  than  the 
laying  down  of  a  program,  because  the  college  entrance  board  in  past 
examinations  has  required  from  students  of  history  a  standard  of 
knowledge  that  not  1  out  of  10  of  the  average  school  students  could 
attain.     It  seems  to  me  that  we  ought  to  hold  clearly  in  mind  that 


246  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL,  ASSOCIATION. 

girls  and  boys  up  to  the  age  of  college  students  have  limitations. 
We  can  not  expect  large  acquirements  of  definite  facts  along  the  lines 
of  history.  We  can  suggest  the  general  principles  and  establish 
those  in  our  minds,  but  the  actual  relation  of  those  principles  must 
come  in  later  years  from  the  contemplation  of  facts  which  they  have 
acquired  in  school,  and  I  think  we  ought  to  satisfy  ourselves  with 
that  knowledge  and  recognize  that  general  principle  in  any  program 
which  we  may  formulate  for  the  study  of  history  in  the  schools. 

Mr.  Harding.  I  have  been  very  much  interested  in  the  discussions 
this  morning  from  several  points  of  view.  J  am  interested  in  the 
work  of  the  committee,  and  I  should  like  to  say  as  a  member  of  the 
council  of  the  association  that  certain  arguments  advanced  this 
morning  are  very  essential,  and  that  they  ought  most  assuredly  to 
receive  the  attention  of  the  council.  But  there  are  difficulties  with 
which  perhaps  all  of  the  members  of  the  association  are  not  familiar. 
This  is  a  lean  year,  a  very  lean  year,  and  the  association  is  suffering 
from  a  lack  of  means.  The  committee  was  greatly  handicapped  last 
year  owing  to  the  illness  of  Prof.  Johnson,  which  prevented  his  per- 
sonal direction^  and  it  was  also  handicapped  by  the  lack  of  funds. 
During  the  present  year,  I  regret  to  state,  the  lack  of  means  still 
continues.  I  think  I  shall  not  be  guilty  of  divulging  secrets  if  I  say 
that  the  association  is  faced  with  a  considerable  deficit.  Now,  I 
do  not  know  that  I  shall  continue  on  the  committee  during  the  coming 
year.  I  can  not  speak  for  the  other  members  of  the  committee,  but 
I  shall  be  glad,  at  my  own  expense,  to  give  wherever  it  is  needed; 
and  in  regard  to  the  problems  that  face  us  it  occurs  to  me  that  the 
matter  first  of  all  is  the  matter  of  definition  of  the  field  of  which 
Prof.  Foster  has  just  spoken.  The  committee  has  the  benefit  of 
a  considerable  number  of  individual  attempts  at  such  definition, 
and  those  attempts,  that  material,  ought  not  to  be  lost.  All  that 
is  needed  is  a  certain  amount  of  coordination  of  combinations  and 
publications,  and  inasmuch  as  the  commission  or  the  committee 
of  the  college  entrance  board  is  already  at  the  task,  it  seems  to  me 
that  the  work  might  be  turned  over  to  that  body;  the  material 
collected  by  our  committee  might  be  given  to  the  college  entrance 
board  as  the  definition  of  the  content  of  the  existing  needs.  We  are 
passing  through  an  extremely  critical  period,  and  there  is  no  ques- 
tion that  an  important  study  will  have  to  be  made;  the  program 
will  have  to  be  modified.  That,  it  seems  to  me,  is  the  function  which 
the  American  Historical  Association  might  assume.  The  committee 
might  be  continued  and  offered  these  suggestions.  In  reference  to 
a  resolution  beipg  adopted,  I  hope  you  will  consider  the  resources 
which  will  be  available  for  the  continuation  of  this  work.  I  suggest 
a  continuation  of  the  work  and  also  a  division  of  the  labor. 


CONFERENCE  OF  TEACHERS   OF   HISTORY.  247 

The  Chairman.  I  am  sorry  to  have  to  close  this  extraordinarily 
interesting  discussion. 

Miss  Evans.  May  we  not  act  upon  some  resolution? 

The  Chairman.  That  right  is  still  yours. 

Dr.  Tryon.  Miss  Evans  has  suggested  that  I  present  a  resolu- 
tion. I  would  not  care  to  do  so.  Dr.  Harding  has  attended  our 
session  and  I  feel  sure  that  if  there  is  any  possible  way  to  get  any 
money  or  anything  from  the  council,  Prof.  Harding  will  present 
it  to  the  council  and  get  all  that  we  could  get  through  a  resolution 
of  this  kind.  I  am  personally  willing  to  trust  the  entire  matter  to 
Prof.  Harding. 

Prof.  Foster.  May  I  suggest  that  we  do  not  fully  understand  the 
financial  standing  of  the  association,  and  we  had  better  leave  this 
matter  to  the  council  which  has  all  information  in  its  hands. 

The  Chairman.  This  discussion  has  been  most  interesting  to  me, 
and  it  has  been  extraordinarily  interesting  in  point  of  view  of  the 
failure  of  all  discussers  to  take  up  points  that  I  thought  might  be 
made  the  subject  of  rather  heated  discussion  here,  for  example,  the 
question  of  the  relation  of  history  to  patriotism.  The  position  taken 
by  Prof.  Johnson  and  Mr.  Wolfson  seems  to  have  aroused  no  dissent 
upon  the  question  of  interpreting  history  of  the  past  by  the  motive  of 
the  present;  there  seems  to  have  been  no  dissent.  Perhaps  I  have 
phrased  that  unfortunately.  The  position  taken  by  Prof.  Johnson, 
and  perhaps  suggested  by  one  or  two  others,  was  that  the  past  should 
be  interpreted  by  the  motive  that  induced  the  action  of  the  past. 
There  seems,  to  be  no  dissent  from  that  position.  Those  two  points, 
I  thought,  would  meet  with  a  great  deal  of  discussion,  and  the  fact 
that  they  have  not  seems  to  imply  that  we  have  reached  a  con- 
sensus of  opinion  on  that  proposition,  and  that  the  points  advanced 
by  Prof.  Johnson  meet  with  our  approval.  The  meeting  stands 
adjourned. 


VI.  THE  EDITORIAL  FUNCTION  IN  UNITED  STATES  HISTORY. 


By  WORTHINGTON  C.  FORD, 

President  oj  the  American  Historical  Association. 


249 


THE  EDITORIAL  FUNCTION  IN  UNITED  STATES  HISTORY.* 


By    WOBTHINGTON    G.    FOKD. 


The  long  line  of  my  abler  predecessors  in  office  has  given  expres- 
sion to  many  views  and  convictions.  There  are  definitions  of  his- 
tory, the  application  of  historical  principles,  the  interpretation  of 
periods  or  of  events,  and  experiment  in  forecasting  the  future  in  terms 
of  the  past.  Scholar,  publicist,  and  public  servant  have  expressed 
their  beliefs,  outlined  their  hopes,  and  even  intimated  their  disap- 
pointments in  historical  language.  After  such  a  series  of  treatments 
the  field  has  been  so  Avell  gleaned  as  to  leave  little  yet  to  be  garnered. 
If,  therefore,  I  say  a  word  for  an  historical  agency  on  which  almost 
no  words  have  been  spent,  my  apology  must  cover  at  once  the  pov- 
erty of  the  subject  and  the  comparatively  low  rank  of  the  agency. 
I  refer  to  the  editor  of  original  sources  of  history,  the  ginning  or 
picking  mfijchine  which  deals  with  the  raw  material,  the  first  stage 
toward  the  warp  and  Avoof  of  historical  writing. 

Let  us  start  with  something  definite.  "Was  it  you,"  wrote  an 
Englishman  to  Joseph  Jefferson,  the  actor,  "  or  was  it  your  grand- 
father who  wrote  the  Declaration  of  Independence?  "  The  inquirer 
and  the  question  are  always  with  us  and  one  of  the  objects  of  writing 
and  teaching  history  is  to  make  both  harmless,  if  not  impossible. 
And  the  lowest  round  of  the  ladder  of  accomplishment  is  the  editor. 
He  assumes  the  existence  of  the  anxious  inquirer,  he  seeks  to  measure 
his  wants,  and  he  frames  the  answer  on  such  a  plane  as  to  hit  the 
average  degree  of  ignorance.  "  Ignorance,"  wrote  Emerson  in  his 
journal,  "is  but  an  appetite  which  God  made  us  to  gratify."  The 
editor  is  a  source  of  information  and  a  measure  of  quantity  suited  to 
a  dose.  A  physician  selects  his  remedies  on  case  practice  on  a  range 
of  experience  which  has  eliminated  every  factor  of  doubt  but  the 
personal  equation  of  the  subject.  The  giver  of  information  has  few 
rules  based  on  experience  for  his  guidance,  and  has  a  double  personal 
equation  to  meet — that  of  his  subject  and  that  of  his  questioner.  No 
wonder  the  failures  are  many. 

The  art  is  comparatively  new,  for  it  arose  out  of  myth  and  fable 
and  is  still  painfully  groping  toward  truth.  Evolutionists  tell  us 
that  the  development  of  moral  concepts  has  been  as  gradual  and 

» Presidential  address,  reprinted  from  American  Historical  Review,  XXIII,  273-286. 

251 


252  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL,  ASSOCIATION. 

certain  as  the  development  of  physical  characteristics,  and  some 
would  lay  down  a  rule  of  thumb  to  show  how  the  ideas  of  truth, 
right,  and  justice  have  been  evolved  from  moral  nescience.  What 
would  the  writer  of  history  not  give  for  such  a  standard  or  meas- 
ure! The  pleasure  and  the  relief  of  being  able  to  determine  thus 
almost  mechanically  the  degree  of  faith  to  be  given  to  this  or  that 
relator;  the  delight  of  placing  him  in  his  proper  stage  of  develop- 
ment and  the  mastery  of  purpose  Avhich  would  follow — what  boons 
to  the  plodding  reader  who  must  rest  his  story  upon  what  others, 
of  another  time  and  place,  have  related.  The  strata  of  dependence 
thus  defined  would  mean  a  scientific  test  for  reliability,  something 
far  beyond  the  existing  method  of  setting  relator  against  relator  and 
accepting  the  mean  as  truth. 

Three  centuries  ago,  before  there  was  a  wide  public  to  be  gulled, 
the  little  circle  of  readers  was  given  on  the  death  of  a  great  man  a 
volume  of  his  testament  or  parting  advice.  The  contents  had  just 
enough  verisimilitude  to  be  accepted  in  part,  and  the  advice  was 
wholly  interested.  The  practice  common  in  its  day  on  the  Conti- 
nent of  Europe  easily  slipped  into  the  later  form  of  memoirs,  and 
from  the  memoirs  came  biography.  To  pass  upon  the  career  of 
a  public  man  immediately  after  his  death  involves  no  light  task. 
The  secretarial  writer,  of  which  Boswell  is  such  a  shining  example, 
may  be  truthful  and  interesting;  but  if  he  is  sincere  ai!d  loyal  he 
will  not  lightly  relate  what  may  tell  against  his  employer.  That 
appeal  to  prurient  cufiosity  which  finds  a  market  in  sensation  has 
been  framed  in  many  ways  and  still  attracts  support.  A  Pepys 
holds  up  a  personal  mirror  with  the  reflecting  surface  toward  him- 
self, and  unconsciously  gives  material  for  judging  others  and  his 
own  times  such  as  no  serious-minded  historian  could  give  and  such 
as  no  writer  on  Pepys's  period  can  neglect.  The  little  has  become 
the  important. 

The  United  States  has  not  been  rich  in  self-written  history,  nor 
is  the  little  it  possesses  of  startling  moment.  An  explanation  of- 
fered by  some  declares  the  lack  of  real  interest  in  American  his- 
tory. However  rich  in  pictures  and  incidents  it  does  not  present 
flashes  and  explosions  of  overwhelming  importance.  Another  ex- 
planation is  that  its  people  have  been  too  occupied  in  opening  terri- 
tory to  settlement  and  development  to  expend  much  energy  on 
recording  and  explaining  the  course  of  events,  much  less  the  par- 
ticipation in  the  struggle  where  the  overscrupulous  were  doomed  to 
defeat.  A  third  would  say  that  a  democracy  is  against  good  history, 
for  it  means  a  slow  vulgarizing "  of  the  best.  No  such  explanations 
will  account  for  the  absence  of  those  willing  and  able  to  relate  their 
own  careers  after  their  own  point  of  view.  Their  names  should  be 
legion.     The  foreign  visitor,  in  the  rawest  period  of  our  growth, 


EDITORIAL   FUNCTION   IN   UNITED   STATES   HISTORY.  253 

has  not  failed  in  picturesque,  even  lurid  contrast,  and  has  not  found 
us  inarticulate  on  ourselves  or  bashful  of  suggesting  our  merits. 
If  the  tone  has  been  one  of  bluster  rather  than  of  philosophic  analy- 
sis, it  is  genuine  and  not  assumed,  even  to  the  wincing  at  the  reflec- 
tion returned  by  the  not  too  faultless  mirror. 

In  colonial  New  England  publicity  in  the  religious  experiences 
of  members  or  would-be  members  of  the  churches  was  exacted.  If 
printed  they  take  rank  with  the  confessions  of  condemned  criminals 
just  reprieved,  interesting  not  for  their  content,  but  for  the  state 
of  mind  and  surroundings  they  show.  They  constitute. a  necessary 
item  in  the  social  history  of  the  time,  a  crude  form  of  the  third  de- 
gree, by  which  it  was  hoped  a  corner  of  the  curtain  of  the  soul, 
the  token  of  immortal  man,  would  be  raised.  The  diaries,  chiefly 
kept  in  interleaved  almanacs  by  the  ministers,  were  never  intended 
for  the  public  eye,  and  rarely  rise  above  the  level  of  a  record  of 
church  ministration,  with  items  of  farm  and  household  of  a  singu- 
larly bald  nature.  Once  in  a  great  while  some  one  has  the  itch  of 
putting  all  his  thoughts  and  feelings  on  paper,  and  in  seeking  to 
imitate  St.  Augustine  in  frankness  and  scope,  presents  the  most 
repellent  features  of  religious  ecstaticism.  Sainthood  and  martyr- 
dom are  able  to  endure  that  form  of  exhibition ;  but  the  atmosphere 
of  early  New  England  lacks  in  the  quality  which  makes  martyrdom 
picturesque;  and  this  self-immolation  to  dogma  long  since  passed 
away  leaves  the  reader  cold,  even  in  a  critical  frame  of  mind.  Did 
the  situation  of  soul  really  demand  this  suffering?  Is  it  not  the 
symptom  of  physical  derangement  so  easily  mistaken  for  a  divine 
afflatus?  Of  the  sincerity  of  the  sufferer  there  need  be  no  doubt; 
but  for  permanent  effect  the  acting  is  a  little  overdone. 

Whence  comes  this  expansiveness  which  often  mounts  to  the  gro- 
tesque; this  tendency  to  publicity  of  thought  and  action?  It  is  not 
English,  for  that  people  avoid  exhibitions  of  feeling  lest  they  make 
themselves  ridiculous.  It  is  not  French,  for  they  have  a  better 
sense  of  finish  and  proportion.  It  is  not  Scottish,  for  they  are  too 
canny  to  waste  even  emotion  without  some  definite  return.  The 
Irish  have  a  humor  that  saves  them  from  ridicule,  though  it  does 
not  endow  them  with  the  needed  balance  wheel  of  wisdom.  The 
sentiment  of  Germany  overruns  proper  bounds,  but  is  not  reflected 
in  the  leading  examples  of  American  self-written  biography.  The 
American  expression  is  peculiar,  a  proper  accompaniment  of  a  ter- 
ritory almost  without  limits.  Virgin  land  at  settlement,  it  had  a 
strong  influence  on  those  who  came  to  it.  Its  symbol  is  a  screaming 
eagle,  and  who  would  blame  an  eagle  for  screaming  in  boundless 
space?  Every  American  claims  the  right  of  free  utterance.  As  a 
child  he  has  used  it,  as  a  man  he  has  abused  it,  the  only  restraint 
being  a  wholesome  fear  of  the  law  of  libel  or  an  appeal  to  the 


254  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

medieval  and  murderous  law  of  honor.  Even  this  right  of  utterance 
is  quite  modern. 

Censorship  of  the  press,  one  stage  in  the  development,  is  an  his- 
torical survival,  and  in  English-speaking  countries  (except  Ireland) 
is  merely  of  historical  importance.  Liberty  "  to  know,  to  utter  and 
to  argue"  Milton  placed  above  all  other  liberties;  but  so  long  as  it 
could  be  interpreted  by  an  autocratic  ruler,  by  virtue  of  an  undefined 
general  prerogative,  the  liberty  existed  only  in  name.  Sir  Thomas 
More  in  his  Utopia  made  it  punishable  by  death  to  speak  against  the 
ruling  power,  and  by  one  of  those  strange  sequences  of  events  he  was 
himself  brought  to  trial  for  countenancing  the  pretensions  of  a  nun 
who  was  charged  with  treasonable  language.  Freedom  came  slowly, 
and  such  was  the  effect  of  the  supervision  of  the  press  that  under 
the  Restoration  the  newspaper  press  was  practically  reduced  to  the 
London  Gazette — an  official  and  inspired  organ.  In  two  centuries 
and  a  half  such  interferences  have  been  abolished.  While  Great 
Britain  has,  after  its  fashion,  never  rested  the  freedom  of  the  press 
on  law  but  on  its  unwritten  constitution,  the  United  States  have 
glorified  in  its  recognition  in  their  bills  of  right,  an  essential  part  of 
their  constitutions.  The  price  paid  is  a  confusion  of  tongues,  a  mul- 
tiplicity of  opinion  which  produces  indigestion,  and  an  absence  of 
standards  which  permits  the  glorification  of  the  seamy  and  the  sordid 
as  freely  as  of  the  great  and  the  admirable.  Laudation  of  self  and 
institutions  is  justified- by  accomplishment,  and  if  it  is  pitched  in  too 
high  a  key  is  excusable  by  its  honesty. 

One  compensation  may  be  found  in  this  discordant  circle  of  self- 
praise,  filial  praise,  and  disciple  praise.  The  note  is  unharmonious 
even  in  development.  There  has  not  long  existed  a  studied  combi- 
nation singing  praises  of  one  man  or  one  policy;  at  no  time  do  we 
trace  that  blind  sacrifice  of  opinion  which  marks  the  devoted  ad- 
herent to  faction,  to  party,  to  church,  or  to  State.  There  has  been  no 
suggestion  of  general  interference  by  the  State  to  impose  upon  the 
people  a  single  interpretation  of  policy  outside  of  law.  The  opposi- 
tion has  been  as  free  as  the  supporters  of  government,  and  the  third 
or  independent  party,  or  the  silent  independent  voter,  tends  to  cor- 
rect such  an  overwhelming  drift  as  could  be  interpreted  as  an  un- 
restricted mandate  from  the  people  to  their  representatives,  or  from 
the  Government  to  the  people.  Except  in  great  crises  the  American 
conception  of  liberty  of  speech  has  been  maintained,  and  in  the  severe 
crises,  as  Rhodes  says  of  the  War  of  Secession,  the  great  principles 
of  liberty  have  not  been  invalidated  by  the  exercise  of  extraordinary 
powers,  although  the  arbitrary  exercise  of  those  powers  were  to  be 
condemned.  Even  against  the  Government  the  citizen  can  invoke 
the  protection  of  the  courts. 


EDITORIAL   FUNCTION   IN   UNITED   STATES   HISTORY.  255 

Self-editing  finds  expression  in  autobiography,  and  the  one  great 
example  of  American  autobiography  is  that  of  Franklin,  written,  be 
it  remembered,  late  in  life  and  never  finished.  Unable  to  live  his 
life  over  again  in  fact  he  took  the  nearest  to  it,  to  make  a  recollection 
of  that  life  as  durable  as  possible  by  putting  it  down  in  writing. 
And  he  gratified  his  vanity  in  so  doing,  believing  that  vanity  is 
"  often  productive  of  good  to  the  possessor,  and  to  others  that  are 
within  his  sphere  of  action;  and  therefore,  in  many  cases,  it  would 
not  be  altogether  absurd  if  a  man  were  to  thank  God  for  his  vanity 
among  the  other  comforts  of  life."  The  entire  relation  is  redolent 
of  a  studied  frankness  that  lulls  the  reader  into  a  forgetfulness  of 
much  in  Franklin's  career  that  a  moralist  would  dwell  upon.  I 
almost  fancy  that  Cotton  Mather  would  have  been  pleased  to  preach 
the  last  sermon  heard  by  the  condemned  Benjamin  Franklin.  And 
the  circumstance  would  have  been  possible,  for  Franklin  was  born  in 
1706  and  Mather  lived  until  1728.  The  autobiography  was  first 
published  in  1817  and  could  occasion  no  serious  controversy ;  but  the 
papers  printed  with  the  autobiograph}'  by  the  grandson  did  arouse 
comment  on  both  sides  of  the  ocean,  more  for  what  had  been  omitted 
than  for  what  had  been  included.  The  question  of  an  interference 
by  the  British  Government  is  not  one  which  need  delay  us  in  pass- 
ing. That  Government  and  that  people  have  not  shown  strong  in- 
clinations to  edit  their  expressions  on  America  and  its  history,  least 
of  all  at  the  time  the  Franklin  volumes  appeared.  Jefferson  inti- 
mated that  William  Temple  Franklin  may  have  been  "  an  accomplice 
in  the  parricide  of  the  memory  of  his  immortal  grandfather,"  but 
the  result  of  the  publication  gave  proof  of  the  incapacity  of  the 
grandson.  There  is  not  a  line  of  Franklin's  writings  which  could  not 
have  seen  the  light  in  1817  with  as  little  injury  to  his  reputation  as 
in  1917. 

An  earlier  and  the  earliest  printed  autobiography  after  the  War 
for  Independence  appeared  in  1798.  Maj.  Gen,  William  Heath  took 
us  into  his  confidence  in  the  form  of  a  journal  of  events  compiled 
after  his  active  service  was  past,  and  published,  it  has  been  charged, 
before  its  intended  time,  to  promote  an  election  to  office.  F'uUy  ac- 
quainted by  his  studies,  as  he  believed,  "  with  the  theory  of  war  in 
all  its  branches  and  duties,  from  the  private  soldier  to  the  commander 
in  chief,"  he  wrote  sometimes  as  a  private  and  sometimes  as  general- 
issimo. He  was  the  preacher  of  preparedness  from  1770,  and  like 
most  such  preachers  was  lacking  in  action.  A  trusted  lieutenant  he 
attained  rank  without  distinction,  and  grew  corpulent  in  inaction  and 
performance.  "  Our  general,"  as  he  pleases  to  call  himself,  a  term 
reported  to  have  been  applied  to  him  by  Bernard  in  one  of  his  pro- 
phetic moments,  printed  his  book,  which  was  greeted  by  smiles  on 


256  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

all  sides.  It  was  impossible  to  misinterpret  such  a  delightful  piece 
of  vanity.    Its  historical  value  shrinks  before  its  personal  quality. 

Gradually  an  interest  in  personal  history  was  awakened.  In 
biography  Marshall's  Life  of  Washington  was  easily  first  to  challenge 
attention.  It  was  based  upon  original  documents;  it  appeared  at  a 
time  when  the  power  of  the  Federalists  had  been  shattered,  and  their 
shrewdest  opponent  was  in  full  possession  of  the  executive.  Did 
Marshall  intend  to  raise  a  monument  to  Washington  or  to  the  Fed- 
eralist Party  ?  It  was  ^ood  history,  good  politics,  and  good  biography 
for  the  time,  yet  the  neglect  into  which  it  has  fallen  is  due  more  to 
the  writer  than  to  what  he  used  of  the  subject.  Fourteen  years  later, 
in  1818,  Wirt's  Life  of  Patrick  Henry,  necessarily  largely  based  on 
tradition,  carried  into  biography  the  oratorical  flowers  of  Independ- 
ence Day,  and  succeeded  so  fat  as  to  make  its  transplanted  garden  a 
desert  place  in  comparison  to  a  later  and  saner  cultivation.  It  is  some- 
thing to  have  manufactured  a  good  book,  yet  an  example  that  is  to 
be  avoided — otherwise  the  sense  of  relation  would  be  weakened.  Vir- 
ginia still  held  the  field  for  a  period.  In  1825  the  life  and  corre- 
spondence of  Richard  Henry  Lee  and  in  1829  that  of  Arthur  Lee 
were  given  out  by  a  grandson  of  the  former.  They  were  defensive, 
colored  by  deliberate  but  mistaken  purpose.  Both  compilations 
showed  how  good  material  could  be  wasted  in  an  effort  to  prepare  a 
brief  in  a  cause  of  secondary  importance. 

The  first  compilation^of  Jefferson's  letters,  by  his  grandson  Thomas 
Jefferson  Randolph,  appeared  in  1830.  Monroe  and  Madison,  the 
closest  intimates  to  Jefferson  after  his  presidenc}',  were  still  living, 
not  to  mention  some  of  the  opposition  whose  feelings  might  be 
touched.  They  knew  some  years  in  advance  that  this  work  was  in 
preparation,  yet  neither  attempted  to  interfere  or  to  control  what 
should  be  inserted.  Randolph  possessed  the  courage  of  his  necessi- 
ties, for  on  the  last  pages  of  the  last  volume  he  printed  the  Anas,  that 
body  of  comment  which  is  so  characteristic  of  the  Jefferson  epos. 
Yet  he  did  not  let  stand  the  criticism  of  AVashington  or  the  word 
which  made  John  Marshall  the  mountebank  of  the  X  Y  Z  mission, 
and  he  omitted  more  than  half  of  the  record  as  of  lesser  importance. 
Jefferson's  opinions  invited  dissension,  and  the  publication  of  the 
volumes  led  to  an  exchange  of  epithets  that  enlivened,  even  if  it  did 
not  much  enlighten,  the  history  and  practice  of  politics.  Having 
gone  as  far  as  he  did,  Randolph  need  have  omitted  no  part  of  the 
record.  Those  who  disliked  Jefferson  were  convinced  of  the  sound- 
ness of  their  dislike;  those  who  practised  politics  as  a  profession 
busily  engaged  themselves  in  constructing  that  Jeffersonian  myth 
which  still  persists  and.  judiciously  used,  has  exerted  a  constant  effect 
in  hypnotizing  the  wavering  voter. 


EDITORIAL  FUNCTION   IN   UNITED  STATES   HISTORY.  257 

These  lights  of  the  War  for  Independence  used  language  unre- 
strained by  a  fear  of  publication.  They  lived  in  the  d^  of  a  news- 
paper which  seems  singularly  harmless  for  attack.  The  party 
scribbers  of  low  character  might  dip  their  pens  in  venom ;  the  very 
excess  of  their  invective  discounted  and  the  small  circulation 
deadened  its  force.  When  Callender  turned  upon  Jefferson,  his 
benefactor,  he  was  obliged  to  set  up  a  sheet  of  his  own,  and  the  few 
copies  in  existence  are  eloquent  on  his  poverty  and  incapacity.  In 
the  respectable  press  the  discussion  of  men  and  measures  rarely 
rose  above  mediocrity,  and  mere  personalities  could  not  explain 
policies."  Hamilton,  one  of  the  best  controversialists  of  his  time, 
might  have  repeated  his  letter  to  John  Adams  sLx  times  over,  with 
six  different  objects,  and  had  either  the  diary  or  letters  of  John 
Adams  seen  the  light  in  his  day,  the  pot  of  discord  would  have 
remained  at  boiling  point.  Both  men  in  their  own  time  experienced 
the  effect  of  an  untoward  publication  of  confidential  connnunica- 
tions,  and  the  experience  embittered  their  later  years.  Hamilton's 
papers  drifted  for  years  looking  for  a  biographer,  and  when  at  last 
in  1840  they  were  used  by  a  son,  his  brothers  openly  expressed 
their  disapprobation  and  regret  on  the  cent. 

In  this  early  period  of  personal  relations  the  editor  had  no  place. 
The  member  of  the  family  sufficed.  However  marked  a  curiosity 
over  a  public  character  might  exist,  it  did  not  extend  to  his  writ- 
ings. An  early  experiment  (1810)  of  printing  Hamilton's  financial 
papers  failed.  With  the  current  questions  interest  ceased,  and  news- 
paper discussion  rarely  dipped  into  pjfst  American  history.  Prece- 
dents and  comparisons  were  drawn  from  Greece  and  Rome,  not  from 
colonial  Britain.  In  the  small  number  of  instances  where  elaborate 
defense  was  deemed  proper,  it  was  the  leading  actor  who  performed 
the  task — as  in  Monroe's  defense  of  his  French  mission  and  in  Ed- 
mund Randolph's  Vindication.  A  pamphlet  would  cover  the 
emergency ;  and  it  was  prepared  by  an  interested  party.  Yet  in  the 
first  years  the  editor  appears  in  a  modest  but  efficient  form,  dealing 
with  original  sources  and  with  some  comprehension  of  the  office  he 
was  to  fulfill. 

The  earliest  example  is  Ebenezer  Hazard  and  his  Historical 
Collections,  printed  by  the  author — a  euphemism  then  as  now,  for 
printed  at  a  loss — in  1792.  Wait's  State  Papers  (1815)  were  a 
forerunner  of  Force's  Archives.  As  to  the  publication  in  1819  of 
the  Acts  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  of  1787  by  John  Quincy 
Adams,  then  Secretary  of  State,  as  related  in  his  Memoirs,  he  enlists 
the  heartfelt  sympathy  of  everyone  who  has  dealt  with  original 
material  as  arranged  by  ambitious  but  badly  equipped  adventurers 
in  history,  or  by  pious  hands  directed  by  filial  apprehension.  These 
88582°— 19 17 


258  AMKRK'AN    HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

early  essays  in  printing  sources  were  guided  by  the  proper  spirit. 
Witliout  undue  reverence  for  the  written  word,  they  followed  the 
text  without  modification  in  language  or  in  intention.  Why  should 
this  attitude  have  undergone  a  change  which  for  half  a  century 
persisted  in  iiuitilating  the  text  and  giving  excuse  for  every  vagary 
of  statement? 

'Tis  woman  that  seduces  all  mankind; 

By  her  we  first  were  taught  the  wheedling  arts. 

And  it  was  a  Massachusetts  woman  who  pointed  out  the  way. 
Secretly  Eliza  Susan  Quincy  compiled  a  memoir  of  her  grandfather, 
Josiah  Quincy,  the  patriot,  and  when  she  had  completed  the  task 
she  induced  her  father,  Josiah  Quincy,  to  put  his  name  on  the  title- 
page  and  thus  assume  responsibility  for  the  dark  deed.  How  she 
doctored  the  text — altering,  omitting,  and  mutilating  as  seemed  to 
her  proper  and  best — has  only  recently  become  known.  I  will  not 
say  that  she  violated  all  the  commandments  of  good  editing,  but 
she  was  remarkably  successful  in  sinning  against  the  great  majority. 
This  volume  appeared  in  1825,  and  the  first  volume  of  Sparks's 
Washington  followed  nine  years  later,  so  perfect  an  imitation  of  all 
the  faults  embodied  in  the  Quincy  publication  that  collusion  might 
be  assumed  without  the  excuse  of  family  reticence. 

I  wish  to  be  just  to  Mr.  Sparks.  Admit  that  he  designed  and 
carried  into  execution  large  undertakings,  and  a  series  of  10  volumes 
is  a  large  undertaking  even  now;  admit  his  singleness  of  purpose 
and  consistency  of  operation j  is  it  harsh  to  say  that  his  judgment  is 
condemned  by  the  necessity  for  going  again  over  the  ground  he 
covered,  not  because  of  new  material  discovered  or  available  since 
his  day.  but  because  of  an  unreliable  text?  The  writings  of  AVash- 
ington,  Franklin,  and  Gouverneur  Morris  and  the  Diplomatic  Cor- 
respondence which  he  edited — all  have  since  been  republished,  and 
with  patience,  not  from  a  few  samples  but  from  the  many,  may  be 
discovered  the  manner  in  which  Sparks  misused  his  opportunity. 
His  good  fortune  in  being  a  pioneer  in  this  form  of  compilation 
and  his  industry  as  an  editor  have  placed  his  volumes  on  the  shelves 
of  every  self-respecting  library,  public  and  private;  yet  his  repute 
as  an  authority  has  been  steadily  falling. 

Deliberate  falsification  can  hardly  be  charged  to  these  early  prac- 
titioners in  editing.  The}-  felt  the  presence  of  some  who  had  par- 
ticipated in  the  events  they  were  to  describe.  Why  print  anything 
unpleasant  or  unkind  or  partisan,  or  personal?  Why  expose  the 
foibles  of  men  looming  big  as  historical  characters?  These  con- 
temporaries, wearied  by  perpetual  party  strife,  were  beyond  a 
capacity  to  reply;  they  asked  only  to  be  permitted  to  close  their 
lives  in  peace.    Others  were  actually  in  office,  honored  by  the  free 


EDITORIAL   FUNCTION   IN    UNITED  STATES   HISTORY.  259 

choice  of  the  electors  or  by  the  trust  of  those  who  held  their  office 
by  election.  Why  raise  disputes  of  fhe  past,  much  and  probably 
ignorantly  discussed  at  the  time,  now  the  ashes  of  controversy? 
The  supposed  necessity  of  party  supplied  the  newspapers  with  albuse 
of  individuals,  and  the  pamphlets  of  the  day  could  match  the  news- 
papers in  directness  and  scurrility  of  language.  History  and  biog- 
raphy should  rise  to  a  higher  level  and  in  style  attain  to  some  merit. 
If  it  bordered  on  the  ultrapatriotic,  that  Avas  an  excusable  foible, 
for  the  men  of  the  War  of  Independence  then  looked  large,  larger 
even  than  the  principles  for  which  they  fought. 

The  influence  of  official  relations  must  be  held  responsible  for 
some  serious  blunders.  AVhen  Congress  assisted  to  publish  Hamil- 
ton's works  in  1850,  it  was  the  son  who  edited  the  material;  the 
Jefferson,  three  years  later,  was  intrusted  to  the  librarian  of  the 
Department  of  State,  and  he  took  remarkable  liberties  with  the 
text — inexcusable  unless  we  accept  the  theory  that  political  exigency 
rather  than  historical  truth  guided  the  undertaking.  The  dominance 
of  the  South  made  expedient  suppression  of  some  features,  for  the 
South  had  become  sensitive  to  the  growing  antagonism  to  slavery 
and  the  increase  in  material  power  at  the  North.  Even  the  foreign 
relations  of  the  United  States  remained  in  good  part  unknown; 
the  Executive  could  give  out  what  it  pleased  and  withhold  infor- 
mation on  the  plea  of  prejudice  to  public  interests.  The  Department 
of  State  harbors  an  unmeasured  mass  of  historical  material,  and 
has  used  only  what  has  seemed  good  to  more  or  less  well-informed 
officials  in  the  past  when  weighing  it  in  the  scale  of  occasion.  Diplo- 
macy, even  the  open  diplomacy  of  the  United  States,  has  had  its 
high  victims,  ffnd  both  Secretaries  of  State  and  agents  stand  as 
sacrifices  offered  to  smooth  over  blunders  or  to  quiet  public  clamor. 
What  a  field  for  judicious  editing! 

It  may  thus  be  said  that  the  editor  has  been  coining  into  his  own, 
not  rising  in  importance,  but  better  recognized  as  a  useful  albeit 
somewhat  erratic  adjunct  to  the  writing  of  history.  The  quality  of 
product  has  improved,  and  the  shadows  of  family  or  political  doubt 
are  less  frequently  encountered.  Public  archives  have  been  made  ac- 
cessible, a  generous  freedom  of  use  accorded  by  private  owners  of 
papers;  and  pride  of  ancestry  has  contributed  its  share  to  the  ever 
increasing  quantity  of  product.  If  only  certain  possessors  of  ma- 
terial could  appreciate  how  far  they  are  like  the  ostrich,  and  what 
damage  their  aloofness  is  working  on  their  pet  admirations !  Imagine 
trying  to  prove  anything  against  public  morals  on  John  Jay !  Yet 
tie  has  been  fastened  in  a  niche  of  the  1833  model,  when  reserve  dark- 
ened reputations.  I  could  name  a  number  of  such  distorted  models, 
still  cramped  under  a  silence  that  almost  confesses  guilt,     Where 


260  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

papers  have  been  destroyed  in  the  hope  that  criticism  would  be 
ended,  the  ghosts  of  old  controversies  arise  and  the  worst  or  opposi- 
tion phases  of  character  are  remembered.  Descendants  who  have 
nestled  in  self-confidence  and  wrapped  themselves  in  forgetf illness 
are  pained  and  shocked  to  have  the  old  gossip  and  tradition  of  their 
ancestors  served  up  highly  spiced  in  modem  journalese.  They  have 
only  themselves  to  blame. 

For  nearly  a  century  after  the  Declaration  of  Independence  both 
biography  and  editing  of  original  materials  had  not  attained  success. 
They  lisped,  fearful  of  speaking  aloud,  and  they  avoided  crucial 
matters  of  controversy.  Was  it  this  example  which  led  to  a  series  of 
political  autobiographies  in  the  last  two  generations?  From  Benja- 
min F.  Butler  to  George  F.  Hoar  and  beyond — the  mere  writing  of 
the  names  suggests  startling  comparisons  of  product.  Was  it  a 
suspicion  that  they  could  not  intrust  their  reputations  to  editors  or 
to  biographers  which  tempted  them  into  a  difficult  adventure  ?  Was 
it  a  desire  to  anticipate  the  opinion  of  contemporaries,  and  while  yet 
living  to  taste  the  sweets  of  servile  flattery  ?  They  chatter  of  many 
things,  but  are  reticent  on  those  most  important  to  the  historian.  As 
appeals  to  a  simple  faith,  and  as  childlike  murmurings  of  unrelated 
facts  they  awaken  wonder  without  gratifying  a  reasonable  curiosity. 
To  compile  such  works  and  then  to  destroy  the  original  records,  as 
if  the  last  word  had  been  said,  is  a  crime  against  history,  and  a  futile 
j)lea  in  abatement  agj^^inst  further  consideration.  Yet  most  of  those 
self-constituted  apologists  have  been  lawyers,  and  some  of  them  good 
lawyers. 

To  approach  such  modern  instances  with  due  reverence  is  difficult. 
Conditions  have  altered,  the  standard  of  greatness  hns  changed,  and 
the  demands  as  well  as  the  responsibilities  of  biographer  and  editor 
are  other  than  were  accepted  unquestioned  a  half  century  ago.  His- 
tory is  better  written,  and  the  subject  is  attracting  the  best;  but  auto- 
biography lags  behind,  good-naturedly  accepted  for  its  defects  rather 
than  for  its  virtues.  The  charm  of  literary  autobiography  persists, 
but  the  unreliability  of  political  autobiography  has  come  to  be  a  by- 
word. To  describe  action  directly  and  intention  truthfully  after  the 
event  appears  to  demand  opposite  qualities.  Magna  pars  fui — ^the 
accent  is  on  the  magna,  and  the  relator  exaggerates  his  own  impor- 
tance while  twisting  his  facts  and  misstating  his  motives. 

Is  it  not  a  form  of  conceit,  and  a  vulgar  form  at  that,  to  suppose 
that  the  story  of  a  life  can  be  only  self-written?  Is  man  so  little 
influenced  by  circumstances  and  so  greatly  molded  by  his  own  will 
that  he  can  consciously  assume  to  be  master  of  his  own  fortunes? 
The  self-made  man  is  subject  to  attacks  of  assurance  which  awaken 
in  him  an  anxiety  to  tell  others  how  he  accomplished  it — it  referring 
to  any  achievement  from  making  a  large  fortune  to  writing  a  popu- 


EDITORIAL   FUNCTIOIi:   IN   UNITED  STATES  HISTORY.  261 

lar  song.  Success  is  tlie  worst  judge  of  itself,  and  some  other 
tribunal  should  take  cognizance  and,  if  possible,  commit  such  bud- 
ding sprouts  to  safe  quarters  where  they  may  interchange  their 
confidences  without  making  an  undue  exhibition  of  themselves.  The 
thing  is  possible,  for  did  not  an  Italian  saint  not  only  overcome  the 
devil  but  make  him  confess  all  his  sins? 

The  human  machine  is  self -advertising,  for  its  wants  are  impera- 
tive and  its  acts  come  for  judgment  before  an  immediate  tribunal — 
public  opinion.  Is  not,  then,  the  desire  of  writing  an  autobiography 
a  confession  that  some  explanation  of  conduct  is  to  say  the  least 
expedient  ?  The  atmosphere  of  publicit}^  in  which  a  public  character 
of  to-daj'^  moves  gives  to  surrounding  objects  and  relations  a  certain 
distortion.  The  distortion  becomes  natural  to  him,  and  he  wonders 
why  others  do  not  accept  him  as  unquestioningly  as  formerly,  why 
they  adopt  a  critical  attitude  with  a  tendency  to  open  opposition. 
If  he  is  pushed  out  from  a  public  career,  and  gains  time  for  reflec- 
tion and  self-examination,  the  injustice  and  unreasoning  of  his 
former  constituency  loom  large  and  to  him  are  based  upon  miscon- 
ception. So  he  enters  upon  his  defense,  and  tells  the  old  storj^  in 
the  old  way,  with  distorted  vision  and  with  vanished  glamor.  It 
requires  a  greatness  of  character  to  stand  the  test,  and  there  are 
few  great  characters.  The  majority  babble,  retail  half-truths  and 
vamp  the  worn  and  patched  shreds  until  they  have  encased  them- 
selves in  nothing  but  their  own  too  transparent  self-consciousness, 
still  not  undisturbed  by  doubts.  Seeking  to  invest  themselves  with  a 
cloudlike  splendor  and  halo  as  the  reward  for  upright  conduct,  they 
retire  into  the  smoke-shield  of  their  own  creation,  to  emerge  streaked 
with  smudge.  As  a  mode  of  defense  autobiography  is  a  failure;  it 
too  often  confirms  the  old  saying,  that  a  man  who  is  his  own 
lawyer  has  a  fool  for  a  client.  The  ghastly  skull  of  St.  Charles 
Borromeo  looked  out  from  its  gorgeous  trappings  and  surroundings, 
always  a  reminder  of  what  he  had  been — a  mortal ;  as  ghastly  figures 
stare  from  the  written  pages  of  autobiography,  reminders  that  the 
mortal  or  weak  parts  dominated  the  whole,  and  left  a  record  that  is 
unchangeable. 

To  the  biographer,  not  too  closely  related  to  his  subject,  and  to 
the  editor,  belongs  the  task  of  telling  the  truth — not  the  simple  or 
the  whole  truth,  but  as  much  as  the  records  will  afford.  The  writer 
of  biography  has  the  wider  field,  the  better  opportunity,  for  he  may 
wander  far  and  invoke  the  dramatic  and  the  picturesque,  even  in- 
fusing into  the  relation  a  color  of  his  own.  His  story  may  read  like 
a  romance,  it  may  be  a  fairy  tale,  or  it  may  be  a  verbal  cenotaph 
wherein  nothing  of  its  subject  may  be  found ;  it  soon  is  weighed, 
judged,  and  ticketed  for  remembrance  or  oblivion. 


262  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL   ASSOCIATION. 

An  editor  is  restricted  to  the  written  record ;  the  memories  of 
oldest  inhabitants  and  the  tradition  of  generations  have  no  attrac- 
tion for  him.  His  purpose  is  to  give  all  that  may  be  of  service  to 
our  host  of  anxious  inquirers  and  the  ever-increasing  number  of 
writers  of  history,  and  to  give  it  unvarnished,  as  the  documents 
contain  it.  This  is  not  to  say  that  he  will  be  unsympathetic.  I  defy 
anyone  to  live  among  the  records  of  the  past  without  absorbing 
some  spirit  kindred  to  that  which  actuated  the  men  of  that  time. 
He  sees  through  their  eyes  and  reenacts  their  deeds  with  a  wider 
vision  and  a  knowledge  of  consequences  not  vouchsafed  to  them. 
Whatever  reserve  is  imposed  arises  out  of  a  sense  of  decency;  all 
else  may  safely  be  left  to  the  judgment  of  history.  It  is  good  to 
humanize  Washington,  to  have  the  means  of  tracing  the  tortuous 
policy  of  Jefferson,  to  measure  the  ability  and  ambitions  of  Hamil- 
ton, to  comprehend  the  rash  but  honest  conduct  of  the  Adamses, 
and  to  wonder  at  the  little  greatness  of  Monroe.  We  owe  these  to 
modern  editors,  and  in  no  instance  did  they  inflict  injury  upon  good 
repute,  nor  did  they  greatly  modify  the  great  lines  of  historical 
writing.  The}'  supplied  treasuries  of  fact  from  which  incidents  and 
characters  may  be  written  or  newly  written.  To  furnish  the  ma- 
terial in  its  full  and  unaltered  shape — that  is  the  achievement  of 
the  change  which  has  come  to  editorial  methods  in  a  generation. 

True  perspective  requires  time  and  space,  and  neither  historian 
nor  editor  can  use  material  of  the  day  in  the  hope  of  attaining  final- 
ity. Yet  both  are  in  possession  of  a  trained  quality  of  which  few 
journalists,  few  civil  and  military  officials,  can  boast.  A  knowledge 
of  what  has  gone  before,  of  past  events,  a  habit  of  analyzing  char- 
acter, of  combining  facts  and  weighing  evidence,  constitute  an 
added  sense  in  seeking  some  solid  foundation  in  the  welter  of  to-day. 
They  have  tested  the  politicians'  position.  They  know  that  from 
the  very  beginning  of  history  the  country  has  been  in  a  chronic  state 
of  crisis,  requiring  the  election  of  this  or  that  man  to  office,  demand- 
ing sacrifices  which  constitute  the  stock  claim  of  the  politician  to 
reward;  that  the  years  are  strewn  with  such  sacrifices,  and  that  the 
number  of  pretended  and  willing  savioi*s  of  the  country  would  fill 
several  Valhallas.  They  know  that  family,  censors,  and  state  are 
futile  against  time  and  that  no  cause  has  been  without  its  evil  fea- 
tures which  can  not  be  forgotten  and  ought  not  to  be  suppressed. 
They  know  that  no  human  agency  can  belie  the  character  for  which 
the  man  himself  is  responsible.  The  inevitableness  of  history  lies 
before  them  in  too  many  examples  to  be  neglected.  The  editor 
deals  with  individuals ;  the  historian  with  generals.  The  cultivation 
of  a  balanced  and  nonpartisan  spirit  and  utterance,  no  small  ac- 
complishment, brings  its  reward  in  confidence  and  clarity  of  vision. 


EDITORIAL   FUNCTION   IN   UNITED  STATES   HISTORY.  263 

What  is  the  application  of  this  excursion?  For  three  years  the 
country  has  been  under  a  stress  which  has  tested  its  people  and  its 
Government.  In  the  mass  of  interested  discussion  and  propaganda, 
licit  and  illicit,  it  has  been  difficult  not  to  take  a  position  and  express 
the  faith  that  is  in  us.  Even  before  actual  participation  in  the  Avar 
necessary  information  was  wanting.  Of  partial  statements  the 
number  was  and  is  in  excess,  but  it  may  be  doubted  if  the  fullest 
exposure  of  motives  and  performance  will  much  change  general 
opinion.  The  extremist  is  beyond  change,  and  among  these  ex- 
tremists on  both  sides  are  some  historians.  Their  honesty  of  con- 
viction is  not  to  be  questioned,  but  their  violence  of  expression  is 
to  be  regretted.  Exaggeration  in  language  is  not  confined  to  the 
newspaper.  The  time  is  not  yet  come  for  a  final  weighing  of  evi- 
dence, for  we  are  living,  as  in  the  England  of  the  Restoration,  under 
a  "  Royal  Gazette."  Cables  and  mails  are  under  a  censorship  which 
tends  to  become  more  rigid;  discussion  of  governmental  policy  and 
execution  is  under  a  threatened  interference  by  officials,  who  are 
wanting  in  experience  and  are  fallible  and  extremely  sensitive  to 
currents  of  public  opinion;  and  American  public  opinion  is  subject 
to  strange  excitements,  fitful  and  explosive.  But  unless  a  man  sells 
his  soul  he  can  be  heard  and  answered,  or  left  to  the  certainties  of 
time.  It  is  all  very  well  to  speak  of  the  sober  second  thought  of 
the  people;  the  first  thought  may  not  be  sober  and  may  inflict  great 
injury,  and  in  war  times  the  first  thought  is  explosive.  How  long 
has  it  been  since  our  writers  of  textbooks  on  history  consented  to 
modify  their  denunciation  of  Great  Britain?  How  many  years  have 
allowed  the  war  with  Mexico  to  pose  as  a  shocking  example  of  greed 
and  broken  faith?  The  word' "rebel"  as  applied  to  the  South  is 
a  survival ;  the  bitterness  has  Slowly  turned  into  sweetness,  and  the 
glory  of  honorable  conflict  is  shared  between  the  two  sections. 
Much  of  what  parades  as  history  to-day  will  fortunately  sink  into 
the  forgetfulness  of  the  future,  to  be  exhumed  at  times  as  curious 
examples  of  misdirected  energy  and  ill-exercised  thought.  What 
remains,  clarified  of  its  partisanship,  may  serve  for  real  history. 
It  will  be  two  generations  before  the  full  publication  of  documents 
can  begin,  and  then  will  be  ap^Dlied  the  tests  of  fair  judgment.  In 
the  meanwhile  we  should  adopt  the  editorial  attitude,  keeping  our 
minds  open,  and  exercising  the  same  patience  and  restraint  under 
wrongs  and  violations  of  good  faith  and  comity  of  nations  as  have 
placed  our  country  with  an  unsoiled  record  at  the  front  of  a  world 
movement. 


VII.  EARLY  ASSESSMENTS  FOR  PAPAL  TAXATION  OF 
EiNGLISH  CLERICAL  INClOMES. 


By  WILLIAM  E.  LUNT. 


265 


EARLY   ASSESSMENTS   FOR   PAPAL   TAXATION  .OF   ENGLISH 
CLERICAL  INCOMES/ 


By   WlLT.IAM   E.   LUNT. 


The  first  papal  income  tax  was  imposed  in  1199,'  when  Innocent 
III  ordered  the  clergy  to  pay  a  fortieth  of  their  yearly  revenues^ 
to  aid  the  Holy  Land.*  The  assessment  and  collection  of  the  tax 
were  intrusted  to  the*  bishops,  in  order,  as  Innocent  III  explained 
later,^  to  disarm  the  suspicion  of  those  who,  like  Ralph  of  Diceto, 
feared  that  "  unless  by  chance  the  Romans  should  renounce  the 
cupidity  natural  and  innate  in  them,  it  [i.  e.,  the  money]  would  never 
be  delivered  in  full  to  those  for  whose  use  it  was  sought."®  The 
bishops  of  each  province  were  directed  to  meet  at  an  early  date  for 
discussion  of  the  mandate  and  immediately  thereafter  to  hold  dioc- 
esan synods.^  Here  each  clerk  was  to  declare  the  value  of  his 
income.  Then,  within  three  months,  he  was  to  deliver  the  fortieth 
at  some  designated  place  within  the  diocese,  where  the  act  could  be 
attested  by  the  bishop,  some  monks,  and  some  laymen.  Those  who 
fulfilled  these  conditions  honestly  would  receive  a  rebate  of  a  quarter 
of  their  enjoined  penances;  those  who  contemplated  disobedience 
were  reminded  of  the  account  that  must  be  rendered  at  the  final  day 
of  judgment." 

How  these  rules  for  the  assessment  may  have  worked  it  is  difficult 
to  imagine,  since  they  leave  so  many  details  of  the  procedure  in 

*  The  editions  of  all  chronicles  cited  are  those  issued  under  the  direction  of  the  master 
of  the  rolls  unless  otherwise  noted. 

*  A  Polish  chronicler  of  the  fifteenth  century  speaics  of  a  tenth  levied  on  the  Polish 
clergy  by  a  papal  legate  in  1188  and  1189.  Gottlob  (Die  papstlichen  Kreuzzugs-Steuern, 
pp.  18-22)  discards  his  evidence  as  worthless,  but  Cartellieri  (Philipp  II,  August,  II, 
74,  n.  1)  thinks  further  investigation  is  necessary  before  final  Judgment  Is  passed. 

*  "  Quadragesimam  partem  omnium  ecclesiasticorum  reddituum  et  proventuum.'" 

*  A  copy  of  the  papal  decree  addressed  to  all  prelates  is  dated  27  December :  Roger  of 
Hoveden,  IV,  108-112 ;  another  addressed  to  the  archbishop  of  Magdeburg  and  his 
suffragans,  31  December :  Migne,  Patrologia,  CCXIV,  828-832.  Portions  of  the  copy 
addressed  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  his  suffragans  are  given  by  Ralph  of 
Coggeshall,  pp.  113-116.  The  provisions  are  explained  by  Gottlob,  Kreuzzugs-Steuern, 
pp.  21-23,  170-176.  The  pope  and  the  cardinals  paid  a  tenth  and  certain  religious  orders 
a  fiftieth. 

'  Luchalre,  Innocent  III,  la  Question  d'Orient,  pp.   10,  11. 

•II,  169.     See  also  Luchalre,  Innocent  III.  la  Papaut^  et  TEmpire,  p.  271. 

'The  exempt  clergy  were  ordered  to  attend  these  synods,  Migne.  Patrologia.  CCXIV. 
835,  867. 

» "  Sub  interminatione  divini  judicii  distrlcte  praecipimus " — "  sub  divini  judicil 
obtestatione  mandamus."  "" 

267 


268  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

obscurity.  The  contributor  did  not  have  to  testify  to  the  extent  of 
his  income  under  oath,  and  there  is  no  indication  that  a  falsehood 
would  be  punished  in  this  world.  The  bishop  and  his  assistants  ap- 
pear to  have  had  no  authority  to  revise  the  estimates  submitted. 
They  witnessed^ the  delivery  of  the  money,  but  their  instructions  do 
not  provide  for  any  verification  of  the  accuracy  of  the  sums  rendered. 
In  some  measure  the  rules  puard  against  the  possible  elasticity  of 
the  taxpayer's  conscience.  The  valuation  had  to  be  announced  in  the 
diocesan  synod,  where  too  great  a  discrepancy  between  the  pro- 
fessed and  the  actual  income  might  arouse  comment.  But  such  de- 
terrent eflFect  upon  dishonesty  as  publicity  may  have  been  expected  to 
exert  was  probably  weakened  by  the  hostility  of  the  clergy  to  the 
tax.  The  French  clergy  for  a  time  openly  refused  to  submit,*  and, 
though  there  is  no  record  of  similar  action  in  England,  nevertheless 
the  English  clergy  did  not  assume  the  bui-den  readily.  In  1201 
payments  were  still  being  made,*'  and  the  Pope  thought  it  expedient 
to  renew  his  orders  to  the  English  bishops.^*  Indeed,  one  obstacle  to 
efficient  administration  was  the  sympathy  of  the  bishops  with  the 
taxpayers."  Innocent  III,  despite  his  disclaimer,  does  not  appear 
to  have  trusted  fulh*  to  their  good  faith,  for  early  in  1200  a  papal 
nuncio.  Master  Philip,  the  notary',  arrived  in  England"  to  super- 
intend, to  some  extent,  the  collection  of  the  fortieth." 

Records  of  the  sums  paid  by  individuals,  which  might  aflPord  a 
basis  for  comparisons  with  the  actual  incomes,  or  with  later  valua- 
tions, are  lacking.^^  In  fact,  it  is  doubtful  if  any  itemized  accounts 
were  kept  by  the  collectors,  since  the  pope  required  a  report  only 
of  the  total  sum  realized  in  each  diocese.^"  Perhaps  it  may  be  a 
reasonably  safe  conclusion  that  the  decentralized  administration, 
the  lack  of  any  official  supervision  of  the  estimates,  and  the  absence 
of  any  mundane  penalty  for  dishonesty  would  be  likely  to  result 
in  much  undervaluation  by  members  of  a  body  opposed  in  principle 
to  the  tax. 

The  next  papal  demand  upon  the  incomes  of  the  clergy  came  from 
the  fourth  council  of  the  Lateran  held  in  1215.  There  the  assembled 
fathers,  under  the  guidance  of  Innocent  III,  drew  up  the  most  de- 

•  Luchalre,  Ipnocent  III,  la  Question  d'Orient,  p.  9. 

'"  Roger  of  Wendover,  ed.  Coxe,  III,  167 ;  Liebermann,  Ungedruckte  Anglo-Norman- 
nische  Geschlchtsquellen,  p.  140;  Registers  of  Walter  Bronescombe  and  Peter  Qulvil, 
ed.  Hingeston-Randolph,  p.  293. 

«  5  May,  1201,  Roger  of  Iloveden,  IV,  166,  167. 

"Luchalre.  Innocent  III,  la  Question  d'Orient,  p.  8. 

"Rotuli  Chartarum,  p.  61. 

"Ralph  of  Diceto.  II,  168,  169. 

"The  valuation  of  the  income  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  which  Is  assigned  to  1200  by 
a  contributor  to  the  Victoria  History  of  the  County  of  Suffolk  (II,  57),  is  a  copy  of 
the  valuation  of  1291.  The  scribe  wrote  "  anno  rtomlni  M^CC"  "  and  neglected  to  finish 
the  date :  British  Museum.  Harl.  Ms.  633.  £o.  223. 

"Roger  of  Hoveden,  IV,  110. 


EAEJLY  ASSESSMENTS   FOR  PAPAL  TAXATION.  269 

tailed  constitution  on  the  subject  of  the  crusade  yet  promulgated.*^ 
It  provided  among  other  things  for  the  compulsory  payment  by  the 
clergy  of  a  twentieth  of  their  incomes  for  three  years.**  The  execu- 
tion of  the  decree  was  left  to  the  poj^e,  with  the  provision  that  any 
who  failed  to  observe  its  terms  would  be  excommunicated.  With 
regard  to  the  method  of  assessment  the  decree  is  silent.  Its  pro- 
visions, however,  display  in  general  a  more  centralized  administra- 
tive plan  than  that  employed  in  1199/^  and  from  the  registers  of 
Honorius  III  we  learn  that  the  papacy  kept  a  closer  control  over 
the  disposal  of  the  proceeds.^"  We  should  expect  such  developments 
to  carry  with  them  an  improved  method  of  valuation.  The  direct 
evidence  on  this  point  is  meager  and  unsatisfactory. 

Innocent  III  began  to  make  the  arrangements  necessary  for  the 
collection  of  the  tax,^*  but  apparently  they  had  not  been  completed 
at  the  time  of  his  death,^^  since  the  appointment  of  collectors  was 
continued  b}'^  Honorius  III.^^  Unfortunately  no  copy  of  the  original 
instructions  issued  to  the  collectors  by  either  pope  appears  to  be 
extant,^*  and  our  information  of  the  mode  of  assessment  is  derived 
from  a  letter  of  Honorius  III  announcing  to  the  prelates  of  the 
province  of  Gran  the  appointment  of  the  collectors  for  that 
province.^"^  According  to  its  terms  the  execution  of  the  conciliar 
constitution  was  given  to  the  masters  of  the  temple  and  the  hospital 
and  to  the  treasurer  and  cantor  of  the  chapter  of  Gran.  They  were 
empowered  to  appoint  as  assistants  two  or  more  clerks,  a  templar, 
and  a  hospitaler.  Each  clerk  subject  to  the  impost  was  required  to 
declare  to  the  agent  who  came  to  him  the  amount  of  his  twentieth 
reckoned  on  casual  as  well  as  fixed  income.  The  penalty  for  fraud 
w^as  excommunication.  This  machinery  appears  to  have  been  better 
adapted  to  produce  accurate  estimates  than  that  used  before.     The 

"  Rocquain,  La  Cour  de  Rome,  I,  420. 

" "  Vigesimam  partem  ecclesiasticorum  proventuum."  The  pope  and  cardinals,  who 
paid  a  tenth,  those  who  took  the  cross,  and  certain  religious  orders  were  granted  ex- 
emption :  Hardouin,  Acta  Conciliorum,  VII,  74,  75 ;  Ann.  Cambriae,  pp.  72,  73 ;  Roger 
of  Wendover,  ed.  Coxe,  III,  343. 

1*  Gottlob,  Kreuzzugs-Steuern,  pp.  176-85. 

-"  R^esta  Honorii  I'apae  III,  pp.  Ill,  381  ;  Theiner,  Vetera  Monumenta  Historica  Hun- 
gariam  Sacram  Illustrantia,  I,  no.  8  ;  Bliss,  Calendar  of  Entries  in  the  Papal  Registers, 
I,  74,  75  ;  Potthast,  Regesta,  5209,  6285. 

-'  Theiner,  Vetera  Monumenta  Slavorum,  p.  68,  nos.  151,  152 ;  Idem,  Vetera  Monu- 
menta Historica  Hungariam,   I,  no.  8 

"  16  July,  1216. 

=3  Theiner,  Vetera  Monumenta  Historica  Hungariam,  I,  nos.  2,  8. 

^  Possibly  there  was  a  copy  in  the  lost  register  of  the  last  year  of  Innocent's  poutifl- 
cate,  but  none  is  found  in  the  fragments  which  hav(!  been  recovered.  See  Delisle.  in 
nibliothftque  de  I'ficole  des  Chartes,  XLVI,  91,  92  ;  Rocquain,  in  Journal  des  Savants. 
1873,  p.  441  ;  Hampe,  in  Mittheilungen  des  Instituts  fiir  oesterreichische  Geschichts- 
forschuug,  XXIII,  546,  547.  Theiner  (Vetera  Monumenta  Slavorum,  no.  77)  prints  an 
inventory  of  a  portion  of  lliis  register  made  in  the  time  of  Innocent  VI.  and  Hampo 
(in  Mittheilungen  des  Instituts,  XXIII,  550-67)  edits  some  letters  of  the  nineteenth 
year  preserved  in  a  formulary.     See  also  Potthast,  Regesta,  I.  pp.  439-00. 

*"  Theiner,  Vetera  Monumenta  Historica  Hungariam,  I,  no.   2. 


270  AMEBIC  AX    HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

heads  of  the  knightly  orders  would  ordinarily  b-  more  interested  than 
the  bishops  to  obtain  as  large  a  sum  as  possible  for  the  Holy  Land, 
while  the  threat  of  a  concrete  penalty  would  be  likely  to  have  a  deter- 
rent effect  upon  underestimation.  The  letter  of  Honorius  III  was 
encyclicaP"  and  probably  kept  the  formulas  used  by  Innocent  III 
in  the  similar  communication  which  he  had  addressed  to  the  prelates 
of  several  provinces.-^  We  ought  to  be  able  to  feel  comfortably  cer- 
tain that  the  system  established  in  Hungary  was  applied  without 
great  change  in  England.  Yet  such  scattered  references  as  we  find  in 
English  sources  indicate  the  possibility  of  some  \  ariations. 

For  one  thing  the  legate  appears  to  have  had  charge  of  the  business 
in  England.  The  first  papal  instructions  to  the  English  collector, 
which  I  have  found^were  issued  to  Pandulph  on  18  August.  1220.2^ 
But  they  merely  urge  him  to  diligence  and  order  the  disposal  of  the 
proceeds;  they  do  not  constitute  the  original  connnission,  Pandulph 
had  been  engaged  in  the  work  earlier  in  1220  -'*,  and  some  assessments 
had  been  made  in  1217.^"  Either  of  two  hypotheses  seems  to  be  pos- 
sible. Since  others  than  the  masters  of  the  temple  and  the  hospital 
were  originally  appointed  collectors  in  some  provinces,^^  the  first 
commission  may  have  been  issued  to  Gualo,  who  was  sent  to  Eng- 
land as  legate  soon  after  the  council  of  the  Lateran^^,  and  taken 
over  by  Pandulph  when  he  succeeded  Gualo  as  legate  in  1218.''^  On 
the  other  hand,  the  masters  of  the  temple  and  the  hospital  may  have 
been  commissioned  originally  in  England,  as  in  Hungary,  and  later 
subordinated  to  Pandulph  or  superseded  by  him.  Early  in  1219 
Honorius  III  sent  members  of  his  immediate  household  to  various 
parts  of  Europe  to  superintend  the  work  of  the  local  collectors,^*  and 
these  appointments  were  part  of  his  settled  policy  to  remedy  the 
defects  which  he  had  found  inherent  in  a  decentralized  administra- 
tion.'* In  view  of  the  evidence  so  far  discovered,  I  see  no  reason  to 
regard  one  hypothesis  with  more  favor  tlian  the  other.    As  in  Hun- 

J^Potthast,  Regesta,  5362-65. 

"  Theiner,  Vetera  Monumcnta  Slavomm,  p.  68,  nos.  151,  152. 

'•Thelner,  Vetera  Monumenta  Illbernorum,  no.  40.  See  Mougozzi,  "Papa  Ouoiio  III  e 
le  sue  Relazioni  con  ringhilterra,"  in  Notizie  e  Document!  di  Storia  Senese,  an  extract 
from  BuUe  Tino  senese  di  Storia  Patria,  XVIII  (Siena,  1911;,  pp.  38,  39. 

"Potthast,  Regesta,  6285. 

*°  Ann.  de  Dunstaplia,  p.  52.  Payment  of  the  tax  is  first  mentioned  under  the  year 
1219  in  Ann.  de  Theokesberia,  p.  64  ;  Ann.  de  Wigornia,  p.  411. 

■^Thelner,  Vetera  Monumenta  Slavorum,  p.  68,  no.  252. 

3*  Norgate,  John  Lackland,  pp.  264-68 ;  Gasquet,  Henry  the  Third  and  the  Church, 
p.  24 ;  H.  Zimmermann,  Die  piipstlichc  Legation  in  der  ersten  Hiilfte  des  13.  Jahrhun- 
derts,  p.  46. 

"  Pandulph  was  appointed  on  12  September  and  arrived  in  England  early  in  De- 
cember: Norgate,  The  Minority  of  Henry  the  Third,  p.  Ill;  Gasquet,  Henry  the  Third 
and  the  Church,  p.  44;  Turner,  in  Trans,  of  the  Royal  Hist.  Soc,  N.  S.  XVIIi,  290; 
Potthast,  Regesta,  5905. 

"  Recueil  des  Hlstoriens  des  Gaules  et  de  la  France,  XIX,  676.  Pandulph  was  the 
papal  camerarius.  but  none  of  the  members  of  the  papal  household  appointed  in  1219 
was  a  legate. 

"Jordan,  De  Mercatoribus  Camerae  Apostolicae,  p.  71. 


EARLY  ASSESSMENTS   FOR  PAPAL  TAXATION.  271 

gary,  the  principal  English  collectors  were  assisted  by  deputies  se- 
lected from  among  the  local  clergy."*'  Another  divergence  appears, 
however,  in  the  method  of  assessment.  At  the  monastery  of  Dun- 
stable the  valuation  was  made  in  1217  "  secundum  communem  aesti- 
nuitionem  bonorum  virorum."'^  If  it  was  the  general  practice  in 
England  thus  to  determine  the  liability  of  each  taxpayer  by  the  testi- 
mony of  several  witnesses,  the  valuation  ought  to  have  been  more 
thorough  than  that  made  in  Hungary.  That  such  was  the  case  is  a 
plausible  hypothesis,^*  since  the  supervision  of  a  legate  would  be 
likely  to  produce  better  results,  and  since  this  mode  of  procedure  was 
a  well-established  English  custom.  Yet  the  incident  may  be  an  iso- 
lated example  of  the  way  chosen  by  one  monastic  community  to  decide 
its  own  responsibility.  I  am  inclined  to  think  this  the  more  probable 
explanation.  The  papal  mandate  to  the  clergy  of  the  province  of 
Gran  indicates  that  the  collectors  were  to  play  a  passive  part  and 
accept  without  question  the  valuations  offered  by  the  contributors. 
The  sentence  of  excommunication  was  self-executory  and  required 
no  action  on  the  part  of  the  collectors  to  put  it  in  motion. 

On  the  whole,  it  seems  probable  that  this  assessment  was  an  im- 
provement over  the  first,  although  the  paucity  of  evidence  makes  it 
rash  to  assert  that  there  was  a  significant  advance  in  administrative 
technique.^®  Nevertheless,  the  second  valuation  constitutes  a  land- 
mark in  the  history  of  the  taxation  of  clerical  incomes.  The  results 
wei'e  entered  upon  rolls  kept  by  the  collectors,*"  and  this  valuation 
was  the  first  preserved  in  written  form.*^  In  1226  the  valuation  was 
used  for  the  assessment  of  a  sixteenth  granted  to  the  king  by  the 
clergy.*^  Subsequently  it  became  the  invariable  practice  to  levy 
roj^al  taxes  upon  the  spiritual  revenues  of  the  clergy  according  to  the 
apportionment  fixed  under  the  direction  of  papal  agents  for  some  tax 
previously  levied  by  the  pope. 

The  third  assessment  of  English  clerical  revenues  for  papal  taxa- 
tion was  made  in  1229.*^  Gregory  IX  found  it  so  difficult  to  finance 
his  war  against  Frederick  II  that  in  1228  he  invoked  the  "  plenitude 
potestatis  "  for  the  first  time  to  compel  the  clergy  to  contribute  to  the 

^  Vetus  Registrum  Sarisberieuse,  II,  70,  n.  1. 

"  Ann.  tie  Dunstaplla,  p.  52. 

"  Graham  suggests  that  this  method  was  generally  employed  •■  Eng.  Hist.  Rev.,  XXIII, 
438. 

•*  Compare  Gottlob,  KreuzzugsSteuern,  p.  220. 

*"  Veins  Registrum  Sarlsberiense,   II,  70,  n.  1. 

"  Gottlob  believes  that  the  valuation  of  1229  is  the  oldest :  Kreuzzugs-Steuern,  p.  221. 
He  seems  to  have  been  misled  by  a  statement  made  In  the  chronicle  called  Flores  Hls- 
toriarum.    II,  207,  208. 

"  Vetus  Registrum  Sarlsberiense,  II,  64,  67,  69 ;  Patent  Rolls  of  the  Reign  of  Henry 
III,  1225-1232,  p.  64  ;  Ann.  de  Oseneia,  pp.  67,  68. 

•«  Ann.  de  Dunstaplla,  p.  114 ;  Ann.  de  Burton,  pp.  364,  365 ;  Roger  of  Wendover, 
ed.  Coxe,  IV,  202.  According  to  a  letter  Issueu  by  Stephen,  the  collection  began  In  1228, 
but  the  "anno  secundo  "  of  the  date  obviously  6lioul4  be  "anno  tertio":  Vetus  Regis- 
trum Sarlsberiense,  11,  149,  J50. 


272  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

papal  needs.**  He  ordered  the  clergy  of  the  province  of  Canter- 
bury to  deliver  the  tenth  of  their  annual  revenues  to  his  chaplain, 
Stephen  of  Anagni,*'  who  had  been  acting  as  collector  of  the  papal 
dues  in  England  since  late  in  1'227.*®  He  informed  them  that  he 
had  made  his  intentions  more  fully  known  to  Stephen  and  enjoined 
them  to  pay  their  shares  without  delay  at  the  times  fixed  by  him.*^ 
In  case  any  doubt  should  arise  about  the  exact  meaning  of  the  phrase 
"  decimam  omnium  reddituum  et  proventuum  vestrorum,"  they  were 
to  accept  the  interpretation  of  the  collector  under  pain  of  the  sentence 
customarily  meted  out  to  rebels.*®  Stephen's  commission  authorized 
him  to  excommunicate  taxpayers  guilty  of  fraud.  He  was  directed 
to  make  the  valuation  with  the  aid  of  competent  and  trustworthy 
deputies,  whom  he  should  bind  to  the  faithful  performance  of  their 
duties  by  oath  or  in  any  other  manner  which  seemed  to  him  ex- 
pedient.*® 

His  deputies  in  each  diocese  were  empowered  to  summon  the  arch- 
deacons, the  rural  deans,  the»rectors,  and  any  others  whose  presence 
they  desired,  to  come  before  the  bishop.""  They  could  compel  the 
clergy,  when  assembled,  to  disclose  under  oath  the  number  of  churches 
in  each  rural  deanery  and  the  value  of  each  church.  They  were  to  al- 
low the  bishop  to  substitute  for  a  sworn  declaration  his  personal  mani- 
fest based  on  the  evidence  of  his  officials,  stewards,  and  other  servants 
who  would  have  knowledge  of  the  facts.    In  the  cathedral  church 

*•  Gottlob,  Kreuzzugs-Stcu^Ti,  pp.  09-71  ;  Winkelmann,  Kaiser  Frledrich  II,  II,  41. 

"  20  December,  1228 :  Vetus  Reglstrum  Sarisberlense,  II,  144-46.  The  same  mandate, 
"  etsl  natural!  sit,"  with  many  variations,  was  addressed  to  the  clergy  of  Milan  on 
22  November :  Registres  de  Gr^golre  IX,  251.  For  the  provinces  required  to  pay  this 
tenth  see  Winkelmann,  Kaiser  Frledrich  II,  II,  41,  n.  2. 

**  His  royal  safe  conduct  was  Issued  22  October,  1227  (Patent  Rolls  of  the  Reign  of 
Henry  III,  1225-1232,  p.  150).  His  commission  as  general  collector  of  papal  dues  is 
dated  23  December,  1228  (Vetus  Reglstrum  Sarisberlense,  II,  146),  but  he  was  acting 
in  this  capacity  earlier,  since  he  received  payment  on  21  February,  1228,  of  the  royal 
tribute  due  to  the  papacy  (P.  R.  O.,  Liberate  Roll,  Chancery,  no.  7,  m.  8).  The  annalist 
of  St.  Paul's  (Mon.  Germ.  Hist.  Script.,  XXVIII,  548)  notes  his  coming  under  the 
year  1228.  Roger  of  Wendover  (ed.  Coxe,  IV,  198)  and  the  annalist  of  Dunstable 
(p.  114)  place  his  arrival  in  1229,  and  they  have  been  followed  by  Luard,  On  the  Rela- 
tions between  England  and  Rome,  pp.  51.  52,  and  Gasquet,  Henry  III  and  the  Church, 
p.  125. 

*' "  Cum  pro  tuendo,"  28  December,  1228  :  Vetus  Reglstrum  Sarisberlense,  II,  148. 

«"Cum  ad  exigendas,"  30  December,  1228:  ibid.,  II,  147. 

""Cum  ad  exigendas,"  17  December,  1228:  ibid.,  II,  147. 

**  Concerning  the  activities  of  the  deputies  we  possess  fairly  full  Information.  The 
executory  letters  which  Stephen  issued  to  the  two  assistants  whom  he  assigned  to  the 
dioceses  of  Salisbury  and  Worcester  were  transcribed  and  preserved  by  the  dean  and 
chapter  of  Salisbury  :  Vetus  Reglstrum  Sarisberlense,  II,  149-52.  Roger  of  Wendover 
(ed.  Coxe,  IV.  200-203)  follows  the  tenor  of  thcso  lottf>rs  fairly  closely  in  his  narrative, 
and  several  of  the  many  other  chroniclers  who  give  less  detailed  accounts  supply  addi- 
tional particulars:  Flores  Historiarum,  II,  206,  207;  Ann.  de  Duastaplia,  pp.  114,  115, 
125 ;  Ann.  de  Theokesberia,  pp.  73,  77 ;  Ann.  de  Wigornla,  p.  421 ;  Ann.  de  Wintonia, 
p.  85 ;  Ann.  de  Oseneia,  p.  70  ;  Ann.  de  Burton,  pp.  245,  364,  305 ;  "  Ann.  de  Southwark," 
Mon.  Germ.  Hist.  Script,  XXVII,  431,  432;  Chron.  Petroburgense,  ed.  Stapleton,  p.  10; 
Chron.  Abbatiae  de  Evesham,  p.  274 ;  Cont.  of  Gervase  of  Canterbury,  II,  128 ;  Chronicle 
of  Abingdon,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  MS.  993,  ad  annum  1229  ;  Chronicle  of  Peter- 
borough, Muniments  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Peterborough,  Swaffbam  Cartulary, 
fo.  3. 


EAKLY  ASSESSMENTS  FOR  PAPAL  TAXATION.        27S 

they  coiild  require  three  or  more  members  of  tlie  chapter  to  give 
sworn  testimony  to  the  vahie  of  the  goods  of  the  whole  community, 
and  in  each  monastery  as  many  members  of  the  convent  as  they 
desired.  The  assessors  were  authorized  further  to  excommunicate 
any  who  should  give  false  evidence  or  commit  fraud,  and  to  excom- 
municate, suspend  from  office,  or  place  under  interdict  those  who 
should  oppose  them  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties.  The  collector 
reserved  to  himself  the  right  to  depose  defrauders  from  their  bene- 
fices and  to  reserve  for  papal  provision  benefices  thus  voided. 

The  oath  required  from  the  clergy  summoned  to  appear  before  the 
assessors  explains  exactly  what  information  was  demanded.  "We 
swear,"  reads  the  formula,"  *  *  *  to  assess  such  a  church  faithfully 
and  completely,  namely,  the  benefices  of  the  parson  and  the  vicar,  the 
pension,  and  anything  which  the  chaplains  and  clerks  appointed  to 
the  service  of  the  church  receive,  not  according  to  the  valuation  made 
for  the  twentieth,  but  according  to  whatever  assessment  can  be  made 
in  a  better  way  and  more  productively,  and  without  fraud  or  deceit, 
or  any  abatement,  to  declare  and  to  reduce  to  writing  and  to  deliver 
to  Masters  B.  and  S.  [i.  e.,  the  assessors],  or  to  him  whom  they  dele- 
gate, the  full  truth  concerning  all  rents,  revenues,  crops,  oblations, 
tithes,  increase  and  fruits  of  animals,  and  all  incidental  receipts 
which  in  any  way  belong  to  us  or  to  the  church  by  whatever  name 
they  may  be  called,^^  no  expenses  or  debts  having  been  deducted 
under  any  circumstances.  Moreover,  if  any  one  ventures  to  hinder  the 
said  valuation  by  threats,  blandishments,  promises,  or  alarms,  we 
will  obtain  from  the  said  masters  his  ecclesiastical  censure;  and  we 
swear  to  observe  this  Avithout  fraud,  guile,  or  evil  intent." 

This  procedure  was  far  better  designed  to  secure  true  estimates  of 
taxable  property  than  any  previously  tried  by  the  papacy.  This 
time  the  papal  agents  had  the  initiative,  they  could  compel  the  tax- 
payers to  reveal  their  incomes  under  oath,  and  they  could  enforce 
their  authority  with  adequate  penalties.  The  deputies  were  bound 
to  the  general  collector  by  oath,  and  Stephen,  in  the  one  instance 
recorded,  selected  as  deputies  members  of  his  own  and  the  papal 
households,  whose  interests  would  tend  to  be  with  the  administrative 
service  and  not  with  the  taxpayers.  The  papal  camera  could  check 
the  work  of  the  collector  and  his  assistants  by  inspection  of  the 
written  accounts  which  they  were  required  to  keep.  The  process  of 
centralization,  which  began  apparently  under  Honorius  III,  was 
completed  in  all  its  essential  outlines* in  1229.^-  For  the  remainder 
of  the  thirteenth  century  the  papacy  followed  the  fundamental  prin- 

^'  An  explanation  of  these  terms  is  given  by  Gottlob    Kreuzzugs-Steuern,  pp.  206-8. 

"  Gottlob  ascribes  this  centralization  to  the  time  of  Innocent  IV,  but  he  seems  to  be 
unaware  of  the  documents  preserved  in  the  register  of  Salisbury  :  Kreu:<zugs-SteuerQ, 
pp.   185,  186. 

88582'^— 19 18 


274  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

ciples  of  assessment  established  in  1229,  although  there  were  many 
subsequent  improvements  in  their  detailed  application. 

Testimony  is  not  lacking  that  the  valuation  increased  notably  the 
burden  upon  the  taxpayers.  None  of  the  chroniclers  gives  definite 
comparisons,  but  several  voice  forcibly  the  outraged  sensibilities  of 
the  clergy.  The  annalist  of  Waverley,  whose  house  was  exempt, 
contented  himself  with  the  observation  that  the  nuncio  caused  the 
tenth  to  be  collected  "  very  severely."  '^  but  others  did  not  hesitate 
to  accuse  the  pope  of  extortion."**  The  most  vigorous  protest  came 
from  the  historian  of  St.  Albans,  as  was  apt  to  be  the  case  when 
papal  taxation  was  concerned.  "  For  he  [i.  e.,  Stephen],"  says  Roger, 
"  was  such  an  unjust  exactor  in  the  execution  of  this  business  that  he 
compelled  each  to  pay  to  him  the  value  of  the  tenth  even  from  the 
crops  of  the  next  autumn,  which  were  still  growing  in  the  blade.  The 
prelates,  indeed,  having  no  other  resource,  sold  some  of  the  chalices, 
goblets,  reliquaries,  and  other  sacred  utensils  of  the  altar  and  placed 
others  in  pawn  at  interest.  The  land  is  filled  with  continuous  though 
secret  maledictions  and  with  universal  prayers  that  such  an  exaction 
may  never  be  of  benefit  to  the  extortioners." '' 

Gregory  IX  *®  did  not  again  attempt  to  utilize  this  source  of  rev- 
enue until  1238"*^  when  he  was  organizing  relief  for  the  hard- 
pressed  Latin  kingdom  of  Constantinople.^®     On  November  24  he 

"  Ann.  de  Waverlela,  p.  305. 

"  Ann.  de  Theokesberla,  9:  73. 

*5  Roger  of  Wendover,  ed.  Coxe,  pp.  202,  203.     See  also  Flores  Hlstoriarum,  II,  207,  208. 

»*  The  history  of  the  valuations  for  papal  taxes  on  incomes  levied  between  1229  and 
1254  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  piece  together.  The  evidence  is  so  fragmentary 
and  so  confused  that  no  historian  yet  has  succeeded  even  in  the  mere  correct  enumera- 
tion ~of  the  papai  taxes  paid  during  the  period.  The  following  instances  of  confusion 
on  the  part  of  secondary  writers  may  be  cited  by  way  of  illustration  :  Gasquet,  Henry 
the  Third  and  the  Church,  pp.  179,  240-269  ;  Mitchell.  Studies  in  Taxation  under  John 
and  Henry  III,  pp.  264,  267 ;  Smith,  Church  and  State  in  the  Middle  Ages,  pp. 
139—43 ;  Richardson,  The  National  Movement  in  the  Reign  of  Henry  III,  pp. 
89-104 ;  Prothero,  Simon  de  Montfort,  pp.  74-80 ;  Tout,  History  of  England  from  the 
Accession  of  Henry  III,  pp.  58-60 ;  Stubbs,  Constitutional  History,  4th  ed.,  II, 
70 ;  Ramsay,  The  Dawn  of  the  Constitution,  pp.  111-115 ;  Gottlob,  Kreuzzugs-Steuern, 
pp.  34,  35,  67,  72 ;  Weber,  Ueber  das  Verhiiltness  Englands  zu  Rom,  p.  99. 

"  Two  chroniclers  record  the  levy  of  a  tenth  during  the  Interval.  Internal  evidence 
indicates  that  the  writer  of  Flores  Hlstoriarum  (II,  207)  misplaced  the  tenth  of  1229. 
The  other  chronicler  probably  did  the  same  thing.  In  a  set  of  annals  found  in  the 
register  of  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury,  commonly  called  the  Red  Book  (Brit.  Mus., 
Cottonlan  MS.,  Julius  D.  II,  fo.  20).  under  the  year  1234,  appears  the  entry:  "A  tenth 
part  of  all  the  goods  of  the  whole  English  church  Is  given  to  the  pope."  In  this  com- 
pilation the  numerical  dates  are  often  wrong,  but  the  dominical  letters  are  right. 
Richard's  death,  for  example,  is  located  under  1205,  but  the  dominical  letter  is  that 
of  1199  (Hardy,  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Materials,  III,  p.  75).  The  tenth  of  1229 
seems  to  have  been  misdated  by  five  y^ars  in  a  similar  way.  Ko  other  chronicler  men- 
tions a  tax  in  this  year,  nor  is  there  record  of  any  among  the  papal  letters.  On 
4  September,  1234,  however,  the  pope  requested  the  clergy  and  various  communities  of 
England  to  provide  armed  warriors  equipped  with  funds  for  their  expenses  for  the  aid 
of  the  Holy  Land  (Potthast,  Regesta,  9525),  and  nuncios  came  to  England  empowered 
to  collect  alms  for  the  same  purpose  (Matthew  Paris,  Chronica  Majora,  III,  279-88). 
The  second  entry  may  be  due  to  the  confusion  of  these  alms  with  a  tax. 

**  Norden,  Das  Papsttum  und  Byzanz,  pp.  305-13 ;  Registres  de  Gr4goire  IX,  4205-19. 


EARLY  ASSESSMENTS  FOR  PAPAL  TAXATION,  275 

addressed  letters  to  the  Kings  of  England  and  France,  requesting 
them  to  seek  the  assent  of  their  bishops  to  the  payment  by  their 
clerical  subjects  of  a  thirtieth  of  their  incomes  for  three  years.®' 
He  suggested  craftily  that  they  deal  with  the  prelates  individually 
and  secretly,  and  speak  first  with  those  who  were  their  closest 
friends.®"  A  year  later  Gregory  oifered  the  proceeds  arising  in  Eng- 
land from  this  and  several  other  sources  to  Richard  of  Cornwall  to 
provide  for  the  expenses  of  his  projected  expedition  to  the  Holy 
Land.®^  What  action  was  taken  by  the  bishops  in  answer  to  the 
papal  request  I  have  not  discovered;  but,  if  there  was  any,  it  was 
probably  unfavorable.  In  1244,  Richard  of  Cornwall,  who  had  mean- 
while fulfilled  magnificently  his  promise  of  a  crusade,*^  acknowledged 
the  receipt  from  the  bishop  of  Salisbury  of  a  portion  of  the  papal 
concession.  He  specifies  the  revenues  whence  the  sum  was  derived, 
but  among  them  does  not  mention  the  thirtieth.*'^  His  silence  is  not 
conclusive,  but  it  renders  probable  the  supposition  that  the  tax  was 
not  granted  by  the  clerg3^®* 

Jt  is  not  unlikely  that  Gregory  IX  ceased  to  insist  upon  the  grant 
of  the  thirtieth  for  Constantinople  because  of  his  desire  to  tax  the 
clergy  on  his  own  account.  In  1239  the  renewal  of  war  with  the 
Emperor  plunged  him  heavily  into  debt,*^®  and  tc  satisfy  his  creditors 
he  ordered  the  clergy  of  France  and  of  the  British  Isles  to  provide 
him  with  a  subsidy.^®    The  tax  has  left  such  scant  trace  in  written  rec- 

••  "  Triceslma  reddltuum  suorum." 

"Reglstres  de  Grtgoire  IX,  4605,  4607,  4609,  4610,  4615,  4618;  Raynaldus,  Ann., 
1238,  sees.  23,  24  ;  Bliss.  Calendar,  I,  177. 

"  23  November,  1239  :  Registres  de  Gregoire  IX,  4965  ;  Bliss,  Calendar,  I,  185. 

"  Rohricht,  in  Forschungen  zun  Deutschen  Geschichte,  XXVI,  67-102. 

*»  Muniments  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Salisbury,  IV,  box  A,  1. 

'"*  The  silence  of  Matthew  Paris  is  also  significant,  since  he  rarely  lost  an  opportunity 
to  inveigh  against  the  pecuniary  demands  of  the  pope :  Plehn,  Mattheus  Parislensls, 
pp.  102-6 ;  Smith,  Church  and  State,  pp.  174-78 ;  Luard,  introduction  to  vol.  Ill  of 
Chronica  Majora,  p.  xi.  Gasquet  (Henry  the  Third  and  the  Church,  p.  179)  and 
Mitchell  (Studies  in  Taxation,  p.  264)  confuse  the  thirtieth  with  the  aid  sought  by 
Gregory  IX  in  1239  for  the  war  against  Fredericlf  II.  I  have  found  no  mention  of 
the  tax  in  French  chronicles. 

«*  Nicholas  de  Curbio  in  Muratori,  Rerum  Italicarum  Scriptores,  III,  592j8. 

*«  The  letters  are  not  to  be  found  in  the  extant  registers  or  in  Potthast's  Regesta. 
They  were  published  in  England  by  the  legate,  Otho,  at  the  council  of  Reading  held 
In  1240  (Matthew  Paris,  IV,  9-11),  but  I  have  not  found  the  exact  date  of  that  assem- 
bly. The  decree  was  known  to  Henry  III  before  22  February,  1240  (Close  Rolls  of  the 
Reign  of  Henry  Ili,  1237-1242,  pp.  175,  176).  A  papal  letter,  addressed  to  the  bishop 
of  Palestrlna,  papal  legate  in  France,  dated  10  January,  1240,  refers  to  the  aid  in 
France  as  already  ordered  (Registres  de  Gregoire  IX,  5067),  and  it  seems  probable  that 
the  original  mandate  was  issued  about  the  time  of  the  appointment  of  the  legate, 
namely,  on  21  October,  1239  (Teulet,  Layettes,  II,  2835  ;  ZImmermann,  Die  papstiiche 
Legation,   pp.   112-14). 

That  the  papal  letters  were  In  the  form  of  a  mandate  is  evident  from  one, of 
the  objections  oflfered  by  the  English  bishops  and  archdeacons  against  the  Imposition 
of  the  tax :  "  Dicunt  quod  contribuere  non  debent  »  ♦  •  turn,  quia  fleret  contra 
libertatem  ecclesiae,  quod  patet  ex  forma  ejusdem  scrlpti  (i.  e.,  apostolicl)  ubi  dlcltur, 
contradicentes  ecclesiastica  censura  compescentea "  ;  Matthew  Paris,  IV,  37.  The 
annalist  of  Tewkesbury  (p.  115)  says :  "  Omnes  et  singull  clerlci  contradixerunt,  ne 
consentirent  in  contributionem  ad  mandatum  domini  Papae." 


276  AMERICAN    HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

ords  that  its  very  nature  is  now  obscure.®^  The  papal  mandate  has 
been  lost,  and  we  have  to  rely  chiefly  on  the  descriptions  of  chron- 
iclers, who  seem  to  have  had  an  aversion  to  exact  statement  when 
dealing  with  taxes.''^  Without  doubt  foreign  clerks  beneficed  in  Eng- 
land were  asked  to  give  a  fifth  of  their  incomes.®"  The  native  clergy 
were  divided  into  two  classes.  The  prelates  apparently  made  in- 
dividual agreements  with  the  legate  to  pay  lump  sums,^"  bearing  no 
definite  proportional  relation  to  their  incomes."  The  lower  clergy 
paid  a  fractional  portion  of  their  yearly  incomes,  varying  in  rate 
from  one  diocese  to  another."  I  have  found  no  indication  of  the 
mode  of  assessment  desired  by  the  pope,  or  of  the  practice  actually 
followed;  but  I  doubt  if  it  could  have  been  worth  the  effort \o  make 
a  new  valuation  which  would  have  omitted  the  great  wealth  of  the 
prelates. 

Innocent  IV,  who  had  to  meet  fiscal  obligations  contracted  by 
Gregory  IX,^*  turned  to  the  English  clergy  for  aid  at  once.  Early  in 
1244  he  dispatched  to  England  his  cameral  clerk.  Master  Martin,^* 
whom  Matthew  Paris  has  rendered  notorious.^*  He  sought  from  ^he 
English  clergy  an  aid  of  10,000  marks.  The  demand  was  opposed, 
and  Martin  was  forced  to  leave  the  country  in  1245  without  the 
desired  concession.^*     But  the  poj)e  did  not  give  up  his  quest.     At 

"  The  amount  of  confusion  ex'stlng  may  be  ascertained  by  a  comparison  of  the  fol- 
lowing secondary  accounts :  Stubbs,  Constitutional  History,  II,  70 ;  Tout,  History  of 
England,  p.  58 ;  Gasquet,  Ileary  the  Third  and  the  Church,  pp.  179-88  ;  Ramsay,  Dawn, 
pp.  92,  93 ;  Gottlob,  Kreuzzu^s-Steuern,  pp.  34,  35,  72,  73 ;  Weber,  Ueber  das  Verh^ltness, 
pp.  98-120;  Mitchell,  Studies,  pp.  264,  265. 

**  Ann.  de  Dunstaplia,  pp.  154,  155 ;  Ann.  de  Wlgornia,  p.  432 ;  Ann.  de  Burton, 
pp.  257,  366 ;  Ann.  de  Theolcesberia,  pp.  115,  116 ;  Ann.  de  Wlntonia,  p.  88  ;  "  Ann.  de 
Southwarlc,"  Mon.  Germ.  Hist.  Script.,  XXVII,  432  ;  Chron.  Petroburgense,  cd.  Stapleton, 
p.  14 ;  Hist,  et  Cart.  Monasterli  S.  Petri  Gloucestriae,  I,  28 ;  Matthew  Paris,  IV,  9-11, 
15.  35-43.  60. 

"  Close  Rolls  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  III,  1237-1242,  pp.  175.  176 ;  Ann.  de  Dunstaplia, 
p.  154 ;  "  Ann.  de  Southwark,"  Mon.  Germ.  Hist.  Script.,  XXVII,  432  ;  Ann.  de  Theokes- 
beria,  p.  115.  Matthew  Paris  (IV,  9,  10,  15,  35)  displays  his  usual  prolixity  and  con- 
fusion. He  speaks  in  one  place  of  a  fifth  of  the  goods  and  revenues  of  the  foreigners 
beneficed  In  England,  and  in  another  of  a.  fifth  part  of  the  goods  of  the  English  prelates. 

"Ann.  de  Burton,  p.   366;   Ann.  de  Dunstaplia,   p.    154;   Matthew   Paris,    IV,    15,   35. 

"  Dunstable,  for  example,  paid  either  40  or  60  marks  for  the  tenth  of  1229.  and  20 
marks  for  the  aid  of  1240 ;  Burton  paid  £24  14s.  2d.  and  £20 ;  Tewkesbury,  109  marks 
and  50  marks ;  the  priory  of  Worcester,  30  marks  and  120  marks :  Ann.  de  Dunstaplia, 
pp.  115,  125,  154;  Ann.  de  Burton,  pp.  365,  366;  Ann.  de  Theokesberia,  pp.  77,  116; 
Ann.  de  Wigornia,  pp.  422,  432. 

"  Historical  Manuscripts  Commission,  Calendar  of  the  Manuscriptti  of  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  of  Wells,  I,  403 ;  Idem,  Reports  on  the  MSS.  of  Wells  Cathedral,  pp.  175,  176 ; 
Matthew  Paris,  IV,  38-43;  Registres  d'Innocent  IV,  1862. 

"Nicholas  de  Curblo  In  Muratori,   III,  592^. 

'*  I  have  not  found  Martin's  commission.  On  7  October,  1243,  he  was  sent  on  papal 
business  to  Viterbo :  Registres  d'Innocent  IV,  167 ;  Potthast,  Regesta,  11153.  On 
7  January,  1244,  the  pope  addressed  letters,  of  which  Martin  was  to  he  the  bearer,  to 
th'e  abbots  and  convents  of  the  diocese  of  Canterbury :  Matthew  Paris,  IV,  369,  370. 
His  commission  was  probably  issued  about  the  same  time. 

™  Ibid.,  IV,  284,  285,  358,  368-76,  379,  391.  402,  416,  418,  420-22. 

™  Ibid.,  IV,  362-76,  420,  421 ;  Ann.  de  Dunstaplia,  pp.  166,  167 ;  Calendar 
of  the  Patent  Rolls,  1232-1247,  p.  463 ;  Prynne,  An  Exact  Chronological  Vindication, 
II,  618.  634 ;  Sweetman,  Calendar  of  Documents  relating  to  Ireland,  I,  2746.  2757 ; 
P.  B.  C,  Close  Rolls,  29  Henry  III,  m.  9  t. 


EARLY   ASSESSMENTS   FOR   PAPAL  TAXATION.  277 

the  council  of  Lyons,  held  in  1245,  he  persuaded  six  English  bishops 
to  attempt  the  assessment  and  collection  of  the  aid  previously  sought 
by  Martin,  which  was  now  stated  to  be  6,000  marks/^  Since  the  aid 
was  called  a  twentieth  by  contemporaries,^®  it  was  without  much  doubt 
a  tax  on  incomes/®  The  collectors  apportioned  it  in  accordance  with 
arrangements  made  by  Martin  before  his  departure.®**  Since  he  could 
not  have  made  a  new  assessment  for  a  tax  which  the  clergy  refused 
to  grant,  presumably  he  was  prepared  to  use  an  old  one.  In  all  prob- 
ability it  was  the  valuation  of  1229.  The  papal  camera,  in  which 
Martin  was  a  clerk,  had  a  copy  of  this  valuation,®^  and,  unless  a  new 
appraisement  was  made  in  1239  or  1240,  it  was  the  most  recent  and 
consequently  the  most  likely  to  have  been  used.  There  is,  moreover, 
some  reason  to  believe  that  6,000  marks  was  the  yield  of  a  twentieth 
assessed  upon  the  valuation  of  1229.®^ 

Meanwhile  the  council  of  Lyons  had  commanded  thei  payment  by 
all  the  clergy  of  a  twentieth  of  their  incomes  for  three  years  in  aid  of 
the  Holy  Land  ®^  and  the  payment  by  certain  classes  of  the  nonresi- 
dent clergy  of  a  fractional  portion  of  their  incomes,  varying  from 
a  twentieth  to  a  half,  in  aid  of  the  Latin  kingdom  of  Constantinople.®* 
The  decree  aroused  from  the  English  clergy  prolonged  opposition 
and  repeated  protests,  which  received  the  hearty  support  of  Henry 

"  An  undated  papal  letter  quoted  in  a  letter  of  the  bishop  of  Norwich,  dated 
24  March,  1246:  Matthew  Paris,  IV.  555-57.  Potthast  (Regesta,  11611)  dates  it  be- 
tween 1  .January  and  23  March,  1245,  but  it  probably  was  issued  late  in  1245  or  early 
in  1246.  In  his  letter  the  pope  states  that  he  has  received  no  reply  to  his  earlier  letter 
written  to  the  six  bishops  after  their  return  from  his  presence.  Since  at  least  four 
of  the  six  bishops  had  attended  the  council  of  Lyons  (Huillard-Breholles  in  Notices 
et  Extraits  des  Manuscrlts,  XXI,  ii,  271 ;  Ann.  de  Wintonla,  p.  90 ;  Calendar  of  the 
Patent  Rolls,  1232-1247,  p.  453),  the  eayHer  letter  was  probably  written  after  17  .July, 
1245,  when  the  council  had  Its  last  session  ("  Brevis  Nota,"  Mon.  Germ.  Hist.  Const., 
II,  pp.  515,  516).  The  letter  cited  above  was  sent  after  the  allowance  of  an  interval 
sufficient  for  the  receipt  of  a  reply  to  the  first  letter. 

'•  Matthew  Paris,  IV,  584 ;  Cont.  of  Gervase  of  Canterbury,  II,  202 ;  Chronicle  of 
Glastonbury,  Bodleian  Library.  Laud  MS.,  750,  fo.  4. 

"Mitchell  (Studies,  p.  267)  says  "the  tax  was  not  based  on  an  assessed  value  of 
clerical  revenues,"  but  he  produces  no  evidence  to  substantiate  the  assertion. 

*>  Grosseteste,  Eplstolae,  p.  341. 

"Flores  Historiarum,  II,  207,   208. 

»2The  annalist  of  Dunstable  (p.  186)  calls  an  aid  of  6,000  marlvs  levied  in  1253  a 
twentieth.  The  part  of  this  sum  levied  on  spiritualities  was  assessed  on  the  valuation 
of  1299  (below,  p.  279),  but  this  tax  was  paid  by  the  clergy  of  the  Province  of  Can- 
terbury alone,  while  the  aid  of  1246  was  paid  by  the  clergy  of  all  England.  The  annalist 
of  Tewkesbury  (pp.  150,  151),  however,  thought  that  the  levy  in  1253  applied  to  all 
England,  and  the  annalist  of  Dunstable  may  have  had  a  similar  misconception. 

^  Hardouin,  Acta  Concillorum,  VII,  392-95.  The  decree  repeats  nearly  verbatim  that 
of  the  fourth  council  of  the  Lateran,  and  the  same  classes  are  exempted  from  the  tax. 

**  Ibid.,  VII.  390.  391 ;  Ann.  de  Burton,  pp.  276-78.  Contemporary  chroniclers  gen- 
erally describe  these  taxes  inaccurately.  See,  for  example,  Matthew  Paris,  IV,  580 ; 
"  Annales  Stadenses,"  Mon.  Germ.  Hist.  Script.,  XVI,  369.  Secondary  writers  treat  the 
tax  carelessly  with  the  exception  of  Berger  and  Dehlo :  Ramsay,  Dawn,  pp.  111-18 ; 
Mitchell,  Studies,  pp.  266,  267 ;  Gasquet,  Henry  the  Third  and  the  Church,  pp.  241. 
253,  254,  263-69 ;  Gottlob,  Kreuzzugs-Steuern,  pp.  48-52,  66,  67,  75-7 ;  Prothero 
Simon  de  Montfort,  pp.  77,  78;  Smith,  Church  and  State,  pp.  139,  143;  Stubbs,  Con 
stitutional  History,  II,  70  ;  Berger.  introduction  to  vol.  II  of  Registros  d'Innocent  IV, 
pp.  cxxxiv-clxi ;  Dehio,  Inuocenz  IV  und  England,  pp.  30,  31,  38-42. 


278  AMERICAN    HISTORICAL   ASSOCIATION. 

III.*'  The  last  word  of  Innocent  IV  on  the  subject,  pven  on  12  June 
1247,  was  to  tlie  effect  that  these  taxes  had  been  imposed  univer- 
sally by  a  general  council  and  could  not  be  remitted.*"'  The  subse- 
quent course  of  events  affords  abundant  opportunity  for  speculation, 
but  it  has  left  no  trace  in  the  series  of  documents  which  record  the 
earlier  history  of  these  taxes.  The  collection  of  the  subvention  for 
Constantinople  had  begun.^^  Whether  it  continued  and  whether  the 
twentieth  for  the  Holy  Land  was  levied  at  all  are  open  questions.'* 
The  silence  of  the  chroniclers  may  mean  that  the  taxes  were  never 
paid.  It  may  equally  well  mean  that  Henry  III  and  the  clergy  gave 
way  before  the  papal  insistence  as  they  had  so  often  done  before.  A 
successful  resistance  would  have  been  an  event  so  exceptional  in  char- 
acter that  contemporaries  would  have  been  as  likely  to  notice  it  as  to 
notice  another  of  the  postponed  acquiescences  so  habitual  in  this 
period.  The  silence  of  the  registers  of  Innocent  IV  is  more  signifi- 
cant,*' since  they  contain  many  letters,  issued  after  12  June,  1247, 
concerned  with  the  levy  of  these  taxes  in  other  lands.®*  Whether  the 
pope  intended  to  have  a  new  assessment  for  these  taxes  does  not  ap- 
peal- in  the  evidence  at  our  disposal,  but  if  the  taxes  were  not  levied, 
as  seems  probable,  it  is  also  probable  that  no  new  valuation  was 
made. 

In  1247  Innocent  IV  again  appealed  to  the  English  clergy  for  an 
aid  to  meet  his  personal  needs.*^  The  exempt  clergy  agreed  to  pay 
lump  sums,  fixed  by  individual  negotiations  with  the  papal  com- 
missioner,*^ and  the  remainder  of  the  clergy  to  contribute  11,000 
marks."^  This  sum  was  apportioned  among  the  clergy  according  to 
the  assessment  of  1229."* 

"Matthew  Paris,  IV,  473,  518-22,  526.   560,  581-85,   590,  594-97. 

*•  Rymer,  Foedera,  I,  266.     The  letter  Is  erroneously  dated  1246  by  the  editor. 

"BllsB,  Calendar,  I,  232. 

*•  Berger  (Introduction  to  vol.  II  of  Registres  d'Innocent  IV,  p.  cxll)  asserts  that 
the  collection  of  the  twentieth  had  also  begun,  but  I  have  found  no  evidence  of  It. 
He  concludes,  however,  that  we  can  not  determine  whether  the  taxes  were  levied  In 
England 'or  not.  Gottlob  (Kreuzzugs-Steuern,  p.  67)  decides  that  they  were  levied  and 
Dehlo  (Innocenz  IV  und  England,  p.  41)  that  they  were  not.  Other  modern  historians 
assume  that  the  taxes  were  levied,  but  they  offer  no  proof,  or  supply  evidence  which 
relates  to  the  papal  aids  and  not  to  the  subsidies  for  the  Holy  Land  and  Constantinople. 

»•  I  refer  to  the  extant  printed  registers,  which,  I  assume,  Include  all  those  known  to 
exist. 

"•Reglstres  d'Innocent  IV.  3055,  3057,  3058,  3065.  3383,  3384,  3432,  3438-40,  3450, 
3451,  3459,  3468,  3488,  3545,  3551,  3719,  3755,  3979,  4120,  4166,  4238.  4292,  See 
also  the  references  given  In  Berger's  Introduction  to  vol.  II,  pp.  cxxxlx-cxll. 

•1  Matthew  Paris,  IV,  599 ;  VI,  119,  120,  144,  145. 

•»  Idem,  IV,  599,  600,  617-23. 

••  Idem,  VI,  144,  145.  The  sum  probably  represented  a  tenth  with  the  incomes  of 
the  exempt  clergy  omitted. 

»*Gunton,  History  of  the  Church  of  Peterburgh,  p.  307.  In  addition  to  this  aid, 
Italians  having  benefices  or  pensions  In  England  were  required  to  pay  a  fourth  of  their 
annual  incomes,  if  their  incomes  were  less  than  100  marks,  and  a  half,  if  their  Incomes 
were  more  than  100  marks ;  Reglstres  d'Innocent  IV,  2997,  3025.  The  many  Italians  who 
farmed  their  benefices  paid  their  quotas  on  the  sums  actually  received  from  the  farmers : 
Historical  Manuscripts  Commission,  Calendar  of  the  Manuscripts  of  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  of  Wells,  I,  85 ;  II,  558.  What  mode  of  assessment  was  used  in  other  cases 
does  not  appear. 


EARLY  ASSESSMENTS  FOR  PAPAL  TAXATIOlJ.  279 

Before  the  valuation  of  Norwich  in  1254  the  clergy  of  the  province 
of  Canterbury  paid  one  more  aid  to  the  pope.  On  this  occasion  the 
clergy  took  the  initiative  and  the  aid  was  offered  in  return  for  papal 
privileges  granted  at  their  request.*'  The  collectors  were  appointed 
by  the  pope,  with  instructions  to  distribute  the  burden  among  the 
contributors  in  proportion  to  their  respective  faculties.®®  They  or- 
dered their  agents  to  fix  the  value  of  the  temporal  goods  of  religious 
houses  by  estimation  and  the  value  of  churches  and  ecclesiastical 
benefices  "  secundum  taxationem  antiquam."  Both  were  to  be  ascer- 
tained by  inquisition.*^  The  work  was  done  during  the  autumn  of 
1252.»« 

Two  aspects  of  this  valuation  are  of  especial  significance.  The 
first  is  the  use  of  the  "  antiqua  taxatio."  The  phrase  could  have  been 
used  loosely  to  denote  any  old  valuation,  but  collectors  giving  in- 
structions to  their  agents  must  have  intended  to  designate  a  specific 
valuation.  Since  the  valuation  of  1229  had  been  employed  to  assess 
the  aid  of  1247,  it  was  the  only  one  which  could  have  been  described 
in  1252  as  "  antiqua  "  without  danger  of  confusion.  The  second  note- 
worthy aspect  is  the  different  procedure  with  regard  to  the  temporal- 
ities. They  were  not  assessed  like  the  churches  at  the  values  assigned 
to  them  in  1229,  but  at  values  estimated  in  1252.*®  The  reason  for 
the  distinction  is  not  made  apparent  in  the  instructions  of  the  collec- 
tors, but  two  explanations  may  be  suggested.  It  is  possible  that  the 
returns  from  temporal  goods  had  increased  in  value  so  much  more 
rapidly  than  those  from  churches  and  benefices,  that  a  new  valuation 
was  deemed  advisable  for  the  one  and  not  for  the  other.  Since  the 
sources  of  both  kinds  of  income  were  mainly  of  the  same  economic 
nature,^"**  this  does  not  seem  probable.  It  is  a  more  plausible  sup- 
position that  the  temporalities  had  not  been  assessed  in  1229.  The 
directions  given  to  the  assessors  in  1229,^"^  and  such  fragments  of 
the  valuation  as  we  now  possess  ^°^  do  not  conflict  with  this  hypothe- 
sis ;  and  Wykes's  description  of  the  valuation  as  "  antiqua  benefi- 
ciorum  taxatio  "  ^°'  assumes  significance  in  this  connection.  It  seems 
probable  that  the  valuation  of  1229  was  confined  to  those  classes  of 
clerical  income  later  known  as  spiritualities. 

This  survey  of  the  subject  has  necessarily  been  brief;  it  has  been 
suflficiently  thorough,  perhaps,  to  demonstrate  that  the  evidence  is 

^  Historical  Manuscripts  Commission,  Calendar  of  the  Manuscripts  of  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  of  Wells,  II,  563 ;  Matthew  Paris,  V,  225 ;  Ann.  de  Burton,  pp.  300-3. 

•«  Matthew  Paris,  VI,  213-15. 

w  Ibid.,  VI,  213-17. 

»» Ibid ;  Ann.  de  Theokesberia.  p.  150. 

»»  Matthew  Paris,  VI,  215,  216. 

i*"  Hudson,  The  "Norwich  Taxation"  of  1254,  p.  46  (reprinted  from  Norfolk  and 
Norwich  Archaeological   Society,  vol.   XVIII). 

»»>  Above,  pp.  272,  273. 

'•>'  British  Museum,  Cottonian  MS.,  Tiberius  B  II,  fo    235. 

»"P.  225. 


280  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

for  the  most  part  too  fragmentary  to  admit  other  than  tentative 
conclusions.  Apparently  the  three  valuations  of  1201,  1217,'**  and 
1229  were  the  only  assessments  of  English  clerical  incomes  made  for 
papal  taxation  previous  to  1254.  The}-  probably  included  only  the 
spiritualities  and  did  not  extend  to  the  temporalities.'"'  The  last  of 
the  three  was  the  most  thorough ;  it  furnished  the  precedents  for  the 
methods  followed  in  later  valuations;  it  probably  was  used  for  the 
assessment  of  all  papal  taxes  imposed  upon  the  incomes  of  the  Eng- 
lish clergj'  between  1229  and  1254;  and  it  was  probably  called  "  an- 
tiqua  taxatio  "  before  the  valuation  of  Norwich  acquired  that  appel- 
lation. 

*•♦  These  seem  to  be  the  dates  when  the  valuations  ordered  respectively  in  1199  and 
121^  were  taken  In  England  :  Roger  of  Wendover,  ed.  Coxe,  III,  167  ;  Ann.  de  Dunstuplia. 
p.  52.  * 

'*"  The  temporalities  probably  would  not  have  been  omitted  in  1229  if  they  had  been 
included  earlier.  When  the  attempt  was  made  to  extend  the  valuation  of  Norwich  to 
their  temporalities,  the  clergy  offered  a  strenuous  opposlti9n  on  the  ground  that  eccleai- 
aatical  revenues,  upon  which  the  tax  was  ordered  to  be  levied,  did  not  include  the  proQts 
derived  from  their  lay  tenements :  Matthew  Paris  V,  524-7,  553 ;  Ann.  de  Burton, 
p.  361  ;  Rymer,  Foedera,  I,  280,  342,  345,  346 ;  Theiner,  Vetera  Monumenta  Hiber- 
norum.  p.  57  ;  Calendar  of  the  Patent  Rolls,  1247-1258.  p.  39C ;  P.  R.  O..  Patent  Rolls. 
53  Henry  III.  m.  23  v.  The  three  earlier  assessments  had  applied  to  ecclesiastical  reve- 
nues, and  if  they  had  included  the  temporalities  of  the  clergy  the  contention  made  in 
1254  would  have  lacked  force. 


VIll.  THE  ASSESSMENT  OF  LAY  SUBSIDIES,  1290-1332. 


By  JAMES  F.  WILLARD, 

Pro/(ssor  oj  Ihatory  in  the.  University  o)  Colorado. 


281 


THE  ASSESSMENT  OF  LAY  SUBSIDIES,  1290-1332. 


By  James  F.  Willard. 


The  dates  selected  as  the  limits  of  this  paper,  1290  to  1332  in- 
clusive, mark  important  stages  in  the  history  of  the  taxes  upon  per- 
sonal property  or  movable  goods.  In  1290  the  exchequer  was  placed 
in  charge  of  all  the  transactions  having  to  do  with  these  subsidies.^ 
Henceforth  it  watched  over  their  assessment  and  collection,  received 
directly  or  indirectly  all  the  money  gathered  by  the  collectors  and 
kept  a  record  of  the  partial  and  final  accounts  rendered  by  the  same 
collectors.  The  change  was  therefore  administrative  in  character. 
The  later  date,  1332,  is  that  of  the  last  tax  of  the  type  that  was  de- 
veloped under  Henry  III,  and  levied  so  frequently  under  Edward  I 
and  his  immediate  successors.  The  methods  of  assessment  and  col- 
lection used  for  the  next  subsidy,  that  of  1334,  were,  in  answer  to 
charges  of  corrupt  practice  in  the  levy  of  the  subsidy  of  1332,  espe- 
cially devised  to  insure  a  just  valuation  of  movables.  The  crisis 
passed,  there  was  no  return  to  the  older  way  of  doing  things.  A 
fifteenth  and  tenth,  after  1334,  meant  something  quite  different  from 
what  it  had  ever  meant  before. 

During  the  years  from  129p  to  1332;  taxes  were  levied  upon  the 
personal  property  of  the  nation  sixteen  times.^  In  every  instance 
they  were  granted  either  originally  or  finally  by  a  properly  con- 
stituted national  assembly.  The  grant  took  one  of  two  forms:  It 
was  either  a  uniform  proportion  of  the  value  of  the  personal  property 
of  all  parts  of  the  population,  such  as  a  thirtieth,  a  fifteenth  or  a 
tenth,  or  it  recognized  the  economic  and  political  distinctions  be- 
tween the  rural  districts  and  the  boroughs,  and  imposed  different  rates 
upon  each.  Whenever  there  was  a  double.rating,  such  as  an  eleventh 
and  seventh,  or  a  fifteenth  and  tenth,  the  men  of  the  cities,  boroughs 
and  ancient  demesne  paid  the  higher  rate,  and  the  men  living  in  the 
rural  districts,  the  lower.  The  first  plan,  or  uniform  rating,  was 
used  five  times  during  the  period ;  the  second,  or  double  rating,  eleven 
times. 

•  The  evidence  of  the  changes  that  took  place  In  1290  and  the  following  years  Is  to  be 
found  on  the  receipt  rolls,  issue  rolls,  and  memoranda  of  the  exchequer.  It  Is  the  pur- 
pose of  the  present  writer  to  describe  these  changes  at  some  time  in   the   near   future. 

»  See  my  papers  in  the  English  Historical  Review,  XXVIII,  517-521 ;  XXIX,  317-321 ; 
XXX,  69-74. 

283 


284  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

After  the  ^rrant  had  been  made  groups  of  commissioners,  usually 
called  chief  taxers,  were  appointed  to  oversee  the  assessment  and 
collection  of  the  subsidy.^  Such  chief  taxers  were  assigned  to  all 
parts  of  England,  with  the  exception  of  the  palatinates  of  Chester 
and  Durham.  The  normal  procedure  was  to  select  two  men,  though 
three  and  even  four  were  at  times  appointed,  for  each  county. 
There  are  a  few  exceptions  to  this  rule.  In  1316,  for  the  tax  levied 
upon  the  movables  in  the  cities  and  boroughs,  there  are  a  number 
of  examples  of  the  appointment  of  one  group  of  chief  taxers  to  act 
in  two  counties.  The  same  year  furnishes  the  only  example  of  the 
assignment  of  two  groups  of  chief  taxers  to  the  same  district — one 
to  take  charge  of  the  urban,  the  other  of  the  rural  assessment  and 
collection.  Chief  taxers  were  sent  to  each  of  the  ridings  of  York- 
shire, and  after  1313  to  the  parts  of  Lincolnshire.  London,  York 
several  times,  and  Lincoln  once,  were  treated  as  separate  districts. 

The  men  appointed  to  act  as  commissioners  were  usually  laymen 
and  men  of  affairs.  In  1295,  on  the  other  hand,  of  the  two  chief 
taxers  assigned  to  each  county  or  part  of  a  county,  one  was  an 
ecclesiastic  and  one  a  knight.  Most  of  the  men  appointed  were 
residents  of  the  districts  to  tvhich  they  were  sent  and  had  there 
or  elsewhere  served  the  government  in  various  capacities.  Many 
had  been  or  were  at  the  time  of  the  grant  county  members  of  Par- 
liament. A  rather  large  proportion  had  the  additional  qualification 
of  experience.  For  seven  subsidies  of  the  eight  levied  from  1306 
to  1322  about  41  per  cent,  of  all  the  chief  taxers  had  served  at  least 
once  before  in  a  like  capacity.*  The  proportion  was  not  so  high 
either  before  or  after  that  time. 

With  the  writs  of  appointment  issued  to  the  chief  taxers,  in  which 
they  were  told  to  assess  and  collect  the  subsidy  and  when  to  answer 
for  it  at  the  exchequer,  were  sent  their  instructions  concerning  the 
manner  of  making  the  assessment  and  collection.®  These  were 
known  as  the  form  of  the  taxation  and  were  written  in  French  in 

»Palgrave,  Parliamentary  Writs,  I,  24  (1290),  27  (1294),  45-46  (1295),  51  (1296). 
63-64  (1297).  106-108  (1301),  178-179  (1306);  Ibid.,  II.  11.  14-15  (1307).  38-30 
(1309),  ll&-n,  119  (1313),  163-164,  167-168  (1316),  211-212  (1319),  278-279  (1322), 
The  writs  for  1290  and  the  names  of  the  chief  taxers  are  found  on  K.  R.  Memoranda 
Boll,  No.  64  (19  Edward  I),  mm.  5,  6;  those  for  1296  on  K.  R.  Memoranda  Roll.  No.- 71 
(25  Edward  I),  mm.  87,  88;  and  those  for  1315  on  L.  T.  R.  Originalia  Roll,  No.  75 
(8  Edward  II),  mm.  29,  30.  The  writs  for  the  two  sul)sidies  of  the  reign  of  Edward  III 
are  found  in  Rotull  Parliamentorum,  II.  425-426  (1327),  447-448  (1332).  For  pur- 
poses of  convenient  consultation,  I  add  the  following  references  to  the  calendars  of 
patent  rolls:  C.  P.  R.,  1292-1301,  103-104  (1294),  170-172  (1295),  611-613  (1301); 
Ibid..  1301-1307,  450-457  (1306)  ;  ibid.,  1307-1313,  22-24  (1307),  183-186  (1309)  ; 
ibid..  1313-1317,  49-51  (1313),  473-475  (1316);  ibid.,  1317-1321,  347-349  .(1319); 
ibid.,  1321-1324,  224-225  (1322)  ;  ibid..  1327-1330,  172-173  (1327)  ;  ibid..  1.330-13.34. 
357-358    (1332). 

« The  subsidies  were  those  granted  In  1306.  1307.  1309,  1313,  1316,  1319,  1322. 

•  These  instructions  are  usually  placed  with  the  writs  sent  to  the  chief  taxers  by 
Palgravp.  and  on  this  account  no  separate  list  of  references  is  necessary  here.  Con- 
venient summaries  of  the  instructions  are  to  be  found  in  Vincent,  Lancashire  Lay  Sub- 
sidies, I. 


ASSESSMENT  OF  LAY   SUBSIDIES,  1290-1332.  285 

contrast  to  the  Latin  of  the  writs.  In  the  nature  of  things  it  would 
be  too  much  to  expect  the  instructions  to  be  followed  with  absolute 
fidelity  by  any  group  of  human  beings.  S'o  after  the  letter  of  the 
forms  has  been  described  an  attempt  will  be  made  to  discover  how 
closely  it  was  followed  in  practice. 

Throughout  the  entire  period  one  fundamental  principle  was  em- 
bodied in  the  instructions :  Tlie  personal  property  of  every  individual 
was  to  be  valued  by  men  of  his  neighborhood.  Two  methods  of  attain- 
ing this  result  were  used,  the  first  set  forth  in  the  form  of  the  taxation 
of  1290,  used  until  1296,  and  again  in  1306 ;  the  second  found  in  the 
form  of  1297  and  thereafter,  witli  the  exception  of  1306.®  According 
to  the  plan  of  1290,  the  chief  taxers  were  to  summon  before  them  the 
best  men  of  every  hundred  and  from  these  they  were  to  cause  to  be 
chosen  twelve  for  each  such  district.  The  twelve,  with  the  assistance 
of  the  reeve  and  four  lawful  men  of  each  township,  were  to  make  a 
true  valuation  of  the  movable  goods  possessed  by  the  people  on  a  day 
named.  The  form  of  1297  placed  the  responsibility  for  the  assess- 
ment squarely  upon  the  shoulders  of  men  of  the  township,  without 
the  intervention  of  any  intermediate  jury  for  the  hundred.  The  only 
variations  after  that  date  were  in  the  method  of  selection  and  in  the 
number  of  these  subtaxers.  In  1297  and  1301,  the  chief  taxers  were 
directed  to  cause  to  be  chosen  two  to  four  men,  more  or  less,  Avho  were 
to  serve  as  assessors  in  the  vills.  In  1307  and  the  ensuing  years  they 
were  to  summon  before  them  the  most  lawful  men  of  each  borough, 
citj',  and  vill  and  from  these  they  were  to  select  four  to  six  or  more 
men  to  act  as  subtaxers.'^  There  was  a  provision  in  the  form  of  1319, 
which  was  omitted  from  the  siibsequent  instructions,  that  the  ward, 
leet,  or  parish  should  be  the. administrative  unit  of  taxation  in  the 
cities  and  boroughs.* 

The  evidence  of  the  practical  working  of  these  systems  is  found 
on  the  rolls  of  the  assessment,  which  will  be  described  later.  During 
the  years  when  provision  was  made  for  the  intermediate  juries  of 
twelve  subtaxers  the  extant  rolls  usually  show  a  close  adherence  to  the 
instructions.  Th^e  are  some  examples  of  a  contrary  practice.  On 
the  Sussex  roll  of  the  eleventh  and  seventh  of  1295  the  hundreds 
are  frequently  divided  and  juries  of  six  named  for  each  half.®  There 
are  also  instances  of  juries  of  nine,  ten,  and  eleven  for  the  full  hun- 
dred.^" The  Northumberland  roll  for  the  same  subsidy  names  juries 
for  vills  and  groups  of  vills  in  addition  to  juries  for  the  ward,  which 

•  The  Instructions  of  1290  are  accurately  summariaed  In  Vincent,  op.  cit.,  I,  177-178 ; 
those  of  1297  are  in  Palgrave.  op.  cit.,  I,  G2-63. 
»  Palgrave,  op.  cit.,  II.  ii.  213. 

»  Susse.x  Record  Society,  X,  18,  19.  29,  47,  49.  etc. 
"  Ibid.,  nine  jurors,  4.  24 ;  ton  jurors,  28,  41,  43,  45  ;  eleven  jurors,  78. 


286  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

is  in  that  county  equivalent  to  the  hundred.^'  The  plan  of  1297  and 
1301,  which  provided  for  two  to  four  subtaxers,  or  more  or  less,  if  con- 
venient, to  serve  in  the  vills,  allowed  for  a  very  wide  latitude  in  the 
number  of  these  sworn  assessors,  but  designated  the  vill  as  the  unit. 
Yet  on  the  few  rolls  that  have  been  preserved  two  or  more  vills  are 
found  assigned  to  one  group  of  subtaxers.^ ^ 

The  deviations  from  the  instructions  of  1307  and  the  following 
years  seem  even  more  striking  than  those  mentioned,  though  this  ap- 
pearance may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  a  much  greater  number  of  the 
documents  relating  to  the  assessment  have  been  preserved.  Provi- 
sion was  made  for  four  or  six  subtaxers,  or  more  if  desired,  to  serve 
in  the  cities,  boroughs,  and  vills.  There  would,  therefore,  seem  to  be 
no  official  warrant  for  less  than  four  subtaxers  or  for  any  other  units 
than  those  named.  Despite  this,  in  county  after  county,  there  were 
usually  two  or  three  subtaxers  assigned  to  one  district.  Four  or 
five  are  also  found  at  times.  It  was  the  same  with  the  administra- 
tive units  of  taxation.  In  Hertfordshire,  in  1322,  two,  three,  four, 
and  even  six  vills  were  joined,  and  there  is  one  instance  of  the  union 
of  nine  vills.*'  Throughout  Sussex  in  1327  both  the  hundred  and 
half  hundred  were  used  instead  of  the  vills,  but  subtaxers  were  also 
assigned  to  groups  of  vills  and  even  to  single  vills."  The  county  roll 
of  Berkshire  for  the  same  subsidy  shows  the  use  of  single  vills,  groups 
of  two,  three,  or  four  vills,  and  hundreds.*'^  In  all  parts  of  England 
it  was  the  same — free  rpanors,  manors,  hamlets,  groups  of  vills,  par- 
ishes, and  hundreds  were  all  substituted  in  different  districts  for  the 
vill  of  the  instructions.  Local  custom  or  local  convenience  would 
seem  to  have  influenced  the  chief  taxers  to  disregard  the  strict  letter 
of  the  forms  of  the  taxation.  In  the. larger  boroughs  the  ward  or 
parish  frequently  served  as  a  convenient  unit  for  the  purposes  of 
assessment,  while  there  was  no  subdivision  of  the  smaller  boroughs.*^ 

The  remaining  details  of  the  instructions,  which  have  to  do  with 
the  manner  of  making  the  assessment,  were  essentially  the  same 
throughout  the  period  and.  so  far  as  can  be  discovered,  were  care- 
fully observed  by  those  persons  whose  duty  it 'was  to  put  them 
into  practice.  Once  selected,  the  local  assessors,  whether  of  the 
hundred  or  township,  were  placed  under  oath  to  value  the  personal 
property  of  the  people  which  they  had  in  their  possession  on   a 

» Exchequer  Lay  Subsidy,    H». 

i*E.  g.,  Yorkshire  Archseological  Society,  Record  Series,  XVI;  Exchequer  Lay  Sur^ 
sidles,  -Vi  ^  (Bedfordshire),  ^.  -H*  (Lincolnshire).  Compare  the  remarlis  on  the 
jurors  in  Northumberland  in  1297  in  Archalogia  Aellana.  3d  series,  XIII,  200-201. 

i»  Exchequer  Lay  Subsidy,  W. 

"  Sussex  Record  Society,  X,  109-222,  passim. 

**  Exchequer  Lay  Subsidy,  V.  For  additional  examples  of  variations,  see  Exchequer 
Lay  Subsidies,  H*    (Somerset,  1332),   -M*   (Shropshire,  1332). 

"Exchequer  Lay  Subsidies.  *t^  (London,  12  Edward  II,  the  ward),  V  (CambridBe, 
8  Edward  II,  the  ward),  *H.  *F  (York.  1  and  6  Edward  III,  the  parish),  ^J*  (Nor- 
wich, 6  Edward  III,  the  leet). 


ASSESSMENT  OF  LAY  SUBSIDIES,  1290-1332.  287 

day  named.  This  was  usually  Michaelmas,  when  the  crops  were 
in  and  such  property  could  be  easily  assembled  and  valued.  No 
loss  or  sale  of  movable  goods  subsequent  to  Michaelmas  was  to  be 
taken  into  account  by  the  subtaxers  when  they  reached  the  potential 
taxpayer.  After  the  valuation  of  personal  property  had  been  made, 
the  results  of  the  labor  of  the  subtaxers  were  recorded  upon  du- 
plicate local  assessment  rolls.  ^'^  Unfortunately  not  many  of  these 
documents  have  been  preserved  at  the  Public  Record  Office.  The 
reason  for  this  is  that  they  were  not  sent  to  the  exchequer,  except 
for  some  special  reason,  such  as  the  investigation  of  charges  of 
fraudulent  assessment.  Upon  these  rolls  are  described  in  detail, 
after  the  names  of  the  property  owners,  the  various  kinds  of  mov- 
ables in  their  possession  with  the  assessed  valuations  of  each  item. 
These  valuations  are  then  totaled  and  the  amount  to  be  paid  by 
each  person  estimated.  The  assessment  of  the  goods  of  the  sub- 
taxers, made  under  the  direction  of  the  chief  taxers  by  men  of 
the  district,  is  at  times  separately  recorded  on  the  same  rolls. 

After  a  general  survey  and  correction  of  the  local  assessments 
by  the  chief  taxers,  the  information  contained  in  the  local  rolls 
was  summarized  in  two  large  rolls  for  the  entire  county.^*  On 
these  appear,  arranged  by  hundreds  and  townships,  or  whatever 
the  divisions  used,  the  names  of  the  owners  of  property  and  the 
sums  with  which  they  were  charged  to  the  subsidy.  One  of  these 
rolls  was  taken  to  the  exchequer  for  its  information,  the  other  re- 
tained by  the  chief  taxers  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  the  tax. 
During  the  reigns  of  Edward  I  and  Edward  II  only  a  relatively 
small  number  of  these  county  rolls  seem  to  have  been  kept  by  the 
officials  of  the  exchequer.  Apparently  it  was  not  the  special  duty 
of  anyone  to  preserve  them.  By  Stapledon's  ordinance  of  1323  it 
was,  however,  made  the  duty  of  the  king's  remembrancer  of  the 
exchequer  to  care  for  the  rolls  of  taxation.  The  remarkably  com- 
plete series  of  the  rolls  preserved  for  the  taxes  of  1327  and  1332 
ip  direct  and  sufficient  evidence  of  the  efficacy  of  this  enactment. 
When  the  chief  taxers  appeared  before  the  exchequer  to  account 
for  what  they  had  accomplished,  the  assessment  of  the  personal 
property  of  the  nation  was  brought  to  a  close  with  the  valuation  of 
their  goods  by  the  treasurer  and  barons.^^ 

"  There  are  relatively  few  of  these  local  rolls  in  print.  The  following  examples 
illustrate  the  character  of  the  assessment  in  both  urban  and  rural  districts  ;  Rot.  Pari., 
I,  228-238,  243-264  (Colchester,  1295,  1301)  ;  Yorkshire  Archaeological  Society,  Record 
Series,  XVI   (Yorkshire,  1297). 

'*  A  number  of  these  rolls  have  been  edited  and  published  by  the  English  local  his- 
torical societies.  See  the  list  in  Gross,  Sources  and  Literature  of  English  History,  second 
edition,  428-435. 

"  This  valuation  Is  at  times  noted  at  the  end  of  the  county  roll.  E.  g.,  Sussex 
Record  Society.  X,  334 ;  William  Salt  Archaeological  Society,  X,  132 ;  Exchequer  Lay 
Subsidy,  if*  (Shropshire,  6  Edward  III).  On  the  enrolled  account  of  the  subsidy  of 
1332  the  valuation  of  the  goods  of  the  chief  taxers  is  recorded ;  L.  T.  R.  Enrolled  Ac- 
counts, Subsidies,  No.  8,  mm.  2-3. 


288  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

The  way  has  now  been  cleared  for  a  discussion  of  the  personal 
property  that  was  valued  and  of  the  owners  of  property  listed  among 
the  taxpayers.  The  instructions,  upon  examination,  do  not  con- 
tribute any  exact  definition  of  movables.  They  state  that  all  such 
goods  were  to  be  taxed  with  the  exception  of  certain  kinds  of  goods 
specifically  excused.  In  like  fashion  all  the  people  were  to  be  liable 
for  their  goods  except  those  therein  relieved  from  the  burden  of 
taxation.  By  first  considering  these  exemptions  it  will  be  possible  to 
eliminate  not  only  several  classes  of  property,  but  also  some  property 
owners  from  further  consideration.  It  will  then  be  in  order  to  turn 
to  the  more  definite  information  found  in  the  local  and  county  rolls. 

The  standard  list  of  movables  exempt  from  taxation  is  found  in 
the  instructions  of  1290.^°  Such  changes  as  were  made  in  later  years 
were  either  ephemeral  in  character  or  unimportant  modifications  of 
this  list.  It  was  divided  into  two  parts,  one  having  to  do  with  the 
property  of  men  living  in  the  rural  districts,  the  other  with  the  goods 
of  those  living  in  the  cities  and  boroughs.  The  first  or  rural  list 
exempted  the  armor,  riding  horses,  jewels,  and  clothing  of-  the 
knights,  gentlemen  and  their  wives,  and  their  vessels  of  gold,  silver, 
and  brass;  the  second  or  urban  list  exempted  a  garment  for  a  man 
and  one  for  his  wife  and  a  bed  for  the  two,  one  ring,  one  clasp  of 
silver  or  gold,  and  a  girdle  of  silk,  if  these  were  in  daily  use,  and  a 
drinking  cup  of  silver  or  mazer. 

Among  the  property^ owners  receiving  special  consideration  in  the 
forms  of  taxation,  the  lepers  occupied  a  peculiar  position.  Their 
movables  were  not  to  be  taxed  if  they  were  ruled  by  a  master  who 
was  a  leper ;  if  their  master  was  sound  their  goods  were  to  be  taxed.^^ 
The  only  other  class  dealt  with  in  the  forms  was  that  of  the  clergy. 
Though  it  is  hardly  possible  without  a  detailed  discussion  to  fully 
explain  their  relation  to  the  lay  subsidies,  it  is  believed  that  the  fol- 
lowing brief  statement  indicates  its  more  important  features.  In 
1291  was  completed  the  valuation  of  the  property  of  the  English 
clergy  made  by  order  of  Pope  Nicholas  IV.^^  This  valuation  was 
thereafter  available  for  the  use  of  the  crown  as  well  as  of  the  papacy. 
During  the  remainder  of  the  reign  of  Edward  I  it  was  the  practice 
to  base  clerical  grants  upon  the  taxation  of  Pope  Nicholas  and  to 
tax  only  the  goods  on  th?  temporal  lands  of  the  clergy  whenever 
they,  either  individually  or  collectively,  refused  to  grant  a  tax  to 
the  king.     In  the  instructions  of  1307  the  position  of  the  clergy 

«<  Vincent,  op.  cit..  I,  177-178. 

"  The  clause  reads :  "  E  les  blens  des  meseaux  la  ou  il  sount  governez  par  sovereyn 
meseal  ne  seient  taxez  ne  prfsez.  E  sll  selent  meseaux  governez  par  mestre  seyn  seient 
leur  blens  taxez  come  des  autres  gentz  "  ;  Palgrave,  op.  clt.,  I,  63. 

^  See  the  paper  by  Miss  Rose  Graham  in  the  English  Historical  Review,  XXIII,  434- 
454,  and  the  returns  of  the  valuation  as  published  by  the  Record  Commlssiou,  Taxatlo  ec- 
cleslastlca  Angllae  et  Walilae  auctorltate  Nicholai  IV. 


ASSESSMENT  OF  LAY  SUBSIDIES,  1290-1332.  289 

was  clearly  defined  and  placed  upon  a  sound  basis.  All  property, 
whether  temporalities  or  spiritualities,  which  was  taxed  under  the 
clerical  grants  and  so  included  in  the  taxation  of  Pope  Nicholas, 
was  to  be  excused  from  the  valuation  for  the  lay  subsidies.^^  But 
for  movables  upon  or  issuing  from  lands  acquired  since  1291  or  not 
taxed  when  the  clerical  subsidies  were  levied,  the  clergy  were  to  pay 
whenever  lay  subsidies  were  granted.  This  clause  reappears  in  all 
the  forms  of  the  reign  of  Edward  II,  but  is  not  found  in  those  of  the 
years  1327  and  1332.  The  practice  of  these  years,  despite  this  omis- 
sion, followed  the  older  instructions.^* 

There  remains  but  one  other  exemption  clause  to  be  considered. 
It  had  to  do  with  the  smallest  holding  of  personal  property  that 
was  to  be  taxed.  This  minimum  was  frequently  changed.  In  1290 
it  was  15  shillings'  worth  of  property.  From  1294  to  1297  it  varied 
with  the  rate  of  taxation,  a  tenth  and  sixth  having  the  correspond- 
ing minima  o^  10  shillings  and  6  shillings.  There  was  no  exemption 
of  small  holdings  in  1301.  For  the  later  subsidies  the  minimum  for 
the  rural  districts  was  10  shillings,  with  the  exception  of  the  year 
1307,  when  it  was  15  shillings.  In  the  cities,  boroughs,  and  ancient 
demesne  the  minimum  was  also  10  shillings,  save  in  1319,  when  it 
was  half  a  mark,  and  in  1322  and  1332,  when  it  was  6  shillings. 

Special  exemptions  from  the  burden  of  one  or  more  subsidies, 
granted  by  special  writs  and  not  indicated  in  the  forms  of  the 
taxation,  were  fairly  numerous.  Individuals  were  at  times  excused, 
though  very  infrequentl3^^"  The  goods  of  the  workers  in  the  royal 
tin  mines  in  Cornwall  and  Devon,  the  stannary  men,  were  not 
subject  to  the  levy  of  the  national  taxes  upon  movables  after  1305.^* 
The  king's  moneyers,  the  workers  in  the  royal  mints  at  London  and 
Canterbury,  wej-e  in  a  like  privileged  position.^^  Because  of  poverty 
caused  by  fire,  flood,  pestilence,  or  the  havoc  of  war,  townships, 
boroughs,  and  even  counties  were  at  times  excused.    The  most  notable 

*^  The  clause  reads :  "  Et  fait  a  savoir,  que  lea  propres  Blens  des  Prelatz,  &  des 
Religious,  &  d'autres  Clerks,  lesqueux  Biens  sont  Issantz  de  Temporautez  que  sont  annex 
a  leur  Eglises,  &  sont  taxez  entre  lour  Espirituautez  a  la  Disme,  ne  serront  mle  taxez  en 
ceste  Taxacion  des  Lais ;  Por  ce  que  les  ditz  Prelatz,  Religious,  &  autres  clers  donnent 
au  Roi  le  Quinzime  de  lor  Espirituautez  &  Temporautez  selonc  la  Taxacion  darreinement 
falte.  Netredent,  si  Prelat,  home  de  Religion,  ou  autre  clerk,  eit  Terre  ou  Tenement  de 
heritage  ou  de  purchaz,  ou  a  Ferme,  ou  en  noun  de  Garde,  ou  par  Eschete,  ou  en  autre 
manere,  qe  ne  soit  cea  en  arlere  taxe  au  Disme  qe  la  Clergle  ad  done,  soit  taxacion  fait  de 
tons  Iqs  Biens  qe  lour  feurent  en  mesmes  les  lieux  le  Jour  de  Seint  Michel  desus  dit, 
en  la  forme  qe  ceste  Taxacion  se  ferra  des  Blens  des  Lais  "  ;  Rot.  Pari.,  I,  443.  ^ 

»♦  See  the  references  given  in  my  pape'*,  "  iTie  English  church  and  the  lay  taxes  of 
the  fourteenth  century,"  University  of  Colorado  Studies,  IV,  217-225. 

»C.  P.  R.,  1307-1313,  152,  153.  179,  204,  229,  274.  321,  etc. 

»  Lewis,  G.  R.,  The  Stannaries,  164-165 ;  Victoria  County  History  of  Cornwall,  I,  636, 

« C.  P.  R.,  1272-1281,  416 ;  ibid.,  1307-1313,  152 ;  C.  C.  R.,  1333-1337.  549-550 ; 
Calendar  of  Letter  Books,  London  Letter  Book  C,  102-103;  ibid..  Letter  Book  D  260; 
L.  T.  R.  Memoranda  Roll.  No.  80  (3  Edward  II),  m.  62  d  ;  Pipe  Roll  152  A  (35  Edward  I), 
m.  27   (Moneyers  of  Canterbury)  ;  Exchequer  Lay  Subsidy   ^    (Kent,  8  Edward  III). 

88582°— 19 19 


^90  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

example  of  such  a  special  exemption  is  that  of  Cumberland,  North- 
umberland, and  Westmoreland  during  the  greater  part  of  the  reign 
of  Edward  II  and  the  early  years  of  Edward  III  because  of  the 
devastation  caused  by  the  raids  of  the  Scots.^*  Ecclesiastical  com- 
munities, such  as  abbeys,  priories,  and  hospitals,  at  times  sought 
and  obtained  the  exemption  of  their  taxable  goods.-" 

These  exemptions,  numerous  as  they  may  seem  to  be,  left  the  bulk 
of  the  property  of  the  nation  and  the  majority  of  the  property 
owners  untouched.  Though  the  movables  of  the  very  poor  and  a  few 
articles  in  the  hands  of  the  gentry  and  burgesses  would  escape  the 
assessment,  there  remained  subject  to  the  taxation  all  the  essentials 
of  life  in  either  town  or  country.  With  the  enumeration  of  the 
goods  that  were  not  to  be  valued  the  contribution  of  the  instruc- 
tions to  a  definition  of  movables  ends. 

The  evidence  of  the  returns  of  the  subtaxerg.  is,  on  the  contrary, 
very  clear.  In  the  rural  districts  there  were  valued  all  kinds  of 
domestic  animals,  horses,  oxen,  sheep,  and  swine,  and  all  kinds  of 
grain,  wheat,  barley,  rye,  and  oats.  Peas,  beans,  and  hay  were  fre- 
quently enumerated.  At  times  hives  of  bees  appear.  Some  carts 
were  valued,  though  they  were  usually  designated  as  carts  shod  with 
iron,  some  wool,  and  now  and  then  the  goods  of  the  rural  tanner 
or  small  artisan.  On  the  borough  rolls  are  to  be  found  not  only 
the  cattle,  sheep,  and  grain  of  these  semi-rural,  semi-urban  com- 
munities, but  also  h9Usehold  goods  of  all  kinds,  the  tools  of  the 
artisan,  merchandise,  and  many  articles  of  luxury.  The  term  "  mov- 
ables "  meant,  therefore,  in  actual  practice,  one  thing  in  the  country 
and  another  in  the  towns.  But  there  is  no  indication  of  any  such 
distinction  in  the  forms  of  the  taxation. 

What  is  more,  it  may  be  categorically  denied  that  the  list  of  mov- 
ables as  it  appears  on  the  local  assessment  rolls  for  tne  vills  includes 
all  the  personal  possessions  of  the  taxpayer.  Where  were  the  cheese, 
beer,  cider,  butter,  eggs,  salted  or  fresh  meat,  and  other  victuals  of 
the  peasants  when  the  subtaxers  appeared?  Where  were  the  plows, 
small  carts,  harrows,  and  other  farming  injplements?  Where  were 
the  household  goods  ?  There  is  no  doubt  of  their  omission,  but  how 
explain  it? 

What  seems  to  have  happened,  in  part  at  least,  is  that  the  sub- 
taxers in  the  vills  were  following  customs  based  on  earlier  instruc- 
tions, but  not  mentioned  in  the  forms  of  the  taxes  of  1290  or  later.  The 
list  of  exempted  goods  of  the  villains  in  1225  includes  the  armor  to 
which  they  were  sworn,  their  tools,  and  their  fish,  flesh,  drink,  hay, 

»  See  my  paper,  "  The  Scotch  raids  and  the  fourteenth  century  taxation  of  northern 
England,"  University  of  Colorado  Studies,  V,  237-242. 

» The  following  are  references  to  typical  exemptions :  C.  P.  R.,  1307-1313,  207 : 
C  C.  R.,  1323-1327,  421 ;  ibid.,  1330-1333,  513,  520 ;  Ibid.,  1333-1337,  566. 


ASSESSMENT  OF  LAY  SUBSIDIES,  1290-1332.  291 

and  forage,  which  were  not  for  sale.^"  In  1283  the  list  of  exemptions 
was  more  specific  and  also  more  comprehensive.^^  For  those  who 
were  neither  merchants  nor  burgesses  it  includes  treasure,  riding 
horses,  bedding,  clothing,  vessels,  tools,  geese,  capons,  hens,  bread, 
wine,  cider,  beer,  and  all  kinds  of  food  ready  for  use.  These  two 
lists  would  eliminate  from  the  valuation  all  food  in  the  larder,  the 
farming  implements,  the  household  goods,  the  smaller  domestic  ani- 
mals, and  most  of  the  products  that  were  not  for  sale.  Grant  that 
these  exemptions  were  customary,  or  that  they  became  so,  and  it  is 
possible  to  explain  the  records  of  the  assessments  made  after  1290. 
A  definition  of  movables  in  the  rural  districts  made  in  conformity 
to  the  returns  of  the  subtaxers  would  therefore  include  cattle  and 
other  domestic  animals  and,  presumably,  such  grain  and  other  prod- 
uce as  was  for  sale.  In  some  districts  it  would  have  to  include  wool, 
a  heavy  cart,  hives  of  bees,  and  probably  a  few  other  possessions,  but 
at  that  it  would  alway  be  subject  to  correction  if  a  larger  number  of 
the  local  rolls  were  brought  to  light. 

How  far  the  subtaxers  observed  their  instructions  to  value  mov- 
ables at  their  true  value  is  a  difficult  question  to  answer.  Some  light 
is  thrown  on  the  problem  by  the  local  rolls.  On  approximately  half 
of  the  rolls  for  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  the  subsidy  being  the 
ninth  of  1297,  there  is  much  evidence  of  what  may  be  called  con- 
ventional valuation.^2  In  Burton,  28  oxen  are  enumerated,  each  ox 
being  valued  at  5  shillings,  and  34  cows,  each  valued  at  3  shillings 
4  pence.  In  Austwick,  there  were  43  cows  of  the  value  of  4  shillings 
each.  In  Thornton,  there  were  15  cows  valued  at  3  shillings  6  pence, 
and  12  oxen  valued  at  4  shillings  6  pence.  In  Bentham,  36  cows 
were  valued  at  3  shillings  6  pence  each,  and  12  oxen  at  5  shillings. 
In  other  vills  elsewhere  in  the  same  riding  the  values  placed  upon 
both  oxen  and  cows  vary  in  relation,  presumably,  to  the  age,  health, 
or  usefulness  of  the  ox  or  cow.  It  is  hardly  to  be  presumed  that 
43  cows  in  Austwick  should  each  be  worth  exactly  4  shillings,  34  in 
Burton  exactly  3  shillings  4  pence,  and  36  in  Thornton  3  shillings 
6  pence,  when  it  is  considered  that  all  these  vills  were  in  the  same 
wapentake  of  Ewcross,  and  near  neighbors.  If  the  subtaxers  adopted 
a  plan  of  conventional  valuation,  it  is  quite  likely  to  have  been  at 
the  value  of  the  poor  rather  than  the  higher  grade  cow  or  ox.  Even 
if  they  did  not  go  quite  so  far  they  were  evading  the  strict  letter  of 
the  instructions.     Without  reference  to  the  sale  prices  of  oxen  and 

»>  Patent  Rolls,  Henry  III,  1216-1225,  560. 

^  Palgrave,  op.  clt.,  I,  12.  For  lists  of  the  movables  taxed  see  E.  Powell,  A  Suffolk 
Hundred  in  1283.  x 

"^  Yorkshire  Archaeological  Society,  Record  Series,  XVI.  The  references  to  the  vills 
named  below  are  as  follows  :  Burton,  1-4 ;  Austwick,  4-6 ;  Thornton,  11-12 ;  Bentham, 
12-14. 


292  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

COWS  as  found  on  the  rolls  of  contemporary  manorial  bailiflfs,  it  is 
hardly  possible  to  extend  the  investigation  of  valuations  further. 

The  property  owners  whose  names  appear  on  the  local  and  country 
rolls  charged  with  the  payment  of  the  taxes  upon  movables  came 
from  every  rank  and  condition  of  medieval  society  save  the  very 
highest  and  the  very  lowest.  The  king's  name  does  not  appear  on 
the  rolls,  or  the  queen's,  and  the  very  poor  would  escape  taxation 
because  of  the  provision  for  a  minimum  holding  of  taxable  prop- 
erty. The  goods  of  all  others  were  taxed.  Earls,  barons,  and 
simple  knights;  the  two  archbishops,  the  bishops,  abbots,  and  other 
clergy  down  to  the  chaplain  in  a  country  village;  and  on  the  same 
lists  John  the  reeve,  William  the  carter,  and  Adam  the  miller,  the 
peasant  folk  of  the  countryside. 

The  assessment  was  completed.  The  subtaxers,  who  were  also  the 
collectors  of  the  subsidies,  at  once  began  to  gather  the  money,  which 
was  soon  on  its  way  to  the  exchequer  at  Westminster. 


IX.  ENGLISH  CUSTOMS  REVENUE  UP  TO  1275. 


By  NORMAN  S.  B.  GRAS, 

Associate  Professor  in  Clark  University. 


293 


ENGLISH  CUSTOMS  REVENUE  UP  TO  1275. 


By  Norman  S.  B.  Gras. 


The  history  of  the  English  customs  duties  may  be  conveniently 
divided  into  several  periods.  The  first  is  up  to  1275,  which  we  may 
call  the  period  of  unsuccessful  beginnings.  Between  1275  and  1347 
the  customs  system,  which  is  so  well  known  in  history,  was  estab- 
lished. This  was  made  up  of  five  groups:  The  ancient  custom  of 
1275  on  wool,  woolfells,  and  hides;  the  new  custom  of  1303  paid  by 
aliens;  the  cloth  custom  of  1347;  the  subsidy  on  wool,  woolfells,  and 
hides;  and  the  subsidy  of  tonnage  and  poundage.  In  the  next 
period — 1347  to  1558 — these  were  consolidated  and  maintained  with 
but  minor  changes.  Between  1558  and  1660  there  were  many  royal 
impositions  and  considerable  manipulation  of  valuations.  During 
this  period  the  constitutional  struggle  over  the  control  of  the  customs 
took  place.  In  the  period  from  1660  to  1787  Parliament  controlled 
the  customs,  piling  up  one  subsidy  on  another  till  the  rates  were  in 
confusion.  From  1787  to  1860  Pitt,  Peel,  Gladstone,  and  others 
carried  through  a  policy  of  simplification  and  reduction.  And  since 
1860  England  has  had  free  trade. 

This  outline  is  given  in  order  to  indicate  the  remoteness  of  the 
period  of  our  present  interest — that  is,  the  period  up  to  1275. 

The  customs  have  been  studied  more  or  less  carefully  since  1606 
when  Bate's  case  of  impositions  precipitated  the  struggle  between 
Crown  and  Parliament  for  the  control  of  the  customs.  Lawyers 
such  as  Coke,  Bacon,  Davies,  and  Hale  have  endeavored  to  discover 
and  explain  the  main  lines  of  development.  Historians,  too,  have 
devoted  their  energies  to  the  task,  notably  Madox,  Hallam,  Stubbs, 
Round,  and  Hall.  The  works  of  all  of  these  are  useful,  but  they 
have  many  shortcomings. 

Since  the  appearance  of  Hall's  book  in  1885  not  a  single  important 
treatise  on  the  customs  has  appeared.  This  may  be  explained  by 
the  widespread  acceptance  of  Hall's  views.  Much  more  surprising 
than  this  is  the  fact  that,  since  the  legal  case  of  1606  and  the  par- 
liamentary discussion  of  1610,  not  a  single  capital  fact  or  a  general- 
ization of  weight  has  been  adduced  for  the  better  understanding  of 

295 


296  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATIOIT. 

the  earlier  history  of  the  customs,  that  is,  the  period  of  ori^ns  up 
to  1275. 

The  only  comprehensive  theory  of  the  origin  of  the  English  cus- 
toms, an  old  one  in  essentials,  was  formulated  and  elaborated  by  Hall. 
According  to  this  theory,  the  customs  arose  out  of  the  royal  right  and 
practice  of  seizing  goods  from  merchants.  Whether  this  was  acqui- 
esced in  because  the  King  gave  protection  in  return  for  the  goods 
seized,  or  because  such  a  seizure  was  regarded  as  a  prerogative  in- 
herent in  sovereignty,  we  do  not  need  to  inquire.  It  is  enough  to 
note  that  according  to  the  theory  the  seizure  of  goods,  at  first  irregu- 
lar, was  later  systematized,  redilced  to  a  definite  percentage,  and 
finally  commuted  to  money  payments.  Old  as  this  view  is  in  some 
of  its  essentials,  and  widespread  as  has  been  its  acceptance,  we  must 
reject  it  in  its  general  application.  There  can  be  no  doubt  about 
such  seizure  of  goods  in  Angevin  and  late  Plantagenet  times,  but  for 
the  view  that  it  grew  into  the  customs  system  there  is  no  evidence. 
This  "  seizure,"  or,  as  it  was  called  in  the  Norman-French  of  the  time, 
the  "  prise  "  of  goods,  was  the  well-known  practice  of  purveyance  so 
indelibly  written  into  the  early  legislation  of  England. 

Usually  where  there  is  smoke  there  is  at  least  a  little  fire.  In  most 
fables  we  are  accustomed  to  look  for  an  element  of  truth,  and  so  in 
this  theory  there  is  a  measure  of  genuine  financial  history.  The  prise 
theory,  as  we  shall  see  presently,  holds  true  for  the  development  of 
the  wine  custom  paid  by  aliens.  To  apply  this  theory,  which  rings 
true  in  the  case  qf  one'  commodity,  to  the  whole  situation  is  to  make 
the  exceptign  the  rule. 

The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  not  so  much  to  disprove  an  old  theory 
as  to  discover  a  new  one.  Not  in  the  general  and  vague  royal  right 
of  seizure,  but  in  certain  definite  customs  are  the  origin  and  early 
development  of  the  national  system  to  be  sought.  But  before  setting 
out  on  the  quest  let  us  reflect  on  the  precise  nature  of  our  search.  The 
essential  characteristic  of  the  system  evolved  in  the  period  beginning 
in  1275  is  indicated  by  the  word  "  national."  The  customs  were 
levied  on  foreign  trade,  were  paid  by  both  denizens  and  aliens,  and 
were  collected  by  oflScials  directly  or  indirectly  responsible  to  the 
sovereign  to  whom  the  returns  were  periodically  made.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  add  that  reference  is  here  made  to  the  sovereign  as  such 
rather  than  to  the  lord  of  lands  held  in  demesne.  With  these  cri- 
teria in  mind,  then,  we  may  begin  our  search  among  the  numerous 
taxes  on  trade  which  we  encounter  in  medieval  documents. 

As  we  might  expect,  it  is  in  connection  with  towns  or  boroughs  that 
the  assortment  of  customs  is  largest.  These  dues  were  so  numerous 
and  in  some  instances  so  difficult  to  understand  that  whenever  we 
meet  with  an  unfamiliar  tax  we  readily  put  it  down  as  a  town  custom 
or  perhaps  a  fair  due.  A  special  investigation  based  upon  compara- 
tive studies  should  be  made  to  determine  the  precise  nature  of  these 


ENGLISH  CUSTOMS  REVENUE   UP  TO  1215.  •  297 

local  or  so-called  local  or  town  dues.  Until  this  is  made,  however, 
we  i'hall  have  to  be  content  with  a  partial  treatment  of  the  subject. 

With  those  town  dues  such  as  custuma  ville,  anchorage,  murage, 
and  the  like,  which  were  unquestionably  local  and  not  national  in 
character,  we  do  not  need  to  concern  ourselves,  reserving  our  in- 
terest for  those  which  on  examination  have  at  least  some  character- 
istics of  national  taxes.  The  earliest  ones  found  are  lastage  and 
scavage. 

Lastage  was  a  tax  on  goods  exported  abroad,  levied  at  a  specific 
rate  of  so  much  per  last,  for  example,  per  last  of  hides  or  herring.  It 
was  collected  in  at  least  nine  or  ten  ports  and  is  accounted  for  in  the 
pipe  roll  of  1130  and  in  the  pipe  rolls  of  Henry  II.  Whether  it  goes 
back  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  rule  or  was  imported  by  the  Normans  is  not 
clear.  An  uncertain  passage  in  the  customs  of  Chester  recorded  in 
Domesday  Book,  seems  to  push  lastage  back  to  1086,  or  perhaps  even 
to  the  time  of  the  Confessor. 

The  reasons  why  this  tax  has  been  neglected  by  the  historians  of 
tlie  national  customs  are  not  hard  to  discover.  At  an  early  date  lastage 
was  defined  as  a  tax  on  goods  sold  in  fairs.  With  the  question 
whether  there  ever  was  such  a  tax  we  are  not  so  much  concerned  as 
with  the  fact  that  our  lastage  was  collected  only  in  seaports  and  on 
goods  going  abroad,  if  we  are  to  trust  an  early  fourteenth-century 
deposition  made  by  a  jury  at  Skirbeck.  A  further  confusion  is  found 
between  our  lastage  and  the  lastage  meaning  ballastage.  Equally 
disturbing  is  the  fact  that  lastage,  unlike  the  late  customs,  came  into 
the  hands  of  local  barons  and  gentry.  In  the  twelfth  century  it  was 
infeudated  in  one  case  at  the, tenure  of  grand  serjeanty.  If  our 
Chester  reference  really  be  to  lastage,  we  have  an  eleventh-century 
instance  of  a  similar  situation,  the  King  and  the  Earl  of  Chester  each 
sharing  in  the  returns  from  the  tax. 

Not  only  did  lastage  as  a  tax  suffer  from  infeudation,  but  from 
exemptions  in  favor  of  burgesses  residing  in  certain  privileged  towns. 

As  to  the  origin  of  lastage,  we  can  only  speculate.  It  may  have 
been  a  national  tax  imposed  by  Anglo-Saxon  or  Anglo-Danish  kings, 
which  was  all  but  buried  in  the  process  of  feudalization,  and  which, 
because  of  the  rise  of  prices  and  the  unchangeableness  of  local  (or 
localized)  rates,  came  to  have  small  value.  Accordingly,  when  the 
later  customs  system  was  imposed,  its  identity  was  lost. 

Analogous  to  lasting  was  scavage,  a  tax  paid  on  showing  goods. 
While  lastage  was  an  export  tax,  scavage  was  an  import  tax.  Its 
earliest  appearance  is  in  a  London  document  belonging  to  the 
eleventh  century,  but  whether  to  the  earlier  or  the  latter  half  of 
the  century  we  have  no  means  of  determining  with  any  degree  of 
certainty.  The  document  in  question  smacks  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
regime  and  by  one  authority  was  assigned   to  the  Anglo-Saxon 


298       ■     •  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

period.  Accordingly,  we  may  raise  the  question  whether  scavage  had 
a  history  analogous  to  that  of  lastage. 

No  instance  of  scavage  in  any  port  other  than  London  has  been 
discovered.  Whether  this  is  indicative  of  its  early  decline  in  other 
points  or  of  the  restricted  area  of  its  application,  is  not  apparent. 
If  we  regard  it  as  a  tax  imposed  by  the  national  sovereign,  we  must 
see  in  it  another  example  of  localization,  since  it  was  in  later  days 
collected  not  by  a  feudal  lord,  it  is  true,  but  by  the  officials  of  the 
city.  It  was  local  in  character,  also,  in  so  faf  as  citizens  of  London 
were  exempt  from  payment. 

Occurring  later  than  lastage  and  scavage  are  two  other  national 
taxes,  both  on  wine,  which  have  quite  a  different  origin.  The  first 
of  the  two  was  sometimes  called  "cornage,"  a  tax  of  a  few  pence 
on  each  tun  or  cask  of  wine  imported  from  abroad.  What  the 
word  means  is  unknown.  It  may  have  been  of  Norman  origin,  for 
we  find  a  cornage  in  Normandy  in  1099  and  in  England  probably  not 
earlier  that  about  1150.  The  name  cornage  was  apparently  not 
widely  used  in  England,  it  may  be,  because  it  was  already  applied 
to  the  northern  English  tax  of  horngeld.  The  identity  of  the  tax, 
however,  may  be  traced  right  through  the  thirteenth  century  when 
it  was  called  a  "  custom  of  pence,"  due  to  the  King  and  to  others. 
Like  lastage  and  scavage  it  fell  from  the  hands  of  the  King  into  those 
of  local  potentates,  a  fact  which  in  part  explains  its  obscurity ;  and, 
if  our  information  was  not  so  scanty,  we  should  probably  find  that 
like  them,  it,  too,  probaDly  underwent  local  exemptions  which  would 
account  for  its  gradual  decline. 

The  other  tax  on  wine  is  the  "  prise,"  later  called  "  prisage."  At 
first  it  was  a  seizure  of  a  rather  loosely-defined  character;  but  the 
wine  so  seized  was  to  be  paid  for.  It  is  obvious  that  this  was  a  device 
for  filling  the  royal  cellars  with  a  commodity  that  was  not  so  much 
a  luxury  as  a  necessity  at  the  royal  table.  From  an  early  date,  too, 
the  wine  so  seized,  was  given  to  nobles  and  high  churchmen,  some- 
what as  gobelins  and  sevres  were  later  on  in  France. 

The  history  of  the  prise  of  wine  runs  somewhat  parallel  to  the 
history  of  the  other  dues  already  dealt  with.  It,  too,  was  infeudated 
and  so  lost  to  the  Crown,  and  exemption  from  it  was  won,  and 
always  highly  prized,  by  London  and  the  Cinque  ports.  But  here 
the  analogy  ends,  for  the  prise,  because  of  its  original  peculiar  rela- 
tion to  the  royal  needs  and  the  resulting  prominence  of  the  tax,  had 
a  close  relation  to  the  later  customs  system.  It  was  commuted  to  a 
money  payment  in  1303,  in  the  case  of  aliens,  and  centuries  later  in 
the  case  of  denizens.  It  is  this  commutation  that  probably  served 
as  the  suggestion  for  the  general  prise  theory  of  the  origin  of  the 
customs;  but  as  we  have  noted,  such  a  commutation  was  the  excep- 
tion rather  than  the  rule. 


ENGLISH   CUSTOMS  REVENUE   UP  TO   1275.  299 

Additional  evidence  that  wine  was  unique  is  the  fact  that  the  prise 
of  wine  was  originally  hardly  a  tax  at  all.  The  King  paid  for  the 
wine  taken  at  a  slightly  less  than  market  rate.  The  original  wine 
tax  was  cornage.  The  prise  of  wine  became  a  tax  only  when  the 
early  official  valuation,  which  had  become  fixed  at  20s.  fell  much 
below  the  market  price  in  the  general  rise  of  prices  in  the  thirteenth 
century.  The  prise  as  a  tax  was  historically  an  accident,  the  King 
becoming  the  beneficiary  of  an  unearned  increment. 

Whence  the  prise  of  wine  came,  we  can  do  little  more  than  con 
jecture.  An  analogous  Norman  tax,  the  modiation  or  measurage  of 
wine,  has  priority  in  the  records  and  may  be  the  progenitor.  At  least 
two  editors  of  documents  have  translated  modiatio  by  prisage.  But 
there  is  no  good  reason  for  closely  associating  the  two,  except  in  so  far 
as  both  may  have  arisen  in  answer  to  the  same  need,  that  is,  for  wine 
for  the  sovereign's  use. 

All  of  these  taxes,  lastage,  scavage,  cornage,  and  prisage,  have  three 
points  in  common.  The  assizes  or  decrees  bringing  them  into  exist- 
ence have  been  lost.  While  they  were  all  national  in  so  far  as  they 
were  on  foreign  trade,  imposed  on  alien  and  denizen,  and  apparently 
originally  imposed  by  the  sovereign,  they  all  have  traits  of  localism 
that  are  unmistakable.  They  were  all  infeudated  in  whole  or  in  part 
and  to  all  of  them,  with  the  possible  exception  of  cornage,  exemptions 
were  made  in  favor  of  individuals  or  such  groups  of  individuals  as 
burgesses  and  the  inmates  of  ecclesiastical  establishments. 

Infeudation  and  exemption  are  suggestive  of  what  is  probably  the 
key  to  the  origin  of  the  national  customs.  Probably  the  model  of  the 
national  system  was  the  local  system  of  the  towns.  The  purely  local 
customs  of  the  towns,  which  we  now  call  "  tolls,"  were  indeed  at  this 
early  date  called  "  customs,"  the  very  term  applied  to  the  four  taxes 
above  mentioned  whenever  they  were  described  without  being  named. 
Exemption  and  infeudation  are  likewise  the  characteristics  of  local 
taxes.  Seemingly  then  the  town  customs  were  at  once  the  models  for 
a  national  customs  system  and  the  rocks  on  which  that  system  finally 
foundered.  It  was  localism  which  was  likewise  to  prove  the  stumbling 
block  to  later  royal  efforts  as  we  shall  presently  see. 

The  concept  of  national  customs  is  now  familiar  enough,  but  we 
must  not  take  it  for  granted  at  the  beginning.  If  the  local  system 
of  taxation  on  trade  antedated  the  national,  as  is  probable,  then  the 
national  system  involved  a  new  step  not  only  of  financial  but  of 
economic  import.  It  would  be  going  beyond  what  we  know  of  the 
times  to  assign  the  invention  to  anything  but  fiscal  expediency. 
Town  customs  already  in  existence  were  needed  for  local  purposes. 
They  bore  many  exemptions,  at  any  rate  at  a  later  date.  They  did 
not  hold  out  much  prospect  for  further  development  at  the  hands 
of  the  sovereign.    Accordingly  a  new  system  was  evolved,  based  not 


300  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

on  local  but  on  foreign  trade.  Any  tax  on  such  trade  would  seem- 
ingly be  paid  by  foreign  merchants  who  were  the  first  to  organize  the 
export  and  import  trades  of  England. 

This  new  system  was  made  up  of  lastage  and  scavage,  with  the 
later  additions  of  cornage  and  prisage.  The  sovereign  might  evolve 
a  new  system,  but  he  could  not  make  it  an  entire  success  without 
changing  the  social  and  economic  system  of  the  time  and  the  mental 
make-up  of  his  subjects.  Accordingly  the  new  customs  soon  began 
to  be  assimilated  to  the  local  system  with  its  exemptions  and  infeuda- 
tion,  and  for  this  reason,  as  time  went  on,  yielded  less  and  less  to  the 
King,  with  the  exception  of  prisage  above  noted.  Time  and  tide, 
however,  were  with  the  central  government  which  could  make  further 
efforts.  These  fell  within  the  thirteenth  century  but  still  previous  to 
the  3'ear  1275. 

When  hard  pressed  for  money.  King  John  imposed  a  new  system  of 
customs  practically  unrecognized  by  historians  of  English  taxation 
and  when  at  all  noted,  wrongly  understood.  The  tax  was  a  fifteenth 
of  goods  exported  or  imported,  an  ad  valorem  duty  of  6f  per  cent. 
Although  we  have  a  summary  account  of  the  amount  of  money 
returned  to  the  exchequer  from  this  source,  we  do  not  know  how  long 
the  tax  lasted.  Apparently  its  history  was  brief,  for  it  has  been 
traced  only  from  the  beginning  in  1203  to  the  year  1207.  Why  it 
was  so  short-lived  is  unknown.  The  high  percentage  suggests  oppo- 
sition from  the  King's*subjects.  The  loss  of  Normandy  would  point 
to  the  end  of  the  most  pressing  need  for  its  existence.  But  London's 
purchase  of  exemption  for  a  lump  sum  is  the  significant  event,  in- 
dicating the  most  potent  enemy  of  national  taxes  on  trade,  the 
privileged  burgess  class  of  the  town.  Localism  was  ready  to  do 
for  this  tax  what  it  had  done  for  lastage  and  the  others. 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  III  there  is  some  general  evidence  of  the 
desire  on  the  part  of  the  sovereign  to  use  the  royal  right  of  pur- 
veyance as  a  means  to  establish  a  new  tax  on  trade.  The  Barons* 
War  checked  this,  and  in  its  stead  came  a  tax  which  apparently  has 
never  been  isolated  and  identified,  though  it  has  been  accidentally 
noted  by  historians.     This  is  the  new  aid  of  1266. 

The  new  aid  of  1266  was  the  invention  of  Prince  Edward,  later 
Edward  I.  It  was  an  ad  valorem  tax  on  foreign  trade,  which  lasted 
apparently  down  to  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  of  the  later  cus- 
toms system  in  1275.  What  the  rate  was  is  unknown,  for  no  accounts 
of  the  tax  are  extant  Why  it  was  of  so  short  life  is  likewise  un- 
certain, though  we  may  conjecture  that  the  reason  was  chiefly  the 
extraordinary  character  of  the  tax,  which  like  other  aids  was  levied 
to  meet  a  special  situation.  But  this  much  is  clear  that,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  other  customs,  towns  at  once  sought  and  obtained  exemp- 
tions through  the  influence  of  patrons  or  by  the  payment  of  money. 


ENGLISH   CUSTOMS  REVENUE  UP  TO  1275.  801 

With  this  our  outline  ends ;  that  is,  with  the  disappearance  of  the 
new  aid,  about  Easter,  1275.  All  the  taxes  dealt  with  have  been  na- 
tional in  whole  or  in  part.  All  have  been  called  into  existence  by 
special  action  of  the  sovereign,  with  some  little  doubt  (because  of 
lack  of  evidence)  in  the  case  of  only  two,  lastage  and  scavage.  All 
have  suffered  from  the  dominant  localism  of  the  day.  All  have  been 
money  payments,  except  prisage  which  was  peculiar  in  many  re- 
spects, as  has  been  shown. 

According  to  long-accepted  opinion,  the  order  of  development  of 
English  national  taxes  has  been,  first,  those  on  land  (the  Danegeld), 
then  on  movables  (the  Saladin  tithe),  and  only  later  on  trade  (the 
commuted  prise).  If  what  has  been  said  about  the  development 
of  the  customs  be  true,  then  this  order  must  be  changed.  National 
taxes  on  trade  preceded  those  on  movables  and  possibly  those  on  land. 

Vinogradoff  has  lately  resurrected  the  question:  What  was  the 
ordinary  means  of  meeting  the  requirements  of  the  early  national 
government  ?  He  has  answered  it  orthodoxly  by  asserting  that  serv- 
ices not  taxes  were  the  main  reliance,  services  from  Crown  lands 
rather  than  revenue  from  public  taxation.  He  probably  misses  the 
main  point  at  issue  when  he  speaks  of  the  tenth  and  eighth  centuries 
in  the  one  breath.  Wliat  may  have  been  true  at  the  time  of  Bede 
would  probably  not  have  held  in  the  year  1000.  Bede  might  well 
have  complained  of  the  alienation  of  the  royal  demesne,  but  this 
alienation  was  one  of  the  processes  that  made  a  new  field  of  taxes 
essential.  All  this  leads  us  merely  to  the  speculation  about  the  time 
when.the  first  national  customs  duties  were  imposed,  the  lastage  and 
the  scavage.  The  conservative  answer  is  in  the  period  1050-1150, 
but  this  may  be  a  century  too  late. 

In  place  of  the  gradual  and  vague  development  underlying  the 
prise  theory,  we  should  substitute  a  series  of  clearly  defined  actions 
and  inventions  which,  though  in  themselves  single  events,  were  not 
isolated  facts.  The  establishment  of  lastage,  scavage,  cornage, 
prisage,  the  fifteenth,  and  the  new  aid  marked  in  each  case  an  episode 
in  the  struggle  between  localism  and  nationalism.  The  struggle  was 
in  no  sense  won  by  nationalism  in  1275,  but  at  that  date  there  was 
every  assurance  that  it  would  be.  The  history  of  the  period  from 
1275  to  1347  is  replete  with  evidence  of  the  waning  strength  of  local- 
ism and  the  growing  power  of  nationalism.  Localism  was  carried 
into  the  Parliaments  of  the  period,  while  nationalism  was  enthroned 
in  the  royal  council.  By  means  of  gradual  encroachment,  tact,  and 
cooperation,  the  Crown  ultimately  had  its  way.  Up  to  1275  every 
effort  on  the  part  of  the  Government  to  found  a  national  customs 
system  resulted  in  a  large  measure  of  failure;  in  the  subsequent 
period  every  effort  ended  in  partial  or  complete  success. 


X.  THE  ASSOCIATION. 


By  J.  FRANKLIN  JAMESON, 

Director  of  the  Department  of  Historical  Research  in  the 
Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 


303 


THE  ASSOCIATION. 


By  J.  F.  Jameson. 


The  purpose  of  this  brief  paper  is  to  set  forth,  some  facts  and 
make  some  suggestions  or  conjectures  regarding  the  history  of  the 
institution  called  the  association  in  a  specialized  sense  of  that  word. 
When  the  First  Continental  Congress  met  in  this  historic  city,  in  a 
hall  not  many  squares  from  that  in  which  we  are  to-day  assembled, 
one  of  its  first  acts  was  to  appoint  a  committee  to  prepare  an  asso- 
ciation. What  did  they  mean  by  that  word?  If  used  in  this  present 
day  of  highly  developed  social  organization,  it  would  mean  an 
organized  body  having  a  president,  a  vice  president,  a  secretary,  a 
treasurer,  an  executive  committee,  a  constitution,  and  probably  also 
by-laws,  and  as  many  other  of  the  paraphernalia  of  organization 
"  as  the  traffic  would  bear  " ;  but  what  the  members  of  the  First  Con 
tinental  Congress  meant  was  a  document  of  the  nature  of  a  non- 
importation agreement.  In  their  journal,  under  date  of  October  20, 
1774,  we  read :  "  The  association  being  copied,  was  read  and  signed 
at  the  table,  and  is  as  follows."  Then  the  document  is  inserted,  with 
52  signatures  of  members,  followed  by  the  vote :  "  Ordered,  That 
this  association  be  committed  to  the  press  and  that  120  copies  be 
struck  off."^  Of  these  first  120'  printed  copies  one,  bearing  the  sig- 
natures of  the  members,  may  be  seen  in  the  Library  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsylvania. 

Although  in  the  year  1774  the  word  "  association  "  was  occasionally 
used  in  other  senses,  yet  its  main  sense,  in  the  minds  of  men  occupied 
with  such  tasks  as  those  of  the  Continental  Congress,  was  that  of  a 
signed  agreement  to  pursue  a  given  course  of  public  action.  It  is  the 
history  of  the  association  in  this  sense,  that  I  wish  to  discuss  in  outline 
on  the  present  occasion. 

Whence  came  the  word,  and  the  device  which  it  denoted,  into  the 
mmds  of  the  members  of  the  First  Continental  Congress?  Like  so 
much  else  in  their  procedure,  it  came  directly  from  precedents  in  the 
action  of  their  respective  colonies.  For  one  instance  not  long  before, 
when  the  Virginian  House  of  Burgesses,  on  May  17, 1769,  was  dissolved 
by  Gov.  Botetourt  because  of  their  resolutions  condemning  parlia- 
mentary taxation,  they  proceeded  at  once  to  meet  in  an  informal 

1  "  Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress,"  ed.  Ford,  I,  75-81,  Oct.  20,  1774.  See  also 
Force,  "American  Archives,"  fourth  series,  I,  913.    . 

88582°— 19 ^20  305 


306  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

assemblage  at  the  Raleigh  Tavern,  and,  passing  resolutions  against 
the  use  of  any  merchandise  that  should  be  imported  from  Great 
Britain,  drew  them  up  in  the  form  of  articles  of  association,  which 
were  signed  by  those  present  and  sent  in  various  copies  to  the  other 
colonies  and  to  Great  Britain,  while  other  copies  were  circulated 
throughout  the  counties  of  Virginia  for  the  signature  of  every  free- 
man who  would  subscribe,^ 

Many  of  the  non-importation  agreements  of  those  two  or  three 
years  were  called  associations  by  those  official  or  unofficial  bodies  that 
prepared  them,  and  frequently  they  were  printed  under  headings  in 
which  that  name  occurs.  But  the  term,  in  colonial  practice,  was  far 
from  originating  at  that  time.  In  that  House  of  Burgesses  which 
Lord  Botetourt  so  summarily  dissolved  in  May,  1769,  many  of  the 
older  members  could  easilj^  remember  the  opening  of  the  session  of 
1745,  when  the  governor  in  his  formal  address  proposed  that  after 
the  example  of  their  fellow-subjects  the  burgesses  and  inhabitants  of 
Virginia  enter  into  an  association  to  defend  their  Sovereign  Lord 
King  George  the  Second  from  all  the  perils  involved  in  the  Jacobite 
rising  of  that  year.' 

But  indeed,  as  Gov.  Gooch's  phrase  indicates,  the  device  was  not 
one  originating  in  the  colonies,  but  was  imitated  from  English  prac- 
tice, recurring  from  time  to  time.  Let  us,  therefore,  turn  to  the  story 
of  the  association  in  English  history. 

So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  discover,  the  first  use  in  English  his- 
tory of  the  word  "  association  "  in  the  sense  which  we  have  been  dis- 
cussing occurs  in  1584,  in  the  celebrated  instance  of  the  association 
for  the  protection  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  It  is  true  that  the  con- 
spirator Edward  Fitzharris,  in  the  libel  which  led  to  his  trial  in 
1681,  says :  "  Let  the  counties  be  ready  to  enter  into  an  association, 
as  the  county  of  York  did  in  Henry  the  Eighth's  time."*  He  refers 
to  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace  of  1536,  but  I  find  no  evidence  of  the 
general  signing  of  any  document  on  that  occasion,  and  as  no  one 
seems  to  believe  anything  that  Fitzharris  said  about  matters  hap- 
pening in  his  own  day,  we  shall  hardly  regard  him  as  an  authority 
respecting  the  days  of  Henry  VIII.  We  begin  then  with  the  inci- 
dents of  1584.  The  plots  of  Throckmorton  and  others  to  assassinate 
the  Queen  in  order  to  bring  about  the  succession  of  the  Queen  of  Scots 
had,  it  will  be  remembered,  been  discovered,  their  intentions  frustrated, 
and  the  authors  punished.  Yet  the  sense  of  danger  remained  very 
acute,  the  law  being  in  such  a  state  that  the  death  of  the  sovereign 
dissolved  many  of  the  constitutional  foundations  of  society  and  in 
the  existing  circumstances  would  most  likely  lead  to  civil  war.    With 

»  "  Journals  of  the  House  of  Burgesses,"  s.  d. 
^  »Ibid.,  Feb.  20,  1745. 

*•' Parliamentary   History,"   IV,  app.  XIII,  zxviL 


THE  ASSOCIATION.  307 

that  death  Parliament  would  automatically  come  to  an  end.  commis- 
sions would  expire,  public  authority  be  nowhere  securely  vested. 
The  device  which  was  adopted  in  order  to  bridge  the  crisis  appre- 
hended was  that  of  a  Protestant  association.  The  terms  of  the  docu- 
ment are  well  known.  It  declares  that  those  "  whose  names  are  or 
shall  be  subscribed  to  this  writing  .  .  .  calling  first  to  witness  the 
name  of  Almighty  God,  do  voluntarily  and  most  willingly  bind  our- 
selves, every  one  of  us  to  the  other,  jointly  and  severally  in  the  band 
of  one  firm  and  loyal  society;  and  do  hereby  vow  and  promise  by 
the  Majesty  of  Almighty  God  that  with  our  whole  powers,  bodies, 
lives,  and  goods,  we  will  serve  and  obey  our  Sovereign  Lady  Eliza- 
beth, against  all  states,  dignities,  and  earthly  powers  whatsoever, 
and  will  with  our  joint  and  particular  force  during  our  lives  with- 
stand, pursue,  and  offend,  as  well  by  force  of  arms  as  by  all  other 
means  of  revenge,  all  manner  of  persons  of  whatsoever  estate  they 
be,  and  their  abettors,  that  shall  attempt  any  act,  or  counsel  or  con- 
sent to  anything  that  shall  tend  to  the  harm  of  Her  Majesty's  per- 
son," and  will  never  accept  or  favor  as  successor  anyone  on  whose 
behalf  such  detestable  acts  have  been  committed  or  attempted,  but 
will  prosecute  such  person  to  the  death.' 

Such  was  the  document  prepared  by  Burghley  and  Walsingham. 
The  privy  councillors,  the  fudges,  and  all  others  in  and  about  London 
who  held  office  under  the  Crown,  signed  forthwith.  Letters  from 
Walsingham  went  out  to  each  lord  lieutenant,  urging  him  to  induce 
the  gentry  of  his  county  to  execute  a  similar  instrument  of  associa- 
tion, and  for  that  purpose  the  secretary  sent  copies  to  each,  one  of 
which,  when  signed  and  sealed,  should  be  sent  to  the  council,  while 
the  other  was  to  be  kept  by  the  Gustos  Rotulorum  of  the  county.  In 
the  Public  Record  Office  are  preserved  the  copies  which  came  back 
from  many  of  the  counties,  with  multitudes  of  signatures  appended. 
"The  loyal,"  says  Froude,  "signed  in  a  passion  of  delight;  the  dis- 
loyal, because  they  dared  not  refuse."  The  Earl  of  Derby,  writing 
for  Lancashire,  himself  not  exempt  from  suspicion,  shows  us  the 
picturesque  scene  in  which,  on  his  knees  in  church,  bareheaded,  he 
took  the  oath,  administered  by  the  Bishop  of  Chester  to  him,  first 
among  the  throng,  and  so  to  the  rest,  six  at  a  time.* 

Now  what  was  the  nature  of  the  device  thus  so  extensively  and  so 
enthusiastically  adopted?  Obviously  it  was  extra-legal,  an  emer- 
gency measure  adopted  to  meet  exigencies  not  provided  for  by  the 
existing  constitution  or  laws.  Questions  of  conscience,  questions  re- 
specting illegality,  did  not  fail  to  arise  immediately  in  some  scrupu- 
lous minds.  In  the  Public  Record  Office  is  a  paper  entitled,  "  The 
Dangers  that  may  ensue  by  the  Oath  of  Allegiance  lereafter,  if  it  be 

»"  state  Trials  "  (Howell),  I,  1161-1163. 

•"Calendar  of  State  Papers,  Domestic,'  1581-1590,  pp.  207-208,  210-212. 


308  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

not  qualified  by  a  convenient  Act  of  Parliament,"^  and  an  act  was 
passed  by  the  Parliament  which  was  immediately  convened,  the 
statute  of  27  Elizabeth  ch.  1,  "  an  act  for  the  security  of  the  Queen's 
Majesty's  Most  Royal  Person." 

But  a  device  which,  even  by  extra-legal  means,  could  save  the  nation 
from  civil  war  and  the  Protestant  religion  from  extirpation,  was 
too  valuable  to  be  ill  thought  of,  and  its  popularity  and  eclat  were 
not  likely  ever  to  be  forgotten.  In  the  period  of  the  Interregnum, 
so  fertile  in  constitutional  experiments,  signs  are  not  wanting  that 
the  Protestant  Association  of  1584  was  not  lost  from  memory.  The 
Eastern  Association  and  the  Midland  Association  of  1642  do  not 
seem  to  have  had  the  nature  of  signed  agreements,  but  rather  to 
have  been  associations  or  groupings  of  counties  effected  by  a  superior 
authority,  associations  in  a  more  modern  sense.  But  the  Solemn 
League  and  Covenant  of  1643,  like  the  Scottish  National  Covenant 
of  five  years  earlier,  was  precisely  a  signed  agreement  binding  the 
signatories  to  persevere  in  a  described  course  of  public  action. 

But  leaving  Scottish  instances  to  a  later  moment,  we  may  pass  on 
to  the  association  of  1681,  alleged  to  have  been  found  in  Shaftes- 
bury's closet,  though  declared  by  him  to  be  wholly  unauthentic. 
Like  its  great  prototype  of  1584,  it  purported  to  defend  the  security 
of  the  Protestant  religion,  by  preventing  or  making  unprofitable  a 
Catholic  succession.  The  signers  were  to  bind  themselves,  in  case 
of  King  Charles's  assassination,  to  obey  Parliament  and  those  com- 
missioned by  it,  and  in  case  of  its  dissolution,  to  obey  those 'of  its 
members  who  had  enrolled  themselves  in  this  association.^  Not 
merely  extra-legal  but  plainly  illegal,  such  a  bond  nevertheless  repre- 
sents clearly  the  type  we  are  pursuing,  and  continues  its  tradition. 

Of  far  wider  fame  and  effect  was  the  association  of  1688  which 
Sir  Edward  Seymour  devised  when  he  went  to  meet  William  of 
Orange  at  Exeter,  and  which  did  so  much  to  pave  the  way  for  the 
latter's  success,  the  signers  pledging  themselves  to  hold  together 
until  religion  and  the  laws  and  liberties  of  the  country  had  been 
established  in  a  free  parliament.^  The  problem  was  that  of  meeting 
by  voluntary  and  concerted  action  an  interval  in  the  operation  of 
the  regular  machinery  of  monarchy. 

Eight  years  later  it  again  became,  or  seemed,  necessary  to  provide 
a  device  by  which,  as  by  the  flywheel  of  an  engine,  the  machinery  of 
monarchical  government  might  be  carried  past  a  dead-point,  caused, 
not  by  the  monarch's  flight  or  abdication,  but,  as  in  Queen  Eliza- 
beth's day,  by  his  prospective  assassination.     In   February,   1696, 

•"'Calendar  of  State  Papers,   Domestic,"   1581-1590.   pp.  207-20S,   210-212. 

•"State  Trials,"  VIII,  781-787.  See  also  "Discourse  touching  the  Addresse.*  or 
Presentments  to  the  King  against  the  Association,  with  Account  of  the  Association 
made  and  confirmed  in  the  Reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  "  (1682). 

» Burnet.    "  Own   Time,"   I,   792. 


THE   ASSOCIATION.  _       309 

the  plot  of  Sir  John  Fenwick  and  others  to  kill  King  William  at 
Turnham  Green  had  on  its  discovery  caused  widespread  alarm 
throughout  the  nation,  then  still  at  war  with  France,  still  appre- 
hensive of  a  reinstatement  of  King  James,  and  still  nervous  respect- 
ing Popery.  It  was  still  the  law  that  the  death  of  the  King  eo  ipso 
dissolved  Parliament  and  determined  all  offices  held  under  the 
Crown.  The  movement  which  ensued  has  been  brilliantly  described 
by  Macaulay : 

"  Sir  Rowland  Gwyn,  an  honest  country  gentleman,  made  a  motion 
of  which  he  did  not  at  all  foresee  the  important  consequences.  He 
proposed  that  the  members  should  enter  into  an  association  for  the 
defence  of  their  sovereign  and  their  country.  Montague,  who  of  all 
men  was  the  quickest  at  taking  and  improving  a  hint,  saw  how 
much  such  an  association  would  strengthen  the  government  and  the 
Whig  party.  An  instrument  was  immediately  drawn  up  by  which 
the  representatives  of  the  people,  each  for  himself,  solemnly  recog- 
nized William  as  rightful  and  lawful  King,  and  bound  themselves  to 
stand  by  him  and  by  each  other  against  James  and  James's  adherents. 
They  vowed  that,  if  His  Majesty's  life  should  be  shortened  by  vio- 
lence, they  would  avenge  him  signally  on  his  murderers,  and  would, 
with  one  heart,  strenuously  support  the  order  of  succession  settled 
by  the  Bill  of  Eights."  To  copies  of  this  association,  circulated 
throughout  England,  several  hundred  thousand  subscriptions  were 
at  once  obtained.  "  It  seems  certain,"  says  Macaulay,  "  that  the 
Association  included  the  great  majority  of  the  adult  male  inhab- 
itants of  England  who  were  able  to  sign  their  names.  *  *  *  The 
association  was  signed  by  the  rude  fishermen  of  the  Scilly  Rocks, 
by  the  English  merchants  of  Malaga,  by  the  English  merchants  of 
Genoa,  by  the  citizens  of  New  York,  by  the  tobacco  planters  of 
Virginia,  and  by  the  sugar  planters  of  Barbadoes."  ^° 

Again  in  1715  and  in  1745  and  in  some  later  crises,  when  danger 
threatened  monarchs  of  the  house  of  Hanover,  loyal  associations 
were  drawn  up  and  signed  almost  as  a  matter  of  course. 

What  Macaulay  says  of  imitation  in  the  colonies  is  shown  by  many 
American  examples.  Thus  the  Marylanders  in  April,  1689,  follow- 
ing close  upon  the  movement  begun  at  Exeter  by  Sir  Edward  Sey- 
•  mour,  drew  up  and  signed  "  An  Association  in  Arms  for  the  Defense 
of  the  Protestant  Religion,  and  for  asserting  the  Right  of  King  Wil- 
liam and  Queen  Mary  to  the  Province  of  Maryland  and  all  the  Eng- 
lish Dominions."  ^^    Eight  years  later,  after  Fenwick's  plot,  and  at 

""History  of  England,"  IV.  533,  544-548. 

"  Chalmers,  "  Political  Annals,"  373.  Their  declaration  was  printed  at  St.  Mary's 
in  1689,  the  earliest  known  publication  with  a  Maryland  imprint,  and  reprinted  in  1689 
In  London  and  recently  In  this  society's  "  Original  Narratives "  series,  "  Narratives  of 
the  Insurrections,"  305-314. 


310  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

various  other  times  of  crisis,  we  find  in  various  colonies  associations 
to  stand  by  the  Protestant  succession," 

Thus  the  line  of  descent  from  the  Protestant  Association  of  1584 
to  that  framed  in  Philadelphia  by  the  First  Continental  Congress 
143  years  ago  is  entirely  clear,  with  the  word  used  recurringly  in 
the  same  sense,  of  a  signed  agreement  to  persevere  in  common  in 
the  same  course  of  public  effort.  But  what  was  the  descent  of  the 
association  framed  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  time,  what  its  origins  or 
models?  The  answer  to  such  a  question  must  always  be  in  some 
degree  conjectural.  It  might  easily  be  argued  that  the  institution 
or  device  was  of  Scottish  origin,  as  I  have  elsewhere  shown  to  be 
the  case  with  the  device  called  the  convention,  borrowed  from  Scot- 
tish practice  a  little  later."  In  Scottish  history  there  had  been 
numerous  signed  agreements  of  a  political  character,  usually  agree- 
ments between  the  turbulent  nobles  of  that  distracted  country  to 
oppose  their  unfortunate  monarch  or  some  rival  group  of  nobles'. 
In  Scottish  practice  they  were  not  called  associations,  but  bonds  or 
bands.^*  Thus,  when  the  Scottish  Queen  Mary,  with  prudent  eager- 
ness, hastened  to  concur  in  the  association  for  the  protection  of 
Elizabeth,  the  document  in  which  she  did  so  is  entitled  "  The  Queen 
of  Scotts  Bond  in  Association  to  be  an  Enemie  to  all  that  shall  at- 
tempt anie  Thing  against  her  Majestie's  Lyffe."  ^^  There  seems  to 
have  been  a  "  band  "  for  the  murder  of  Damley ;  there  certainly  was 
one  for  the  murder  of  Eiccio."  The  followers  of  Knox  drew  up  in 
1557  the  Common  or  Goodly  Band,  in  1559  the  Bond  of  the  Congrega- 
tion and  the  Generall  Band,  all  of  them  precursors  of  the  covenants 
of  1581  and  1638.  But,  indeed,  there  is  a  long  line  of  precedents  in 
Scottish  history,  down  from  at  least  the  time  of  the  Bruces,  when, 
for  instance,  we  find  in  Balfour's  Annales,  under  date  of  1306,  that 
"This  yeire  ther  was  a  mutuall  endenture  made  betuix'Sir  Gilbert 
Hay  of  Erole,  Sir  Neill  Campbell  of  Lochaw,  and  Sir  Alexander 
Setton,  knights,  at  the  abbey  of  Londors,  to  defend  King  Eobert  and 
hes  croune  to  the  last  of  ther  bloodes  and  fortunes:  upone  the 
sealling  of  the  said  indenture,  they  solemly  toke  the  sacrament  at 
St.  Maries  altar,  in  the  said  abbey-churche."  " 

"  "  New  Hampshire  Provincial  Papers,"  II,  258-259.  "  Md.  Archives,"  XX,  53S-546, 
with  eight  pages  of  signatures. 

" "  On  the  Early  Political  Uses  of  the  Word  Convention,"  in  "  American  Historical 
Review,"  III,  477-487. 

"  Rev.  James  Hewson,  "  Bands  or  Covenants  in  Scotland,  with  a  List  of  Extant 
Copies  of  the  Scottish  Covenants,"  in  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scot- 
land, fourth  series.  XLlI.  166-182. 

>*  "  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  Domestic,"  ubi  supra. 

"  See  appendix  to  Aadrew  Lang,  "  The  Mystery  of  Mary  Stuart."  381-385,  for  the 
instance  relating  to  Damley,  and,  for  that  relating  to  Rlccio,  (ioodall,  "  Examioation 
of  the  Letters  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,"  I,  266-268. 

"  Balfour,  "  Annales  of  Scotland,"  I,  89. 


THE  ASSOCIATION.  311 

Thus  conjecture  might  attribute  the  association  devised  in  Octo- 
ber, 1584,  by  Burghley  and  Walsingham  to  imitation  of  a  familiar 
Scottish  model.  But  we  are  not  without  definite  evidence  of  a 
curious  sort  pointing  in  another  direction.  The  association  was 
presented  to  the  Privy  Council  on  the  19th  of  October.  Under  date 
of  October  12  there  is,  in  the  State  Papers,  Domestic,  a  letter  of 
Burghley  to  Walsingham  in  which  he  writes  that  he  has  been  much 
pleased  with  a  book  in  which  he  found  "The  Confederation  of  the 
Nobility  of  the  Low  Countries  against  the  Inquisition "  in  anno 
1568  (he  means  1566),  and  advises  Walsingham  to  read  it.^^  Thus 
a  week  before  the  two  statesmen  completed  their  association  and 
presented  it  to  the  council  for  signature  we  find  their  minds  actively 
occupied  with  the  so-called  Compromise  of  1566,  familiar  to  readers 
of  Motley,^^  by  which  Louis  of  Nassau  and  some  2,000  other  noble- 
men and  gentlemen  and  even  burghers  of  the  Low  Countries  bound 
themselves  to  resist  the  Inquisition  and  the  rule  of  the  foreigner. 

And  what  was  the  model  of  this  Belgic  document  of  1566? 
Plainly  the  earlier  among  those  Catholic  leagues  which  had  already 
begun  to  be  powerful  in  France.  To  many  minds  the  league  in 
French  history  means  simply  the  Holy  League,  the  alliance  of  the 
Guises  with  Philip  II.  But  on  its  first  emergence  in  French  history 
a  few  years  earlier  than  that  alliance  the  term  league  denotes  an 
association  of  precisely  the  type  we  have  been  considering,  a  signed 
agreement  to  persevere  in  a  given  course  of  public  action;  in  this 
case  the  maintenance  of  the  Catholic  religion  against  heretical  sec- 
taries and  time-serving  kings  and  politicians.  The  earliest  which 
Prof.  Thompson's  industry  has  discovered  is  a  local  association 
formed  at  Bordeaux  in  1560.  Another,  for  Provence,  was  drawn 
up  at  Aix  in  November,  1562.  Montluc  instigated  the  redaction  of 
another  at  Agen  in  February,  1563,  and  took  part  in  the  framing 
of  still  another  at  Toulouse  in  March,  which  Agrippa  d'Aubigne 
calls  "  the  prototype  and  first  example  of  all  the  leagues  that  have 
since  appeared  in  France."  ^° 

Thus  by  1566  Louis  of  Nassau  and  his  light-headed  companions 
had  in  their  minds  many  examples  of  the  signed  political  agree- 
ment, and  by  1584  the  whole  genus  was  doubtless  familiar  to  states- 
men so  experienced  as  Burghley  and  Walsingham.  Most  of  the 
members  of  the  Continental  Congress  would  have  been  ill  pleased 
to  think  that  the  device  they  employed  descended,  even  indirectly, 
from  the  Catholic  leagues  of  sixteenth-century  France,  but  such  is 
most  likely  the  historic  fact. 

^  "  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  Domestic,'  1581-1590,  p.  202. 

"  "  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic,"  I,  493-499. 

»J.  W.  Thompson,  "The  Wars  of  Religion  in  France,'  213-216. 


312  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL,  ASSOCIATION. 

As  to  earlier  origins,  it  is  perhaps  sufficient  to  say  that  instances 
of  the  signed  agreement  to  hold  together  for  the  attainment  of 
given  political  aims  occur  here  and  there  throughout  the  later  Mid- 
dle Ages,  in  the  history  of  England  (e.  g.,  the  barons  at  St.  Ed- 
mund's in  1214),^^  of  France,  of  Castile  (hermandades)  and  Aragon, 
of  Germany  and  Bohemia.  As  a  primitive  form  of  "  His  Majesty's 
Opposition,"  as  a  simple  step  toward  the  organization  of  like- 
minded  persons  for  political  action  other  than  that  of  the  State, 
such  agreements  were  almost  certain  to  arise. 

More  significant,  however,  than  any  question  of  origins  is  that 
of  the  essential  nature  of  the  association  and  its  place  in  the  politi- 
cal development  of  Europe.  To  properly  place  it  in  the  history 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  we  need  to  bear  in  mind  how  firmly  the 
men  of  that  time  held  that  the  nation  and  the  country  were  the 
king's ;  that  the  right  to  direct  policy  resided  in  him ;  how  abhorrent 
to  their  thoughts  would  have  been  the  rule  of  parties.  The  word 
"  party  "  they  used  as  synonj'mous  with  faction,  as  denoting  a  thing  ' 
to  be  warmly  reprobated,  a  thing  fraught  with  danger  to  the  State. 
The  party  and  the  association  were  alike  to  be  deprecated,  as  sub- 
stituting illegal  or  extra-legal  machinery  for  that  orderly  govern- 
ment by  the  king  through  the  king's  ministers  which  alone  was 
the  constitutional  means  for  achieving  the  lawful  ends  of  the  State. 
"  Leagues  within  the  State,"  says  Lord  Bacon  in  his  essay  on  faction, 
"  are  ever  pernicious  to  monarchies :  for  they  raise  an  obligation  para- 
mount to  obligation  df  sovereignty,  and  make  the  king  tanquam 
iinus  ex  nobis:  as  was  to  be  seen  in  the  League  of  France."  But 
of  the  two  devices,  the  party  or  faction  was  the  more  reprehensible, 
as  giving  permanent  force  to  the  selfish  interests  of  private  men  as 
against  the  public  interest  represented  by  the  monarch.  The  asso- 
ciation, formed  for  a  temporary  occasion  and  limited  by  a  definite 
program,  seemed  less  dangerous  and  more  allowable.  Its  interest 
lies  in  the  fact  that  for  a  time  it  stood  side  by  side  with  the  part}'^,  as 
a  means  for  reaching  political  ends  through  means  other  than  those 
of  the  monarchical  administration.  The  rivalry  was  soon  ended  in 
favor  of  the  more  flexible  of  the  two  devices,  the  one  more  capable 
of  organization.  The  party  became  in  time  the  leading  means  of 
achieving  public  ends;  the  association  was  relegated  to  the  museum 
of  constitutional  antiquities. 

n  Stubbs,  "  Const  Hist,"  I,  567. 


XI.  TO  WHAT  EXTENT  WAS  GEORGE  ROGERS  CLARK  IN 

MILITARY  CONTROL  OF  THE  NORTHWEST  AT  THE 

CLOSE  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION? 


By  JAMES  A.  JAMES, 

Professor  of  American  History  in  Northwestern  University. 


313 


TO  WHAT  EXTENT  WAS  GEORGE  ROGERS  CLARK  IN  MILITARY 
CONTROL  OF  THE  NORTHWEST  AT  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  AMERI- 
CAN REVOLUTION? 


By  James  A.  James. 


One  view  of  this  question  is  fairly  presented  in  the  letter  of  Gov. 
Benjamin  Harrison,  of  Virginia,  to  Clark,  on  July  2,  1783.  In  this 
letter.  Gov.  Harrison  states  that  since  an  offensive  war  against  the 
Northwestern  Indians  has  been  given  up  that  Clark's  services  in  that 
region  will  no  longer  be  necessary.  "  But  before  I  take  leave  of  you," 
he  says,  "  I  feel  myself  called  on  in  the  most  forcible  manner  to  re- 
turn you  my  thanks  and  those  of  my  council  for  the  very  great  and 
singular  services  you  have  rendered  your  country  in  wresting  so  great 
and  valuable  a  territory  out  of  the  hands  of  the  British  enemy,  re- 
pelling the  attacks  of  their  savage  allies,  and  carrying  on  successful 
war  in  the  heart  of  their  country."  John  Pierce,  representing  the 
United  States,  as  one  of  the  three  commissioners  appointed  to  adjust 
the  claims  of  Virginia  for  debts  contracted  in  carrying  on  the  Revo- 
lution in  the  Northwest,  maintained  "  that  by  leaving  the  territory 
with  his  forces,  Clark  relinquished  the  defense  of  it,  and  he  can  not, 
I  think,  be  said  to  have  maintained  or  defended  a  country  beyond  him 
in  which  he  retained  no  garrison  and  from  which  he  was  at  such  a 
distance  as  to  afford  no  immediate  assistance."* 

Among  the  statements  of  historians  who  have  discussed  the  prob- 
lem, the  two  following  may  also  be  fairly  taken  as  illustrative. 
"  Clark  would  have  pushed  on  to  capture  Detroit  also  but  want  of 
suflScienJ,  reinforcements  compelled  him  to  be  content  with  holding 
Vincennes,  Cahokia,  and  Kaskaskia.  These  posts,  however,  were 
sufficient  to  insure  the  American  hold  upon  the  Northwest  until,  inlhe 
peace  negotiations  of  1782,  the  military  prowess  of  Clark  was  fol- 
lowed up  by  the  diplomatic  triumph  of  Jay."  * 

"  The  summer  of  1779  marked  the  zenith  of  Virginia's  power  north 
of  the  Ohio ;  from  that  date  there  was  steady  decline.  *  *  *  For  a 
year  more  there  were  a  score  of  soldiers  in  those  posts,  acting  as 
scouts;  but  even  these  were  recalled  in  the  following  winter,  and  the 
villages  were  left  to  shift  for  themselves.     *     *     *     Virginia  had 

» At  the  meeting  of  the  commission.  May  15,  1788,  William  Heth,  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners, was  appointed  by  Virginia.  The  third  commissioner  was  David  Henley.  State 
Department  Manuscript,  Bureau  of  Indexes  and  Archives. 

>  Van  Tyne,  The  American  Revolution,  p.  281. 

816 


316  AMERICAN"   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

really  only  weakened  the  hold  of  the  mother  country  on  a  small 
corner  of  tlie  disputed  territory."' 

To  determine  the  influence  of  Clark's  conquests  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  ascertain  to  what  extent  he  retained  military  control  in  the 
Northwest.  The  summer  following  the  capture  of  Kaskaskia  and 
Vincennes,  1779,  Clark  was  forced  to  forego  the  march  against 
Detroit ;  as  he  expressed  it,  "  Detroit  lost  for  want  of  a  few  men." 
But  his  preparations  for  this  expedition  produced  unexpected  results 
on  the  enemy.  Efforts  were  made  to  render  Detroit  and  Michili- 
mackinac  more  defensible,  and  reinforcements  were  hurried  to  these 
posts.*  Their  French  and  Indian  allies  were  in  a  panic  over  the 
report  that  the  English,  unable  to  withstand  the  effect  of  the  alliance 
of  the  Americans,  French,  Spanish,  and  Germans,  would  be  driven 
out  of  America.  So  great  was  the  disaffection  among  the  Indians 
that  according  to  British  testimony  the  Sioux  was  the  only  tribe 
still  true  to  them."  Two  expeditions  sent  from  Michilimackinac  to 
intercept  the  Americans,  one  a  force  of  some  300  regulars,  traders, 
and  Indians,  the  other  with  600  made  up  mainly  of  Indians,  and  a 
third  of  200  Indians,  led  by  officers  from  Detroit,  retreated  in  haste 
upon  hearing  a  report  that  Clark  was  advancing  toward  Detroit 
with  a  force  of  4,000.  A  campaign  against  Vincennes  and  another 
against  Fort  Pitt  were  also  abandoned. 

While  establishing  his  headquarters  in  the  newly  erected  fort  at 
the  falls  of  the  Ohio  ^lark's  plans  seem  to  have  comprehended  two 
main  objects — to  raise  a  force  in  Kentucky,  "  with  the  hopes  of  giv- 
ing the  Shawnees  a  Drubing,"*  and  to  make  a  "bold  push"  and 
reduce  Detroit  and  Mackinac.^  Full  powers  were  granted  him  by 
Gov.  Jefferson  to  engage  in  either  of  these  enterprises  or  establish 
a  post  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio. 

While  preparing  for  the  capture  of  Detroit,  without  which  there 
could  be  no  permanent  peace,  Clark,  in  the  spring  of  1780,  began  a 
fort  5  miles,  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  although  a  locatioil  north 
of  that  river  was  at  first  contemplated.'  Some  months  before,  he  had 
advocated  building  this  fort,  for  on  account  of  a  failure  of  crops  in 
the  Illinois  country  some  location  nearer  the  frontier  settlements 
would  make  the  sustenance  of  his  troops  more  feasible.'    Moreover, 

•  Alvord,  Virginia  and  the  West :  an  Interpretation,  Mississippi  Valley  Historical 
Review.  Vol.    III.  34. 

*  The  name  Michilimaclcinac  was  changed  to  Mackinac  in  1781,  when  that  post  was 
transferred  to  the  island  of  Mackinac. 

» De  Peyster  to  Haldlmand.  July  1,  1779.  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections, 
IX,  390. 

•Clark  to  George  Mason,  Nov.  19.  1779.     James,  George  Rogers  Clark  Papers,  153. 

'  Clark  to  Jonathan  Clark,  Jan.  16,  1780.  Clark  Papers,  383.  "  My  proposition  would 
be  to  Make  a  bold  push.  Reduce  those  Garisons  and  no  peace  with  the  Indians,  only  on 
our  own  terms,  and  never  after  suffer  arms  or  amunltion  to  go  among  tliem,  wblcli 
would  effectually  bring  them  to  our  Feet." 

»  Thomas  Jefferson  to  Clark,  June  14,  1780.     Clark  Papers,  427. 

•Clark  to  Jefferson,  Sept.  23,  1779.     Clark  Papers,  365. 


GEORGE   ROGERS   CLARK  AND   THE   NORTHWEST.  317 

he  argued  that  this  post  should  be  made  the  center  for  the  other  west- 
ern garrisons;  that  it  would  at  once  become  the  key  to  the  trade  of 
the  western  country  and  furnish  a  good  location  for  the  Indian  de- 
partment as  well  as  give  the  means  of  controlling  the  Chickasaw  and 
the  Illinois  posts.  By  March,  of  1780,  he  was  aware  that  the  British 
were  again  winning  control  over  the  northwestern  tribes  and  that 
they  contemplated  some  such  plan  of  action  as  that  attempted  by 
Gov.  Hamilton.  Not  alone  must  this  expedition  which  threatened 
the  total  loss  of  western  control  be  checked,  but  the  advance  of  the 
Spaniards  east  of  the  Mississippi,  who  as  John  Todd  said,  "  have  a 
fondness  for  engrossing  territory,"  must  also  be  met.  The  continu- 
ance of  American  control  in  the  Illinois  country  seemed,  as  Clark 
believed,  to  depend  on  the  concentration  of  his  available  force  at  the 
new  fort.  By  this  striking  move,  the  Indians  would  be  so  mystified 
that  they  would  refuse  to  join  the  British  on  the  aforesaid  expedition. 
At  no  time  was  there  the  suggestion  of  abandoning  any  territory 
beyond  the  Ohio,  Gov.  Jefferson  having  adopted  the  views  of  Clark 
and  Todd  on  the  practicability  of  concentration  in  the  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio  which  would,  as  he  said,  facilitate  trade  with 
the  Illinois  and  be  near  enough  to  furnish  aid  to  that  territory; 
protect  the  trade  with  New  Orleans;  and  together  with  other  posts 
to  be  established  would  constitute  a  "chain  of  defense  for  the  western 
frontier.^**  In  pursuance  of  this  project,  the  troops  were  withdrawn 
from  Vincennes  leaving  only  a  company  of  French  militia  to  guard 
that  post.  But  before  the  retirement  of  the  troops  from  the  Illinois 
villages  had  taken  place  a  formidable  advance  by  the  British  was 
inaugurated.  * 

This  plan  for  gaining  control  over  the  Mississippi — Spain  was  then 
a  common  enemy  of  the  British — for  the  recapture  of  the  Illinois 
country,  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  and  finally  Forts  Pitt  and  Cumber- 
land, was  one  of  the  most  striking  military  conceptions  of  the  entire 
Revolution.  If  successful,  the  whole  region  west  of  the  Alleghanies 
must  have  become  and  doubtless  would  have  remained  British  terri- 
tory, for  all  communication  between  Clark  and  the  East  would  thus 
have  been  destroyed.  Besides,  conditions  east  of  the  mountains  must 
have  been  modified,  for  British  rangers  and  their  hordes  of  Indian 
allies  would  have  been  free  to  join  the  ranks  of  the  British  generals 
in  Virginia  and  the  South. 

The  British  were  to  advance  in  five  sections,  and  three  major  as- 
saults were  ordered  to  be  made  at  widely  separate  points.  With  a 
force  of  1,500  mfen.  Gen.  Campbell  was  to  proceed  from  Pensacola 
and  capture  New  Orleans.  His  strength  was  to  be  increased  by  the 
addition  of  white  troops  and  Indians  from  Mackinac,  this  force 
having  proceeded  down  the  Mississippi  after  capturing  St.  Louis. 

w  Thomas  Jefferson  to  Joseph  Martin.     Clark  Papers,  385. 


318  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

The  third  detachment,  assembled  by  Detroit  officials,  was  to  amnse 
Clark  at  the  falls  of  the  Ohio.  One  of  the  subsidiary  forces  was  to 
advance  by  way  of  the  Illinois  River,  while  a  second  was  ordered  to 
"  watch  the  plains  between  the  Wabash  and  the  Mississippi." 

The  attack  on  St.  Louis  and  the  Illinois  villages  was  entrusted  by 
Gov.  Sinclair,  of  Mackinac,  to  Capt.  Emanuel  Hesse.  His  com- 
mand, made  up  of  950  British  regulars,  traders,  and  Indians,  was 
assembled  at  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Wisconsin. 
Conspicuous  among  the  Menominee,  Sauk,  Fox,  Winnebago,  and 
Ottawa  warriors  was  a  body  of  200  Sioux  braves  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Wabasha,  their  illustrious  chief.  While  the  capture  of  Gov. 
Hamilton  had  weakened  the  hold  of  the  British  on  the  northwestern 
tribes,  the  Sioux,  as  stated  by  Sinclair,  were  "  undebauched,  addicted 
to  war,  and  jealously  attached  to  His  Majesty's  interest."  Warned 
of  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  the  Spaniards  had  so  strengthened 
their  defenses  at^t.  Louis  that  the  first  assault  was  repulsed.  Mean- 
time Clark  had  reached  Cahokia  in  response  to  the  appeals  for  his 
immediate  presence  from  De  Leyba,  the  Spanish  governor,  and  from 
Col.  Montgomery.  After  a  short  skirmish  at  Cahokia  the  British 
retreated  in  two  divisions,  one  up  the  Mississippi  and  the  other 
to  Mackinac.  Two  retaliatory  expeditions  were  sent  in  pursut, 
but  the  enemy  made  good  his  escape.  The  villages  of  the  Sauk 
and  Foxes  on  the  Rock  River  were  destroyed  by  the  Americans.  It 
is  impossible  to  deterrjiine  the  reasons  for  ihe  British  retreat.  Clark 
claimed  that  it  was  due  to  the  presence  of  himself  and  his  men.  The 
British  pointed  to  the  treachery  of  some  of  their  Indian  leaders  and 
to  the  lack  of  spirit  on  the  part  of  the  Canadians."  Gen.  Campbell 
evidently  made  no  effort  to  leave  Pensacola. 

The  third  expedition  was  quite  as  striking  a  failure.  For  weeks 
Maj.  De  Peyster  lavished  what  his  superiors  characterized  as  "  amaz- 
ing sums"  on  the  "'over-indulgence"  of  the  tribes  tributary  to  De- 
troit in  order  to  enlist  them  for  the  expedition  against  the  falls  of 
the  Ohio.^^  This,  if  successful,  would  cut  the  American  communica- 
tion with  the  East,  force  the  surrender  of  the  Illinois  posts,  and 
reduce  the  Kentucky  settlements."  With  a  well-equipped  force  of 
1,100,  1,000  of  them  being  Indians,  Capt.  Henry  Bird,  one  of  the 
best  types  of  British  leaders,  descended  the  Miami  to  the  Ohio.  Not- 
withstanding his  possession  of  two  pieces  of  light  artillery,  he  de- 
termined not  to  hazard  an  attack  on  the  fort  at  the  falls.    Learning 

"  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections,  XI,  154. 

"  (Jen.  Ilaldlmand  stated  the  amount  to  be  £64,030.  The  apjlearance  of  such  drafts, 
he  wrote.  "  In  so  regular  and  such  quick  succession  lead  me  to  reflect  on  their  fatal 
consequences  to  the  Nation."  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  X,  409. 
634,  636. 

>*  Testimony  of  Cols.  Thomas  Marshall  and  James  Knox  before  the  commissioners 
to  adjust  the  claims  of  Virginia  against  the  United  States,  Nov.  16,  1787.  Department 
of  State,  Bureau  of  Indexes  and  Archives. 


GEORGE  ROGERS   CLARK  AND  THE  NORTHWEST.  319 

of  the  arrival  of  reinforcements  from  Virginia  and  that  the  other 
expeditions  had  failed,  he  turned  toward  Detroit  after  destroying 
Ruddels  and  Martins  stations,  two  small  Kentucky  stockaded  posts. 
So  rapidly  did  they  retreat  that  they  abandoned  their  cannon  at  one 
of  the  Miami  villages. 

At  no  time  in  his  career  did  Clark  show  his  capacity  for  leader- 
ship to  a  better  advantage.  No  obstacle  could  deter  him  from  the 
determination  to  deliver  such  a  stroke  as  would  prevent  any  like 
attempt  on  the  part  of  the  enemy.  The  rapidity  with  which  he  ad- 
vanced to  his  goal  was  not  unlike  the  drive  toward  Vincennes  in  the 
February  days  of  the  preceding  year.  Learning  of  the  designs  of 
Capt.  Bird,  he  set  out  from  Cahokia  with  a  few  men  for  Fort  Jef- 
ferson, and  after  barely  escaping  capture  by  the  Indians,  struck  off 
through  the  wilderness  with  only  two  companions  for  Harrodsburg. 
In  spite  of  protests  from  the  crowd  of  investors  in  land,  he  closed 
the  doors  of  the  land  office  until  the  end  of  the  campaign,  and 
by  August  1,  seven  weeks  from  the  time  of  his  leaving  Cahokia, 
1,000  volunteers  had  responded  to  his  order  to  assemble  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Licking  River.  After  a  forced  march,  they  reached  Old 
Chillicothe,  but  the  Indians  had  fled.  At  Piqua,  a  few  miles  beyond, 
a  well-built  town  with  a  block-house,  the  Americans  overtook  and 
attacked  several  hundred  Indians,  and  after  a  fierce  engagement 
forced  them  to  retreat.  No  effort  was  made  at  pursuit.  After 
burning  the  towns,  Clark  led  his  troops  to  the  mouth  of  the  Licking, 
where  they  disbanded.  In  this  campaign  of  a  month  they  had 
marched  480  miles,  and  so  successful  was  the  effort  that  during  the 
remainder  of  the  year  the  Kentucky  settlements  were  freed  from 
serious  molestation. 

By  Christmas  time  Clark  was  in  Richmond  consulting  with  the 
authorities  over  plans  for  taking  Detroit.  Such  an  expedition  would 
serve  to  prevent  the  promised  advance  of  the  British,  of  which  there 
were  again  unmistakable  signs.  Inspired  by  the  more  aggressive 
policy  of  Patrick  Henry,  Richard  Henry  Lee,  and  George  Mason, 
leaders  in  the  House  of  Delegates,  Clark's  instructions  provided  for 
an  advance  of  2,000  men  with  the  ultimate  object  of  reducing  Detroit 
and  acquiring  Lake  Erie.  If  successfully  carried  out,  so  argued 
Gov.  Jefferson,  this  expedition  would  insure  peace  on  the  whole 
frontier  and  create  an  extensive  area  for  commercial  expansion; 
and  in  the  event  of  peace  would  "  form  to  the  American  Union  a 
barrier  against  the  dangerous  extension  of  the  British  Province  of 
Canada  and  add  to  the  Empire  of  Liberty  an  extensive  and  fertile 
country."  At  the  opening  of  the  year  1781,  therefore,  there  was  no 
evidence  of  final  territorial  demands  extending  over  an  area  less 
than  the  whole  Northwest.  Besides,  Washington  promised  con- 
tributions from  the  continental  stores  for  this  object,  which   he 


320  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

declared  he  had  constantly  borne  in  mind,  believing  that  the  reduc- 
tion of  Detroit  "  would  be  the  only  means  of  giving  peace  and  security 
to  the  whole  w'estern  frontier." 

For  the  first  time,  a  complete  military  organization  for  the  West 
was  completed,  by  making  Clark  brigadier  general  of  the  forces 
which  were  "to  be  embodied  on  an  expedition  westward  of  the 
Ohio."  **  At  no  time  during  the  Revolution  was  there  a  more  strik- 
ing example  of  military  inefficiency. on  the  part  of  both  the  general 
Government  and  of  Virginia.  Almost  six  weeks  were  wasted  by 
Congress  and  the  Board  of  War  in  collecting  the  promised  supplies 
for  the  western  expedition,  and  there  was  a  delay  of  two  weeks  at 
one  point  between  Philadelphia  and  Fort  Pitt  in  order  to  make  new 
kegs  for  the  transportation  of  the  powder.  The  time  of  necessary 
waiting  at  Pittsburgh  might  well  have  disheartened  any  leader. 
Drafting  troops,  under  Virginia  military  laws,  was  a  failure  and 
Gov.  Jefferson  was  forced  to  resort  to  the  call  for  volunteers.  Col. 
Brodhead,  commanding  officer  at  Fort  Pitt,  refused  to  grant  permis- 
sion for  200  regulars  to  go  on  the  expedition  and  finally,  early  in 
August,  Clark  set  out  down  the  Ohio  with  400  regulars  and  volun- 
teers, a  force  scarcely  adequate  to  guard  the  boats  which  con- 
tained supplies  for  fully  2,000  men.  But  plans  had  been  agreed 
upon  at  Pittsburgh,  which  provided  for  an  expedition  against  the 
Wyandot  early  in  September  under  Col.  Gibson,  while  Clark  was  to 
advance  against  th^  Shawnee.  Once  more- Clark's  activities  had 
served  as  a  defense  to  the  frontier.  Detroit  was  put  into  condition 
for  withstanding  this  attack  and  Indian  demands  at  that  post  in- 
creased "  amazingly."  " 

Clark's  arrival  at  Louisville  was  opportune,  for  never  was  there  a 
prospect  so  gloomy  for  the  fate  of  the  West.  While  Fort  Nelson 
was  completed,  as  he  had  directed.  Fort  Jefferson  had  been  evacu- 
ated and  there  was  a  prospect  that  the  Americans  would  be  com- 
pelled to  abandon  Vincennes,  where  there  was  still  a  garrison  of  60 
men.^®  Preparations  for  the  promised  expedition  against  Detroit 
had  been  made  by  Kentucky  officials  under  the  most  adverse  condi- 
tions, for  the  credit  of  Virginia  throughout  the  West  was  worthless. 
During  the  winter  and  spring  the  Kentucky  settlements  had  been 
devastated  by  a  succession  of  Indian  raids  and  there  were  well- 
founded  rumors  that  an  army  was  to  be  sent  against  them  from  De- 
troit. By  order  of  the  Virginia  Assembly,  the  expedition  against  that 
post  was  postponed. 

"  Draper  Manuscript  Collections,  51  J  18.  This  commission  was  granted  under  the 
authority  of  Gov.  Jefferson. 

"  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  X,  465. 

**  Fort  Jefferson  was-  finally  evacuated  in  June,  1781,  Some  of  the  garrison  went  to 
Vincennes.     Clark  Papers,  585. 


GEORGE  ROGERS  CLARK  AND  THE  NORTHWEST.  321 

In  council  with  his  officers  and  the  three  Kentucky  County  lieu- 
tenants early  in  September,  Clark  still  clung  to  his  determination 
to  march  against  the  Indians  by  the  way  of  the  Wabash  or  the  Miami 
and  then  to  Detroit.  But  his  advisers  deemed  the  force  available, 
some  700  men,  inadequate  for  such  an  expedition.  While  insisting 
on  the  maintenance  of  the  garrison  at  the  falls,  they  likewise  recom- 
mended that  a  fort  should  be  built  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky, 
and  urged  the  assembling  of  a  strong  force  for  the  reduction  of 
Detroit  the  next  spring.  Clark  still  advocated  an  expedition  up  the 
Wabash  against  the  Indian  tribes  among  whom  the  British  emis- 
saries seemed  to  be  most  strongly  intrenched.  He  saw  in  such  a 
move  the  capture  of  Detroit  and  the  possession  of  Lake  Erie ;  control 
of  the  savages  and  preservation  of  the  Kentucky  settlements; 
retention  of  power  over  the  Illinois,  both  Spanish  and  American,  and 
ultimate  influence  on  the  terms  of  peace.^^  It  is  probable  he  had  in 
his  possession  at  the  time  the  message  from  Col.  Arthur  Campbell, 
written  a  month  earlier,  in  which  he  stated  that  peace  would  probably 
be  declared  within  a  few  months.  This  letter  outlined  the  general 
situation,  with  Washington  carrying  on  operations  against  New 
York;  with  Greene  nearly  in  control  of  the  two  Southern  States 
that  were  the  preceding  winter  occupied  by  the  enemy;  and  with 
Galvez  in  possession  of  Pensacola.  It  concludes  with  language 
strikingly  resembling  that  of  Benjamin  Franklin  to  Lord  Shel- 
burne  in  the  peace  preliminaries  seven  months  and  a  half  later: 
"  I  wish  we  could  carry  our  arms  to  the  banks  of  Lake  Erie,  before 
a  cessation  would  take  place;  to  attempt  it  farther  might  be  risking 
too  much.  For  Canada  confined  to  its  ancient  limits  may  serve 
our  present  turn:  altho'  every  true  American  must  acknowledge 
the  advantages  that  would  accrue  could  Canada  be  added  to  the 
Union."  ^*  By  order  of  Gov.  Harrison,  Clark  was  directed  to  garri- 
son the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky,  the  mouth  of 
the  Licking,  and  the  mouth  of  Limestone  Creek.  Two  gunboats  were 
to  be  built  for  each  post,  which  should  be  used  to  patrol  the  Ohio 
and  prevent  any  Indian  bands  from  crossing.^^  Such  defense,  it 
was  argued,  would  enable  the  inhabitants  to  protect  themselves 
against  the  incursions  of  the  enemy  and  occasionally  to  attack  them.^" 
These  garrisons  were  to  be  manned  by  regulars  and  militia  consisting 
of  100  men  at  the  falls  and  68  at  each  of  the  other  posts.  The  carr}^- 
ing  out  of  these  measures  was  dependent  upon  the  generosity  of 
the  people  themselves  supported  by  the  promise  that  any   debts 

"  Clark  to  Gov.  Nelson,  Oct.  1.  1781.     Clark  Papers,  605-608. 
■  "Col.  Arthur  Campbell  to  Clark,  Sept.   3,   1871.     Clark   Papers,   595.     Col.   Campbell 
was  stationed  at  Washington,  Pa. 

i»  Benjamin   Harrison.     Letter  Book,   1781,   13-15.     Virginia   State  Archives. 
*>  Journal  of  the  Virginia  House  of  Delegates,  Dec.  15,  1781,  35, 

88582°— 19 21 


322  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

contracted  for  the  purpose  should  be  met  by  the  first  means  avaih\b1e 
and  that  there  was  every  expectation  of  punctuality .^^  The  troops 
under  Clark  were  poorly  prepared  for  the  service  they  were  expected 
to  render.  For  two  years,  many  of  them  had  served  without  re- 
ceiving any  pay,  and  during  that  time  had  been  given  neither  shoes, 
nor  stockings,  nor  a  hat,  and  at  times  they  were  forced  to  exist  on 
half  rations.-^  But  their  condition  was  no  worse  than  that  of  soldiers 
in  the  regular  Virginia  line. 

During  the  fall  and  winter,  British  authorities  renewed  their  ef- 
forts to  gain  control  of  all  the  Northwestern  tribes,  for  Clark's 
preparations,  his  evasive  answers  to  their  inquiries,  and  messages  to 
the  enem}'  had  caused  more  than  one-half  of  the  tribes  to  make  over- 
tures for  peace.^*  Typical  of  these  reports,  was  one  to  the  court  at 
Kaskaskia,  early  in  December,  a  call  for  the  thorough  enforcement 
of  the  laws,  in  which  Clark  asserted  that  peace  was  shortly  to  be 
expected  since  Cornwallis  with  his  entire  army  had  surrendered  and 
that  Clinton  had  lost  3,000  men.  "  Charleston,"  he  declared,  "  is  be- 
sieged and  I  think  by  this  time  it  has  surrendered  with  all  the  Eng- 
lish troops;  so  that  there  will  scarcely  remain  an  Englishman  on  the 
continent  except  those  who  are  prisoners."  Immense  treasure  was 
granted  the  savages  and  discipline  was  relaxed,  for,  as  stated  by  one 
of  the  officials,  Indians  must  be  used  to  prevent  the  inroads  of  the 
Virginians  and  must  be  "  delicately  managed  to  prevent  their  favor- 
ing those  rebels."^*  Late  in  February,  chiefs  of  the  Shawnee, 
Wyandot,  Delawures  and  10  other  tribes,  assembled  at  Detroit.^' 
They  were  instructed  to  make  no  attack,  particularly  on  Kentucky, 
until  toward  spring.  As  a  feint,  small  parties  were  sent  forward  to 
steal  horses  and  commit  minor  depredations,  thus  keeping  settlers 
off  their  guard  until  the  coming  of  the  main  expedition  which  was 
to  capture  Fort  Nelson  and  the  other  posts  and  at  a  single  blow  lay 
waste  the  whole  frontier.  Promise  for  the  success  of  the  plan  was 
greater  because  of  the  arrival  at  Detroit  of  Rocheblave,  Lamothe 
and  other  captured  leaders  all  anxious  to  retrieve  their  former  dis- 
asters by  recapturing  the  Illinois  country  and  Vincennes.^^  Early 
in  February,  the  most  exposed  settlements  of  Kentucky  and  Vir- 
ginia were  surprised  and  a  number  of  prisoners  were  captured. 

Fully  aware  that  the  task  was  the  most  difficult  he  had  ever  under- 
taken, Clark  pushed  his  preparations  vigorously   for  foiling  the 

»  Benjamin  Harrison,  Letter  Booli,  1781,  pp.  82,  83. 

«Capt.  Robert  Todd  to  the  Virginia  Council,  Dec.  11,  1781.  Executive  Papers,  Vir- 
ginia state  Arcliives. 

«» Col.  John  Floyd  to  Col.  William  Preston,  January,  1782.  Draper  Manuscript  Col- 
lections, Shane  Manuscript,  XVI,  37. 

»♦  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  X,  .'S-tS. 

» Butterfleld,  Washington-Irvine  Correspondence,  90,  91. 

**  Plan  submitted  by  Lamothe.  Michigan  Pioneer-  and  Historical  CoUecUons,  X, 
669-572. 


GEORGE  ROGERS   CLARK   AND  THE   NORTHWEST.  323 

main  attack  of  the  enemy,  whiclj  it  was  understood  would  be  directed 
against  Fort  Nelson,  "  If  we  should  be  so  fortunate  as  to  repel 
this  invasion  without  too  great  a  loss  to  ourselves,"  he  wrote  while 
strengthening  the  various  means  for  defense,  "  the  Indians  will  all 
scatter  to  their  different  countries  and  give  a  fair  opportunity  for 
a  valuable  stroke  to  be  made  among  them."  ^^ 

Assuming  a  part  of  the  expense  himseM,  Clark  gave  special  atten- 
tion to  the  construction  of  four  armed  galleys  with  the  design  of 
using  them  to  control  the  navigation  of  the  Ohio  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Miami.  Spies  and  scouting  parties  were  constantly  engaged  on 
the  various  trails  leading  to  the  settlements  in  order  to  prevent 
possible  surprise.-*  By  the  end  of  May  one  of  the  boats  with  a  73- 
f oot  keel  was  completed,  having  bullet-proof  gunwales  4  feet  high  and 
false  gunwales  which  could  be  raised  in  case  of  attack.^"  When  com- 
pletely equipped  it  was  to  be  manned  with  110  men  and  was  to  carry 
a  six-poimder,  two  fours,  and  a  two-pounder.  The  obstacles  in  carry- 
ing out  defensive  measures  were  continuous.  Militia  ordered  on 
duty  at  Fort  Xelson  refused  to  march.^°  A  company  of  38  men  serv- 
ing on  the  row-galley  deserted  even  after  unusual  concessions  had 
been  accorded  them.^^  The  regiment  of  defense  could  not  be  sent, 
for  it  was  found  their  services  would  be  necessary  in  guarding  the 
coast.^^  Added  to  the  general  confusion  and  lack  of  discipline  in- 
cident to  the  fear  of  attack,  there  was  a  spirit  of  insurgency  on  the 
part  of  certain  leaders  born  of  the  desire  to  form  an  independent 
state  and  calculated  to  produce  disaffection  and  an  evasion  of  duty. 

But  conditions  at  Detroit  were  little  more  assuring.  Clark's  prep- 
arations had  in  the  usual  fashion  been  magnified  by  the  authorities. 
It  was  reported  that  he  was  about  to  march  with  a  large  army  for 
the  capture  of  that  post.  To  add  to  their  alarm  and  confusion,  the 
first  news  reached  them,  in  early  April,  of  the  surrender  of  Corn- 
wallis,  and  it  was  rumored  that  the  Iroquois  were  intending  to  make 
peace  with  the  Americans.^^  There  was  no  hope  for  assistance  from 
Montreal,  for  the  British  authorities  were  in  expectation  that  such 
troops  as  could  be  spared  would  be  needed  to  go  to  the  defense  of 
Gen.  Clinton  at  New  York.  While  directing  that  effort  should  be 
made  to  render  Detroit  safe.  Gen.  Haldimand,  in  anticipation  of  the 
importance  of  holding  that  post  should  peace  ensue,  ordered  the 
collection  of  sufficient  provisions  to  enable  the  garrison  to  withstand 
a  formidable  assault. 

''Clark  Manuscript.     Virginia   State   Library. 

2«  Draper  Manuscript,  52  J  2. 

2»  Executive  Papers,  Oct.,  1782.     Virginia  State  Library. 

*"  Draper  Manuscript,  52  J   10. 

M  Ibid.,  52  J  25. 

^  Benjamin  Harrison,  Letter  Book,  178,  pp.  82,  83.     Virginia  State  Library. 

»  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  X,  565,  566. 


324  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

The  advance  of  Col.  William  Crawford  from  Fort  Pitt,  at  the  head 
of  480  mounted  men,  against  the  Wyandot  and  Shawnee  villages, 
on  the  Sandusky,  was  regarded  as  the  advance  guard  of  this  Ameri- 
can army.  Scouts  reported  his  plans  at  Detroit  before  the  march 
was  actually  begun,  and  Indian  spies  followed  their  every  move- 
ment.^* Three  days  longer  than  necessary  were  consumed  by  Craw- 
ford in  the  march.  Mean^me  Col.  De  Peyster,  at  Detroit,  while 
keeping  careful  watch  for  Clark's  expected  advance  up  the  Wabash, 
dispatched  Capt.  Caldwell  with  a  company  of  rangers,  volunteers, 
and  Lake  Indians  to  the  defense  of  the  Indian  towns,^'  Strength- 
ened by  accessions  of  Wyandot  and  Delaware  warriors  they  en- 
countered the  Americans  on  the  afternoon  of  June  4.  In  the  battle 
which  ensued  there  was  little  gain  on  either  side.  The  following  day 
a  party  of  140  Shawnee  joined  Caldwell,  and  Crawford  began  a 
hurried  retreat  which  soon  turned  into  a  hopeless  rout. 

In  the  midst  of  the  general  consternation  caused  by  Crawford's 
defeat,  the  savages  appeared  in  numbers  on  the  upper  Ohio  and  ad- 
vanced some  distance  along  the  main  traveled  road  beyond  Fort 
Pitt.^^  The  settlers  who  did  not  escape  to  the  forts  were  murdered 
or  captured,  crops  were  destroyed  and  stock  driven  away.  Fron- 
tiersmen who  had  sustained  the  greatest  losses  through  Crawford's 
defeat  urged  retaliation  and  besought  Gen.  Irvine  to  lead  them  on 
such  an  expedition.  They  offered  to  raise  1,000  militia  and  equip 
them  with  horses  and  provisions.^^  In  planning  another  campaign 
against  the  Sandifsky  villages,  Irvine,  who  lacked  confidence  in 
volunteers,  proposed  to  send  100  regulars  as  a  nucleus  for  the  force 
of  nearly  one  thousand  men.  He  was  the  .more  confident  of  success, 
for  Clark  had  promised  cooperation  by  advancing  against  the 
Shawnee. 

Gen.  De  Peyster  early  received  intelligence  of  this  movement 
which  he  rightly  interpreted  as  a  concerted  plan  for  the  capture  of 
Detroit.  The  defenses  were  strengthened  and  a  gunboat  was  sta- 
tioned at  the  mouth  of  the  Miami.^^  Messages  were  forwarded  to 
Capts.  Caldwell  and  McKee,  who  were  at  Sandusky,  and  to  Capt. 
Brandt,  who  intended  to  nttack  Wheeling,  directing  them  to  act 
solely  on  the  defensive.  Eleven  hundred  Indians,  the  greatest  sin- 
gle body  of  savages  mustered  during  the  Revolution,  had  been 
brought  together  for  the  attack  on  AVheeling.  While  marching  in 
that  direction,  they  were  overtaken  by  Shawnee  messengers  implor- 

M  Ibid.,  X.  574,  575,  577. 

» Ibid.,  X,  575.  Col.  De  Peyster  wrote,  May  14,  1782 :  "  It  will,  however,  not  be 
prudent  to  weaken  thi.s  garrison  much  more  till  I  am  satisfied  that  Mr.  Clark  is  not 
meditating  a  stroke  at  this  settlement." 

»  Washington-Irvine  Correspondence,  171,  250,  383,  391,  noteu 

«  Draper  Manuscript  Collections,  I  AA  231-259. 

*  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  X,  625-627. 


GEORGE  ROGERS  CLARK  AND  THE  NORTHWEST.  325 

ing  them  to  return  for  the  protection  of  their  towns  against  an 
attack  by  Clark.  The  alarm  had  grown  out  of  the  appearance 
of  the  armed  row-galley  at  the  mouth  of  the  Licking.  Most  of  the 
Indians  refused  to  go  farther,  but  Caldwell  and  McKee,  not  satisfied 
with  an  expedition  so  barren  of  results,  determined  to  invade  Ken- 
tucky. With  300  Wyandot  and  Lake  Indians  and  a  small  number 
of  Detroit  rangers,  they  crossed  the  Ohio  and  on  the  night  of  Au- 
gust 15,  appeared  before  Bryans  Station,  the  northernmost  settle- 
ment of  Fayette  County.  This  post  was  successfully  defended. 
Three  days  later,  the  retreating  Indians,  upon  reaching  the  ford  of 
the  Licking  at  the  Blue  Licks,  were  attacked  by  a  force  of  mounted 
Kentuckians  led  by  John  Todd,  Daniel  Boone,  and  other  well-known 
leaders.  The  outcome  of  this  hastily  conceived  ajffair  proved  dis- 
astrous to  the  whites  who  lost  90  men,  fully  one-half  of  their  num- 
bers engaged. 

There  was  general  despair  in  all  of  the  frontier  communities.  A 
similar  stroke,  it  was  believed,  would  not  only  lead  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Kentucky  settlements,  but  would  bring  the  savage  forces 
in  large  numbers  against  the  more  interior  counties  of  Virginia  and 
the  Carolinas.  Families  threatened  to  leave  the  country  unless  pro- 
tection should  be  sent  them.  Numerous  petitions  to  the  governor 
and  legislature  called  for  interposition  on  their  behalf.  Other  in- 
habitants petitioned  Congress  to  be  taken  under  its  protection. 
Criticism  of  Clark  was  widespread  for  failing  to  establish  other 
fortified  posts  in  addition  to  Fort  Nelson,  which  was  held  to  be  so 
far  to  the  west  that  it  offered  no  protection  against  the  inroads  of 
the  enemy.  Stirred  by  these  messages.  Gov.  Harrison  rebuked  Clark 
for  neglect  in  carrying  out  orders  for  the  establishment  of  the  posts, 
which  would  have  prevented,  he  said,  such  a  disaster. 

But  Clark  held  himself  blameless  for  the  situation  in  the  West. 
The  falls  of  the  Ohio,  he  insisted,  was  of  first  consideration,  and 
the  completion  of  Fort  Nelson  had,  he  believed,  saved  the  western 
country.  Despairing  of  capturing  so  formidable  a  post,  the  enemy 
had  divided  their  forces  and  sent  one  expedition  to  fall  on  the  Ken- 
tucky settlements.  That  these  posts  had  been  surprised,  he  main- 
tained, was  due  to  a  lack  of  foresight  in  not  keeping  scouting  parties 
constantly  employed,  as  had  been  ordered.  He  characterized  the 
conduct  of  the  leaders  at  the  Blue  Licks  as  "  extremely  reprehensi- 
ble," due  to  an  attempt  to  offset  their  former  neglect  of  duty.  Mean- 
time, advances  had  been  made  by  Clark  to  put  into  operation  the 
complete  plans  for  fortifications.  After  strengthening  Fort  Nelson 
he  proposed  to  construct  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  Licking.  County 
officials  refused  to  assist  in  furnishing  men  and  supplies,  and  his 
own  force,  growing  daily  smaller  because  of  desertions  due  to  the 


326  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL   ASSOCIATION. 

failure  to  receive  necessary  food  and  clotliing,  was  too  small  to 
garrison  the  additional  posts.  Another  advance  by  the  enemy ,which 
was  expected,  would,  he  asserted,  make  their  labor  useless.^* 

Early  in  September  Capt.  Caldwell  was  again  at  the  upper  San- 
dusky, where  he  awaited  the  coming  of  the  expedition  from  Fort 
Pitt.  Runners  were  dispatched  to  Detroit  and  to  the  other  posts, 
urging  that  reinforcements  should  be  sent  at  once  to  his  relief.  At 
the  time,  owing  to  sickness  among  the  rangers,  his  defense  was  de- 
pendent* almost  wholly  upon  the  Indians.  Detroit  officials,  antici- 
pating that  Capt.  Caldwell  would  be  forced  to  retreat  before  so 
formidable  an  enemy  and  that  the  Shawnee  would  be  unable  to  with- 
stand an  attack  by  Clark,  prepared  a  second  defense  which  would 
cover  the  retreat  to  Detroit. *°  As  usual,  Maj.  De  Pej^ster,  overcome 
with  fear  at  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  was  ready  to  sacrifice  his 
allies,  and  wrote  Capt.  McKee  as  follows:  "  By  the  accounts  of  their 
force,  in  the  present  sickly  state  of  the  Rangers,  and  the  Indians 
being  so  much  distressed,  I  fear  you  will  be  obliged  to  retreat  at  least 
until  3'ou  are  joined  by  the  Miamies,  I  have  sent  all  the  Indians  I 
could  muster,  particularly  the  Ottawas  of  the  Miamie  River.  .  .  . 
You  must  be  sensible  that  my  soldiers  are  little  acquainted  with 
wood  fighting  and  111  equipped  for  it  withall.  I  have  therefore  only 
ordered  them  to  take  post  where  they  can  secure  the  ammunition  and 
provisions  and  support  you  in  case  you  are  obliged  to  retreat,  which 
I  hope  will  still  notf  be  the  case."  *^ 

During  September  and  October  preparations  were  made  for  a 
cooperative  campaign,  in  which  Gen.  Irvine  was  to  advance  with 
1,200  men  against  Sandusky,  and  Clark  was  to  attack  the  Shawnee 
strongholds.  Nine  hundred  men  were  to  be  sent,  also,  against  the 
Genesee  towns.*^  Kentuckians  quickly  responded  to  Clark's  call  for 
a  retaliatory  expedition.  Parched  meal,  buffalo  meat,  and  veni- 
son were  soon  collected,  but  other  supplies  were  gotten  together  with 
great  difficulty.  The  credit  of  the  State  was  worthless,  and  creditors, 
who  had  already  advanced  all  of  their  property,  were  at  the  time 
beseeching  Clark  to  aid  them  in  the  adjustment  of  their  claims. 
"  If  I  was  worth  the  money,"  he  wrote,  "  I  would  most  chearfully 
pay  it  myself  and  trust  the  State,  But  can  assure  you  with  truth 
that  I  am  entirely  Reduced  myself  by  advancing  Everything  I  could 
Raise,  and  except  what  the  State  owes  me  am  not  worth  a  Spanish 
dollar.  I  wish  it  was  in  my  power  to  follow  your  proposition  to  step 
forth  and  save  my  country  from  tha-disgrace  that  is  like  to  fall  on 

»  Clark  Manuscript,  Virginia  State  Archives,  Nov.  30,  1782. 

«  MaJ.  De  Peyster  to  Gen.  Haldimand,  Sept  29,  1782.  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical 
Collections.  X,  651. 

*»  Oct.  1,  1782.     Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  X,  651. 
*»  Washington-Irvine  Correspondence,   181,   182. 


GEORGE  ROGERS   CLARK  AND  THE  NORTHWEST.  327 

her."*'  He  finally  exchanged  3,500  acres  of  his  own  land  for  the 
flour  necessary  for  the  expedition. 

By  November  1  the  two  divisions  of  troops  reached  the  mouth  of 
the  Licking,  the  appointed  place  of  rendezvous.  Col.  Floyd,  in 
charge  of  one  division,  consisting  of  regulars  from  Fort  Nelson  and 
militia  from  the  western  Kentucky  stations,  ascended  the  Ohio  with 
the  artillery,  while  the  other  section,  commanded  by  Col.  Logan, 
marched  from  the  eastern  settlements.  On  the  4th  of  November 
1,050  mounted  men,  with  Clark  in  command,  set  out  for  Chillicothe, 
the  Shawnee  stronghold.  Kigid  discipline  was  maintained  during 
the  march  of  six  days.  A  plan  of  attack  had  been  worked  out  by 
Clark  in  minute  detail.  Three  miles  from  the  town  Col.  Floyd  was 
dispatched  with  300  men  to  make  the  attack,  but  his  approach  was 
discovered,  and  warned  by  the  alarm  cry  the  inhabitants  made  good 
their  escape.  Chillicothe  and  five  other  Shawnee  villages  were 
burned  and  large  quantities  of  corn  and  other  provisions  were 
destroyed.**  Col.  Logan  with  a  detachment  of  150  men  captured  the 
British  trading  post  at  the  head  of  the  Miami  and  burned  such 
stores  as  they  were  unable  to  carry  away  with  them.  After  vainly 
attempting  for  four  days  to  bring  on  a  general  engagement,  Clark 
returned  with  his  troops  to  the  mouth  of  the  Licking,  where  the 
divisions  again  separated. 

This  stroke  constituted  the  final  aggressive  movement  in  Clark's 
offensive-defensive  policy.  It  demonstrated  the  wisdom  displayed 
in  selecting  Fort  Nelson  as  a  base  for  such  operations.  From  this 
post  it  was  possible  for  Clark  to  reach  Vincennes  or  Kaskaskia  in  a 
much  shorter  time  than  it  could  have  been  accomplished  by  the 
British  and  their  allies,  for  the  knowledge  of  such  advances  was 
uniformly  imparted  to  him.  Moreover,  the  warriors  of  the  tribes 
on  the  Scioto  and  the  Miami,  chief  dependence  of  the  British,  could 
not  have  been  induced  to  engage  in  such  an  expedition  and  leave 
their  villages  exposed  to  attack  by  an  enemy  so  readily  brought 
against  them. 

By  this  blow  Clark  had  not  only  saved  the  frontier  settlements 
from  danger  of  attack,  but  he  had  offset  the  designs  of  British  au- 
thorities to  bring  about  a  union  of  the  northwestern  and  southwest- 
ern tribes.  This  plan,  closely  akin  to  that  of  1781,  was  well  calcu- 
lated to  win  the  support  of  the  Indians,  for  it  promised  the  advance 
of  a  large  force  from  Detroit  against  Fort  Pitt,  the  capture  in  suc- 
cession of  that  post.  Fort  Nelson,  and  the  other  Kentucky  posts 
and  the  retaking  of  the  Illinois  territory.     In  this  manner  Ken- 

« Clark  to  Oliver  Pollock,   Oct.   25,   1782.      (Clark   MSS.,   Va.   State  Lib.) 

**  According    to    one    report,    10,000    bushels    of    corn    xjas    destroyed.     Virginia    State 

Papers,    III,    383.      Ten    Indians    were   killed   and   seven   were    made   prisoners.      Clark's 

loss  was  one  man  killed  and  one  wounded. 


328  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

tuckians,  it  was  said,  would  be  driven  across  the  mountains,  and 
"the  other  inhabitants  into  the  sea.""  The  Indians  were  panic- 
stricken.  Their  winter  supplies  were  destroyed  and  the  policy  of 
retrenchment  on  the  part  of  British  officials,  due  in  part  to  the  high 
prices  fixed  by  monopolies,  cut  down  the  quantities  of  presents.*®  As 
interpreted  by  the  Indians,  this  was  a  step  toward  their  complete 
abandonment  to  the  conquerors.*^  In  fact,  further  demands  by  the 
Indians  for  protection  from  Detroit  were  refused. 

From  this  review  of  events  up  to  the  close  of  1782,  it  is  seen 
that  Clark  had  extended  the  radius  of  menace  toward  Detroit  and 
had  thrown  the  enemy  into  utmost  confusion.  Sickness  still  per- 
vaded the  ranks  of  the  rangers.  Regulars,  it  was  claimed,  were 
not  suitable  nor  were  they  equipped  for  a  winter  campaign.  Said 
Maj.  De  Peyster :  "  The  few  Rangers  at  the  Post  prevents  my 
doing  anything  essential  for  the  relief  of  the  Indian  villages,  it  is 
therefore  to  be  hoped  that  when  the  enemy  have  done  all  the  mis- 
chief possible  they  will  retire."*®  He  was  aware  that  the  road  to 
Detroit  was  open  and  he  fully  expected  an  attack  would  be  made  by 
the  Americans  in  the  spring.  Indian  leaders  were  again  ordered 
to  act  solely  on  the  defensive.  In  demanding  reinforcements,  De 
Peyster  declared:  "Light  troops  are  therefore  what  we  want,  and 
believe  me  there  will  be  amusement  for  a  good  number  of  them  t/ie 
ensuing  campaign  without  acting  on  the  offensive."  So  effectively 
had  Clark  carried  oir£  his  policy  of  intimidating  the  Indians  that, 
as  stated  by  Boone :  "  The  spirits  of  the  Indians  were  damped,  their 
connexions  dissolved,  their  armies  scattered  and  a  future  invasion 
[was]  entirely  out  of  their  power."*' 

Messengers  sent  by  Irvine  informed  Clark  that  the  expedition 
against  Sandusky  was  certain,  but  as  they  were  about  to  set  out  from 
Fort  Mcintosh,  the  place  of  rendezvous,  letters  were  received  from 
the  Continental  Secretary  of  War  countermanding  the  order."*" 
Washington  had  been  assured,  on  British  authority,  that  all  hostili- 
ties were  suspended  and  that  the  savages  were  directed  to  commit  no 
further  depredations.  Reports  were  still  sent  out  by  Irvine,  how- 
ever, that  he  was  about  to  march  with  a  large  force  toward  San- 
dusky. These  were  well  calculated  to  deceive  the  Wyandot  and 
prevent  their  cooperation  with  the  Shawnee  against  Clark. 

«  Clark  Manuscript,  Virginia  State  Library,  Feb.  2  and  25,  1783. 

*•  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  XI,  320,  321. 

"  Executive  Papers,  Virginia  State  Archives,  Feb.  25,  1783. 

*■  Maj.  De  Peyster  to  Gen.  Haldimand,  Nov.  21,  1782.  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical 
Collections,  XI,  321,  322. 

"Testimony  of  Daniel  Boone  before  a  Committee  of  Investigation,  Dec.  20,  1787. 
State  Department  Manuscripts,  Bureau  of  Indexes  and  Archives. 

**  Waabington-IrTine  Correspondence,  p.  398.     Draper  Manuscript  CoUections,  62  J  65. 


GEORGE  ROGERS   CLARK  AND  THE   NORTHWEST.  329 

Combatant  and  noncombatant  alike  at  Detroit  and  all  of  the  other 
posts  awaited  the  passing  of  winter  with  anxious  foreboding.  Brit- 
ish officials  fully  expected  the  coming  of  the  Americans  at  the 
earliest  possible  date  with  the  design  of  extending  their  frontier  in 
the  Northwest  as  far  as  possible,  and  thus,  in  the  event  of  peace,  of 
securing  control  of  the  fur-trade.^^  Clark's  threats  to  march  against 
other  unfriendly  tribes  as  he  had  against  the  Shawnee  increased  the 
turmoil  among  the  Indians. 

Clark  likewise  beheld  the  coming  of  spring  with  apprehension. 
He  appealed  to  the  commissioners  to  assist  him  in  strengthening  the 
defenses.  Once  more  he  urged  the  importance  of  Fort  Nelson  as 
the  "  key  to  the  country."  As  a  protection  to  the  eastern  Kentucky 
settlements,  he  again  advocated  the  construction  of  one  or  more 
forts  farther  up  the  river.  To  complete  his  plan  for  foiling  the 
enemy  would  necessitate,  he  said,  the  embodiment  of  1,500  troops 
which  were  to  march  against  the  Indian  stronghold  at  the  head  of 
the  Wabash.  In  this  way,  he  proposed  to  convince  the  Indians  that 
their  very  existence  depended  upon  preserving  peace  with  the 
Americans.^2  A  garrison  of  regular  roops  was  to  be  stationed  at 
Vincennes  with  supplies  sufficient  to  equip  a  force  which  might  be 
brought  together  at  any  time  for  the  purpose  of  penetrating  "into 
any  Quarter  of  the  Enemy's  Country  at  pleasure." 

No  further  effort  was  made  to  carry  out  these  plans,  for  by  the 
middle  of  April  official  announcement  of  the  peace  preliminaries 
and  the  cessation  of  hostilities  had  been  sent  to  the  frontier  settle- 
ments.   The  proclamation  of  a  general  peace  soon  followed. 

"  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  XI,  351. 
M  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  XI,  336. 


XII.  SEPARATISM  IN  UTAH,  1847-1870. 


By  FRANKLIN  D.  DAINES, 

Professor  of  History  in  Utah  Agricultural  College. 


331 


SEPARATISM  IN  UTAH,  1847-1870. 


By  Franklin  D.  Daines. 


The  independent  and  sometimes  even  defiant  attitude  assumed  "by 
colonies  of  the  United  States  toward  the  mother  country  and  its 
Government  is  attributed  to  various  causes — the  American  instinct 
for  local  self-government,  remoteness,  difficulty  of  communication, 
frontier  life,  slowness  of  the  Central  Government  in  extending  con- 
trol and  protection,  and  so  on.  All  of  the  causes  mentioned  were  in 
operation  in  the  Utah  colony,  and  will  be  taken  for  granted  in  this 
discussion. 

But  among  the  Utah  pioneers  there  were  other  and  very  powerful 
forces  tending  in  the  same  direction.  The  importance  of  these  forces 
in  shaping  events  in  the  colony,  in  making  Utah  history  different 
from  that  of  any  other  modern  community,  has  never  been  sufficiently 
set  forth,  and  I  think  I  am  justified  in  saying  that  with  the  lively 
interest  being  taken  in  the  story  of  the  winning  of  the  far  West  the 
time  has  come  for  historians  to  begin  to  understand  one  of  the  most 
interesting  of  its  chapters.  My  contention  is  that  the  chaotic  state 
of  Utah  history  is  due  to  a  great  extent  to  writers  paying  too  much 
attention  to  polygamy  and  other  matters  and  too  little  attention  to 
the  forces  referred  to.  It  was  fis  a  protest,  then,  against  the  prevail- 
ing tendency  that  I  chose  the  subject  of  this  paper. 

It  is  my  purpose  to  indicate  something  of  the  nature  of  the  light 
that  might  be  thrown  on  +he  subject  by  an  examination  of  this  point 
of  view  of  the  people  of  Utah  Territory  in  its  early  period,  as  found 
in  Mormon  publications.^  In  these  publications  we  find  numerous 
sermons,  editorials,  and  conamunications  of  Brigham  Young  and 
other  leaders  of  the  Mormon  people,  preached  and  written  at  a  time 
when  these  leaders  were  exceptionallj'  free  in  expressing  through 
the  press  their  thoughts.  This  freedom  of  expression,  it  might  be 
observed,  itself  is  an  indication  of  the,  independent  attitude  assumed 
toward  the  world  by  these  same  leaders. 

To  begin  with,  it  is  important  to  remember  that  the  Mormon 
people  settled  in  Utah  because  their  institutions  and  beliefs  and  ex- 
periences had  already  made  them  an  exclusive  people.  We  should 
then  understand  something  of  these. 


1  Principally,  Deserct  News,  weekly,  1850-1867 ;  after  that  a  daily ;  Millennial  Star, 
monthly,  1840-  ;  Journal  of  Discourses,  published  every  year,  1853  to  1880. 

333 


334  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

In  the  first  place,  the  highly  efficient  governmental  organization 
of  the  Mormon  church  had  already  been  constructed.^  The  claim 
is  often  made  that  this  organization  is  the  most  perfect  in  the 
world  except  that  of  the  German  army. 

In  the  second  place,  the  claim  of  the  head  of  the  church  that  he 
possessed  the  divine  right  to  direct  in  all  things  spiritual  and  tem- 
poral had  been  made  under  the  regime  of  Joseph  Smith  and  exer- 
cised without  reserve. 

Again,  the  Mormons  had  already  had  considerable  experience  in 
managing  the  affairs  of  a  state  within  a  state.  The  charter  of  the 
city  of  Nauvoo  was,  perhaps,  the  most  liberal  city  charter  given  by 
a  State  government,  that  is,  liberal  in  the  powers  conferred.'  The 
Mormons  in  Nauvoo  had  almost  full  control  over  all  governmental 
affairs,  including  the  use  of  a  military  arm.  In  elections  they  had 
always  voted  practically  as  a  unit. 

Another  thing  that  contributed  to  exclusiveness  was  the  belief  in 
continuous  revelation.  This  belief  met  with  severe  criticism  on  the 
part  of  other  sects  and  hence  caused  antagonism  to  arise.  But  per- 
haps of  greater  consequence  was  the  effect  on  the  Mormons  them- 
selves. They  believed  not  only  in  continuous  Divine  revelation,  but 
also  in  continuous  satanic  revelation.  To  them,  the  devil,  realizing 
that  the  time  was  not  far  off  when  he  was  to  be  bound,  was  making 
a  last  desperate  stand.  The  intense  realism  of  this  belief  produced 
a  very  strong  tendency  to  regard  all  opposition  as  being  Satan's 
work,  all  opponents,  accordingly,  as  Satan's  coworkers  directly  in- 
spired by  him.  Other  people,  of  course,  have  had  such  beliefs,  but 
it  is  seldom,  if  ever,  in  modern  times,  that  we  find  the  belief  so 
realistic  and  intense.*  The  difficulty  of  attributing  sincerity  to  an 
opponent  was  thus,  augmented  and  the  resulting  concrete  reactions 
to  this,  sanctified  by  religion. 

Another  contributing  cause,  perhaps  more  important  than  any 
before  considered,  was  the  manner  of  the  exodus  to  Utah.  No 
people,  it  is  safe  to  say,  had  ever  a  stronger  feeling  of  outraged 
innocence  than  the  followers  of  Brigham  Young  when  he  led  them 
from  civilization  to  the  wilds  of  western  America.  It  matters  not 
whether  they  were  to  blame,  or  how  much  they  were  to  blame,  for 
the  fate  that  overtook  them  in  the  States  of  the  Middle  West.  The 
saints  in  general  had  not  the  slightest  doubt  that  as  a  class  no  guilt 
attached  to  them.  For  those  who  take  the  view  that  these  were 
the  sinners  and  not  the  sinned  against,  or  for  those  who  hold  that 
both  the  Mormons  and  their  opponents  were  in  the  wrong,  it  need 

»That  is,  in  its  main  outlines.     Brigham  Young  made  some  changes. 
»  For  the  Nauvoo  charter  see  "Times  and  Seasons,"  for  Jan.  14,  1841. 
*  For  one  out  of  hundreds  of  statements  to  this  effect  see  "Journal  of  Discourse^" 
V.  72. 


SEPAKATISM   IN   UTAH,   1847-1870.  335 

not  be  difficult  to  attribute  to  the  Mormons  perfect  sincerity  in  believ- 
ing in  thieir  own  innocence.  The  phenomenon  is  familiar  enough.  In 
group  conflicts  while  they  last,  it  is  impossible  to  place  the  respon- 
sibility for  initiative  aggression,  and  the  instinct  of  self-preservation 
causes  a  distortion  of  motives  and  actions ;  witnesses  the  present  con- 
flict. And  in  the  last  stages  of  the  conflict  between  the  Mormons 
and  their  enemies  at  Nauvoo,  they  were,  without  question,  treated 
in  an  inhuman  and  barbarous  manner.  A  reading  of  Mormon  litera- 
ture in  the  period  under  consideration  will  reveal  the  fact  that  the 
dread  of  similar  doings  was  the  chief  moving  force  in  all  their  actions 
toward  opponents.^ 

In  the  attitude  of  mind  indicated  by  the  foregoing  considerations, 
the  Mormons,  unable  to  live  with  their  neighbors  and  keep  the  dis- 
tinguishing features  of  their  religion,  sought  an  asylum  where  there 
were  none  to  trouble  but  the  savage  Indian  and  wild  beasts.  As 
Brigham  Young  explained  shortly  after  his  arrival  in  Salt  Lake  City, 
Avherever  they  had  gone  they  had  not  been  the  first  settlers,  and  hence 
had  been  looked  upon  as  intruders.  Now  the  time  had  come  for 
them  to  be  the  first  settlers  and  they  could  say  to  troublesome  neigh- 
bors, if  any  they  should  have,  "  we  were  here  first,  if  you  do  not 
like  us  you  have  the  privilege  of  leaving."  "  If  they  will  let  us  alone 
10  years,"  he  said,  "  I'll  ask  no  odds  of  them." 

Utah  was  chosen,  then,  as  a  refuge,  in  preference  to  Oregon  or 
California,  because  the  saints  wanted  to  be  left  to  themselves  until 
they  would  be  so  strong  they  need  fear  no  mobs.  It  was  chosen 
because  it  was  unoccupied  and  because  it  was  too  uninviting  to 
be  soon  desired  by  others.  It  can  not  then  be  wondered  at,  that 
after  this  desolate-looking  country  had  been  redeemed  to  some  ex- 
tent from  its  wild  state,  it  would  be  looked  upon  by  its  redeemers  as 
in  a  peculiar  manner  belonging  to  them,  as  having  been  set  aside  by 
their  God  as  a  resting  place  for  his  afflicted  people  to  gather  where 
the  wicked  would  cease  from  troubling  and  where  the  weary  would 
be  at  rest. 

In  referring  to  a  few  of  the  incidents  of  Utah  history  from  1847 
to  1870,  it  will  be  well  to  repeat  the  significant  words  of  Brigham 
Young,  quoted  before :  "  If  they  will  let  us  alone  for  10  years  I  shall 
ask  no  odds  of  them,"  The  Mormon  leader  thus  in  July,  1847,  had 
set  himself  the  task  of  making  his  people  so  strong,  numerically  and 
otherwise,  that  physical  force  could  never  more  be  used  against  them ; 
and  he  believed  that  a  certain  period  of  isolation  was  necessary  while 
their  strength  was  being  recruited.    That  this  was  no  passing  thought 

"  See  "  Memorial  from  the  members  and  officers  of  the  L^islative  Assembly  of  the 
Territory  of  Utah  to  the  President  and  Congress  of  the  United  States,"  in  Deseret  News, 
VII,  356,  for  a  good  statement  of  this  point  of  view. 

•  See  "  Whitney,  History  of  Utah,'  I,  334. 


336  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL.  ASSOCIATION. 

of  his  to  be  forgotten  as  soon  as  expressed,  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
exactly  10  years  from  the  day  Salt  Lake  City  was  founded  he  recalled 
his  words  to  mind  and  declared  the  desired  result  had  been  attained^ 

For  two  years  after  the  advent  of  the  pioneers  in  the  Great  Basin, 
they  had  no  need  to  consider  any  problems  connected  with  the  es- 
tablishment of  civil  government,  nor  any  problem  concerning  their 
immediate  intercourse  with  other  people  except  with  a  few  travelers 
going  through  the  settlements.  The  organization  and  institutions 
of  the  church  met  all  requirements.  For  a  lawmaking  power  there 
was  the  edict  of  Brigham  Young.  For  courts  they  had  a  complete 
system — bishops'  courts  corresponding  to  justice  courts,  a  high 
council  corresponding  to  a  county  court,  and  the  first  presidency 
corresponding  to  a  county  court.®  For  a  law-executing  arm  there 
was  the  same  military  organization  they  had  in  Nauvoo,  and  still 
called  the  Nauvoo  Legion."  For  revenue  they  had  church  tithes 
and  offerings. 

In  these  two  years  the  foundations  were  laid  for  the  future  eco- 
nomic prosperity  of  the  saints,  and  the  policy  of  territorial  expansion 
peculiar  to  the  Mormons  was  inaugurated.  With  respect  to  this 
policy  we  need  to  make  some  explanation.  The  Mormons  might  have 
expanded  gradually  as  pressure  of  population  would  demand.  But 
that  would  not  serve  their  purpose  as  well  as  a  rapid  settlement  of 
strategic  points  within  the  limits  marked  out  by  Brigham  Young 
for  his  empire.  This  empire  took  in  what  is  now  Utah,  Nevada,  most 
of  New  Mexico  and  At^izona,  and  parts  of  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and 
California;  included  a  seacoast,  the  harbor  of  San  Diego,  and  the 
freedom  of  the  seas  for  a  Mormon  fleet.^"  Too  many  immigrants  were 
coming  west  to  leave  the  most  desirable  places  within  this  area  un- 
occupied if  the  saints  wanted  to  be  the  first  settlers. 

By  1849  it  was  apparent  that  some  government  recognized  at 
Washington  would  soon  be  necessary.  A  Territorial  government 
was  first  asked  for,  but  soon  the  request  was  withdrawn  and  a  peti- 
tion for  the  admission  into  the  Union  of  a  State  of  Deseret  was  sent 
in  its  place.  Between  the  request  for  a  Territorial  government  and 
the  withdrawal  of  the  request  the  Mormon  leaders  received  a  letter 
from  Col.  Thomas  L.  Kane,  a  friend  of  the  Mormon  people  at  the 
time  acting  in  their  behalf  in  the  East.  Kane  advised  strongly  against 
a  Territorial  government  because  of  the  likelihood  of  officers  being 
appointed  from  outside  the  Territory.    He  had  sounded  President 

'  Roberts,  "  History  of  Mormon  Church,"  Americana,  VIII,  765. 

*For  Church  Judiciary  System  see  Roberts,  Outline  of  Ecclesiastical  History,  pp. 
878-381. 

•The  Nauvoo  Legion,  as  well  as  the  system  of  courts,  did  not  cease  to  be  useful  to 
Brigham  Young  in  maintaining  his  authority  after  these  first  two  years  had  gone  by. 

"In  the  proposed  constitution  for  the  State  of  Deseret,  Article  III,  sec.  3,  is  as  fol- 
lows :  "  The  governor  shaU  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  militia,  navy,  and  all  the 
armies  of  the  State." 


SEPARATISM  IN  UTAH,   1847-18'70.  337 

Polk  as  to  the  possibility  of  this  and  found  him  disposed  to  make 
such  appointments.^^ 

Congress  rejected  the  plea  for  Statehood  and  created  a  Territorial 
government  in  1850.  It,  of  course,  took  some  time  for  this  govern- 
ment to  be  inaugurated,  and  in  the  meantime  the  State  of  Deseret 
was  flourishing.  Its  constitution  was  in  the  orthodox  American  style, 
and  in  actual  operation  did  not  differ  materially  from  the  theocracy 
of  the  first  two  years  of  the  colony .^^ 

In  the  appointments  made  by  President  Fillmore  for  the  Terri- 
torial government,  Brigham  Young  was  governor,  but  three  of  the 
officials  were  non-Mormons  from  outside  the  Territory.  From  this 
time  began  friction  between  the  people  of  the  Territory  and  the 
United  States  Government.  To  understand  the  Mormon  point  of 
view  in  the  conflicts  that  ensued  we  need  to  go  back  a  little.  Charges 
of  disloyalty  made  then  and  since  have  been  frequent  and  vociferous 
and  as  frequently  and  vigorously  denied.  The  assertion  that  the 
Mormon  leaders  were  disappointed  in  finding  themselves  still  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  has  been  made  and  denied. 
Neither  the  assertion  nor  the  denial  is  of  any  particular  importance. 
When  Brigham  Young  finally  decided  on  settling  in  Utah  he  knew 
it  was  to  be  United  States  territory.  It  is  also  true  that  he  had  sent 
emissaries  to  England  to  negotiate  for  Vancouver  Island.^^  But  in 
any  case,  whether  into  American,  Mexican,  or  English  territory  the 
Mormons  desired  to  go,  they  expected  their  stay  there  to  be  but  a 
short  sojourn  in  the  wilderness.  They  were  looking  beyond  this  to 
a  return  to  the  promised  land  in  Jackson  County,  Mo.  The  truth 
is  that  they  expected  local  self-government  in  this  brief  exile 
wherever  they  were. 

Moreover,  the  saints  during  their  exodus  and  settlement  in  their 
new  home  were  being  constantly  reminded  that  they  would  some 
day  save  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  from  destruction. 
Joseph  Smith  had  taught  that  the  Constitution  was  a  document  in- 
spired by  God  and  prophesied  that  one  day  it  would  hang  by  a 
thread  and  would  be  saved  by  the  saints. 

But  they  had  drawn  a  sharp  distinction  between  the  Union  and 
the  Constitution,  and  those  who  had  been  at  certain  periods  misman- 
aging, as  it  seemed  to  them,  its  affairs.  In  November,  1839,  Joseph 
Smith  made  a  journey  to  Washington  to  seek  redress  from  the  gen- 
eral Government  for  the  treatment  of  the  saints  in  Missouri.  He  had 
an  interview  with  President  Van  Buren  and  six  days  later  he  wrote 
a  letter  to  Hyrum  Smith  in  which  he  quoted  Van  Buren  as  having 

»  B.  H.  Roberts,  for  the  letter,  in  Americana,  Dec,  1912,  VII,  1148. 
"  For  this  Constitution,  see  Millennial  Star,  XII,  19  fiC 
"Journal  of  Discourses,  V,  230-231. 

88582°— 19 11 


338  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION". 

answered  his  appeal  for  help  by  saying,  "  What  can  I  do  ?  I  can  do 
nothing  for  you.  If  I  do  anything  I  shall  come  in  contact  "with  the 
whole  State  of  Missouri."  "  In  some  way  this  statement  of  the  limi- 
tation of  the  power  of  the  general  Government  became  changed  into 
something  far  different.  Many  thousands  of  times  Van  Buren  has 
been  quoted  as  saying,  "  Your  cause  is  just,  but  I  can  do  nothing  for 
you.  If  I  take  up  for  you  I  shall  lose  the  vote  of  the  State  of 
Missouri."  ^'^ 

The  Mormons,  then,  held  the  general  Government  responsible,  as 
a  partner,  to  all  their  wrongs  and  imagined  wrongs  in  Missouri,^' 
and  later,  because  the  Government  did  not  interfere  or  bring  to  jus- 
tice the  slayers  of  their  leaders  in  Illinois,  they  blamed  it  for  all  that 
happened  to  them  in  that  State.^^  For  several  years  after  the  settle- 
ment of  Utah  this  adverse  opinion  toward  the  Government  was 
sedulously  encouraged  by  the  Mormon  leaders.  Brigham  Young 
said  in  a  discourse  of  September,  1857 : 

There  can  not  be  a  more  damnable  dastardly  order  issued  than  was  Issued 
by  the  administration  to  this  people  while  they  were  in  Indian  country  in 
1846.  Before  we  left  Nauvoo,  not  less  than  two  United  States  Senators  came 
to  receive  a  pledge  from  us  that  we  would  leave  the  United  States,  and  then, 
while  we  were  doing  our  best  to  leave  their  borders,  the  poor,  low,  degraded 
cusses  sent  a  requisition  for  500  of  our  men  to  go  and  fight  their  battles! 
That  was  President  Polk ;  and  he  is  now  weltering  in  hell  with  Zachary  Taylor, 
where  the  present  administration  will  soon  be  if  they  do  not  repent." 

Brigham  Young  kuew  better  than  that,  as  has  been  shown  by  a 
prominent  Mormon  writer,  Brigham  H.  Roberts,  in  his  History  of 
the  Mormon  Church."  This  remarkable  statement  was  made  at  a 
time  when  Brigham  Young  had  special  reason  for  creating  a  senti- 
ment hostile  to  the  administration.  He  had  learned  a  short  time 
before  of  the  approach  of  a  United  States  army  to  Utah.  But  many 
statements  of  the  same  import,  though  usually  less  strong,  were 
made  before  this,  as  well  as  after,  by  Brigham  Young  and  other 
leaders  who  also  knew  better. 

This  brings  up  the  question  of  the  sincerity  of  the  Mormon  leaders. 
There  have  been  attempts  to  drive  a  wedge  between  the  Mormon 
people  and  their  leaders  in  which  the  latter  were  accused  of  manip- 
ulating a  credulous  following  to  their  own  advantage.  Those 
who  have  made  these  attempts  did  not  understand  either  the  people 
or  their  leaders.  Although  such  deliberately  misleading  statements 
as  the  above  have  been  made,  I  think  it  safe  to  say  that  Brigham 

"Millennial  Star,  XVII,  452. 

>»  Ibid.,  584—585.     This  shows  that  this  was  doe  to  Joseph  Smith  himself,  who  a  few 
months  after  wrote  down  from  memory  what  he  thought  Van  Buren  had  said. 
^*  See  discourse  by  B.  Young  in  Journal  of  Discourses,  IX,  4  11. 
"Millennial  Star,  XVII,  452. 
i»  Journal  of  Discourses,  V,  231. 
*■  In  Americana  for   March,  1912. 


SEPAKATISM  IN   UTAH,   1847-1870.  339 

Young  Avas  as  sincere  as  any  of  his  followers  in  the  belief  and  atti- 
tude of  mind  indicated  in  the  forepart  of  this  paper,  and  even  in 
a  belief  in  the  proposition  that  the  United  States  Government  was 
satanically  opposed  to  them. 

If  this  stand  is  correct,  then,  this  deliberate  attempt  to  deceive 
the  people  becomes  very  important  in  understanding  Brigham 
Young's  purpose.  He  knew  the  value  of  opposition,  and  was  trying 
to  make  the  people  strong  and  united  by  making  them  feel  that 
"  earth  and  hell "  were  trying  to  accomplish  their  ruin. 

So  much,  then,  for  the  United  States  Government  as  seen  through 
the  eyes  of  an  inhabitant  of  Utah.  The  attitude  toward  the  question 
of  the  right  of  that  Government  to  send  officials  to  rule  there  must 
next  be  considered.  The  Utah  colonists  were  fully  convinced  that 
there  was  no  warrant  in  right  or  in  the  Constitution  for  this.  To 
them  the  right  of  a  people  to  govern  themselves  did  not  cease  when 
they  crossed  the  boundary  line  of  a  State  into  a  Territory.^"  The 
arguments  used  to  support  this  contention  were  those  used  by  other 
people  in  similar  cases,  of  course,  reinforced  by  the  circumstances 
of  the  settlement  of  Utah. 

Let  us  see  some  of  the  means  used  to  substantiate  this  claim  for 
the  right  of  local  self-government  in  the  Territories. 

In  the  organic  act  for  the  Territory,  Congress  left  the  Territorial 
legislature  free  to  define  the  jurisdiction  of  the  courts.  The  probate 
courts,  the  judges  of  which  were  appointed  by  the  legislature,  gave 
it  a  great  opportunity.  These  courts  were  given,  in  the  words  of  the 
act  of  1852,  "  power  to  exercise  original  jurisdiction,  both  civil  and 
criminal,  and  as  well  in  chancery  as  at  common  law,  when  not  pro- 
hibited by  legislative  enactment.^^  Besides  this,  the  offices  of  Terri- 
torial marshal,  attorney  general,  and  district  attorneys  were  created 
to  attend  to  all  business  before  the  courts  when  the  Territory  was 
concerned.  By  this  maneuver,  local  self-government  was  complete 
except  for  annoyances  caused  by  ambitious  officials  who  tried  to 
take  part  in  what  they  considered  their  business  and  what  the  Mor- 
mons denied  was  their  business.^^ 

These  annoyances  were  met  by  counter-annoyances,  and  friction 
went  on  until,  in  1857,  the  administration  sent  an  army.  Among 
these  counter-annoyances  were  utterances  of  Mormon  leaders  dis- 
respectful to  high  Government  officials  and  other  utterances  regarded 
as  treasonable  in  their  nature.  The  quotation  already  given  illus- 
trates the  disrespectful  utterances,  although  spoken  after  the  army 
was  ordered  to  the  Territory.    A  quotation  from  another  discourse 


»>  Desert  News,  Sept.  9,  1857,  Discourse  by  H.  C.  Kimball ;  id.,  Kept.  2,  Discourse  by 
J.  Taylor ;  id.,  Dec.  23,  1857,  B.  Young's  Message. 

21  See  Bancroft,  p.  487. 

22  For  boasts  tbat   Federal   officials   had   no    real  power   in   Utah,   see   Deseret   News, 
editorial,  VII,  pp.  244-245,  and  below. 


340  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

of  Brigham  Young  is  an  example  of  the  so-called  treasonable  talk. 
In  a  sermon  of  August,  1856,  he  says:  "After  26  years  of  faithful 
operation  and  exertion  by  our  enemies,  what  have  they  accomplished  ? 
They  have  succeeded  in  making  us  an  organized  Territory,  and  they 
are  determined  to  make  us  an  independent  State  or  government,  as 
the  Lord  lives,"  (The  congregation  shouted,  "Amen.")  "  I  say  as 
the  Lord  lives,  we  are  bound  to  become  a  sovereign  State  in  the 
Union,  or  an  independent  nation  by  ourselves."  ^^  • 

The  intense  desire  to  be  free  even  from  annoyances  is  expressed 
by  another  Mormon  leader  in  a  discourse  of  March,  1854,  as  follows: 

I  wish  we  were  in  a  situation  favorable  to  our  doing  that  which  is  justifiable 
before  God,  without  any  contaminating  influence  of  Gentile  amalgamation, 
laws,  and  traditions,  that  the  people  of  God  might  lay  the  ax  to  the  root  of 
the  tree.** 

What  this  leader  wanted  to  be  able  to  do  is  still  more  significant. 
He  wanted  to  have  the  chance  to  put  traitors  to  death.  Traitors 
were,  of  course,  apostates.  The  tendency  of  theocracies  to  regard 
heretics  as  traitors  to  the  State  was  thus  taking  root. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1857  the  Utah  legislature  sent  a  "  Me- 
morial and  resolutions  to  the  President  of  the  United  States,"  in 
which  Buchanan  is  told  that  if  he  did  not  make  better  appointments 
his  officers  would  be  sent  back,  and  that,  "  we  will  resist  any  attempt 
of  governmental  officials  to  set  at  naught  our  Territorial  laws,  or  to 
impose  upon  us  those  which  are  inapplicable  and  of  right  not  in  force 
in  our  Territory .^^ 

The  Mormons  thus  were  determined  to  be  the  judge  of  the  qualifi- 
cations for  officers,  and  of  their  powers  after  appointment.  Among 
the  inapplicable  laws  they  would  not  have,  the  common  law  of  Great 
Britain  was  one.^^ 

Of  course  when  President  Buchanan  listened  too  readily  to  preju- 
dicial testimony  of  what  was  going  on  in  the  Territory,  and  sent  an 
army  to  straighten  things  out  instead  of  trying  a  compromise,  he 
was  too  precipitate.  I  am  inclined  to  favor  the  theory  that  Brigham 
Young  would  have  agreed  to  the  same  compromise  that  was  in  the 
end  agreed  to,  if  Buchanan  had  not  been  too  hasty.  The  essential 
thing  about  the  compromise  referred  to  was  that  another  man  was 
installed  as  nominal  governor,  and  things  went  on  in  all  essential 
respect  the  same  as  before.  One  result,  however,  of  the  fiasco  was 
a  more  bitter  feeling  in  the  Territory,  with  no  corresponding  increase 
in  respect  felt  for  the  Government.    The  people  of  the  Territory 

»Deseret  News,  VI,  219. 

"Discourse  by  J.  M.  Grant,  Mar.  12,  1854,  quoted  by  Cradlebaugh  in  Utah  and  the 
Mormons.     The  discourse,  is  doubtless  In  the  Deseret  News  of  about  the  date  given. 
"Deseret  News,  VII,  244-245. 
**  Ibid.,  370,  "  Mass  Meetings "  ;  also  Journal  of  Discourses,  V.  72. 


I 


SEPABATISM  IN   UTAH,  1841-18'70.  341 

firmly  believed  that  the  sending  of  the  army  was  a  plot  to  murder 
their  leaders  and  to  destroy  or  scatter  the  rest  of  them.  That  the 
plot  did  not  succeed  was  not  attributed  to  the  fact  that  it  had  not 
been  in  existence,  but  that  in  some  miraculous  manner  they  had  been 
saved.^^ 

Such  was  the  situation  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  While 
the  Southern  States  were  trying  to  get  out  of  the  Union,  the  Mormon 
leaders  were  laying  plans  to  make  another  of  their  numerous  at- 
tempts to  gain  a  place  for  Utah  in  the  Union.  This  has  often  been 
cited  as  proof  of  the  loyalty  of  the  saints.  It  does  not  seem  to  have 
convinced  Abraham  Lincoln,  for  he  kept  Connor  and  his  California 
volunteers  in  Utah  to  make  sure  of  having  there  a  loyal  force. 

The  Mormons  were  certainly  loyal  to  the  Union  in  their  way,  but 
their  way  needs  interpreting.  As  to  the  great  sectional  conflict  it- 
self, they  aimed  to  maintain  a  neutrality  in  thought  and  deed,  with 
a  slight  leaning  in  thought,  perhaps,  toward  the  South ,2^  and  in 
deed  toward  the  North.  They  looked  upon  the  struggle  as  an  at- 
tempt to  interfere,  on  the  part  of  the  people  of  the  North,  in  some- 
thing in  which  they  had  no  right  to  interfere.^®  There  was  then,  it 
was  thought,  a  bond  of  sympathy  between  the  Confederates  and  the 
people  of  Utah.  The  Unionists  were  trying  to  destroy  the  Constitu- 
tion as  much  as  were  the  Secessionists.  The  despised  Mormons  were 
hence  the  only  loyalists.^"    Such  were  the  statements  made. 

Another  belief  was  that  the  war  was  a  punishment  on  the  Nation 
for  the  crime  of  rejecting  the  Gospel,  slaying  the  prophets  of  God, 
and  driviag  His  people  into  the  wilderness.^^ 

One  thing  that  greatly  influenced  the  Mormons  in  their  attitude 
was  the  prophecy  of  Joseph  Smith,  in  which  was  a  prediction  of  a 
civil  war  between  the  North  and  the  South,  to  break  out  in  South 
Carolina,  resulting  in  war  being  "  poured  out  upon  all  nations ; "  ^^ 
the  conflict  to  continue  until  God  "  hath  made  a  full  end  of  all 
nations." 

In  1862,  a  constitution  for  the  State  of  Deseret  was  adopted,  and 
upon  the  application  for  admission  being  rejected,  the  machinery 
for  a  State  government  was  created  and  continued  in  operation  for 
at  least  6  years.  Once  a  year  "  Governor  "  Young  of  the  "  State  " 
of  Deseret  would  read  his  message  to  the  "  State  "  legislature,  which 
would  solemnly  re-enact  the  laws  that  had  been  passed  by  the  Terri- 
torial legislature,  and  adjourn.^*    It  is  difficult  to  understand  why. 

«  A  statement  to  this  effect  is  found  in  Journal  of  Discourses,  IX,  12. 

^  Journal  of  Discourses,  IX,  143 ;  ibid.,  233  £C. 

2»  Id.,   IV,  39. 

•oMillenial  Star,  XXVII,  635;  Journal  of  Discourses,  IX,  7  ff. ;  ibid.,  155  fT. 

«i  Millennial   Star,  XXII,  50;   XXX,  68;  Journal  of  Discourses,  IX,  55  fiE. 

»2  Millennial  Star,  XXX,  41-43. 

«  £«e,  for  example.  Millennial  Star,  XXVIII,  161, 


342  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

In  April,  1861,  Heber  C.  Kimball,  the  second  in  authority  in 
Utah,  in  a  discourse,  said : 

We  shall  never  secede  from  the  CJonstitution  of  the  United  States.  We  shall 
not  stop  on  the  way  of  progress,  but  we  shall  make  preparations  for  future 
events.  The  South  will  secede  from  the  North,  and  the  North  will  secetle 
from  us,  and  God  will  make  this  people  free  as  fast  as  we  are  able  to  bear 
IL  They  send  their  poor  miserable  creatures  to  rule  us.  Why,  it  would  be 
upon  the  same  principle  that  this  church  and  authority  should  send  some  poor 
cuss  to  rule  me  and  my  family  in  my  own  house.  *  *  *  But  let  me  tell 
you  the  yoke  is  now  off  our  neck,  and  it  is  on  theirs,  and  the  bow  key  Is  in. 
The  day  is  not  far  distant  when  you  will  see  us  as  free  as  the  air  we 
breathe.  *  *  •  President  Young  is  our  leader  and  has  been  ever  since  the 
death  of  Joseph  the  Prophet  He  can  govern  this  people  with  his  hands  in 
his  pockets,  and  they  are  not  governed  one  whit  by  the  men  that  are  sent 
here.  ♦  *  *  We  are  going  to  be  ruled  by  our  Father  in  heaven,  and  the 
agents  He  sends  out  and  appoints  for  us,  from  this  day  henceforth  and  for- 
ever." 

In  November,  1867,  the  editor  of  the  Millennial  Star  could  write: 

Politically  the  saints  are  a  unit.  *  *  *  At  mass  meetings  ♦  *  • 
delegates  are  chosen  by  unanimous  vote  to  meet  in  a  convention  and  select  the 
names  of  individuals  to  fill  the  various  offices.  In  case  of  any  dispute  or 
dubiety  on  the  part  of  the  convention  the  Prophet  of  God,  who  stands  at  the 
head  of  the  church,  decides.  He  nominates,  the  convention  indorses,  and  the 
people  accept  the  nominations.     *     *     • 

So  in  the  Legislature  itself.  The  utmost  freedom  of  speech,  free  from 
abuse,  is  indulged  in ;  but  any  measure  that  can  not  be  unanimously  decided 
on  is  submitted  to  the  president  of  the  church,  who,  by  the  wisdom  of  God, 
decides  the  matter.  *  *  *  Thus  political  union  is  secured,  and  the  shame- 
ful displays  of  party  spirit,  recrimination,  and  pet  schemes  for  individual  or 
sectional  aggrandizement     *     *     *     are,  in  Utah,  things  only  to  be  despised." 

It  can  be  seen  from  these  quotations,  and  many  others  that  might 
be  given,  that  the  loyalty  of  the  Utah  colonists  in  the  Civil  War 
period  was  loyalty  to  an  ideal  Government,  not  then  in  existence, 
to  be  based  on  the  Constitution  of  1787. 

In  the  later  sixties  the  Federal  officials  in  Utah  were  beginning 
to  take  a  little  more  aggressive  attitude,  due  to  some  extent  to  the 
presence  in  Salt  Lake  City  of  a  group  of  non-Mormon  merchants. 
Social  ostracism  of  these  officials  seemed  to  be  doomed  shortly  to 
disappear.  The  railroad  was  approaching  the  borders  of  Utah, 
and,  although  Brigham  Young  and  the  Mormons  had  been  anxious 
for  its  coming,  they  undoubtedly  began  to  be  a  little  anxious  about 
possible  undesirable  results  that  would  follow  in  its  path,  such  as 
the  development  of  the  mining  resources  of  the  Territory.  A  partial 
answer  to  the  menace  was  a  boycott  of  the  merchants  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Zion's   Cooperative  Mercantile   Institution.'     The 

»*  Journal  of  Discourses,  IX,  9  ff. 

*  For  other  statements  of  Mormon  theocratic  ideas,  see  Journal  of  Discourses,  V, 
228  ff. ;  ibid.,  IX,  17 ;  Ibid..  8  ff. ;  Millennial  Star,  XXIX,  744 ;  ibid.,  730  ff. 


SEPARATISM  IN   UTAH,   1841-1810.  343 

objects  of  this  movement  were  to  get  rid  of  the  "  outsiders,"  to  de- 
velop a  more  perfect  unity,  which,  of  course,  was  to  lead  to  the 
same  result — more  isolation,  and  to  bring  about  a  better  distribution 
of  wealth.  I  think  the  weight  of  the  evidence  in  the  matter  sup- 
ports the  theory  that  isolation  was  the  primary  motive. 

The  excuse  offered  for  this  extraordinary  procedure  was  that  the 
merchants  in  question  had  not  participated  in  the  development  of  the 
Territory;  were  mere  parasites  in  the  community;  were  overcharg- 
ing for  their  goods ;  and  were  in  sympathy  with,  or  were  abettors  of, 
those  seeking  to  bring  mobs  against  the  saints.  In  a  letter  written 
March,  1867,  Brigham  Young,  in  referring  to  those  merchants  and 
the  other  "  outsiders  "  in  the  community,  said :  "  If  they  were  as  hon- 
est as  they  profess  to  be  they  would  recognize  the  truth,  and  would 
give  heed  to  the  influence  of  the  spirit  of  God.  They  who  are  not 
for  us  are  against  us."  ^'^ 

Enough  has  been  said,  I  trust,  to  give  some  indication  of  the  in- 
teresting sociological  study  that  awaits  some  free,  unprejudiced,  and 
otherwise  qualified  investigator.  The  surface  has  scarcely  been 
scratched.  When  the  full  history  of  separatism  in  Utah  is  written, 
besides  those  indicated  here,  chapters  will  appear  in  it  on  the  suc- 
cessful land  monopoly  obtained,  the  invention  of  a  new  way  of 
writing  the  English  language  (called  the  Deseret  alphabet),  the  ques- 
tion of  the  supposed  "  Danites  "  and  blood  atonement,  the  Mountain 
Meadow  massacre,  and  many  bthers.^^ 

"Millennial  Star,  XXIX,  267-268. 

^  For  instance,  Brigham  Young's  relation  with  the  Indians ;  treatment  of  schismatic 
sects,  such  as  the  Morrisites ;  Brigham  Young  and  the  mining  Industry  ;  telegraph  and 
railroad  building  within  the  Territory  ;  manufacturing  industries  developed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  local  self-support ;  polygamy  and  the  need  for  a  greater  population ; 
polygamy  as  a  means  of  securing  exclusiveness ;  educational  ideas  and  systems,  etc. 


XIII.  A  GENERATION  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORIOGRAPHY. 


By  WILLIAM  A.  DUNNING, 

Professor  of  History  in  Columbia  University. 


345 


A  GENERATION  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORIOGRAPHY. 


By  William  A.  Dunning. 


The  American  Historical  Association  was  bom  in  1884.  This 
was  a  generation  ago,  as  men  roughly  reckon  the  stages  in  the  life 
of  the  race.  It  has  been  suggested  that  this  meeting  might  feel  somo 
interest  in  the  consideration  of  what  has  been  achieved  in  this  gen- 
eration in  American  historiography.  The  suggestion  is  attractive 
and  plausible.  When,  however,  one  starts  to  act  in  accordance  with 
it,  there  arise  the  usual  troubles  about  the  definition  and  limits  of 
the  field. 

Historiography  is  a  dignified  and  mouth-filling  word.  But  what 
precisely  does  it  mean?  And  in  particular  what  does  it  mean  for 
him  who  has  to  deal  with  thirty  odd  years  of  it  in  one-third  of  an 
hour?  From  its  etymology  the  term  is  almost  ridiculously  simple. 
"History"  means  history,  and  "graphe"  means  writing;  ergo,  his- 
toriography means  either  the  writing  of  history  or  the  writing  about 
history  or  the  writing  about  the  writing  of  history — which  does  not 
solve  our  problem  at  all.  If  the  first  sense  be  taken — though  it  is  by 
no  means  the  most  logical  or  the  universally  accepted  sense — we  are 
confronted  with  the  question,  what  is  the  difference,  if  any,  between 
a  historian  and  a  historiographer?  And  is  there  any  distinction,  in 
form  or  in  substance,  between  historiography  and  plain  history? 
Must  we  dismiss  as  unworthy  our  instinctive  conviction  that  the 
longer  word  connotes  the  greater  dignity — that  a  man  may  become  a 
historian  by  a  single  duodecimo  volume,  but  may  never  get  a  footing 
in  the  sacred  precincts  of  historiography  on  less  than  five  volumes 
octavo,  with  a  special  library  edition  in  calf  with  gilt  top  and  uncut 
edges  ? 

Then  we  have  with  us  the  perennial  questions:  Is  a  textbook  his- 
toriography? Even  a  textbook  so  successful  as  to  develop  into  a 
shelf-full  of  volumes  through  successive  reincarnations  adapted  re- 
spectively to  universities,  colleges,  high  schools,  eighth  grades,  sev- 
enth grades  and  so  on  down  to  the  subkindergartens  ?  And  is  a 
great  collection  of  sources  historiography?  Even  if  the  collector 
be  a  man  of  the  utmost  industry  and  detective  genius,  and  the  results 
of  his  labor  of  the  utmost  significance  to  our  understanding  of  a 
people  or  an  age?  And  is  a  doctoral  dissertation  historiography? 
Even  if  it  is  800  large  pages  in  bulk  and  covers  as  many  as  ten  years 

in  time? 

347 


S48  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Ttie  answers  to  these  questions,  and  .others  that  ^^pring"  at  once  to 
the  lips  of  every  reflecting  person,  I  shall  not  undertake  to  suggest. 
If  a  presumption  as  to  the  answers  is  derivable  from  what  follows, 
the  paper  will  not  have  been  written  in  vain. 

In  a  way  the  present  appears  a  peculiarly  favorable  moment  for 
reviewing  the  progress  of  historiography ;  for  all  our  preoccupation 
just  now  is  with  what  may  be  called  in  contrast  "  historiofRcy." 
From  every  recruiting  center  in  the  land  has  issued  the  injunction, 
endlessly  reiterated  on  the  billboards,  "  Don't  read  history ;  make  it." 
We  who  have  written  books  may  feel  certain  momentary  reserves 
about  the  first  branch  of  this  injunction;  but  we  yield  to  none  in 
earnestness  of  god-speeds  to  the  myriads  of  our  young  men  who  have 
responded  to  the  second.  When  they  shall  have  "  made  "  the  history 
that  the  desperate  condition  of  the  civilized  world  requires,  they 
will  be  the  first  to  urge,  approve  and  promote  the  activity  of  those 
whose  function  it  is  to  record  and  interpret  their  deeds. 

Looking  back  to  the  year  in  which  this  association  was  organized, 
what  do  we  see  going  on  in  the  writing  of  history? 

In  1884  the  small  group  of  American  writers  who  had  given  dis- 
tinction to  historiography,  by  works  not  concerned  immediately 
with  the  United  States,  had  passed  out  of  life  or  of  influence.  Irv- 
ing and  Prescott  were  long  dead.  Motley's  Barneveld,  his  last 
work,  had  appeared  in  1873,  and  the  author  died  four  years  later. 
Parkman,  a  younger  man,  came  back  from  general  literature  to  his- 
tory in  this  very  year  f884,  with  the  volume  on  Montcalm  and  Wolfe 
that  confirmed  his  position  in  the  first  rank  of  the  historiographical 
phalanx.  But  the  man  that  towered  up  in  general  recognition  as 
peculiarly  the  American  historiographer  was  George  Bancroft.  He 
was  84  years  old,  but  it  was  only  two  years  since  the  appearance 
of  the  two  stout  volumes  that  brought  his  History  of  the  United 
States  down  through  the  formation  of  the  Constitution;  and  the 
final  revision  of  his  complete  work  was  in  progress  when  the  as- 
sociation saw  the  light  of  day.  There  was  in  the  historical  guild 
of  that  time  a  very  perceptible  lack  of  enthusiasm  for  Bancroft's 
history  in  regard  to  both  its  substance  and  its  form ;  but  respect  for 
his  age  and  for  the  number  of  volumes  that  he  had  written  niade 
him  an  acceptable  symbol  of  the  association's  ideals.  He  was  made 
president  for  a  year,  and  he  retained  the  general  function  of  patron 
saint  till  his  death  in  1891. 

When  Bancroft  took  up  the  writing  of  history,  in  the  1830's,  the 
culmination  of  God's  wonder-working  in  the  life  of  mankind  was 
believed  by  all  good  Americans  to  have  been  the  achievement  of  in- 
dependence and  the  creation  of  a  constitution  by  the  United  States. 
When,  fifty  years  later,  Bancroft's  work  was  ended,  a  still  greater 
miracle  had  supplanted  independence  in  American  interest,  and  those 
to  whom  time  and  faculty  were  given  for  the  study  of  history  were 


A  GENERATION   OF  AMERICAN  HISTORIOGRAPHY.  349 

irresistiblj^  forced  to  deal  with  the  conflict  of  the  sections,  and  the 
Providential  preservation  of  the  Union.  The  Civil  War  became  the 
terminus  ad  quern  of  all  historiographic  aspiration. 

In  1884  two  comprehensive  enterprises  were  well  under  way  for  the* 
culitivation  of  the  field  between  the  Revolution  and  the  Civil  War. 
Von  Hoist,  seeking  to  force  the  barrier  that  so  often  excludes  the 
German  docent  from  the  professorial  chair,  resorted  to  the  study  of 
American  democracy  and  constitutional  life.  He  secured  his  pro- 
fessorship by  a  series  of  brilliant  and  forceful  essays  on  our  early 
political  history,  and  then  continued  his  study  in  consecutive  his- 
torical form  till  he  brought  it  to  the  elections  of  1860.  His  conclu- 
sions, especially  his  vivid. portrayal  of  the  raw  head  and  bloody  bones 
of  a  slavocracy  that  served  as  his  diabolus  ex  machina,  made  a  strong 
appeal  to  influential  northern  sentiment,  and  his  work,  in  transla- 
tion, had  a  vogue  that  entitles  it  to,  a  place  in  American  histori- 
ography. In  1884  three  volumes  of  the  English  version  had  ap- 
peared, and  the  author  was  at  the  height  of  his  influence  in  this 
country.  The  remaining  volumes  of  the  translation  were  published 
at  intervals  down  to  their  completion  in  1892.  By  this  date,  however, 
his  peculiar  interpretation  of  our  history  was  declining  rapidly  in 
importance. 

Following  closely  on  the  German's  history  comes  that  of  Schouler, 
covering  the  same  period.  The  first  volumes  iippeared  in  1880  and 
the  last  not  until  1899.  Schouler  was  forty-one  years  of  age  when 
his  first  volumes  were  put  forth  to  the  public.  He  very  naturally 
represented  the  general  views  of  a  New  Englander  whose  early  man- 
hood had  been  spent  in  the  m;dst  of  the  conflict  over  slavery  and 
secession.  Yet  his  work  showed  on  the  whole  rather  less  violent 
prejudices  than  appeared  in  Von  Hoist. 

Quite  diflFerent  from  the  political  and  constitutional  interest  that 
monopolized  Schouler  and  Von  Hoist  was  the  historiographic  spirit 
most  characteristic  of  the  1880's.  This  spirit  was  manifest  in  some 
degree  in  the  work  of  H.  H.  Bancroft,  whose  massive  contributions 
to  the  facts  of  far-western  life  had  begun  to  appear  as  far  back  as 
1874.  His  chosen  sphere  far  transcended  the  customary  bounds  of 
formal  political  institutions ;  but  whether  his  method  of  working  the 
field  entitles  him  to  a  place  in  historiography  is  still  a  mooted 
question. 

The  clear  and  undisputed  announcement  of  the  new  spirit  was 
embodied  in  the  works  of  McMaster  and  John  Fiske.  McMaster's 
first  volume  appeared  in  1883,  and  his  second  in  1885,  the  two  thus 
happily  bracketing  the  birth  of  our  association.  It  violates  no  confi- 
dence to  state  that  when  McMaster  burst  into  the  historiographical 
firmament  as  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  he  had  successfully  at- 
tained the  age  of  31 — about  the  point  at  which  in  these  degenerate 
days  a  man  is  supposed  to  be  completing  his  work  for  the  doctorate. 


350  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATIOIT. 

John  Fiske  came  into  the  writing  of  history  from  another  field, 
where  he  had  ah-eady  become  famous.  His  first  formal  appearance 
as  a  writer  of  systematic  history  was  through  his  Critical  Period, 
published  in  1888.    Fiske  at  this  time  was  46  years  old. 

The  historiographic  affinity  if  not  paternity  of  McMaster  and 
Fiske  was  clearly  enough  traceable  to  the  Englishmen  Freeman  and 
J.  R.  Green.  Freeman  was  in  the  i880's  the  truculent  despot  of  the 
guild  of  historians.  The  fidelity  of  his  subjects  was  measured  by 
their  acceptance  of  the  stern  dogmas:  All  history  is  politics;  all 
history  is  a  unity.  On  his  coat  of  arms  were  emblazoned  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  militant,  the  Teuton  rampant,  and  the  Aryan  eternally  trium- 
phant. John  Richard  Green,  with  his  History  of  the  English 
People,  had  shown  a  rebellious  spirit;  he  had  incorporated  in  his 
narrative  facts  that  could  not,  by  the  acutest  genius,  be  brought 
within  the  category  of  politics.  Freeman  had  to  rebuke  the  erring 
young  man.  "  Johnnie,"  he  said,  "  if  you  had  left  out  all  that  social 
and  economic  stuff,  you  would  have  made  a  good  history."  But 
Johnnie's  sense  of  th^  synthesis  of  history  was  broader  and  surer 
than  his  master's.  He  respected  and  retained  Freeman's  view  that 
modern  England_  could  not  be  understood  save  through  the  develop- 
ment of  Anglo-Saxon  political  institutions;  but  he  persisted  in 
giving  weight  to  institutions  that  were  not  political  at  all. 

McMaster's  spirit  was  that  of  Green.  He  went  far  afield  from  the 
well-worn  paths  of  constitution-making  and  party  contention  and 
pictured  the  operation  t)f  many  more  subtle  influences  that  had  con- 
tributed mightily  to  make  the  people  of  the  United  States  what  it 
was.  To  the  technique  of  historiography  also  he  added  a  significant 
element.  Von  Hoist  was. imposing  upon  the  writer  of  American  his- 
tory for  all  future  time  the  necessity  of  searching  that  useful  but 
unalluring  repository  of  information,  the  Congressional  Record; 
McMaster  added  the  even  more  burdensome  duty  of  going  through 
all  the  newspapers  of  the  day. 

John  Fiske's  attachment  to  the  Freemanesque  school  was  chiefly 
by  way  of  the  unity  of  history.  He  believed  with  Freeman  that  all 
history  was  one  and  that,  when  we  got  right  back  to  the  truth,  that 
one  was  the  Aryan,  historically  incarnate  in  the  Anglo-Saxon. 
Fiske's  passion  for  unity  was  acquired  in  his  intellectual  activity 
prior  to  his  formal  entrance  into  historiography.  His  early  predi- 
lection was  cosmic  philosophy,  and  he  became  the  American  high 
priest  of  evolution  at  a  time  when  aggressive  adhesion  to  that  theory 
in  the  United  States  smacked  somewhat  of  scandal.  When  in  his 
maturity  he  took  up  the  writing  of  history,  the  mind  that  was  wont 
to  trace  the  diversity  of  created  life  back  to  a  single  protoplasmic 
cell  naturally  foinid  unity  in  the  life  of  historic  peoples.  It  is  quite 
typical  of  his  mental  attitude  that  his  Beginnings  of  New  England 
starts  with  the  year  476  A.  D.    His  beginning  of  American  history  is 


A  GENERATION   OF  AMERICAN   HISTORIOGRAPHY.  351 

thus  fixed  at  a  date  which  to  us  of  the  present  day  is  merely  the  as- 
sumed year  of  the  mythical  fall  of  a  hypothetical  empire. 

Whether  as  cause  or  effect  or  merely  accompaniment  of  the  organi- 
zation and  growth  of  this  association,  a  notable  activity  in  the  writ- 
ing of  history  was  characteristic  of  the  remainder  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  Various  aspects  of  European  history  were  presented  in 
what  we  somewhat  superciliously  call  the  old-fashioned  manner. 
The  implied  disparagement  is  not  easy  to  justify  in  Herbert  Tuttle's 
History  of  Prussia,  that  began  to  appear  in  1884 ;  or  Henry  C.  Lea's 
epoch-making  study  of  ecclesiastical  institutions,  culminating  in  the 
history  of  the  Inquisition  that  appeared  in  1887.  Nor  should  we 
damn  with  a  sneer  the  productions  of  Henry  Martyn  Baird  and 
James  Breck  Perkins,  whose  works  on  the  Huguenots  and  on  the 
Bourbon  monarchy  in  France  were  completed  in  1895  and  1897, 
respectively. 

In  American  history,  the  older  type  of  historiography  was  sig- 
nalized by  the  advent  of  Henry  Adams  and  James  Ford  Rhodes. 
Each  of  these  assumed  high  historiographic  importance.  To  each 
an  impulse  was  given  by  ancestral  problems.  Adams  had  to  explain 
why  his  grandfather  got  out  of  the  Federalist  Party  at  the  time  of 
the  War  of  1812 ;  Rhodes  had  to  explain  why  his  father  remained  in 
the  Democratic  Party  during  the  Civil  War.  The  result  was  the 
History  of  the  United  States  during  the  Administrations  of  Jefferson 
and  Madison,  which  began  its  appearance  in  1889,  and  the  History  of 
the  United  States  since  1850,  the  first  volume  of  which  dated  from 
1893.  In  both  works,  however  marked  the  differences  between  them, 
there  is  exhibited  the  classic  conception  that  was  controlling  in 
Thucydides  and  Tacitus,  in  Grote  and  Macaulay,  that  the  course  of 
V  political  and  military  events  with  full  attention  to  the  great  per- 
sonalities involved  in  them,  and  an  occasional  digression  on  the  re- 
ligious, literary,  artistic,  and  social  conditions,  constituted  the  nor- 
mal field  of  the  historian. 

Support  to  the  different  idea  that  McMaster  was  laboriously  illus- 
trating was  vehemently  given  in  1889  by  the  irruption  into  historio- 
graphy of  Theodore  Roosevelt,  aged  31,  with  his  Winning  of  the 
West.  The  formal  opening  of  this  field  was  a  capital  fact  of  Amer- 
ican historiography.  It  signified  the  beginning  of  a  serious  evalu- 
ation of  a  great  drama  in  human  progress — a  drama  that  had  un- 
folded almost  without  intelligent  notice  through  a  century.  The 
history  of  pioneering  from  the  Appalachians  to  the  Pacific,  and  its 
part  in  the  building  up  of  the  nation,  could  never  have  been  thought 
of  or  wrought  out  by  any  one  who  saw  history  as  primarily  the 
achievements  of  great  men,  engaged  in  the  grand  manner,  in  sub- 
lime episodes,  of  political  and  military  strife.  The  westward  ex- 
pansion of  the 'American  people  consisted  in  the  achievements  of 
average  men,  dominated  for  the  most  part  by  commonplace  motives, 


352  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

doing  ordinary  every-day  duties,  with  merely  primitive  instruments. 
The  lives  of  such  men  did  not  furnish  the  subject  matter  of  the  old- 
fashioned  historiography.  Their  great  significance  in  American 
history  had  been  suggested  by  Parkman ;  H.  H.  Bancroft  was  doing 
something  to  emphasize  it;  it  was  conspicuous  in  the  work  of 
McMaster;  in  Roosevelt  it  was  made  almost  the  exchisive  theme.  For 
the  perpetuation  of  the  spirit  and  method  of  these  writers  in  the 
twentieth  century,  it  is  unnecessary  to  mention  to  this  audience  how 
potent  has  been  the  influence,  and  how  disproportionately  scanty, 
alas !  the  historiographic  output,  of  our  own  Turner. 

Through  the  last  decade  of  the  last  century  the  process  went 
placidly  on  of  lengthening  on  the  shelves  the  stately  rows  of  vol- 
umes that  embodied  the  historiographical  conceptions  of  Fiske, 
McMaster,  Rhodes,  Roosevelt,  and  the  rest.  In  the  meantime  a  new 
factor  entered  the  situation,  with  far-reaching  results.  The  mono- 
graph, as  a  type  of  historical  productivity,  attained  monstrous  pro- 
portions in  its  ravages.  The  most  prolific  breeding  places  of  the 
germ  were  publishers'  offices  and  the  Germanified  universities  that 
took  form  out  of  the  academic  void  about  1880.  In  the  publishers' 
offices  the  common  culture  in  which  the  germ  appeared  was  the 
"  series  " — statesmen,  commanders,  commonwealths,  epochs,  crises, 
cities,  highways,  and  the  rest.  In  the  universities  the  deadliest 
species  of  the  germ  thrived  in  the  doctoral  dissertation. 

The  milieu  was  highly  favorable  for  the  spread  of  monographic 
historiography  in  the  eighties  and  nineties.  The  American  people 
was  increasing  in  numbers  and  in  intelligence,  but  not  in  widely  dis- 
tributed wealth  to  an  extent  to  insure  a  great  demand  for  a  seven  to 
ten  volume  history.  Nor  was  it  merely  a  matter  of  finance.  The  big, 
old-fashioned  history  was  of  course  required  for  every  gentleman's 
library;  but  it  was  required  as  interior  decoration,  not  as  food  for 
the  mind.  The  gentlemen  who  set  or  followed  the  fashion  in  libra- 
ries, as  well  the  masses  who  actually  read  books,  preferred  to  take 
their  culture  on  the  tabloid  principle.  Thus  from  the  side  of  demand 
the  historical  monogi-aph  was  appropriate.  From  the  side  of  supply 
a  force  was  operative  that  derived  some  of  its  cogency  from  the 
examples  of  the  recent  historians.  Von  Hoist  had  made  it  impera- 
tive to  search  with  care  the  records  of  Congress  and  the  administra- 
tion; McMaster  had  added  the  whole  newspaper  and  periodical  liter- 
ature of  America.  The  professors  who  were  directing  the  prepara- 
tion of  doctoral  dissertations  insisted,  more  Germanico^  on  notes  and 
bibliography  that  should  prove  familiarity  with  all  the  works  in 
every  language  and  throughout  all  time  that  touched  on  the  subject 
in  hand.  A  tiny  fragment  of  an  unexplored  field  was  thus  naturally 
sought  out  by  the  doctoral  candidate  who  contemplated  any  work  in 
life  after  attaining  his  degree.  Thus  original  reseapch  assumed  the 
form  that  is  familiar  to  us,  and  the  monograph  thrived  mightily. 


A  GENERATION   OF  AMERICAN  HISTORIOGRAPHY.  353 

An  additional  influence  working  to  drive  the  historical  student 
to  monographic  expression  was  the  ever-widening  scope  of  legiti- 
mate history.  The  idea  of  Green  and  McMaster  that  all  aspects  of 
a  people's  life  must  be  treated  by  the  historian  was  full  of  discourage- 
ment to  the  ambitious  novice.  Three  score  and  ten  was  a  pitiful 
number  of  years  in  which  to  master  the  records  of  a  single  nation, 
if  to  the  political  and  military  must  be  added  its  literary,  religious, 
aesthetic,  economic,  and  social  aspirations  and  achievements.  But 
Freeman's  and  Fiske's  unity  of  history  required  further  that  a  nation 
be  treated  only  in  its  relations  to  all  other  nations.  It  is  not  strange 
that  serious  writers  took  refuge  in  monographs. 

The  influences  that  have  been  mentioned  were  all  operative  in  pro- 
ducing that  peculiar  example  of  monographic  method,  Justin  Win- 
sor's  Narrative  and  Critical  History.  Its  portentous  tomes  followed 
one  another  from  the  press  in  mastodonic  and  microtypographic 
majesty  from  1889  till  the  editor's  death  in  1897.  Winsor's  vast 
and  minute  information  and  his  unquestioned  gifts  as  an  editor  did 
not  save  his  masterpiece  from  a  general  verdict  of  failure  except  as 
a  mass  of  material. 

The  fate  of  Winsor's  work  has  a  certain  interesting  connection  with 
an  episode  in  the  life  of  this  association.  That  there  had  never  been 
produced  a  comprehensive  history  of  the  United  States,  from  Chris- 
topher Columbus  to  Grover  Cleveland,  was  a  matter  of  widespread 
comment  in  historical  circles  in  the  eighteen  eighties.  Winsor  had  de- 
signed his  enterprise  to  fill  this  gap.  When  the  fatal  defects  of  the 
Narrative  and  Critical  History  were  revealed,  discussion  became  earn- 
est as  to  whether  it  was  possible  to  succeed  where  he  had  failed.  In 
the  middle  and  later  nineties  every  meeting  of  this  association  was  the 
occasion  of  warm  debate  on  the  subject.  There  was  pretty  general 
agreement  that  the  field  was  too  wide  in  scope  and  too  varied  in  con- 
tent to  be  satisfactorily  handled  by  any  individual,  doomed  to  live 
only  three  score  years  and  ten.  Whether  the  task  could  be  achieved 
by  any  application  of  the  cooperative  or  monographic  method,  was  a 
question  on  which  opinion  was  rather  evenly  divided. 

In  these  years  the  association  was  growing  and  prospering,  and 
was  becoming  strongly  self-conscious.  An  aggressive  group  of  the 
younger  members  took  the  position  that  it  was  the  urgent  duty  of 
the  association  to  take  in  hand  the  production  of  an  authoritative 
history  of  the  United  States.  The  membership  of  the  organization,  it 
was  asserted,  could  furnish  the  talent,  literary,  scientific  and  editorial, 
to  insure  a  scientifically  satisfactory  work.  A  practical  project  of 
such  an  enterprise  was  worked  out  in  detail,  and  publishers  were 
found  who  were  not  only  ready,  but  eager,  to  take  it  up.  But  the 
executive  council  of  the  association  proved  even  more  ready  and 
88582°— 19 ^23 


354  AMEKICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

eager  to  take  it  down.  The  older  men  on  the  council  stood  stiffly  on 
a  practical  dilemma  that  the  yeung  monographic  enthusiasts  found 
it  distinctly  awkward  to  meet.  If,  said  the  elder  statesmen,  this 
project  is  to  be  commercially  profitable,  it  should  be  left  to  the 
regular  publishers;  if  it  is  not  to  pay,  the  association  cannot  afford 
to  carry  it  on. 

Though  this  enterprise  was  abortive,  its  immediate  consequences 
were  highly  significant  in  American  historiography.  Taken  up  with 
some  modifications  as  a  private  affair,  it  ended  in  the  appearance  of 
the  twenty-seven  volumes  of  The  American  Nation — that  will  stand 
for  generations  as  a  faithful  index  of  the  notions  of  history  and  of 
historiography  that  characterized  the  first  decade  of  the  twentieth 
century. 

To  go  forward  to  a  commentary  and  judgment  on  the  second 
decade  of  that  century  would  require  certainly  more  time  and  prob- 
ably more  courage  than  has  been  allotted  to*  me.  It  would  require 
an  estimate  of  the  value  and  permanence  of  contemporary  theories 
and  practices  in  historiography  that  are  highly  charged  with  contro- 
versy. We  should  have  to  judge  the  influence  and  importance  of 
the  "real"  and  "true"  school  of  biography  that  has  ravaged  historic 
reputations  from  Benjamin  Franklin  to  Woodrow  Wilson;  of  the 
economic  interpretation  that  has  put  the  hiss  in  history ;  of  the  clash 
between  equally  eminent  authorities  claiming  respectively  that  there 
is  a  new  history  and  iiiat  there  is  no  new  thing  under  the  sun.  The 
mere  mention  of  such  problems  shows  the  hopelessness  of  discuss- 
ing them  here. 

To  the  philosophical  observer  things  historiographic  seem,  in  spite 
of  the  interesting  formulas  that  suggest  novelty,  to  be  going  ahead 
in  pretty  much  the  old  familiar  way.  Adams,  McMaster,  Rhodes 
have  completed  their  typical  works,  Osgood,  Channing,  and,  since 
only  yesterday,  Oberholtzer  are  cheerfully  grinding  out  the  sturdy 
octavos  that  continue  the  tradition.  Of  the  monographic  and  co- 
operative enterprises  that  have  followed  The  American  Nation,  space 
is  wanting  to  tell.  There  is  undoubtedly  manifest  in  these  later 
histories  a  general  tendency  to  give  political,  military,  and  biograph- 
ical facts  a  less  prominent  part  than  those  of  an  economic  and 
impersonal  character.  I  may  not  in  this  presence  predict — for 
prophecy  is  taboo  in  proper  historiography — but  as  an  American 
citizen  I  am  entitled  to  guess  that  the  tendency  just  mentioned  will 
be  reversed  in  the  immediate  future.  If  civilization  is  destined  to 
survive  the  convulsion  that  has  brought  it  near  extinction  today; 
if  the  American  people  shall  not  be  brought  by  the  end  of  the  war 
to  the  level  of  savagery  and  brutality  on  which  their  enemies  began 
it,  then  historiography  in  the  next  generation  will  find  its  chief  theme 
in  recording  the  policies  of  State,  the  deeds  of  arms,  and  the  genius 
of  men  through  which  that  dreadful  doom  was  averted. 


XIY.  THIRTEENTH  REPORT  OF  THE  HISTORICAL 
MANUSCRIPTS  COMMISSION. 

JUNE  29,  1918. 

JUSTIN  H.  SMITH,  Chairman. 
DICE  R.  ANDERSON.  GAILLARD  HUNT. 

Mrs.  AMOS  G.  DRAPER.  CHARLES  H.  LINCOLN. 

LOGAN  ESAREY.  MILO  M.  QUAIFE. 


LETTERS  OF  GENERAL  ANTONIO  LOPEZ  DE  SANTA  ANNA 

RELATING  TO  THE  WAR  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

AND  MEXICO,  1846-1848. 

Edited  by  JUSTIN  H.  SMITH. 


355 


INTRODUCTION. 

Antonio  Lopez  de  Santa  Anna,  who  was  born  at  Jalapa  in  the 
State  off  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  in  1795,  ranks  with  Iturbide,  Juarez  and 
Diaz  as  one  of  the  four  remarkable  men  produced  by  his  country, 
and  in  brtUiancy  he  outshone  all  his  compeers.  Of  what  is  usually 
signified  by  the  word  education  he  possessed  only  the  barest  rudi- 
ments. Intellectually  he  did  not  stand  high.  Though  rated  as  both 
a  statesman  and  a  general,  he  was  neither.  But  a  wonderful  com- 
bination of  imperious  will,  mental  quickness  and  penetration,  un- 
matched ambition,  audacity  and  unscrupulousness,  a  *  thorough 
knowledge  of  his  fellow-citizens  and  histrionic  ability  of  no  mean 
order  made  him  an  irrepressible  leader,  while  condemning  him  to 
the  sudden  reverses  that  follow  upon  a  passionate  temper  and  a 
character  that  inspires  no  confidence.  Another  factor  in  both  mak- 
ing and  marring  his  fortunes  was  the  readiness  of  men  really 
shrewder  and  perhaps  worse  than  himself,  but  wanting  in  the 
qualities  that  make  for  leadership,  to  counsel  and  support  him  in 
order  to  use  his  talents  and  power.  His  enemies  almost  always 
committed  some  blunder  that  he  could  turn  to  account;  and  finally 
fortune  herself,  though  fickle  and  sometimes  cruel,  frequently  threw 
the  most  golden  of  chances  in  his  way. 

To  give  an  account  of  Santa  Anna's  career  prior  to  the  war  be- 
tween Mexico  and  the  United  States  would  be  to  write  the  history 
of  his  country  for  more  than  half  a  generation,  but  a  few  outlines 
may  be  sketched.  After  serving  Spain  during  the  Mexican  revolu- 
tion he  joined  the  "Liberator,"  Iturbide;  and  when  this  bold  leader, 
now  an  unpopular  and  imprudent  emperor,  undertook  to  discipline 
him,  he  obtained  a  quick  revenge  by  pronouncing  for  a  republic  and 
so  bringing  ruin  upon  his  former  chief.  After  many  intrigues  and 
much  revolutionary  fighting  he  seemed  in  1834  to  have  the  country 
in  his  grasp ;  but  his  defeat  and  capture  in  Texas  two  years  later  and 
his  secret  bargain  with  the  Texans  apparently  ended  his  public  life. 
In  1838,  however,  by  stepping  bravely  into  the  war  with  France  and 
turning  to  capital  account  the  loss  of  a  leg,  he  recovered  his  prestige ; 
and  in  a  few  years  he  worked  his  bloody  and  conscienceless  way 
again  to  the  leading  position.  Mexico  was  now  his;  but  greed  and 
arbitrary  rule  turned  all  against  him,  and  the  general  uprising  of 
December,  1844,  sent  him  to  Cuba  as  an  exile. 

He  was  succeeded  by  the  well-meaning  General  Jose  Joaquin  do 
Herrera.    But  the  inefficiency  and  tactical  blunders  of  the  new  ad- 

357 


358  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

ministration  and  its  willingness  to  adjust  amicably  the  pending 
difficulties  with  the  United  States — which  grew  principally  out  of 
the  outrages  inflicted  upon  American  citizens  and  our  annexation  of 
Texas — completely  undermined  it;  and  in  December,  1845,  General 
Mariano  Paredes,  who  commanded  the  largest  Mexican  army,  precip- 
itated another  revolution.  Herrera  fell  without  a  struggle;  and 
for  a  time  the  new  master  appeared  to  do  well,  for  he  was  laborious 
and  comparatively  honest.  It  soon  was  commonly  understood, 
however,  that  he  designed  to  set  up  a  European  prince  at  Mexico, 
and  the  nation  in  general  became  indignant.  Santa  Anna,  who 
always  posed  as  the  father  of  republicanism  in  Mexico,  saw  his  op- 
portunity. Most  of  the  military  officers  were  naturally  in  favor  of 
this  prince  of  robbers;  and,  in  view  of  the  monarchical  danger,  the 
democratic  masses,  led  by  Valentin  Gomez  Farias,  came  into  line. 

On  the  25th  of  April,  1846,  a  Mexican  attack  upon  Captain  Thorn- 
ton's reconnoitering  party  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande 
brought  on  the  long  threatened  war  against  the  United  States. 
President  Polk,  knowing  that  nobody  could  be  more  hostile  to  us 
than  Paredes,  believing  that  Santa  Anna  was  too  intelligent  to  favor 
the  war,  and  probably  satisfied  that  his  return  to  Mexico  would  divide 
the  enemy,  even  if  helpful  in  no  other  way,  sent  Commander  Alex- 
ander Slidell  Mackenzie  of  the  American  navy  to  talk  with  the  ex- 
Dictator  at  Havana,  and  a  sort  of  understanding  was  reached  that, 
should  he  regain  po\^er,  Santa  Anna  would  make  peace.  Paredes, 
meanwhile,  grew  weaker  and  weaker ;  and  at  length  General  Arista's 
unsuccessful  battles  near  the  Rio  Grande,  May  8  and  9, 1846,  damaged 
the  administration  fatally.  At  the  end  of  July  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment were  handed  over  to  Vice  President  Nicolas  Bravo  and  a 
change  of  policy  was  announced.  But  on  the  4th  of  August  Gen- 
eral Jose  Mariano  Salas,  who  commanded  the  garrison  at  Mexico, 
ushered  in  the  waiting  revolution  in  favor  of  Santa  Anna  and 
popular  government.  Twelve  days  later  the  exile  arrived  at  Vera 
Cruz.  To  his  surprise  he  found  the  country  so  determined  upon 
war  that  his  plan  to  make  peace  could  not  be  carried  into  execution, 
and  after  hesitating  for  a  time  he  decided  to  lead  the  nation  in  the 
direction  it  wished  to  take. 

The  present  series  of  his  letters  begins  almost  at  the  hour  he  re- 
turned to  Mexico  from  Cuba,  and  it  continues  until  just  before  he 
arrived  at  the  capital  in  May,  1847,  to  make  his  final  stand  against 
the  American  troops.  As  he  was  now  in  personal  touch  with  the 
Minister  of  War,^  to  whom  his  letters  had  been  written,  there  was  no 
further  occasion  for  correspondence.  The  intention  has  been  in  gen- 
eral to  present  only  unpublished  documents ;  but  on  account  of  their 

*  General  J.  N.  Almonte  nntll  Just  before  Christmas,  1846 ;  then  General  Valentin 
Canalizo  until  March  23,  1847 ;  and  then  General  J.  I.  Gutierrez. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  359 

interest  two  exceptions  have  been  made,  and  possibly  a  few  others 
were  printed  so  obscurely  as  to  escape  the  editor's  notice.  All  may 
be  found  in  the  archives  of  the  War  Department,  National  Palace, 
City  of  Mexico,  or,  to  be  more  exact,  in  the  Archivo  General  de 
Guerra  y  Marina,  since,  on  account  of  the  small  size  of  the  Mexican 
navy,  the  two  branches  were  and  are  under  a  single  head.  To  specify 
definitely  the  place  where  each  paper  is  kept  does  not  happen  to  be 
feasible.  A  part  of  them  were  found  by  the  editor,  in  large,  un- 
classified bundles  called  legajos,  and  the  rest  in  a  great  miscellaneous 
pile;  and  since  the  time  of  his  visit  probably  all  have  been  re-ar- 
ranged. 

As  copyists  he  had  the  assistance  of  two  clerks  belonging  to  the  staff 
of  the  Archivo,  who  were  permitted  by  the  superintendent  to  perform 
their  own  light  duties  after  the  offices  were  closed  to  the  public  for  the 
day.  These  gentlemen  proved  to  be  surprisingly  accurate.  By  mark- 
ing lightly  in  the  margin  with  a  pencil  (as  he  was  authorized  to  do)  the 
editor  indicated  what  part  or  parts  of  a  letter  he  desired  to  have,  and 
all  copies  were  "  read  back  "  to  him  while  he  followed  with  the  origi- 
nal. The  omitted  portions,  indicated  by  dots,  were  not  of  value  for 
the  history  of  the  war  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States.  Hav- 
ing time  to  do  so,  the  editor  also  made  notes  of  certain  papers  which 
it  seemed  unnecessary  to  transcribe  in  full,  and  these  notes  (in  Eng- 
lish) are  here  presented  in  their  chronological  places,  printed  in 
smaller  type.  Had  the  intention  been  to  issue  an  edition  of  the  let- 
ters, a  copy  would  have  been  taken  in  every  instance,  but  the  editor 
was  merely  gathering  material  to  be  used  by  himself  in  writing  a  his- 
tory of  the  war,  and  the  total  quantity — of  which  Santa  Anna's  let- 
ters constituted  but  a  small  part — was  so  enormous,  that  no  time  or 
effort  could  be  wasted.  The  accentuation,  except  in  cases  where  it  af- 
fected the  meaning  of  a  word,  was  entrusted^  to  the  copyists.  Santa 
Anna's  amanuenses  had  neither  been  correct  according  to  the  now 
accepted  system  nor  even  been  consistent,  and  it  seemed  useless  to 
take  a  great  amount  of  trouble  in  order  to  be  sure  of  reproducing  ex- 
actly their  capricious  marks. 

Santa  Anna's  printed  letters  relating  to  the  war  are  to  be  found 
in  a  great  many  different  publications.  Books  and  pamphlets  of  his 
own  (for  which  one  may  consult  the  list  of  printed  sources  in  the 
editor's  History  of  the  War  with  Mexico)  contain  many;  and  the 
newspapers  and  controversial  literature  of  the  period  include  more. 
The  lafgest  single  collection  is  that  made  by  Emilio  del  Castillo 
Negrete  in  his  Invasion  de  los  Norte  Americanos  en  Mexico  (6  vols., 
Mexico,  1890-1) ;  but  the  documents  presented  in  that  work  were  not 
printed  very  accurately. 

The  question  of  adding  a  translation  of  the  letters  was  duly  con- 
sidered; but  it  was  believed  that  only  persons  seriously  interested 


360  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

in  Mexican  history  would  care  to  read  them,  and  that  such  persons 
not  only  would  understand  Spanish,  but  would  prefer  to  use  the 
original  version. 

In  conclusion  the  author  begs  leave  to  offer  a  word  of  personal  ex- 
planation. On  being  elected  chairman  of  the  Historical  Manuscripts 
Commission  he  was  unable  to  lay  hands  upon  anything  for  early 
publication.  To  find  documents  worth  printing  and  obtain  a  schol- 
arly edition  of  them  is  naturally  a  very  slow  process.  In  this  emer- 
gency he  bethought  himself  of  Santa  Anna's  letters ;  and  on  consult- 
ing gentlemen  eminently  qualified  to  represent  the  American  His- 
torical Association  he  was  advised,  not  only  that  they  seemed  likely 
to  be  suitable,  but  that  his  editing  them— a  task  which,  as  it  hap- 
pened, no  one  else  was  then  prepared  to  undertake-^would  be  entirely 
proper.  Indeed,  it  appeared  that  he  was  rather  expected  to  do  some 
such  piece  of  work  while  chairman  of  the  Commission 

Justin  H.  SMrrn. 

LETTERS  OF  GENERAL  SANTA  ANNA,  1846-1848. 

August  16,  1846. 

To  General  Jose  Mariano  Salas,  the  Acting  Executive  of  the 

Nation. 

E.  S.^  Ahora  que  es  la  una  del  dia  acabo  de  llegar  a  este  Puerto,' 
k  bordadel  vapor  Ar«J)e,  en  compaiiia  de  los  Sres.*  Rejon,**  Haro  y 
Tamaris,®  y  Almonte.^  Lo  que  me  apresuro  a  comunicar  a  V.  E.* 
para  su  conocimiento,  reservandome  escribirle  mas  detenidamente 
asi  que  haya  descansado  de  la  penosa  navegacion  que  he  traido. 

*  Excelentfsimo  Senor. 

*  Santa  Anna  was  retuming^from  Cuba,  where  he  bad  lived  near  Havana  since  being 
banished  from  Mexico  in  consequence  of  the  revolution  of  Dec,  1844.  At  this  time 
(Aug.,  1846)  naval  forces  of  the  United  States,  commanded  by  Commodore  David  Conner, 
were  blocliading  Vera  Cruz ;  but,  under  an  order  from  the  American  government.  Santa 
Anna  was  permitted  to  pass.     He  knew  that  the  order  had  been  issued. 

*  Senores.  The  line  signifying  abbreviation  should  extend  across  more  than  one  letter. 
In  all  similar  cases  a  similar  remark  may  be  understood. 

*  Manuel  Crescenci*  ReJ6n  had  been  prominent  in  Mexican  politics,  especially  as  Min- 
ister of  Relations  (Secretarlo  de  Relaciones),  that  is  to  say,  Secretary  of  State. 

•Antonio  Haro  y  Tamftris,  or  better  Tam&riz,  was  a  financier,  and  rose  to  be  Minister 
of  the  Treasury   (Hacienda). 

*  General  Juan  N.  Almonte,  supposed  to  be  an  illegitimate  son  of  Morelos,  the  ablest 
patriot  leader  in  the  revolulon  against  Spain,  had  been  the  Mexican  minister  to  the 
United  States  at  the  time  when  our  deciding  to  annex  Texas  caused  Mexico  to  break  off 
diplomatic  relations  with  us. 

"Vuestra  Excelencia  or  Vueceucia.  * 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSIOK.  S61 

Con  esta  ocasion  renuevo  a  V.  E.  las  seguridades  de  mi  aprecio  y 
consideracion. 
Dios  y  Libertad. 
Veracruz,  Agosto  16  de  18^6. 

Antonio  Lopez  de  Santa  Anna.    [Rubrica  ®] 


[The  Following  Letters,  Unless  Otherwise  Indicai'ed,  are  to 
THE  Minister  of  War,] 

September  4,  18^6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.^°    Griil^^  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  Con  fecha  2  del  Corriente  me  dice  el  Sr.  Commandante  de  la 
fortaleza  de  Perote  ^^  lo  que  sigue : 

"  E.  S.  El  Sr.  Gral  D.  Juan  Landero  ^^  en  oficio  de  29  del  pasado, 
me  dice  que  de  la  conducta  de  caudales  ^*  que  en  estos  dias  debe  llegar 
de  la  Capital  de  la  liepublica  con  direccion  a  la  plaza  de  Vera  Cruz, 
tome  la  cantidad  de  dos  mil  pesos  y  los  distribuya  en  los  militares, 
limpia  de  Armas  y  presidio,  mas  como  quiera  que  en  todo  el  mes 
ppdo  ^°  no  se  recibieron  mas  de  mil  pesos,  importando  el  presupuesto  " 
economico  tres  mil  quinientos  cincuenta  y  tres,  con  esta  cantidad,  no 
se  cubre  el  importe  de  la  segunda  quincena  de  dicho  mes,  por  con- 
siguiente,  se  tiene  que  pagar  a  los  que  han  recompuesto  las  armas  todo 
lo  que  se  les  esta  debiendo ;  anadiendo  a  V.  E.  que  para  el  presente,  no 
cuento  con  recursos  para  las  atenciones  de  Plana  Mayor,^''  Artilleria, 
hospital,  obreros  de  maestranza  y  presidio.  Tambien  hago  presente 
a  V.  E.  que  el  importe  del  presupuesto  que  vencen  las  dos  companias 
de  defensores  "  que  se  hallan  dando  la  guarnicion  en  esta  fortaleza, 
asciende  a  dos  mil  ciento  ochenta  y  sietc  pesos;  en  el  pueblo  no  hay 
quien  facilite  dinero  porque  no  lo  tienen  y  solo  ministra  mas  como 

» This  word  signifies  tlie  floiirisli, .  sometimes  extremely  elaborate,  which  the  Mexican 
considered  an  essential  part  of  his  signature.  Santa  Anna's  rlibrica  was  a  simple  one. 
As  it  may  be  taken  for  granted,  the  word  will  not  be  printed  again.  For  a  similar  reason 
the  explanation  of  "  E.  S.",  "  V.  E.",  etc.,  are  given  only  once,  unless  there  be  a  particu- 
lar reason   for  repetition. 

1*  The  Mexicans  were  greatly  influenced  by  labels.  Hence  this  name  was  given  by  Santa 
Anna  to  his  army.  The  word  "  Libertador  "  intimated  that  the  American  invaders  aimed 
to  enslave  the  Mexicans  and  were  to  be  expelled  from  Mexican  territory  ;  and  the  word 
"  Republicano  "  suggested  that  Santa  Anna  was  the  champion  of  republican  institutions  as 
against  the  advocates  of  monarchy,  who  were  represented  by  Paredes. 

"  General.     See  note  3  on  the  first  letter. 

^  A  city  between  Jalapa  and  Puebla.    The  fortress  stood  near  it. 

^  Comandante  General  of  Vera  Cruz. 

"  Conducta  de  caudales,  a  train  of  mules  transporting  coin  or  bullion. 

>s  PrSximo  pasado. 

"  In  military  as  well  as  in  civil  administration  it  was  customary  to  make  up  an  esti- 
mate of  experises  on  the  principle  of  a  budget. 

*'  At  this  time  practically  equivalent  to  a  board  of  military  engineers. 

18  This  word  was  used  technically  in  Mexico  at  this  time  to  signify  volunteers. 


362  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

a  estos  individuos,  se  socorren  con  metalico,  por  haber  les  dado  dos 
dias  y  medio  de  socorros,  se  han  tenido  muchos  apuros ;  asi  es  que  si 
V.  E.  lo  tiene  d  bien  de  la  mencionada  conducta,  puede  quedar  alguna 
cantidad  con  este  fin." 

Y  lo  traslado  a  V.  E.  para  que  sirva  ponerlo  en  conocimiento  del 
E.  S.  Gral  encargado  del  Supremo  Poder  Ejecutivo,^^  manifestandole, 
que  son  ciertas  las  penurias  que  sufren  los  oficiales,  y  guarnicion  de 
la  Fortaleza  de  Perote,  y  en  circunstancias  de  estar  alii  preso  el  E.  S. 
Gral  Mariano  Paredes  y  Arrillaga,^°  y  tener  por  custodia  a  los 
milicianos  de  Jalapa  y  Coatepec,  que  deben  ser  socorridos  diaria- 
mente  con  su  sueldo,  pues  de  lo  contrario  se  irian  i  sus  casas,  y  la 
fortaleza  quedaria  abandonada  con  grave  riesgo  de  ser  alterada  la 
tranquilidad  publica,  he  de  merecer  a  V.  E.  recabe  del  citado  E.  S. 
Gral  en  Jef e  ^^  un  libramiento  de  seis  mil  pesos  para  que  i  vuelta  del 
extraordinario  se  envie  a  Perote  para  las  atenciones  que  quedan 
indicadas. 

Encero/^  Septiemhre  4,  de  181^6. 


September  8,  1846. 

August  13  the  Governor  and  Comandante  General**  of  Tabasco**  wrote  to 
me  as  follows :  "  Led  by  V.  E.  the  array  which  has  to  complete  the  great  work 
of  our  revolution  will  be  invincible,  and  the  enemies  of  our  liberty  and  in- 
dependence will  bite  the  4ust.*"* 

Ekcebo.  *' 


September  21,  18 ^6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.     Gral  en  Jefe. 
E.  S.     Exigiendo  el  mejor  servicio  de  la  Nacion  que  la  Brigada 
de  Caballeria  al  mando  del  Sr.  Gral  Dn.  Jose  Vicente  Miiion  ^^  y  la 

"  General  Jos6  Mariano  Salas,  head  of  the  successful  revolution  of  Aug.  4,  1846. 

*•  According  to  a  common  practice  Paredes  added  to  his  own  name  (i.  e.,  that  of  bis 
father)  his  mother's  name.  Haro  y  Tamilriz  is  another  case  of  the  same  kind.  The  sec- 
ond name  was  more  often  dropped  than  used  in  referring  to  its  proprietor.  Paredes  was 
the  usurper  of  Dec,  1845,  ousted  by  the  revolution- of  Aug.  4,  1846. 

21  At  this  date  the  peso  was  regarded  as  equivalent  to  the  American  dollar.  In  our  own 
time  it  sank  to  one-half  of  that  value. 

*"  One  of  Santa  Anna's  estates.  It  was  near  the  National  Highway  running  from 
Mexico  to  Vera  Cruz  and  about  eight  miles  below  Jalapa. 

*»  The  governor  of  a  State  was  a  civil  official  elected  at  this  time  by  the  people.  The 
Comandante  General  was  appointed  by  the  central  government  to  represent  its  military 
power.  Sometimes  the  same  man  held  both  offices.  Usually  the  two  offices  were  held  by 
two  men,  who  clashed  more  or  less. 

**  A  State  of  Mexico  bordering  on  Guatemala. 

**  The  reason  why  some  of  the  letters  are  given  in  English  may  be  found  in  the  Intro- 
daction. 

»  3oa6  Vicente  Mifi6n  was  born  at  Cfldiz,  Spain,  and  b^an  his  military  career  in  1816 
as  a  cadet  (i.  e.,  a  volunteer  looking  for  a  commission)  in  the  Dragones  del  Principe.  In 
1840  he  was  thirty-eight  years  old.  He  figured  in  connection  with  the  battle  of  Buena 
Vista. 


Historical  makuscripts  commission.  363 

de  Infanteria  al  del  Sr.  Gral  Dn.  Francisco  Perez  ^^  se  pongan  en 
marcha  premisamente  para  el  dia  24  del  presente  mes.^*  .... 
Tacubaya,2»  Sephre  21,  I84.6. 


September  22,  1846. 

I  have  ordered  Ciriaco  VSsquez  ^  to  go  to  San  Luis  PotosI  and  take  command 
of  the  Fourth  Brigade. 

September  24,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.     Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.     He  de  merecer  a  V.  E.  acuerde  con  el  E.  S.  Gral  en  Jefe 

encargado  del  Poder  Ejecutivo,  se  prevenga  al  Sr.  contratista  del 

Tren  de  artilleria,  se  situen  los  tiros  de  mulos  respectivos  para  mi 

coche,  en  Huehuetoca,  Tula,  Arroyosarco  y  San  Juan  del  Rio.^^  .... 

^  Tacubaya,  Sepbre  24  de  1846. 


September  25, 1846.  '  ■ 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    General  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  Como  por  el  contenido  de  la  carta  del  cura  de  Cerralvo  ^^  que 
en  copia  remitio  a  ese  Ministerio  el  mismo  Sr.  Ampudia,^^  se  viene  en 
conocimiento  que  el  pensamiento  del  Gral  Taylor  ^*  es  amenazar  a 
Monterrey  unicamente  y  dirigirse  sobre  el  Saltillo,  apoderandose 
antes  de  las  principales  gargantas  de  la  Sierra,  con  el  fin  de  cortar 
enteramente  la  comunicacion  de  las  fuerzas  situadas  en  aquella 
Ciudad.3=  .  .  .  .■ 

^  Francisco  P6rez,  although  comparatively  a  new  man,  commanded  the  finest  brigade  of 
the  army  in  1847.  He  was  prominent  at  the  battles  of  Buena  Vista,  Churubusco  and 
Molino  del  Rey. 

^They  were  to  go  to  San  Lnis  Potosf,  a  city  215  miles  by  rail  northwest  of  Mex- 
ico, in  accordance  with  Santa  Anna's  plan  to  concentrate  a  powerful  army  there. 

s*  A  suburb  southwest  of  Mexico,  where  Santa  Anna  was  now  living. 

**  Vfisquez,  or  better  Vfizquez,  though  born  at  Vera  Cruz,  1794,  served  under  the  flag  of 
Spain  during  the  Mexican  revolution.  He  commanded  a  division  in  the  Buena  Vista  cam- 
paign, and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  while  bravely  defending  the  vital 
Mexican  position  on  the  summit  of  El  Tel^grafo  hill. 

"  Points,  lying  on  the  road  from  Mexico  to  San  Luis  Potosf,  at  which  Santa  Anna 
wished  to  find  relays  of  mules  ready  for  him. 

"  A  small  town  between  Caraargo  and  Monterey.  Camargo  lay  on  the  San  Juan  River 
about  three  miles  from  the  Rio  Grande,  and  was  Taylor's  base  for  the  advance  upon 
Monterey. 

^  Pedro  de  Ampudia,  born  at  Havana,  Culwi,  in  1803,  began  his  military  life  in  the 
Spanish  army  in  1818.  He  ranked  second  on  the  Mexican  side  in  the  battles  of  Palo 
Alto  and  the  Resaca,  May  8  and  9,  1846,  commanded  in  the  defence  of  Monterey,  Sept., 
1846,  played  a  role  of  some  importance  at  the  battle  of  Corro  Gordo,  Apr.,  1847,  and  then, 
falling  into  disfavor  with  Santa  Anna,  ceased  to  figure  in  the  war. 

"*  Zachary  Taylor,   commander  of  the  American   forces  invading  northern   Mexico. 

^  I.  e.,  Saltillo,  which  lies  sixty-five  or  seventy  miles  southeast  of  Monterey.  Instead 
of  pursuing  this  plan,  which  would  have  made  the  fighting  at  Monterey  unnecessary, 
Taylor,  who  did  not  believe  the  Mexicans  would  make  a  stand  either  there  or  in  the  moun- 
tains (Sierra  Madre)  lying  between  that  point  and  Saltillo,  marched  directly  upon 
Monterey. 


S64  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATIOit. 

Precisamente  esta  fue  mi  prediccion,  y  por  eso  en  repetidisimas 
coraunicaciones  que  he  dirigido  al  Gobierno  desde  que  desembarque 
en  Veracruz,  le  he  instado  para  que  librase  ordenes  energicas  al  Gral 
Ampudia,  con  el  objeto  de  que  abandonada  la  Ciudad  de  Monterrey 
por  la  imposibilidad  de  defenderse,  segun  demostre,  se  retirase  con 
tiempo  al  Saltillo,  y  alli,  y  en  la  Sierra,  se  levantasen  las  fortifica- 
ciones  correspondientes  para  resistir  con  buen  exito  los  impulsos  del 
enemigo,  y  hacer  inutiles  sus  tenativas  entre  tanto  eramos  fuertes,  y 
podiamos  tomar  la  ofensiva.'*  .... 

Bien  pudo  el  Sr.  Gral  Ampudia  retirarse  ordenadamente  como  se 
le  previno  con  oportunidad,  sin  verse  precisado  a  abandonar  le  Arti- 
lleria,  trenes,  equipajes,  etc.,  pues  para  todo  ha  tenido  el  tiempo 
suficiente  en  un  mes  que  hace  recibio  las  primeras  prevenciones  para 
aquel.  movimiento 

Es  bien  sabido  que  un  Ejercito  '^  sin  conocimientos  del  Pais  y  tan 
embromado  con  su  gruesa  Artilleria,  carros,  etc.  etc.,  en  tiempo  de 
Aguas  y  en  un  camino  fragoso  como  es  el  que  tenia  que  atravezar,  no 
podia  acercarse  a  Monterrey  con  esa  velocidad  que  el  Sr.  Ampudia 
supone 

Asi  vemos,  que  ahora  es  cuando  previene  al  Comandante  Gral  de 
Coahuila,  **  que  se  abran  cortaduras  y  se  levanten  reductos  como  si 
fuera  posible  improvisar  una  fortificacion  en  veinticuatro  horas  para 
resistir  los  ataques  de  7  li  8,000  hombres,  provistos  de  Artilleria  com- 
petente.  Esto  es  impej:donable,  y  si  aconteciese  una  desgracia  como  | 
he  previsto,  la  Nacion  hara  fuertes  cargas  al  culpable. 

No  solamente  hay  que  lamentar  tanta  inprevision,  sino  que  es 
preciso  tambien  condenar  la  criminal  apatia  del  Gral  Dn.  Francisco 
Ponce  de  Leon,^'  en  el  cumplimiento  de  las  ordenes  que  se  le  han 
librado  para  que  con  la  4*  Brigada  que  esta  a  su  cargo  se  dirigiese 
d  marchas  forzadas  en  auxilio  del  Saltillo  y  Monterrey,  amagadas 
hace  tantos  dias 

Al  Sr.  Ponce  de  Leon,  se  le  prevendra  que  sin  excusa  ni  pretesto 
alguno,  se  mueva  de  San  Luis*°  si  no  lo  ha  hecho  4  la  fecha,  y 
forzando  marchas  se  dirija  al  Saltillo,  llevando  consigo  los  Rcgi- 
mientos  de  Caballeria  9°  de  Linea  *^  y  Coraceros  siendo  su  principal 

*  Santa  Anna's  plan  was  to  assemble  a  grand  army  at  San  Luis  I'otosI,  and,  wben  en- 
tirely ready,  assume  the  offensive. 

"  I.  e.,  Taylor's  army,  numbering  about  6,220. 

» The  capital  and  chief  city  of  the  State  of  Coahuila  was  Saltillo,  called  by  the 
Mexicans  El  Saltillo. 

•»  Ponce  de  Lc6n  was  a  new  and  inefficient  officer,  who  failed  to  reach  Monterey  in  time 
to  take  part  in  the  defence  of  that  city  against  Taylor.  It  should  be  said,  however,  that 
his  so-called  brigade  consisted  of  extremely  poor  material,  poorly  equipped  and  poorly  sup- 
plied. 

*•  Here,  as  often,  for  San  Luis  Potosl. 

*^  De  Llnea :  regulars  in  contrast  to  the  active  corps,  which  were  supposed  to  be  called 
out  on  special  occasions  only  (though  at  this  time  the  distinction  no  longer  existed),  to 
the  National  Guards,  which  corresponded  to  American  "  militia ",  and  to  certain  other 
branches  of  the  military  service. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  365 

deber  la  defenza  de  aquella  Ciudad,  segun  las  prevenciones  del  Sr. 
Gral  Ampudia  a  quien  auxiliara  en  caso  precise. 

Estando  el  Gral  D.  Angel  Guzman  *2  en  Cuernavaca*^  con  cerca 
de  500  hombres  de  muy  buena  tropa,  se  le  prevendra  tambien  por 
extraordinario  que  desde  aquel  punto  emprenda  su  marcha  para 
Queretaro**  por  la  via  mas  recta,  enviandosele  recursos  por  medio' 
de  una  letra  para  que  no  alegue  ningun  pretesto  y  deje  de  efectuarse 
este  movimiento.  Igual  prevencion  se  hara  al  Comandante  del 
Batallon  fijo  de  Mexico*'  que  viene  del  Sur;  y  por  ultimo,  se  pre- 
vendra que  generalmente  todos  tropas  que  se  liallan  operando  en 
aquel  rumbo,  se  muevan  con  direccion  a  San  Luis  Potosi. 

V.  E.  sabe  muy  bien  que  esa  4  *  Brigada  tan  decantada  se  compone 
de  una  fuerza  ridicula.  Por  esto  es  urgentisimo  que  el  Gobierno  libre 
ordenes  a  los  Comandantes  Grales  de  los  Estados  de  Queretaro, 
Guanajuato,  Jalisco,  Morelia  y  San  Luis  Potosi,  para  que  todas  las 
f  uerzas  permanentes  y  activas  sin  excepcion  alguna,  existentes  en  ellos, 
se  dirijan  d  San  Luis  Potosi,  asi  como  los  depositos  de  desertores  y 
reemplazos;  a  fin  de  que,  ya  que  no  podamos  presentar  en  Ejercito 
bien  organizado,  al  menos  opongamos  al  invasor  mazas  de  hombres 
armados  que  lo  pongan  sin  movimiento  mientras  los  Estados  se  toman 
el  tiempo  preciso  para  armarse,  se  disiplinan  nuestras  fuerzas  y  se 
hace  una  defenza  como  es  conveniente  y  decoroso  a  la  nacion.  Yo 
conozco  muy  bien  cuan  escasos  son  los  elementos  con  que  cuenta  el 
Gobierno  Supremo,  y  cuan  nula  es  por  su  numero  la  fuerza  que  ahora 
se  va  a  poner  en  camino  pero  no  obstante  e^e  conocimiento,  yo  quiero 
marchar  a  su  cabeza,  porque  tengo  deseos  de  pelear,  y  porque  un 
sagrado  deber,  me  impulsa  a  defender  con  ardor  y  entusiasmo,  la 
independencia  de  la  Eepiiblica.  Voy  a  sacrificarme  evidentemente, 
pero  una  muerte  honrosa  en  el  campo  de  la  batalla  completara  rais 
sacrificios  y  mis  deseos  si  no  es  posible  una  victoria.*^ 

No  puelo  excusarme  de  manifestar  a  V.  E.  en  este  lugar,  que  hace 
tres  dias,  debio  ministrarse  a  las  Brigadas  que  van  a  salir,  el  im- 
porte  de  su  presupuesto  de  un  mes,  y  que  esta  es  la  hora  que  no  lo 
han  recibido,  porque  no  ha  habido  una  persona  que  se  encargue  de 
distribuir  el  dinero  competente,  que  se  ha  procurado  bajo  mi  ga- 
rantia  personal.  Esto  es  muy  sensible,  porque  demuestra  que  no  todos 
los  funcionarios,  se  esfuerzan  como  es  debido  en  el  cumplimiento 
de  sus  mas  sagrados  deberes.  Yo  suplico  a  V.  E.  que  en  la  parte 
que  le  toca  procure  allanar  los  inconvenientes  que  se  han  presentado 

"  Guzman  was  a  new  officer  of  whom  little  is  known  except  that  he  played  a  rather 
prominent  part  In  the  Buena  Vista  campaign. 

**  A  town  about  43  miles  south  of  Mexico. 

*♦  By  the  road  about  150  miles  northwest  from  Mexico  on  the  way  to  San  Luis  Potosf. 

*»  Batall6n  FlJo  de  Mexico,  the  name  of  a  particular  corps.  The  Mexican  army  included 
at  this  time  a  number  of  corps  bearing  special  names  that  had  no  practical  signlflcance. 

*•  One  here  sees  Santa  Anna  on  his  "  high  horse,"  so  to  speak.  Of  course  he  did  not 
seriously  mean  what  he  said.     Other  such  passages  will  be  found. 


366  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION". 

a  la  marcha  de  las  dos  referidas  Brigadas,  pasando  personalmente  k 
la  Tesoreria  y  adonde  sea  necesario,  paraque  hoy  mismo  qiiede  todo 
espedito  y  no  se  retarde  un  movimiento  que  hacen  urgente  los  riesgos 
que  proximamente  amenazan  a  nuestros  soldados  del  iioite.^ 
Tacdbaya,  Septiembre  25  de  18^6, 


September  £6,  1846. 

"  As  It  Is  Indispensable  to  concentrate  in  San  Lusi  Potosf  all  the  permanent  • 
and  activo  forces  possible  ",  order  all  such  cavalry  from  Oaxaca  to  the  capitaL 
Tacubaya. 


September  26,  18^6. 

Let  the  force  under  Guzmfin  which  arrived  at  the  capital  yesterday  from 
the  South  go  on  to  San  Luis  PotosI  as  it  is  [tal  como  se  halla]. 
Tactjbaya. 


September  29,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe,  Sria."  de  Cam- 
pana. 

Exmo.  Sr.*  Por  fel  contenido  de  los  oficios  del  Gral  Vazquez,  vera 
V.  E.,  que  se  ha  confirmado  al  pie  de  la  letra,  lo  que  anuncie  desde 
Veracruz,  y  despues  desde  el  Encero,  al  E.  S.  Oral  encargado  del 
Supremo  Poder  Ejecutivo  y  a  V.  E.  mismo,  sintiendo  ahora  viva- 
mente  funestos  result»dos  de  la  tenacidad  con  que  se  sostuvo  la  per- 
manencia  en  Monterrey  (iel  Cuerpo  de  tropas  alii  reunido  al  mando 
del  Gral  Dn.  Pedro  de  Ampudia,  no  obstante  mis  fundadas  observa- 
ciones,  y  la  protesta  que  hize  por  conducto  del  S.  D.°  Manuel  Ba- 
randa.*  Mi  plan  de  campaiia  se  ha  f rustrado  por  este  fatal  incidente ; 
pues  perdido  el  linico  Cuerpo  de  tropas  permanentes  con  que  con- 
tabamos,  y  todo  el  material  de  guerra  que  con  el  estaba,^  hoy  me 
encuentro  envuelto  en  dificilisimas  circunstancias  que  no  se  si  ati- 
nare  a  veneer.  La  Nacion  por  el  mismo  incidente  desgraciado,  se 
encuentra  casi  a  merced  de  los  invasores;  y  si  no  se  hace  por  ella 
un  esfuerzo  tan  grande  como  se  necesita,  quiza  aquellos  infames 
prof  anaran  con  su  inmunda  planta  nuestra  hermosa  Capital,  a  donde 
debian  Uegar.  Esto  quize  evitar,  y  no  lo  consegui,  porque  no  se 
apreciaron  los  consejos  de  un  viejo  y  esperimentado  Gral. 

Pero  a  mi  aun  no  me  abandona  la  esperanza,  y  protesto  a  V.  E. 
que  desplegare  toda  la  enerjia  de  mi  caracter  para  arrostrar  las  difi- 

1  There  as  a  further  delay,  however. 

•  "  Permanent "  forces  were  the  same  as  forces  "  de  linea  ",  1.  e.,  regulars.  For  "  ac- 
tivo "  forces  see  note  6  on  the  preceding  letter. 

•  Secretarla. 

•  Excelentlslmo  Sefior. 

»  S.  D..  1.  e.,  Seflor  Don. 

•  A  prominent  politician,  chief  member  of  the  cabinet  for  a  time  In  1847. 

'  This  was  what'  Santa  Anna  supposed  would  be  the  result  of  the  fighting  at  Monterey, 
but  in  fact  Ampudia  was  permitted  to  retire  with  his  army  and  a  field  battery. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS  COMMISSION.  367 

cultades  de  todo  genero  que  se  me  presentan;  porque  sin  ejercito 
organizado,  sin  el  material  de  guerra  necesario  y  sin  dinero  j  cuanto 
no  hay  que  hacer  para  preparar  una  fructuosa  defenza,  e  impedir 
al  ejercito  invasor  su  paso  para  la  Capital,  viniendo  el  provisto  de 
todos  los  elementos  para  hacernos  la  guerra  con  ventaja !  Mas  para 
que  mis  saerificios  no  sean  esteriles,  precise  es  que  el  Gobierno  de  la 
Republica  dicte  luego  cuantas  medidas  extraordinarias  sean  con- 
venientes,  para  proveerme  siquiera  de  una  bateria  de  veinte  piezas, 
de  los  calibres^  de  12,  16,  18  y  24,  con  sus  correspondientes  dota- 
ciones;  y  a  la  vez  del  dinero  necesario  para  proporcionarme  con  el 
cuanto  es  indispensable;  en  inteligencia  que  si  estas  dos  cosas  no  se 
me  facilitan,  me  vere  obligado  a  adoptar  un  sistema  de  operaciones 
contrario  a  mi  genio,^  pero  inevitable  en  el  caso,  para  que  no  sufran 
nuestras  armas  otra  derrota  que  acabe  de  humillar  a  la  patria 

Ya  he  dispuesto  haga  alto  en  Matehuala  ^  la  4"  Brigada  que  mar- 
chaba  de  San  Luis  Potosi  al  Saltillo,  para  que  no  vaya  esa  corta  f uerza 
a  caer  en  manos  del  enemigo;  y  prevendo  al  Gral  Dn.  Rafael  Vaz- 
quez,* que  permanesca  en  el  Saltillo  con  la  pequeiia  Seccion  de  su 
mando,  para  recojer  cuantos  disperses  lleguen  alii,  y  que  este  listb 
para  replegarse  a  Matehuala,  luego  que  advierta  que  alguna  fuerza 
respetable  del  enemigo  se  dirige  a  aquella  Cuidad,  llevando  con  sigo 
las  piezas  de  artilleria  y  municiones  que  se  hayan  podido  salvar 

He  dictado  otra  medida,  y  es  la  de  prevenir  a  los  Comandantes 
Grales  de  Queretaro,  Guanajuato,  Michoacan  y  Jalisco,  que  reunan 
cuantas  fuerzas  permanentes  activas  y  auxiliares  del  Ejercito  hubiera 
en  los  respectivos  Estados,  y  las  dirijan  a  marchas  forzadas  a  San 
Luis,  donde  pienso  establecer  mi  .Cuartel  Gral 

Indispensable  es  que  el  Gobierno  Supremo  haga  salir  de  esa  Capital 
i  la  mayor  brevedad,  el  resto  de  tropas  permanentes  y  activos  que  ha 
quedado  en  ella,  y  las  municiones  de  fusil  que  aun  no  han  salido  por 
falta  de  bagajes,  lo  que  hace  que  estas  Brigadas  marchen  sin  ellas, 
segun  me  han  participado  los  respectivos  Grales. 

En  conclusion,  aseguro  a  V.  E.  para  conoci'miento  del  Supremo 
Gobierno  que  demandando  la  situacion  del  pais  los  saerificios  mas 
costosos,  los  emprendere  gustoso  y  peleare  con  el  ultimo  soldado  que 
me  quede;  en  la  inteligencia  que  estoy  resuelto  a  no  sobrevivir  a  la 
deshonra  de  nuestra  desventurada  patria. 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

Hacienda  de  San  Sebastian,"  Septiemhre  29  de  18^.6. 

^The  cannon  specified  corresponded  substantially  to  American  12-,  16-,  18-  and  24- 
pounders. 

*  Presumably  this  is  a  threat  that  he  would  take  by  force  whatever  he  deemed  requisite. 
»A  point  about  143  miles  north  of  San  Luis  Potosf. 

*■  Rafael  Vfizquez  was  born  in  1802,  and  began  his  military  life  as  captain  of  a  band  of 
volunteers  in  1827. 

*  A  large  estate  on  the  road  to  San  Luis  Potosf. 


368  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

October  3,  1846. 

I  expected  2,000  (auxiliary  militia)  from  Guanajuato.*  My  hopes  have  been 
disappointed  through  the  resistance  of  the  Governor,  and  he  spreads  reports 
unfavorable  to  the  army.  He  is  not  evil-inclined,  however;  is  too  young — only 
twenty-three  years  old.    Remove  him. 

QUERETABO. 


October  3, 1846. 

This  morning  at  daybreak,  Moreno,  aide  de  camp  of  Ampudia  came  to  me, 
and  said  that  Ampudia  was  going  to  fortify  points  in  the  Sierra  Madre  be- 
tween Saltillo  and  Monterey  and  await  the  enemy  there.  So  I  ordered  him 
not  to  come  to  San  Luis  PotosI  but  to  halt  at  Saltillo.  When  the  bearer  of 
my  orders  had  been  on  the  way  nearly  two  hours,  two  officers  came,  who  had 
left  Saltillo  one  and  one-half  days  later  than  Moreno.  They  brought  despatches 
from  Ampudia,  stating  that  he  could  not  hold  the  Sierra,  because  to  do  that 
it  would  be  necessary  to  fortify  five  points,  and  to  cover  a  line  of  about  sixty- 
five  miles,  and  he  had  not  enough  artillery,  nor  men,  nor  tools.  Moreover,  he 
had  intercepted  a  letter  of  the  enemy  containing  instructions  to  Taylor  to 
operate  against  San  Luis  PotosI,*  and  therefore  thought  it  very  dangerous  for 
his  army  to  remain  in  the  Sierra.  *  Therefore  I  determined  to  carry  out  my 
order  of  Sept.  30,  that  every  one  should  retire  to  San  Luis  PotosI,  "  in  order  to 
organize  the  army  anew  in  the  manner  I  had  contemplated  [concebido]." 
To-day  I  have  sent  the  proper  orders  to  Ampudia.  "  Long  before  hand  [may  de 
antemano]  I  divined  that  the  enemy  would  undertake  precisely  that  movement 
upon  San  Luis  PotosI,  because  he  thinks  it  would  be  easy  to  compel  us  to  ask 
for  peace  fey  shutting  u§  up  with  his  forces  in  the  interior  of  the  Republic." 
Therefore  my  first  thought  on  hearing  of  the  capitulation  of  Monterey  was  to 
order  retirement  to  San  Luis  PotosI,  which  would  form  a  barrier  against  the 
enemy,  especially  because  our  troops  would  be  demoralized  by  recent  events, 
and  almost  all  the  material  of  war  lost,  so  that  a  good  defence  of  the  passes 
[of  the  Sierra  Madre]  was  impossible.  Notify  the  Comandante  General  of 
Tampico  regarding  the  designs  of  the  enemy  against  Tampico,  "  in  order  that 
if  his  numbers  do  not  enable  him  to  withstand  the  attacking  forces,  he  may 
evacuate  the  place  and  retire  to  Tuxpam."  * 

QUEBETABO.  * 


October  //,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gi*!  en  Jefe. 

Exmo.  Sr.  He  de  merecer  a  V.  E.  se-sirva  acordar  con  el  E.  S.  Gral 
encargado  del  Supremo  Poder  Ejecutivo,  que  el  contingente  de 
dinero  con  que  deben  contribuir  mensualmente  para  los  gastos  gene- 

»  Santa  Anna  refers  here  to  the  State,  not  the  city,  of  this  name. 

»Thls  probably  refers  to  Marcy's  despatch  of  Sept.  2,  1846,  to  Taylor,  which  suggested 
advancing  as  far  as  San  Luis  PotosI  (30  Cong.,  1  sess..  Ex.  Doc.  60,  p.  339), 

'  This  has  reference  to  the  apprehension  that  Taylor  would  go  round  Monterey  and  this 
part  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  and  attack  Saltillo,  in  Ampudla's  rear. 

*  Tuxpam  (or  Tuxpan)  stands  on  the  river  of  that  name  six  miles  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Later  Santa  Anna  decided  to  have  the  Comandante  General  retire  in  another 
direction. 


HISTOBICAL,  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  369 

rales  los  Estados  de  Jalisco,  Guanajuato,  Michoacan,  Quieretaro,  San 
Luis  Potosi  y  Zacatecas  se  situe  puntualmente  en  la  comisaria  del 

Ejercito  de  operaciones  ^  para  los  gastos  de  la  campaiia 

QuERETARo,  Ohve  If.  de  ISJfi. 


October  4, 181^6. 

Ejercito  Liberia  dor  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

Exmo.  Sr.  Existen  en  San  Luis  Potosi  cerca  de  dos  millones  de 
pesos  destinados  a  salir  en  conducta  para  el  Puerto  de  Tampico,* 
cuyos  derechos  ^  se  aproximaran  a  200,000  pesos,  y  siendo  este  recurso 
muy  necesario  al  Ejercito  de  operaciones  del  Norte,  he  de  merecer  a 
V.  E.  acuerde  con  el  E.  S.  Gral  encargado  del  Poder  Ejecutivo  se 
situe  en  la  Comisaria  del  mismo  Ejercito,  sin  que  se  disponga  ni  de 
un  solo  peso  para  otras  atenciones  que  no  sean  las  de  la  campaiia 

QuERETARo,  Octuhre  Jf.  de  1846. 


October  10,18  It6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe.    Sria.  de  Campaiia. 

E.  S.  Ayer  llego  a  este  Cuartel  Gral  la  4*  Brigada  del  Ejercito 
mandada  por  el  Sr.  Gral  Dn.  Francisco  Ponce  de  Leon,  y  en  la  misma 
fecha  repeti  mis  ordenes  para  que  a  la  mayor  brevedad  se  concentre 
aqui  toda  la  fuerza  que  ha  estado  en  el  Norte  al  mando  del  Sr.  Gral 
Dn.  Pedro  de  Ampudia 

En  este  cuartel  Gral  debera  organizarse  el  Ejercito,  aumentarse  y 
disciplinarse  como  corresponde  para  que  pueda  atender  al  grande 
objeto  que  tiene  a  su  cargo  y  dar  resultados  desicivos  y  gloriosos  a 
las  armas  de  la  Republica 

Cuartel  Gral  en  San  Luis  Potosi,  Octuhre  10  de  1846, 


October  10,  18J,B. 

I  arrived  at  San  Luis  Potosi  on  October  8  "  amidst  the  jubilations  of  a  mag- 
nanimous and  generous  people  wlio  liave  not  ceased  to  lavisli  upon  me  the 
most  distinguished  attentions."* 

San  Luis  Porosf. 

*  Santa  Anna  sometimes  applied  this  name  to  his  army  with  particular  reference  to  the 
portion  of  it  that  should  be  employed  in  offensive  operations. 

*  The  principal  export  of  Mexico,  even  in  peace,  was  silver,  and  it  was  now  of  much 
importance  because,  though  Vera  Cruz  and  Tampico  were  blockaded,  the  United  States 
permitted  the  British  to  transport  the  precious  metals  from  those  ports. 

»  Export  duties. 

*  Santa  Anna  had  long  been  extremely  unpopular  in  northern  Mexico,  because  he  had 
done  much  harm  and  no  good  to  that  section.  He  had  therefore  felt  doubtful  how  he 
would  be  received  at  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  shrewdly  sent  ahead  a  proclamation  asking  to 
be  welcomed,  not  as  Santa  Anna,  but  as  a  soldier  fighting  for  the  common  country.  This 
was  taken  by  the  people  at  its  face  vajue. 

88582°— 19 2^ 


370  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

October  10,  1846. 

Very  private.     I  protest  against  the  appointment  of  Francisco  de  Garay '  to 
succeed  Anastasio  Parrodi  as  Comandante  Genei^al  at  Tampico. 
San  Luis  PotosL 


October  10,  181^. 

Order  the  squadron  of  the  Sixth  Regiment  now  at  Puebla  to  come  here. 
San  Luis  Porost 


October  12, 1846. 

Domingo  Echagaray  *  was  not  favorably  regarded  in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz 
after  the  recent  change  of  the  government,  and  since  then  has  spoken  against 
the  existing  order  of  things.*  I  directed  that  he  should  be  sent  to  this  army. 
The  government  has  disposed  otherwise.  "  The  repetition  of  these  acts  which 
place  me  In  a  ridiculous  position  and  are  so  prejudicial  to  the  public  service 
and  good  military  discipline  impels  me  to  protest  against  them  in  a  solemn 
manner  and  to  ask  the  satisfaction  which  I  consider  due  me,  ...  I  do  not  con- 
sider myself  nor  should  I  be  considered  by  the  gentlemen  who  compose  the 
provisional  government  of  the  Nation,  as  a  mere  General,  commanding  a  corps 
of  the  army,  but  as  the  sole  leader  Jtinfco  caudillo'\  of  the  Nation,  to  whom 
the  direction  of  its  destinies  has  been  entrusted."  * 

San  Luis  PotosL 


October  12, 1846. 

I  have  ordered  Isldro  Reyes  *  not  to  march  to  Chihuahua.* 
San  Luis  Porosf. 


October  12,  1846. 

To  A.  P.ARRODI,  COMANDANTE  GeNERAL  AT  TaMPICO. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
pana. 

E.  S.  Que  immediatamente  que  V.  S.''  reciba  esta  orden  que  va  per 
extraordinario  disponga  que  todas  las  piezas  de  artilleria  reunidas 

*  A  rather  active  oflDcer  who  commanded  small  forces,  mainly  or  entirely  irregular,  oper- 
ating In  the  vicinity  of  Tampico,  , 

•  Nothing  of  Importance  Is  known  regarding  this  officer, 
*The  regime  growing  out  of  the  revolution  of  Aug,  4,  1846, 

*  In  public,  however,  Santa  Anna  did  not  scruple  to  shield  himself  from  responsibility 
and  blame  by  saying  that  he  was  merely  the  commander  of  an  army.  In  consequence  of 
this  letter  Echagaray  was  promptly  sent  by  the  government  to  San  Luis  Potosf. 

•Reyes,  born  at  Querfitaro,  Mexico,  began  his  military  service  in  1813  under  the  Span- 
ish flag  at  the  age  of  thirteen.  At  the  time  this  letter  was  written  he  was  Comandante 
General  of  Zacatecas, 

•  Gen,  S,  W.  Kearny  occupied  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  on  Aug,  18,  1846.  As  an  unneces- 
sary number  of  American  troops  had  been  ordered  to  that  point,  it  was  decided  to  send  a 
part  of  them  under  Col,  Alexander  W.  Doniphan  to  the  city  of  Chihuahua,  where  Gen, 
John  E,  Wool  was  expected  to  go.  Wool  did  not  reach  that  point,  but  Doniphan  did. 
Angel  Trias,  Governor  of  Chihuahua,  was  very  anxious  to  make  a  good  defence  against  in- 
vasion, and  desired  the  assistance  of  Reyes ;  but  Santa  Anna  wished  to  disregard  terri- 
tory that  was  not  of  vital  importance,  and  concentrate  the  military  strength  of  the  nation 
in  his  grand  army  at  San  Luis  Potosf, 

'Yuesefioria  [Vuestra  Senoria],  a  title  of  less  dignity  tban  V,  B. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  371 

en  esa  plaza,^  el  material  pesado  que  no  sea  posible  hacer  caminar  por 
tierra,  y  los  archives  de  las  oficinas  piiblicas,  se  pongan  a  salvo  en 
Panuco  u  otro  punto  mas  arriba  del  rio,^  si  es  posible,  y  lo  mismo  las 
tres  lanchas  caiioneras,  nombrando  un  Jefe  y  algunos  oficiales  con 
alguna  tropa  costeiia  para  que  escolten  en  Panuco  todo  ese  material 
que  alii  debe  situarse ;  con  advertencia  al  Jefe  encargado,  que  en  caso 
de  que  el  enemigo  intentare  Llegar  hasta  aquel  punto  para'hacerse 
de  la  artilleria  y  lanchas,  cuando  ya  no  quede  otro  recurso,  se  inutilise 
todo,  para  que  el  enemigo  no  logre  tomarlo.  Luego  que  su  S.^  haya 
puesto  en  salvo  los  citadas  piezas  y  lanchas,  rio  arriba,  V.  S.  con 
toda  la  tropa  que  tiene  a  su  mando  y  con  las  pieznas  de  batalla  que 
sea  posible  conducir  y  las  municiones  que  tambien  pueda  Uevar  consigo, 
emprendera  su  retirada  hasta  la  Villa  de  San  Antonio  de  Tula  * 
por  Ciudad  Victoria,**  Tansuabe"  y  Palmillas,  que  es  camino  por 
donde  puede  pasar  V.  S.  la  artilleria  que  conduzca  hasta  Tula,  en  cuya 
poblacion  hara  alto  y  esperara  mis  ordenes 

En  el  caso  que  Uegue  el  Gral  Dn.  Francisco  Garay  a  la  Plaza  para 
encargarse  del  mando  de  las  tropas,  suspendera  V.  S.  la  entrega  y  le 
prevendra  de  mi  orden  marche  a  Tuxpam  a  esperar  ordenes  del 
Gobierno. 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

CuARTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Ohre  12  de  18Jt6. 


Octoher  H,  18Jf6.  \ 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  General  en  Jefe.  Secretaria  de 
Campaiia. 

E.S.  •  .  .  He  notado  por  las  comunicaciones  de  aquel  Comandante 
General  ^  y  a  V.  E.  que  aun  no  se  ha  remitido  la  polvora  que  tanto  se 
necesitaba  en  aquellas  Fortalezas,*  que  mas  de  un  mes  hace  pedi  a  eso 
Gobierno  con  repeticion  se  remitiera,  inculcando  que  de  un  momento  a 
otro  deberian  ser  atacadas  por  el  enemigo,  y  me  he  admirado  que  hasta 
ahora  no  se  dicten  providencias  sobre  el  particular,  siendo  probable 
que  cuando  la  polvora  llegue,  las  Fortalezas  se  hallan  rendido  por 
falta  de  ella,  por  ser  el  material  principal  para  la  defensa  de  las 
Plazas.  Tambien  he  notado  que  no  se  ha  mandado  ni  un  solo  peso 
para  blindajes,  guarda  bombas  etc.  como  yo  tambien  Ip  he  pedido 

1  Tampico. 

*The  PSnuco  River,  which  flows  past  Tampico  and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
On  it  lay  the  village  named  Panuco.  ^ 

«  Senorla. 

*  A  town  southwest  of  the  Sierra  Madre. 

*  Capital  of  the  State  of  Tamaulipas. 

«  An  unimportant  point  on  the  route  indicated  by  Santa  Anna. 
'  The  Comandante  General  of  Vera  Cruz. 

*  Vera  Cruz  and  the  fortress  of  San  Juan  de  Ultia.  The  latter  stood  In  the  harbor  of 
Vera  Cruz.  The  city  itself  was,  strictly  speaking,  not  a  fortaleza  but  a  plaza ;  but  they 
are  here  bracketed  loosely  together  for  convenience. 


372  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION". 

expresamente,  de  manera,  que  esto  va  4  hacer  suma  falta,  asi  como 
porcion  de  obras  de  maestranza  y  fortificacion  que  se  ban  paralizado 
por  el  mismo  motivo.  Esta  conducta  no  se  como  podra  cubrirla  el 
Gobierno  en  un  caso  desgraciado,  cuando  se  le  ba  estado  diciendo  por 
mi  mismo,  que  todo  era  urgente  e  indispensable ;  y  no  solo  ha  f  altado 
el  dinero  para  tan  importante  objeto,  sino  para  la  mantencion  de  los 
soldados  que  de  hambre  se  atumultaron  dias  pasados  en  la  Fortaleza 
de  Ulua.  ^  Y  en  que  momento?  Cuando  el  enemigo  se  halla  al  f rente 
meditando  el  ataque  de  la  Fortaleza.  A  la  verdad — que  se  hace 
increible  un  abandono  semi j  ante.  Y  en  mi  concept©  la  responsa- 
bilidad  del  Gobierno  es  inmenza/  si  las  Fortelezas  se  pierden  por  falta 
de  los  materiales  indicados. 
San  Luis  Potosi,  Octubre  H  de  18^6, 


I 


October  H^  1846, 

Ejercito  Libertador  Eepublicano.  General  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de 
Campaiia. 

E.  S.  No  obstante  las  disposiciones  del  supremo  Gobierno  para 
que  los  Gobernadores  de  los  Estados  entreguen  el  contingente  de 
hombres  que  se  les  ha  seiialado  para  reemplazo  del  Ejercito,  solo  los 
Estados  de  San  Luis  Potosi  y  Queretaro  han  entregado  una  parte, 
y  no  tengo  noticia  que  los  demas  de  la  federacion  ^  hayan  puesto  en 
camino  para  este  Cuartel  General  el  Cuerpo  que  les  corresponde.  Y 
como  cada  dia  es  mas  urgente  le  nesecidad  ^  de  completar  los  Cuerpos 
del  Ejercito  para  hacer  f rente  al  enemigo,  he  de  merecer  a  V.  E.  se  sirva 
acordar  con  el  E.  S.  Gral  encargado  del  S.  P.  Ejecutivo,  que  se 
ordene  a  los  E.  S.  Gobernadores  cumplan  con  aquel  deber  con  la 
presteza  que  demanda  la  seguridad  del  territorio  nacional. 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Octubre  H  de  ISJfi, 


October  Ik,  18J,6. 

General  Juan  Morales  is  not  a  safe  commander  for  Vera  Cruz.  He  was  dis- 
pleased with  the  restoration  of  the  federal  system  and  has  talked  seditiously.* 
The  removal  of  Landero '  "  is  another  attack  against  my  person." 

San  Luis  PoTOsf. 

*  Immensa. 

*  I.  e.,  the  nation,  which  had  returned  to  the  federal  system  in  consequence  of  the  revo- 
lution of  Aug.  4,  1846. 

*  Necesldad. 

*  Probably  Santa  Anna  had  other  reasons  also  for  objecting  to  Morales. 

*Gen.  Jo86  Juan  Landero  was  personally  popular  at  Vera  Cruz,  but  the  people  felt 
Httle  confidence  in  his  military  and  executive  talents ;  and  although  the  government,  in 
deference  to  Santa  Anna's  wishes,  removed  Morales  from  the  position  of  Comandante 
General,  they  insisted  upon  a  reversal  of  this  order  shortly  before  Gen.  Scott  attacked 
the  city  in  Mar.,  1847.  Landero  was  commonly  regarded  there  as  a  mere  "  tool "  of 
Santa  Anna. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  373 

October  17, 18^6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Eepublicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
paiia. 

E.  S.  Con  fecha  14  del  corriente  dije  al  Comisario  de  este  Ejercito 
lo  que  copio. 

"  He  dispuesto  que  luego  que  ingresen  a  este  Cuartel  Gral  las  tropas 
del  Cuerpo  de  Ejercito  del  Norte  que  ha  estado  al  mando  del  Sr. 
Oral  D.  Pedro  de  Ampudia,  pase  V.  S.  a  hacer  una  vista  escrupulosa 
a  la  Tesoreria  de  aquellas  tropas,  para  averiguar  el  estado  de  su  caja, 
y  muy  principalmente  la  inversion  que  se  halla  dado  a  los  immensos 
caudales  que  se  le  han  remitido  por  el  Supremo  Gobierno,  pues  he 
notado  que  sin  embargo  de  habersele  mandado  el  dinero  suficiente 
para  cubrir  el  presupuesto  del  mes  pasado,  haber  contraido  un 
prestamo  de  setenta  mil  pesos  que  f acilito  D.  Jose  Ignacio  Flores  ^  y 
otros  que  hicieron  varios  particulares,  haber  ingresado  ultimamente 
veinte  mil  pesos  de  la  comizaria^  de  Zacatecas,  y  contar  con  las 
raciones  que  daba  al  Ejercito  D.  Jacobo  Sanchez  Navarro,'  el  Gral 
Ampudia  se  ha  quejado  repetidamente  de  escaceses*  de  numerario 
para  cubrir  las  atenciones  de  las  tropas  de  su  mando.  .  .  . 

Cuartel  Gral  en  San  Luis  Potosi,  Octubre  17  de  18Jfi. 


October  19, 18^6, 

Ejercito  Libertador  Eepublicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria  de  Cam- 
pana. 

E.  S.  Para  que  los  Comandantes  Generales  puedan  curaplir  con 
sus  deberes  y  con  las  restricciones  a  que  los  sugeta  la  nota  circular  que 
V.  E.  me  translada  en  su  comunicacion  fecha  13  del  corriente,  es 
indispensable  que  se  les  provea  de  recursos  para  todos  los  gastos 
militares  que  ocurran  en  sus  respectivos  Estados,  pues  no  contando 
como  antes  con  las  alcabalas,^  ni  con  los  productos  sobrantes  del 
Tabaco  ®  van  a  encontrars  econ  mil  compromisos 

Cuartel  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Octuhre  19  de  181(6.   . 

^  An   unknown  person. 

•  Comlsarfa. 

»  An  unknown  person. 

*  Escaseces. 

"The  alcabalas  were  taxes  collected  at  city  gates  on  articles  that  were  to  enter  for 
sale.  On  the  recent  return  to  the  federal  system,  the  revenue  derived  from  them  was  as- 
signed to  the  States,  and  therefore  the  Comandantes  General,  who  were  supported  by  the 
central  government,  no  longer  derived  any  benefit  from  them. 

"  The  tobacco  business  was  a  government  monopoly,  but  certain  surplus  products  had 
now  been  assigned  to  the  States. 


374  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

October  W,  181^6. 

Ejeercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria  de  Cara- 
pana. 

E.  S.  La  nota  de  V.  E.  fecha  12  del  corriente  me  impone  de  las' 
providencias  que  se  han  dictado  para  Irf  pronta  elaboracion  de  polvora 
con  el  fin  de  avastecer  ^  de  la  que  se  necesita  en  la  Plaza  de  Veracruz 
y  en  este  Ejercito. 

El  Supremo  Gobierno  ha  debido  hacer  los  mayores  esfuerzos,  come 
tengo  manifestado  a  V.  E.- para  proveer  de  polvora  a  las  Plazas  de 
Veracruz  y  Ulua,  pues  tal  vez  de  ese  combustible  depende  la  def enza  * 
de  aquellas  Plazas.^  .... 

CuARTEL  Oral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Ohre  W  de  18^6, 


October  20,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  General  en  Jefe.  Secretaria 
de  Campaiia. 

E.  S.  Con  esta  fecha  digo  al  Sr.  Comandante  Gral  de  Va.  Cruz* 
lo  que  sigue: 

"  Siendo  ya  fuera  de  duda  que  las  fuerzas  navales  de  los  E.  U., 
intentan  atacar  esa  Plaza  y  la  Fortaleza  de  Ulua,  he  creido  conveni- 
ente  dictar  a  V.  S.  las  prevenciones  oportunas,  para  que  la  defenza  de 
ambas  plazas,  de  buenos  resultados,  y  honre  las  armas  Nacionales. 
En  el  Castillo  de  Ulua,  se  estableceran  los  blindajes  y  guarda  bombas 
necesarios  y  se  hard  el  revestimiento  de  los  pisos  para  neutralizar  el 
cfecto  de  los  fuegos  de  elevacion.  Prevendra  V.  S.  al  Comandante 
de  aquel  punto,  que  cuando  se  rompan  los  fuegos,  toda  la  tropa  se 
cubra  bajo  las  bovedas  del  castillo,  quedando  linicamente  en  las  bate- 
rias,  los  artilleros  destinados  al  servicio  de  las  piezas  que  se  pongan 
en  juego;  y  solo  saldran  los  precisos  para  relevar  a  los  muertps  y 
heridos.  La  tropa  de  infanteria  saldra  de  su  acuartelamiento  en 
caso  de  un  asalto  para  hacer  la  defenza  que  en  ese  caso  le  compete. 
Al  Comandante  de  artilleria  se  le  prevendra  la  mayor  economia  en 
las  municiones,  de  manera  que  pueda  sostener  por  dilatado  tiempo  el 
fuego  de  Caiion,*el  que  se  procurard  sea  acertado  para  hacer  el  mayor 
daiio  posible  al  enemigo.  Esta  conducta  se  observara  aunque  aquel 
se  empene  en  menudear  sus  fuegos,  pues  la  afectada  indiferencia 
por  nuestra  parte,  y  el  aprovechamiento  de  nuestros  tiros,  le  impon- 

»  Abastecer.  The  letters  b  and  v  In  Spanish  are  pronounced  almost  alike,  and  one  Is 
often  used  for  the  other.  Cf.  Cfirdoba  and  Cftrdova. 

*  Pronounced  In  Mexico  and  properly  spelled  "  defensa  ". 

*  Here,  It  will  be  noted,  Vera  Cruz  and  Ulfla  are  both  called  plazas  as  above  botli  were 
called  fortalezas. 

*  Vera  Cruz.    Usually  the  Mexicans  wrote  "  Veracraz." 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  375 

dra  mas  que  un  f  uego  repetido,  que  no  de  otro  resultado  que  el  gasto 
iniitil  de  nuestras  municiones.  En  dicha  F»rtaleza  se  establecera, 
un  hospital  de  sangre,^  y  por  ultimo,  se  almacenaran  immediatamente 
proviciones  ^  de  boca  para  dos  meses.  Observadas  estas  prevenciones 
es  casi  evidente  que  el  Castillo  de  Ulua  no  puede  ser  tomado  por  las 
fuerzas  de  los  E.^  Uhidos,  que  lo  ataquen.  V.  S.  prevendra  al  Coman- 
dante  de  aquel  punto,  que  la  Fortaleza  que  se  ha  puesto  a  su  cargo, 
se  ha  de  defender  a  toda  costa  j  no  ha  de  rendirse  bajo  ninguno  pre- 
testo.*  En  cuanto  a  la  plaza  de  Va.  Cruz.  V.  S'.  debe  estar  persuadido 
que  con  cuatro  mil  hombres  se  defiende  ventajosamente ;  y  esa  fuerza 
bien  puede  reunirse  en  ella,  ya  de  tropa  del  Ejercito  como  de  milicias 
nacionales  que  de  Puebla  y  ese  Estado  se  han  movido,  segun  las  comu- 
nicaciones  que  tengo  a  la  vista.  En  consecuencia  V.  S.  procurara 
que  todos  los  baluartes  se  cubran  con  la  artilleria  y  fuerza  competente, 
asi  como  los  edificios  interiores  principales,  particularmente  los 
cuarteles  que  deben  servir  al  Comandante  Gral  de  la  plaza  de  base 
de  operaciones.  Esta  por  demas  advertir  a  V.  S.  todas  las  medidas 
que  puede  tomar  para  la  defenza  de  una  ciudad  como  esa  a  mas  de 
sus  baluartes  y  murallas  que  la  circundan,  tiene  en  su  centro,  edificios 
fuertes  para  formar  una  segunda  y  tercera  linea  de  fortificacion 
impenetrables  al  enemigo,  si  se  defienden  con  valor  y  destreza.  Ad- 
virtire  a  V.  S.  que  debe  hacerse  desaparecer  la  idea  de  capitulacion, 
y  que  prefiero  saber  que  han  desaparecidos  las  Fortalezas  de  Va.- 
Cruz  y  Ulua  y  que  sus  defensores  han  quedado  sepultados  bajo  sus 
escombros,  que  la  noticia  de  haber  sido  humillado  el  pabellon  nacional 
con  un  tratado  6  capitulacion  indignos  del  nombre  Mexicano. 

Como  General  en  Jefe  del  Ejercito  de  la  Republica  prevengo  a  V. 
S.  se  arregle  a  estas  prevenciones;  y  no  dude  que  la  divisa  de  esos 
valientes  sera  siempre  veneer  6  morir  en  defenza  de  los  sagrados 
derechos  de  la  Patria." 

Trasladolo  a  V.  E.  para  conocimiento  del  E.  S.  Gral  encargado  del 
Supremo  Poder  Ejecutivo,  y  para  que  por  su  parte  se  cuide  del  mas 
exacto  cumplimiento  de  las  prevenciones  que  hago  al  citado  Coman- 
dante Gral,  por  tender  todas  ellas  al  mejor  servicio  de  la  Nacion. 

Tengo  el  honor  de  renovar  a  V.  E.,  las  protestas  de  mis  conside- 
raciones  y  particular  aprecio.  ^ 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

CuARTEL  General  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Octohre  W  de  181^6. 

^  Military  hospital. 
»  Provlsiones. 
»  Estados. 
*  Fretexto. 


376  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

October  22,  ISI^G.  ^ 

The  corps  of  Sappers  [Zapadotes]  has  been  almost  destroyed.* 
San  Luis  ro'ixjsl. 


October  23,  184G. 

On  the  14th  Ampudia  wrote  to  me  as  follows:  On  the  3d  the  Americans  bom- 
barded the  Hacienda  del  Molino,*  having  heard  you  wtn-e  marchlntj  in  that  di- 
rection. General  Taylor  has  sent  to  Camargo  the  Volunteers  whose  time  is 
out.' 

San  liXns  Porost 


October  25,  1846. 

Reservada.    Taylor  has  received  orders  to  advance  on  San  Luis  Potosi.*    He 
will  have  24,000  men  and  will  advance  November  21.    Send  me  troops. 
San  Luis  PotosI. 


October  25,  1846. 

Reservada.  Ampudia's  troops'  have  arrived  here  "in  a  state  so  affllctlnt; 
that  it  has  touched  the  most  unfeeling  heart."  Nakedness,  hunger,  and  mis- 
ery are  the  colors  of  the  picture."  I  have  exhausted  my  funds  in  aiding  them. 
Yesterday  the  Fourth  brigade  advanced  about  thirty  miles  toward  Saltillo  to 
observe  the  enemy. 

San  Luis  PotosI. 


October  26, 1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
pana. 

E.  S.  El  E.  S.  Gobernador  del  Estado  de  Coahuila  con  fecha  19  del 
presente  me  dice  lo  que  copio : 

"  E.  S.  El  Sr.  Jefe  Politico  del  Departamento  de  Monclova  con 
fecha  14  del  actual  por  conducto  de  la  Sria.  de  Gobierno  me  dice  lo 
siguiente.  El  FieP  de  Tabacos  de  Rio  Grande,  en  carta  de  8  del 
corriente  me  dice  entre  otras  cosas  lo  que  sigue.  "  Antes  de  ayer  se 
retiro  con  su  fuerza  para  el  interior  el  Sr.  Castaneda'  dejandonos  en 

*  This  corps  bad  taken  part  in  tlie  battles  of  May  8  and  9  and  in  tbe  defense  of  Mon- 
terey. 

*  We  have  no  details  regarding  this  trifling  affair. 

•  Ampudia  probably  referred  to  the  discharge  of  a  body  of  Texan  horse. 

*  All  the  information  contained  In  this  letter  was  incorrect. 

•  The  troops  that  had  endeavored  to  defend  Monterey  against  Gen.  Taylor. 

•  The  troops  left  Monterey  on  Sept.  26-28  In  a  fairly  good  state,  and  fell  back  to  the 
well-stocked  city  of  Saltillo:  Mexican  soldiers  were  usually  in  want ;  but  one  suspects 
that  Santa  Anna  here  darkened  the  picture  intentionally  in  order  to  obtain  funds. 

» Inspector. 

*Kottiing  is  known  of  this  officer. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  377 

manos  del  enemigo/  que  indefectiblemente  debe  llegar  hoy  al  rio  pues 
los  espias  los  dejaron  aller  en  el  paraje  de  la  Cueva  distante  como 
tres  leguas  del  paso  y  diciendo  a  mas  que  su  campo  ocupaba  cerca  de 
una  legua,  con  todo  el  tren  de  carros,  persuadiendose  en  que  deben 
ser  de  cuatro  a  cinco  mil  hombres.  En  tan  criticas  circunstancias  no 
encontramos  mas  arbitrio  que  avanzar  una  comision  con  el  objeto  de 
saber  que  garantias  nos  guardan,  para  en  caso  contrario  ver  el  camino 
que  tx)mamos  6  a  que  nos  resolvemos:  puede  suceder  que  no  concluya 
esta  sin  saber  el  resultado,  que  comunicare  en  parrafo  separado  si 
lo  hubiere.  El  Administrador  de  Correos  me  dice  que  en  el  supuesto 
que  los  militares  corrian  la  valija  no  puede  haber  quien  la  Ueve 
mafiana;  y  nos  resolvimos  a  mandar  nuestras  comunicaciones  con 
propio  hasta  San  Fernando.^  A  las  doce  de  este  dia  que  ya  tenia 
cerrada  la  comunicacion  adjunta  llego  uno  de  los  de  la  comision  que 
se  hallaban  en  el  rio  y  dice  que  11a  ^  habia  en  su  Margen  cosa  de  tres 
mil  Americanos,  diciendole  que  se  volviese  a  decir  a  las  autoridades 
del  pueblo  que  todas  pasasen  para  arreglar  aquel  asunto,  y  que  asegu- 
race*  a  las  familias  que  en  manera  alguna  serian  atropelladas,  que 
no  se  moviesen " 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

CuAKTEL  Gral  DE  San  Luis  Potosi,  Octubve  26  de  1846. 


October  28^  18^6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Eepublicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
paiia. 

E.  S.  La  Brigada  de  Infanteria  de  Jalisco  ha  Uegado  a  este 
Cuartel  Gral  el  dia  25  del  corriente  con  la  fuerza  de  mil  trescientos 
cuarenta  y  cinco  hombres,  pero  la  mayor  parte  estan  desnudos  y 
trescientos  diez  y  siete  desarmados.  Han  llegado  tambien  con  la 
misma,  seis  piezas  de  los  calibres  de  a  8,  6,  4  y  2  y  las  tres  de  a  24 
vienen  en  camino 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

Cuartel  Gral  en  San  Luis  Potosi,  Octubre  28  de  1846, 


October  30, 18^6. 

Santa  Anna  speaks  of  the  occupation  of  California  by  the  United  States"  as 
ese  acontecimiento  fatal  que  siento  sobremanera. 
San  Luis  Poxosf. 

1 A  part  of  Gen.  John  E.  Wood's  command,  which  had  concentrated  at  San  Antonio. 
Tex.,  and  began  to  march  thence  on  Sept  25  en  route,  according  to  the  orders  of  our  gov- 
ernment, for  the  city  of  Chihuahua. 

'  One  cannot  be  sure  which  place  of  that  name  is  referred  to. 

»  This  should  be  written,  as  it  was  pronounced,  "  ya." 

♦  Asegurase. 

»  Monterey,  Calif.,  was  occupied  on  July  7  by  forces  under  the  orders  of  Commodore 
John  D.  Sloat,  commanding  the  United  States  Pacific  squadron,  aud  all  the  chief  points 
of  the  province  were  soon  under  American  control. 


378  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

October  30, 18^6. 

The  Governor  of  Guanajuato  is  now  cooperating  with  me  vigorously. 
San  Luis  PotosI. 


October  30, 181^6. 

I  understand  the  main  road   [Camino  Principal^   from  Vera  Cruz  is  to 
fortified  as  far  as  the  heights  [cumhres}  of  Acultzingo/ 
San  Luis  PotosL 


1 
1 

be     I 


October  30, 1846. 

The    resignation    of   the   Comandante   General*   of  Jalisco   should   not   be 
accepted. 

San  Luis  Poxosf. 


October  31,  18^6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
pana. 

Exmo.  Sr.  Como  que  eada  dia  se  aumenta  la  fuerza  de  este  Ejer- 
cito de  mi  mando,  que  hoy  tiene  ya  reunidos  catorce  mil  hombres  en 
veintisiete  Batallones  diez  y  seis  Cuerpos  de  Caballeria  a  los  que  deben 
incorporarse  muy  pronto  los  que  conduce  del  Estado  de  Guanajuato 
el  E.  S.  Gral  Dn.  Gabriel  Valencia,  lo  cual  produce  un  gasto  enorme ; 
ocasionando  tambien  un  egreso  de  mucha  consideracion  30  tiros  de 
mulas  del  Tren  de  ^rtilleria  con  sus  cocheros,  capataces  y  mayor- 
domos 

CuAKTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Octubre  31  de  18Jfi. 


November  2, 18JS- 

I  have  ordered  three  cannon  "  de  a  24  "  *  from  Jalisco,  and  they  will  be  here 
soon ;  but  there  are  absolutely  no  balls  for  them.  Send  2,000  "  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible "  from  the  capital,  Perote  or  Vera  Cruz. 

San  Luis  PotosL 


November  4, 1846, 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
pana. 

E.  S.  El  27  del  proximo  pasado  evacuo  la  Ciudad  de  Santa  Anna 
de  Tamaulipas*  la  guamicion  que  alli  existia,  compuesta  de  mil 

*  A  point  at  the  edge  of  the  plateau  where  the  road  from  Vera  Cruz  via  Arizaba  to  tlM 
interior  debouched  from  the  mountains. 

*  J.  M,  Yftfiez. 

»  Practically  equivalent  to  24-pounders. 

*  Tampico,  sometimes  referred  to  under  this  name  In  compliment  to  Santa  Anna,  who 
wrested  the  city  from  the  Spanish  forces  under  Barradas  in  1829.  The  city  was  taken  by 
American  forces  under  Commodore  David  Conner  on  Not.  14,  1848. 


HISTORICAL   MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION".  379 

ciento  setenta  y  nueve  hombres  de  tropa,  inclusos  como  doscientos 
enfermos,  con  dos  piezas  de  artilleria,  una  de  a  ocho  y  otra  de  a  seis ; 
habiendose  mandado  subir  por  el  rio^  hasta  el  estero  del  Choy,  las 
dos  lanchas,  y  la  artilleria  restaiite,  que  he  dispuesto  se  conduzca 
por  Villa  de  Valles  de  la  manera  posible  hasta  Tula 

La  Ciudad  de  Santa  Anna  de  Tamaulipas  a  donde  recidia^  dicha 
guarnicion  ni  ha  sido  ni  es  una  plaza  fuerte.^  carece  de  fortificationes 
suficientes  para  poderse  hacer  una  defensa  con  buen  exito,  cuando 
el  enemigo  podia,  como  iva*  a  hacerlo,  atacar  a  su  salvo  por  mar  y 
tierra,  sin  que  despues  quedase  otro  arbitrio  a  la  pequena  Guarnicion 
que  la  cubria  que  rendirce  ^  a  discrecion 

Ademas  esta  fuerza  se  necesita  toda  para  resistir  el  grueso  del 
Ejercito  enemigo,  que  se  prepara  para  llegar  hasta  aqui  de  un  modo 
iipponente.  Auxiliar  a  Tampico  por  mar  era  tambien  imposible 
porque  es  sabido,  que  todos  los  puertos  estan  bloqueados  y  ni  Vera- 
cruz que  era  de  donde  pddia  recibir  algun  auxilio,  esta  en  disposi- 
cion  de  poder  prestarlo. 

Situada  en  la  Ciudad  de  San  Antonio  de  Tula  la  fuerza  que  se 
puede  decir  se  ha  salvado  de  caer,  en  manos  del  enemigo,  podra  alii 
reponerse  en  salud  y  en  vestuario,  del  que  procurare  enviarle  cuanto 
me  sea  posible  desde  aqui,  como  tambien  haberes  mensuales  para 
sacar  esa  trppa  de  la  miseria  que  la  agobiaba,  en  virtud  de  que 
serrado"  el  puerto  de  Tampico  ya  no  habia  en  la  aduana  arbitrio 
alguno  para  socorrerla.  Ultimamente,  para  mis  convinaciones  ^  mili- 
tares  es  conveniente  la  conservacion  de  una  fuerza  respetable  en  Tula, 
como  la  voy  a  situar  para  que  pueda  obrar  a  su  tiempo  sobre  Nuevo 
Leon  6  Tamaulipas  cuyos  Estados  deberan  observar  entre  tanto, 
desde  aquella  posicion  bentajosa.^ 

Sirvace"  V.  E.  ponerlo  todo  en  conocimiento  del  E.  S.  Gral  en- 
cargado  del  Supremo  Poder  Ejecutivo  y  admitir  las  protestas  de  mi 
ocnsideracion  y  aprecio.^" 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

CuARTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Ndvembre  4-1  18Ji.6. 

iThe  r&nuco. 

*  Residla. 

*  This  was  not  true,  but  Santa  Anna  so  states  because  he  was  blamed  for  ordering  the 
place  evacuated. 

*  Iba.  We  have  no  evidence  that  Conner  intended  to  do  this.  He  had  not  an  adequate 
landing  force. 

8  Rendirse. 

•  Cerrado. 

"  Combinaciones. 

•  Ventajosa. 

•  Sirvase. 

"  Santa  Anna  was  feltterly  blamed  and  even  called  a  traitor  for  ordering  the  evacua- 
tion of  Tampico ;  but  from  the  military  point  of  view  he  was  right,  even  though  he  exag- 
gerated the  difficulty  of  holding  the  place. 


380  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

November  4,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam^ 
pana. 

E.  S.  El  E.  S.  Gobernador  del  Estado  de  Coahuila  con  fecha  26 
del  pasado  me  dice  lo  que  copio. 

"  E.  S.  El  S.^  Jefe  Politico  del  Departamento  de  Monclova  ^  en 
nota  de  21  del  actual,  por  conduct©  de  la  Sria.  de  Gobierno,  me 
comunica  lo  que  sigue.  El  Jefe  Politico  del  partido  de  Rio  Grande 
con  fecha  10  del  corriente  me  dice  lo  que  sigue.  Despues  de  haber 
participado  a  V.  S.  en  nota  fecha  2  del  corriente  que  las  fuerzas^  de 
los  Estados  Unidos  estaban  en  la  Leona,*  fueron  otros  espias  a 
observar  sus  movimientos  y  regresaron  estos  el  5  con  la  noticia  de 
hallarse  a  tres  jornadas  del  Eio  Bravo,°  de  cuyas  resultas  se  retire 
el  6  por  la  Villa  de  Gigido  ^  el  S,  Comandante  de  la  Linea  con  la 
pequeiia  fuerza  que  tenia  a  sus  ordenes;  el  7  que  considere  estarian 
aquellas  mas  immediatas  al  Rio,  acorde  con  el  Ayuntamiento  y  otros 
hombres  notables  recabar  en  carta  particular,  del  Gral  que  los  co- 
manda  algunas  garantias  en  favor  de  las  poblaciones  de  mi  cargo,  de  lo 
contrario  nos  concederia  el  tiempo  necesario  para  abandonar  nuestros 
hogares,  cuya  carta  la  condujo  un  propio  y  regreso  este  la  mafiana 
del  8  con  la  noticia  de  haber  llegado  las  f  uerzas  indicadas  al  vado  del 
Pacuache  ^  y  ademas  me  trajo  el  mensa je  berval  *  de  parte  de  su  Jefe  que 
f uera  mi  individuo  acpmpafiado  del  Alcalde  ^  a  tener  con  el  una  entre- 
vista,  en  efecto  fuimos  a  su  campo  y  nos  recibio  con  mucha  cordialidad, 
diciendonos  que  sus  tropas  no  venian  a  hacer  la  guerra  a  los  pueblos 
de  Mexico,  sino  a  obligar  al  Gobierno  a  rendirle  Justicia  a  los  Estados 
Unidos,  aconsejandonos  estar  quietos  sin  tomar  las  armas  contra  sus 
tropas  en  cuyo  caso  seriaraos  protejidos  nuestras  personas  y  propie- 
dades,  y  por  ultimo  esperaba  que  estos  habitantes  franquearan  a  sus 
tropas  los  viveres  que  estuvieren  en  sus  posibilidades  cuyas  valores 
serian  pagados  a  precios  liberales ;  aqui  se  termino  nuestra  entrevista 
y  nos  retiramos  a  esta  Villa :  el  9  recibi  de  aquel  Jefe  la  contestacion 
que  en  copia  incluyo  a  V.  S. :  en  ella  estan  expresadas  las  mismas  con- 
diciones  y  seguridades  que  acabo  de  refetir.  Hoy  tambien  entro  a 
esta  Villa  una  fuerza  de  Caballeria  y  esta  situada  en  los  suburvios  ^° 
de  la  misma,  el  resto  de  las  fuerzas  quedan  aun  en  el  rio  con  todos  sus 

1  Seuor. 

»An  important  city  in  the  State  of  Nuevo  Le6n. 

*  Under  Gen.  Wool. 

*  Between  San  Antolne,  Tex.,  and  the  Rio  Grande. 

'  Another  name  for  the  Rio  Grande.     In  full  it  was  Rio  Bravo  del  Norte. 
'  A  small  place  not  far  from  the  Rio  Grande. 

*  Near  the  present  town  of  Eagle  Pass,  Tex. 

*  Verbal. 

*  An  official  combining  the  powers  of  mayor,  magistrate  and  paterfamilias. 
»  Suburbios. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  381 

trenes  de  viveres,  de  boca  y  guerra,  su  ntimero  sera  como  de  dos  mil 
honibres  de  tropa  de  linea,  y  se  dice  que  atras  vienen  iguales 
fuerzas 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

CuARTEL  Gral  DE  San  Luis  Potosi,  Nhre  ^  J^  de  1846. 


November  5, 1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Secretaria  de 
Campafia. 

E.  Sr.  Por  la  comunicacion  de  V.  E.  fecha  28  del  mes  anterior,  me 
he  impuesto  de  que  ya  se  ha  mandado  venir  a  este  Cuartel  Gral  la 
bateria  de  piezas  de  Artilleria  de  grueso  calibre,  con  sus  municiones 
correspondientes,  que  yo  habia  pedido  hace  algun  tiempo;  y  que  se 
me  envian  ademas  doscientos  cajones  de  cartuchos  de  fucil,^  una 
dotacion  completa  de  municiones  para  seis  piezas  de  a  doce,  y  ocho  de 
a  ocho,^  veinticinco  quintales  de  polvora  de  fucil  y  canon,  y  todo  el 
armamento  que  se  halle  en  esa  Capital  en  Estado  de  servieio 

Cuartel  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi  d5  de  Noviembre  de  1846. 


November  7, 1846. 

Unless  the  Department  of  Hacienda  *  "  with  efforts  that  may  be  called  incon- 
ceivable, considering  the  situation  of  the  National  treasury,"  provides  the  neces- 
sary funds"  (especially  for  Vera  Cruz)  all  our  struggles  will  be  in  vain.  L&t 
the  acting  President'  "increase  his  efforts  and  omit  no  step  that  can  help  to 
prevent  the  name  of  Mexico  from  soon  being  the  object  of  ridicule  and  contempt 
for  the  whole  world." ' 

San   Luis    PotosL 


November  9, 1846- 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.     Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S que  no  hay  [dinero]  ni  para  cubrir  la  2"  quincena  del  pre- 

sente  mes  que  ascendera  a  150,000  pesos,  y  tanto  mas  es  urgente  este 
dinero,  cuanto  que  tengo  escalonadas  hasta  Matehuala  camino  del 
Saltillo  65  leguas^  de  aqui,  varias  Brigadas  de  Caballeria,  a  las  que 

*  Noviembre. 
«  Fusil. 

»  Substantially  equivalent  to  12-pounders  and  9-pounders. 

*  Treasury. 

»  The  government  had  neither  funds  nor  credit.  It  could  only  borrow  with  the  utmost 
diflBculty  and  on  ruinous  terms. 

«  still  Gen.  Salas. 

■^  Since  the  writer  understood  the  financial  situation  perfectly,  these  words  must  be 
taken  to  signify  that  he  demanded  recourse  to  the  property  of  (he  Roman  Catholic 
church,   the  only  available   wealth   of  the  country, 

•About  143  miles. 


382  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

debe  socorrerse  con  anticipacion,  lo  mismo  que  ^  la  Division  de  ob- 
servacion  que  he  situado  en  San  Antonio  de  Tula  camino  de  Tampico 
50  leguas^'de  oste  Cuartel  Gral. 

Es  por  tanto  necesario,  absqlutamente  indispensable  que  por  extra- 
ordinario  6  por  mulas  a  la  ligera  se  me  mande  la  suma  citada  de 
150,000  pesos,  para  cubrir  el  presupuesto  del  presente  mes 

que  lo  menos  se  nececiten  mensualmente  para  solo  el  haber  de  los 
cuerpos  que  componen  este  Ejercito  300,000  pesos  y  poco  mas  de  50,000 
pesos  para  proveer  a  los  talleres  que  trabajan  en  vestuarios  elavora- 
cion  de  municiones,  maestranza,  construccion  de  monturas,  recomposi- 
cion  de  armas,  compra  de  Caballos,  hospital  y  f ortificaciones ;  y  este 
calculo  es  del  minimun  a  que  puede  reducirse  el  presupuesto  men- 
sual 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Noviemhre  9  de  181^6. 


I 


November  11^  181fi. 

"  With  eftough  regret "  I  have  read  yours  of  the  6th  with  news  from  General 
M.  Martinez '  of  the  revolt  of  Presidial  Companies  *  at  Aldama,  Chihuahua — the 
Companies  of  Chihuahua  and  San  Buena  Ventura, 

San  Luis  PotosL 


November  11, 1840. 

I  can  send  no  troops  tO  Chihuahua.    I  have  no  men  and  no  money  to  spare.' 
San  Luis  PoTosf. 


November  11, 1846. 

General  Isidro  Reyes  is  on  the  frontier  between  Zacatecas  and  Durango. 
San  Luis  PoTost 


November  12, 1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
pafia. 

Exmo.  Sr.  Me  he  enterado  con  satisf  accion  de  la  nota  de  V.  E.  de  6 
del  actual  en  la  que  me  transcribe  la  que  le  paso  el  E.  S.  Ministro  de 
Justicia  con  igual  fecha,  y  circulo  a  los  Exmos.  Sres.  Gobernadores 

1  About  125  miles. 

*  Presumably  Santa  Anna  refers  to  Mariano  Martinez  de  Lejaraa,  regarding  whom 
nothing  of  Importance  is  known. 

» In  the  colonial  period  of  Mexico  Spain  guarded  the  northern  frontier  against  the  In- 
dians by  establishing  a  chain  of  forts  ("presidios"),  held  by  what  were  called  Prosidiai 
Companies.  Under  Mexican  rule  the  system  was  virtually  given  up,  and  the  Companies 
had  ai  this  time  become  few,  small,  and  almost  worthless. 

*  See  note  2  on  the  second  letter  of  Oct.  12,  supra.  % 


HISTOKICAL  MANUSCRIPTS  COMMISSION.  383 

de  los  Estados  exitandolos  par^  que  los  reos  que  deban  ser  sentenciados 
a  la  pena  de  presidio  sean  destinados  al  trabajo  de  las  fortificaciones 

de  la  frontera  para  la  defenza  de  nuestra  Eepublica 

Cu ARTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Noviemhre  12  de  18J{.6, 


November  12,  181^6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Repu]t>licano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
pana. 

E.  S.  Con  feeha  10  del  corriente  dije  al  E.  S.  Gobernador  de  este 
Estado  ^  lo  siguiente.  "  E.  S.  A  los  Sres  Gral  Jefes  de  las  Brigadas 
de  Caballeria,  que  se  hallan  fuera  de  este  Cuartel  Gral  les  he  dirigido 
la  comunicacion  siguiente.  Entretanto  esten  ocupados  los  Estados 
de  la  frontera  por  las  fuerzas  invasoras  de  los  E.  U.  del  Norte,  no 
permitira  V.  S.  que  por  ningun  motivo  ni  pretesto  que  individuo  al- 
guno  pase  al  Saltillo  6  Monterrey  sin  pasaporte  firmado  por  mi, 
cuidando  V.  S.  de  esta  manera  y  de  cuantas  mas  le  dicte  su  celo,  que 
el  enemigo  no  sepa  nada  de  nuestras  operaciones."  ^ 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

Cuartel  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Nhre  12  de  181^6, 


November  16,  181^6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Eepublicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
pana.    Urgente. 

E.  S Yo  estoy  sorprendido  de  que  el  Supremo  Gobierno  se 

desentienda  del  primer  asunto  que  debia  ocupar  su  atencion,  y  es  el  de 
proveer  de  recursos  a  estas  tropas  para  su  subsistencia,  y  para  los 
preparatives  que  la  Guerra  exige,  siendo  constante  que  casi  todo  es 
necesario  crearlo  de  nuevo.  Es  de  notarse  igualmente,  que  ni  los 
materiales,  ni  los  objetos  mas  presisos  ^  que  he  pedido  a  esa  Capital 
se  me  hayan  remitido.  Asi  mismo  debe  advertirse,  que  la  contribu- 
cion  establecida  por  decreto  de  2  de  Octubre  sobre  arrendamientos 
de  fincas  e  inquilinatos,  dedicada  exclusivamente  para  los  gastos  de 
la  guerra,  y  que  debio  producir  en  el  momento  gruesas  sumas  en 
esa  Capital  y  en  los  Estados,  no  se  haya  enviado  aqui  como  era  con- 
siguiente,  y  solo  algunas  sumas  pequenas  que  ya  se  han  gastado  no 
solo  en  el  haber  de  las  tropas,  si  no  en  los  gastos  extraordinarios  y 
urgentes  que  se  estan  haeiendo  en  mil  objetos  diferentes,  segun 
cornuniqu^  a  V.  E.  en  mi  nota  citada  dc  10  del  corriente. 

1  San   Luis  Potosi. 

2  In  this  way  Santa  Anna  kopt  Taylor  in  the  dark,  and  almost  surprised  him  on  Feb.  22, 
1847.  the  first  day  of  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista. 

»  Precisos. 


384  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

En  tal  virtud,  mi  debar  me  impone  Ijacer  una  solemne  protesta  de 
no  ser  responsable  de  los  males  que  el  servicio  publico  pueda  resontir 
por  quedar  este  Ejercito  abandonado  a  su  triste  suerte;  y  mani- 
festar  &  V.  E.  la  necesidad  en  que  me  ver6  para  cubrir  mi  respon- 
sabilidad  y  mi  reputacion,  de  publicar  por  la  prensa  las  comuni- 
caciones  relativas,  las  cantidades  que  linicamente  se  me  ban  re- 
mitido  en  mes  y  medio,  su  distribucion  y  el  deficiente  que  resulta  en 
el  presupuesto  del  presente  mes 

CuARTEL  Gral  Dp  San  Luis  PoTOsi,  Noviembre  16  de  18^6. 


I 


November  17, 1846. 

Jos4  Antonio  Heredia '  accepts  the  command  in  chief  of  the  forces  of  Durango 
and  Chihuahua. 
San  Luis  Poxost 


November  17, 18^6. 


The  Ck)mandante  General  of  Chiapas  writes  that  the  American  war  has 
••  revived  "  in  combination  with  Central  America.* 
San  Luis  PotosI. 


November  18, 1846. 

Ejercito  Libertadpr  Republicano.     Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  En  atencion  a  la  suma  escaces'  de  recursos  que  hay  en  la 
Comisaria  gral.  de  este  Ejercito,  segun  lo  he  manifestado  a  V.  E.  repe- 
tidas  veces,  y  a  que  no  se  me  ban  remitido  los  caudales  suficientes  para 
los  crecidos  gastos  que  tienen  que  hacerse,  segun  habra  V.  E.  visto  en 
mis  comunicaciones  relativas,  y  a  fin  de  que  no  falten  auxilios  a  este 
benemerito  Ejercito  entretanto  los  remited  el  Supremo  Gobierno,  me. 
he  visto  precisado  a  dirigir  a  los  Sres.  Administradores  de  Tabacos 
de  Aguas  Calientes,  Guanajuato,  Zacatecas,  Michoacan,  Queretaro  y 
Jalisco  y  el  de  esta  ciudad  la  comunicacion  siguiente. 

"  Dispondra  V.*  que  toda  el  dinero  existente  en  esa  Admon."^  de  su 
cargo  y  de  los  productos  de  todas  las  oficinas  foraneas  Subalternas, 
quedan  exclusivamente  detenidos  para  las  atenciones  que  debe  cubrir 
la  comisaria  de  este  Ejercito,  remitiendolo  en  el  moment©  a  este 

1  Heredia  was  a  Mexican  by  birth  and  now  about  forty-seven  years  old.  He  was  not 
hiehly  esteemed,  and  the  part  that  he  played  in  the  inglorious  campaign  against  Doniphan 
amply  justified  his  reputation. 

*The  writer  probably  has  reference  to  American  naval  operations  and  to  threats  of 
Guatemalan  hostilities,  but  the  United  States  had  no  such  relations  with  any  part  of 
Central  America  as  he  suspected. 

*  Escasez.     These  two  forms  of  the  word  were  pronounced  alilce  in  Mexico. 

*  Usted. 

*  Administracidn. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  385 

cuartel  gral.  a  la  orden  del  comisario,  bien  sea  en  letras  6  en  metalico, 
sin  excusa  ni  pretesto  alguno  observando  el  mismo  sistema  todos  los 
meses.  Por  conseciiencia  de  esta  determinacion  susjJendra  V.  bajo 
sii  responsabilidad  el  pago  de  toda  clase  de  ordenes  que  haga  contra 
esta  Admon.^  y  solo  tomara  lo  muy  preciso  para  cubrir  el  sueldo  de  los 
empleados  en  ella  y  el  de  la  fabrica  .  .  ." 
San  Luis  Potosi,  Noviemhre  18, 1840. 


November  19, 1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe.    Sria.  de  Campana. 

E.  S.  Increible  parece  que  cuando  el  enemigo  avanza  sobre  este 
Cuartel  Gral  y  cuando  del  exito  de  la  proxima  lucha,  depende  quiza 
la  suerte  de  esta  Nacion  se  vean  con  tanta  indiferencia  los  pedidos  de 
dinero  y  municiones 

No  se  me  responda  que  el  Gobierno  no  tiene  de  donde  sacar  recursos, 
porque  eso  equivaldria  a  decir  que  la  Nacion  de  hecho  habra  dejado  de 
existir;  ni  yo  con  tal  contestacion  podria'en  ningiin  caso  quedar  con- 
f  orme,  porque  con  ella  no  alimento  a  estos  soldados  ni  proporciono  los 
materiales  de  guerra  que  me  faltan  y  aun  el  vestuario  para  estos 
buenos  servidores  de  la  Nacion  que  la  mayor  parte  se  hallan  desnudos 
porque  se  ha  descuidado  tambien  mandarles  las  prendas  que  con 
repeticion  tengo  pedidas.  Una  Nacion  tan  rica  como  lo  es  la  Re- 
publica  Mexicana,  no  puede  carecer  de  los  recursos  precisos  para 
sostener  nada  menos  que  su  independencia ;  ^  ni  tampoco  el  Gobierno 
actual  no  puede  decir  que  le  faltan  facultades  para  buscarlos/  porque 
las  tiene  dictatoriales.*  Por  esto  es  que  se  inculpe  agriamente  al 
Gobierno  por  los  que  saben  que  estos  militares,  estan  condenados  a  una 
muerte  cierta,  privados  de  los  recursos  de  def enza  ^  indispensables  y 
del  dinero  para  satisfacer  las  necesidades  de  la  vida  y  del  vestuario 
para  cubrir  su  desnudes,®  todo  lo  cual  poderia  estar  ya  en  este  Cuartel 
Gral,  atendido  el  tiempo  que  ha  transcurrido  desde  que  me  dirigi  al 
Ministerio  sobre  el  asunto. 

jQuien  ha  dicho  que  en  casos  tales,  los  Gobiernos  no  pueden  dictar 
medidas  extraordinarias?  .... 

Ni  crea  el  E.  S.  Gral  encargado  del  S.  P.  ^  Ejecutivo  que  puede  haber 
nunca  disculpa  para  su  conducta,  respecto  a  tener  este  Ejercito,  sin 

»Thls  letter  illustrates  the  arbitrary  methods  by  which  Santa  Anna  was  accustomed 
to  obtain  funds.  In  other  cases  as  much  disregard  was  shown  for  justice  as  was  here 
shown  for  law. 

»  Here  again  Santa  Anna  pointed  at  the  property  of  the  Church. 

«  Santa  Anna's  purpose  was  to  force  the  government  to  lay  hands  upon  Church  property. 

*At  this  time  Mexico  was  under  a  revolutionary,  military  despotism. 

»  Pronounced  in  Mexico  and  properly  spelled  "  defensa," 

•  Desnudez. 

'^Supremo  Poder. 

88582°— 19 25 


386  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATIOK. 

dinero,  sin  armas  ni  municiones;  y  yo  desde  ahora  protesto  acusarlo, 
asi  como  a  sus  Ministros,  ante  la  Nacion  si  por  su  culpa  los  invusores 

lograsen  alguna  ventaja 

CuARTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Nhve  19  de  1846. 


November  21,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano,  General  en  Jefe.  Secretaria 
de  Campana. 

E.  S.  He  recibido  la  comunicacion  de  V.  E.  fecha  14  del  corriente 
en  que  me  acompaiia  copia  de  traducciones  de  algunos  periodicos  de 
los  E.  Unidos,^  relatives  a  la  guerra  actual.  He  visto  en  ellas  con.- 
firmados  mis  calculos  respecto  a  la  intencion  de  aquel  Gobierno  y 
plan  de  operaciones  trazado  al  Gral  Taylor,  y  por  eso  precisamente 
me  apresur^  a  ordenar  se  evacuase  la  Ciudad  de  Tampico  por  las 
tropas  nacionales,  y  a  situar  una  Division  de  observacion  en  la  vila 
de  Tula  ^  de  Tamaulipas. 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Novembre  21  de  1846. 


November  21,  1846. 

The  story  that  a  conducta  *  of  silver  was  robbed  at  Tan^Ico  Is  false.  General 
Urrea  *  asked  the  conductor  for  a  loan  of  10,000  pesos.  The  latter  refused  to 
make  the  loan,  having'  no  orders  to  do  so  from  the  owners ;  but  Urrea,  "  em- 
ploying the  means  of  persuasion  ",  shcceeded  in  getting  It.* 

San  Luis  PotosI. 


November  21,  1846. 

ITie  legislature  of  Coahuila  made  a  protest  against  invasion  and  dissolved 
when  the  enemy  approached.'  On  the  16th  Taylor  with  1,404  men  and  four 
cannon  occupied  Saltillo. 

San  Luis  Porost 


November  SO,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Eepublicano.    Gral  en  Jefe.    Urgente. 

E.  S No  ha  valido  que  yo  haya  recordado,  ni  el  grande 

peligro  de  la  Patria,  ni  el  sagrado  deber  que  tiene  el  Supremo  Gobi- 

» Estados  Unidos. 

•  San  Antonio  de  Tula. 

■  By  "  conducta  "  wus  usually  meant  a  convoy  of  pack-mules  carrying  bars  of  silver. 
*Jo84  Urrea  was  a  man  of  polished  manners,  but  with  the  character  of  a  brigand. 

•  The  "  means  of  persuasion  "  were  doubtless  threats  that,  unless  the  money  was  paid 
over,  something  worse  would  happen. 

•  Generals  Taylor  and  Worth  set  out  from  Monterey  for  Saltillo  on  Nov.  13  with  about 
1,000  men.  The  protest  was  delivered  to  Taylor  on  the  16tli  as  he  was  approaching,  his 
destination.     Of  course  it  bad  no  effect. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  387 

erno  de  auxiliar  a  esas  tropas,  que  estan  en  visperas  de  verter  su 
sangre  por  la  independencia  nacional,  ni  mi  grande  compromiso,  ni 
la  desesperada  condicion  en  que  me  encuentro;  el  Gobierno  parece 
que  ha  creido,  que  son  infundadas  mis  quejas,  y  esta  idea  aumenta 

la  amargura  de  mi  corazon ^ 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Noviemhre  30  de  18Jf6. 


December  3,  I846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
paiia. 

E.  S.  Con  esta  fecha  digo  al  E.  S.  Gobernador  del  Estado  de  Jalisco 
lo  que  sigue. 

"  E.  S.  Con  esta  fecha  digo  al  Sr.  Administrador  de  Rentas  de  S'an 
Juan  de  los  Lagos  ^  lo  que  sigue.  "  El  Sr.  Coronel  D.  Jose  Lopez  do 
Uraga  ^  va  a  esaTpoblacion  con  el  objeto  de  recoger  el  producto  de  los 
derechos  que  por  todos  ramos  produzca  la  feria*  que  actualmente 
tiene  lugar  en  esa  misma  poblacion,  cuyo  producido  voy  a  destinarlo 
a  los  gastos  de  este  Ejercito " 

Cu ARTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Dicierribre  3  de  181^6, 


December  ^,  18Jf6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  Por  momentos  crecen  mis  conflictos,  pues  al  paso  que  veo 
moverse  al  enemigo  por  dif erentes  direcciones,  yo  no  puedo  mover  una 
sola  Brigada  para  ningun  punto,  porque  no  hay  ni  un  solo  peso  en 
la  comisaria  hace  tres  dias.  Acabo  de  recibir  parte  del  Gobernador 
de  Nuevo  Leon  del  Gral  Canales,''  que  han  llegado  a  ciudad  Morelos  ® 
dos  mil  hombres ''  procedentes  de  Camargo  ^  con  su  tren  de  artilleria. 

1  The  government  was  In  fact  anxious  to  do  all  that  was  in  Its  power  to  obtain  funds 
for  the  army. 

2  A  town  in  the  State  of  Jalisco  where  an  annual  fair  was  held. 

3  Jos6  L6pez  Uraga  was  colonel  of  the  Fourth  Infantry  ( Permanent) ,  and  figured  promi- 
nently at  the  battles  of  May  8  and  9,  1846,  the  defence  of  Monterey,  and  the  battle  of 
Cerro  Gordo. 

<  The  fair  of  Lagos  was  an  Important  commercial  event.  Wagons  engaged  In  the  cara- 
van trade  starting  from  Independence,  Missouri,  went  there  via  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico. 

^  Antonio  Canales  was  a  frontier  rufflan  commanding  irregular  troops,  who  operated 
near  the  Rio  Grande. 

«  A  small  place,  called  also  Montemorclos,  in  the  State  of  Tamaulipas. 

■f  This  probably  has  reference  to  the  Second  Tennessee  Volunteers  and  a  portion  of  the 
Second  Infantry  (regulars)  which  moved  from  Camargo  to  Montemorclos  at  about  this 
time. 

*  The  town  already  mentioned  as  lying  on  the  San  Juan  River. 


388  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

y  que  el  Grill  Taylor  se  movia  de  Monterrey  ^  con  tres  mil  hombres  y 
iin  gran  tren  para  aquel  punto,  a  fin  de  continuar  a  Ciudad  Victoria, 
pues  parece  que  la  idea  es  atravesar  la  Sierra  ^  y  colocarse  en  la  Villa 
de  Tula  de  Tamaulipas,'  para  establecer  desde  este  lugar  su  linea  de 
comunicacion  hasta  Tampico. 

Como  en  Tula  tengo  situada  una  Division  de  dos  mil  hombres  a  las 
ordenes  del  Gral  Don  Jose  Urrea,  y  esta  posicion  es  necesario  con- 
servarla  a  toda  costa,  es  indispensable  reforzar  aquella  y  aun  fortificar 
el  punto ;  pero  no  me  es  posible  mover  un  soldado  de  este  cuartel  gral 
porque  con  trabajo  solo  se  ha  podido  conseguir  el  rancho  de  estos 
dos  dias 

Las  cureiias  para  las  piezas  que  estan  sin  ellas,  las  balas  de  caiion 
y  los  demas  materiales  que  he  solicitado,  hacen  notable  falta 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Diciembre  4  del  18Jfi, 


I 


December  4,  18J^. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Eepublicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
paiia. 

Exmo  Sr.  A  los  Exmos  Sres  Gobemadores  de  los  Estados  de 
Jalisco,  Puebla,  Zacatecas,  Oaxaca,  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  Queretaro, 
Michoacan,  Aguascalientes  y  este  de  San  Luis  digo  con  fecha  de  hoy 
lo  que  sigue. 

"  Exmo  Sr.  El'Gobiemo  de  los  Estados  Unidos  que  en  su  delirio 
ha  pensado  llevar  a  efecto  la  conquista  de  la  Repiiblica  6  la  mayor 
parte  de  ella,  pone  todos  los  medios  para  realizar  tan  atrevido  pensa- 
miento  y  al  efecto,  hace  avanzar  sus  fuerzas,  en  varias  direcciones, 
animado  de  la  confianza  que  le  inspiraron  los  pequenos  triunfos  que 
adquirio  por  sucesos  casuales,  y  por  el  abandono  con  que  la  pasada 
Administracion  *  vio  los  sagrados  intereses  de  la  Nacion 

No  me  queda  mas  arbitrio,  que  ocurrir  al  patriotismo  de  V.  E.  para 
que  penetrado  del  conflicto  Nacional  y  del  mio  particular  por  la  falta 
de  medios  para  llevar  a  cabo  la  empresa  que  se  me  ha  confiado  de 
salvar  al  pais  a  cualquiera  costa,  se  sirva  dictar  cuantas  medidas 
esten  en  el  circulo  de  sus  facultades,  para  que  inmediatamente  se 
remita  a  este  Cuartel  General  en  dinero  6  en  libranzas,  cuantos  recur- 
sos  pecuniarios  tenga  el  Estado  de  su  digno  mando,  sin  atender  al 
contingente  que  tiene  senalado  por  la  Ley."  .... 

Cuartel  Gral  de  San  Ijuis  Potosi,  Dhre  ^  ^  de  18^6. 

»Thls  newB  was  premature,  but  apparently  Mexican  spies  found  out  that  Gen.  Taylor 
Intended  to  make  such  a  movement,  as  he  did  about  the  middle  of  Dec,  1846. 

*  The  Sierra  Madre. 

*  Taylor  had  no  such  intention.  The  plan  was  not  feasible.  Santa  Anna  probably 
knew  this ;  and  perhaps  his  purpose  In  writing  as  he  did  was  to  stimulate  the  government. 

«That  of  Paredes. 
■  Diciembre. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  389 

December  5,  18J^6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
paiia. 

E.  S.  El  Sr.  Comisario  Gral  de  este  Ejercito  con  fecha  de  hoy  me 
dice  lo  que  sigue. 

"  E.  S.  Con  esta  fecha  digo  a  los  Sres  Ministros  de  la  Tesoreria 
Gral  de  la  Nacion  lo  que  copio.  A  las  des  de  la  tarde  del  dia  de  hoy, 
no  tenia  la  generalidad  de  los  Cpos^  que  componen  este  Ejercito  el 
indispensable  rancho  para  la  mantencion  del  soldado,  apesar  de  los 
multiplicados  esfuerzos  que  han  sido  puestos  en  practica  con  el 
laudable  objeto  de  evitar  llegase  este  conflicto,  verdaderamente  lamen- 
table, en  circunstancias  todas  de  vida  6  de  muerte  para  la  Nacion. 
Degradando  aun  la  dignidad  de  mi  empleo,  he  podido  conseguir  a 
estas  horas,  que  son  las  cuatro  de  la  tarde,  se  me  franquee  por  un 
comerciante  de  esta  Ciudad,  la  cantidad  de  tres  mil  pesos,  que  como 
V.  S.  S.^  deben  conocer,  no  es  bastante  para  cubrir  ni  las  atenciones 
de  un  dia."  .... 

CuARTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Dhre  6  de  18^6. 


December  7, 1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.     Gral  en  Jefe. 

E,  S.  Cuando  esperaba  auxilios  de  alguna  consideraci6n  para 
cubrir  las  inmensas  erogaciones  de  este  Ejercito  supuestos  los  ofre- 
cimientos  que  oficialmente  me  ha  hecho  el  Supremo  Gobierno  y  el 
Exmo.  S.  Ministro  de  Hacienda  en  lo  particular;  he  recibido  el  dia  de 
ayer  solamente  la  miserable  suma  de  veinte  mil  pesos,  que  no  basta  a 
satisfacer  ni  el  haber  de  dos  dias,  segun  el  presupuesto  general  que 
he  dirigido  a  ese  Ministerio.  Desde  el  dia  30  del  ppdo  dirigi  a  V.  E. 
una  nota  en  que  le  hice  presente  que  para  el  siguiente  dia  en  que 
comenzaba  el  mes  actual,  no  tenia  la  Comisaria  un  solo  peso  en  sus 
cajas,  antes  bien  se  encontraba  con  un  deficiente  de  consideracion, 
que  tenia  su  origen  de  los  prestamos  que  algunos  particulares  habian 
hecho  bajo  mi  garantia  personal;  de  entonces  aca  con  mil  trabajos 
se  ha  conseguido  el  rancho  del  soldado  y  se  encuentran  paralizadas 
todas  las  oficinas  y  talleres  de  fundicion,  devestuario,  de  maestranza 
y  recomposicion  de  armas,  y  hasta  las  obras  de  fortificacion,  porque 
no  hay  con  que  pagar  los  jornales  que  veneen  los  trabajadores 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Diciembre  7  de  1846. 

^  Cuerpos. 

«  Vueseuorlas   (Vuestras  Senorfas). 


390  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL,  ASSOCIATION". 

December  7,  18Jf6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.     Gral  en  Jefe.     Sria.  de  Cam 
pana. 

E.  S.  El  E,  S.  Gobernador  del  Estado  de  Coahuila  desde  la  Villa 
de  Parras^  con  fecha  30  del  pasado  me  dice  lo  que  copio. 

"  E.  S.  El  24  del  corriente  han  salido  las  fuerzas  que  ocupaban  la 
Ciudad  de  Monclova  ^  al  mando  del  Gral  Dn.  Juan  Wool  para 
situarse  en  este  punto  del  que  hoy  distan  menos  de  veinte  leguas.  En 
Monclova  se  han  quedado  dos  Companias  de  Infanteria  y  una  de 
Caballeria  formando  todas  ellas  el  niimero  de  trescientos  hombres. 
Las  fuerzas  que  en  dos  dias  deben  ocupar  esta  Villa,  se  componen  de 
dos  mil  setecientos  incluyendo  las  que  dirigen  los  carros  que  llegan  d 
docientos  ochenta  de  los  que  la  mayor  parte  caminan  vacios  y  el  resto 
con  equipajes  tiendas  de  campaiia,  municiones  y  pocos  viveres.  Solo 
cuatrocientos  de  esta  fuerza  son  veteranos  y  el  resto  de  voluntarios  de 
Texas'  indisiplinados :  *  de  Caballeria  son  seiscientos,  y  la  artilleria 
la  forman  ocho  piezas  4  de  a  8  y  cuatro  de  a  menos  calibre.  Con  este 
movimiento  del  enemigo  que  tengo  el  honor  de  comunicar  d  V.  E.  no 
queda  un  pueblo  del  Estado  libre  de  sus  armas." 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

CuARTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Dhre  7  de  1846, 


December  7, 184.6. 

The  Governor  of  Coahuila  wrote  at  Parras,  November  30,  that  Wool  on  leav- 
ing Monclova  took  provisions  by  force  without  paying.'  No  such  case  occurred 
at  Saltillo. 

San  Luis  PoTOSt 


December  5, 1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.   Gral  en  Jefe.    Sria.  de  Campafla. 

E.  S.  El  Sr.  Coronel  Dn.  Jose  Lopez  Uraga  en  carta  particular 
fecha  de  ayer  en  San  Juan  de  los  Lagos,  entre  otras  cosas  me  dice  lo 
que  copio. 

lA  sizable  city  In  the  State  of  Coahuila. 

•  Wool  occupied  Monclova  on  Oct.  29  and  left  It  on  Nov.  24,  1846. 

»  Wool's  force  consisted  of  a  battery  of  eight  pieces,  a  squadron  of  the  First  Dragoons, 
a  squadron  of  the  Second  Dragoons,  a  regiment  of  Arkansas  horse,  three  companies  of  the 
Sixth  Infantry  (regulars),  one  company  of  Kentucky  foot,  and  the  First  and  Second  Illi- 
nois regiments :  in  all  about  3,400  at  the  beginning  of  his  march. 

*  Indisclplinados. 

•The  correctness  of  this  statement  is  very  doubtful,  for  Wool  was  extremely  anxious 
to  give  the  people  no  cause  of  complaint.  But  he  left  troops  at  Monclova  and  some  ac- 
counts may  have  remained  open.  It  is  also  possible,  though  not  probable,  that  he  pun- 
ished some  Mexican,  who  refused  to  sell  his  wheat,  by  taking  the  grain. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS  COMMISSION".  391 

"  El  Sr.  Gral  Armijo  *  se  presento  en  San  Juan,  custodiando  casi,  a 
porcion  de  Americanos  con  veintisiete  carros  cargados  de  efectos  del 
Norte  con  guias  de  Chihuahua.    Esto  el  comercio  lo  ha  visto  con  dis- 

gusto Parece  que  entre  estos  Yankes  y  el  Sr.  Armijo  hay 

asosiasiones  ^  6  intereses ' 

CuARTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Dhre  8  de  1846. 


December  8,  1846. 

The  Comandante  Genei-al  of  Chiapas  *  wrote  on  November  8  that  the  American 
troops  which  occupied  Santa  Fe  in  August  are  still  there,  about  650  miles  from 
Chihuahua  City :  2,000  men,  22  cannon. 

San  Luis  Poxosf. 


December  9,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.     Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  .  .  .  El  Sr.  Corl  retirado  Dn.  Francisco  Lojero^  con  fecha 
23  de  Octubre  ultimo  me  dice  lo  que  sigue 

"  En  los  41  dias  que  han  trascurrido  ha  sido  de  absoluta  necesidad 
proveer  a  los  enfermos  de  f rasadas  ®  y  hacer  otros  gastos  cuyos  cargos 
remito  con  esta  fecha  a  la  citada  comisaria,  y  con  ellos  asciende  la 
deuda  a  ocho  cientos  pesos;  mientras  que  los  facultativos,  contra- 
tores,  practicantes  y  demas  serviciales  de  estos  hospitales  no  han 
recibido  mas  que  cosa  de  paga  y  media  desde  el  18  de  Mayo  en  que 
salio  el  Ejercito  de  esta  ciudad  hasta  la  fecha ;  y  por  consiguiente  han 
vendido  unos  y  empeiiado  otros,  sus  caballos,  sillas,  armas  y  ropa  para 
subsistir,  y  habiendo  conchiido  con  sus  prendas  me  he  visto  en  el  caso 
en  el  presente  mes  de  anticiparles  las  raciones  de  Noviembre  y  Diciem  - 
bre  venideros ;  y  hoy  que  ya  debiera  el  Cuerpo  Medico  marchar  para 
ese  cuartel  Gral  no  lo  puede  verificar,  porque  concluyeron  con  sus 
propios  recursos,  con  los  mios,  y  no  hay  quien  preste  dinero  ni  con 
premio  exorbitante.  .  .  ." 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Diciembre  9  de  1846. 

1  Manuel  Armijo,  lately  Governor  and  Comandante  General  of  New  Mexico,  ousted  by 
the  American  forces  under  Gen.  S.  W.  Kearny.  He  was  deeply  interested  in  the  caravan 
trade. 

*  Asoclaciones. 

•The  suspicion  was  doubtless  well  founded,  though  to  what  extent  it  was  correct  one 
cannot  say. 

*  A  Mexican  State  bordering  on  Guatemala, 

*  Nothing  Is  known  of  this  officer. 

•Enfermos  de  frasadas  [frazr.das].  This  unusual  expression  (blanket-sick)  appears  to 
mean  invalids  or  convalescents. 


392  AMERICAN    HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Decemher  11,  I84O. 

Ej^rcito     Libertador    Republicano.      Gral    en    Jefe.     Sria. 
Campana. 

E.  S Los  dos  mil  f  usiles  que  he  solicitado,  cada  dia  son  mas 

presisos^  porque  a  los  reclutas  no  se  les  piiede  dar  la  instruccion 
necesaria  por  falta  de  ellos,  y  porque  existen  en  este  Ejercito  mas  do 
dos  mil  quinientos  hombres  desarmados  completamente 

CuARTEL  Gral  en  San  Luis  Potosi,  Dbre  11  de  IS40. 


December  IS,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de 
Campaiia. 

Exmo.  Sr.  Quedo  impuesto  por  la  nota  de  V.  E.  fecha  25  del 
pasado  de  la  que  dirigio  el  E.  S.  Gobernador  del  Estado  de  Chi- 
huahua al  Ministro  de  Relaciones  manifestando  el  riesgo  de  que  se 
apoderace  ^  el  enemigo  de  la  Capital  de  dicho  Estado :  en  consecuen- 
cia  he  dispuesto  que  el  Sr.  Gral  D.  Mariano  Martinez  que  vino  a  este 
Cuartel  Gral  en  comision  segun  tengo  dicho  a  V.  E.,  regrese  con- 
duciendo  el  6°  Regimiento  de  Caballeria  y  trescientos  Infantes  de 
Zacatecas  y  el  7°  de  Infanteria  que  esta  en  Durango  con  cien  Dra- 
gones,'  supuesto  tambien  que  hay  noticias  de  que  el  Gral  Wool  que  se 
halla  en  Parras  se  dirige  a  dicho  Estado.*  .... 

Cuartel  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Dbre  12  de  I846. 


December  12,  18^6. 

I  desire  to  report  the  "  inhuman  and  irregular  conduct "  of  General  Taylor, 
who  compelled  the  Mexican  wounded  to  leave  Monterey  at  a  fixed  time.* 
San  Luis  PoTosf. 


December  H,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe. 
E.  S.  Hoy  estamos  a  14  6  a  mediados  del  mes  que  es  lo  mismo,  y 
solo  se  han  mandado  por  el  E.  S.  Ministro  de  Hacienda  cien  mil 

*  Preclsos. 

»  Apoderase. 

»  About  255  men  actually  reached  Chihuahua  City. 

*  Wool  was  expected  by  Santa  Anna  to  carry  into  effect  the  original  order  to  occupy 
Chihuahua,  but  for  good  reasons  he  received  later  instructions  to  join  Gen.  Taylor. 

*  After  the  capture  of  Monterey  Gen.  Taylor  permitted  the  Mexican  wounded  to  remain 
there,  and  also  permitted  Mexican  oflScers,  medical  men  and  others  to  remain  and  look 
after  them.  Through  the  latter  classes  of  persons,  especially  the  priests,  attempts  were 
made  to  seduce  Roman  Catholics  bel6nging  to  the  American  army.  Henco  about  the 
middle  of  November  all  ofiBcers  not  Indispensably  needed  by  the  siclc  and  wounded  were 
ordered  away.    Santa  Anna's  charge  seems  therefore  to  be  unfounded. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  393 

pesos,  cuando  sabe  muy  bien  que  el  presupuesto  del  mes  importa  cerca 
de  cuatrocientos  mil  que  es  el  minimum  a  que  he  podido  reducirlo 

estableciendo  mil  economias 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Diciembre  14  de  1846. 


December  17, 1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  General  en  Jefe.  Secretaria 
de  Campana,^ 

E.  S.  Ha  sido  en  mi  poder  la  comunicacion  de  V.  E.  fecha  10  del 
actual  en  que  se  sirve  contestar,  a  la  vez,  las  mias  de  4  y  6  del  mismo, 
contraido  la  primera,  a  exitar  a  V.  E.  a  que  franqueara  algunos  re- 
cursos  de  ese  Estado  para  cubrir  en  alguna  parte  los  gastos  crecidos  do 
este  Ejercito  de  operaciones ;  y  la  segunda  a  comunicarle  las  ordenes 
libradas  a  ese  Sr.  Comandante  Gral,  para  que  pusiera  en  defensa  al 
Estado,  y  publicara  la  ley  marcial  cuando  las  fuerzas  de  los  Estados 
Unidos  la  invadiesen.  Ninguna  incompatibilidad  existe  entre  una  y 
otra  comunicacion  como  V.  E.  asienta  equivocadamente,  si  se  quiere 
advertir,  que  la  del  dia  4  f ue  circular  a  varios  Gobernadores  producida 
de  las  necesidades  que  me  cercan  sin  poderlas  cubrir  por  los  motives 
alii  expuestos,  y  la  del  dia  6  dictada  a  consecuencia  de  las  noticias, 
que  ep  el  mismo  dia  recibi,  sobre  los  movimientos  de  la  Division 
enemiga,  que  actualmente  se  halla  en  la  Villa  de  Parras.  Reclame 
los  auxilios  del  Estado,  porque  tiene  indudablemente  la  obligacion  mas 
estrecha  de  ayudar  al  Gobierno  de  la  Union  cuando  el  peligro  es 
comun,  y  nacional  la  de:fensa,  sin  que  pueda  decirse  que  por  la  indole  de 
las  instituciones  que  rigen  hoy  a  la  Repiiblica,^  esta  excusado  de  tomar 
participio  en  los  esfuerzos  que  se  hacen  para  evitar  la  dominacion 
extranjera.  Es  verdad,  que  a  consecuencia  del  restablecimiento  del 
sistema  federal  se  hizo  fa  clasificacion  de  rentas,  que  ha  dado  por 
resultado,  que  los  Estados  cuenten  como  propiedad  suya,  las  que  antes 
entraban  en  las  cajas  del  Gobierno  general,  pero  al  disponerlo  asi  el 
Legislador,  conto  sin  duda,  con  que  llegado  el  caso  de  unua  necesidad 
urgente,  los  Estados  acudirian  con  alguna  6  la  mayor  parte  de  sus 
rentas  para  el  sostenimiento  de  la  Independencia,  y  de  la  misma  con- 
federacion.  Asi  como  los  Ciudadanos  por  la  constitucion  estan 
obligados  a  servir  a  la  Patria  en  todos  los  casos  que  esta  lo  exija,  asi 
las  Provincias  6  Estados  de  una  nacion  cuando  se  trata  de  los  prin- 

»  This  is  a  copy  of  a  letter  addressed  to  the  Governor  of  Zacatecas.  When  Santa  Anna 
showed  his  intention  in  1834  to  destroy  the  federal  constitution  of  Mexico  and  centralize 
the  government  with  a  view  to  making  himself  the  supreme  and  autocratic  ruler  of  the 
nation,  that  State,  as  well  as  Texas,  exhibited  a  decided  opposition  to  his  wishes.  It 
was  therefore  crushed  by  Santa  Anna  in  a  bloody  and  brutal  manner,  and  never  recovered 
its  former  status.  Naturally  he  was  Intensely  hated  there,  and  in  standing  out  against 
him  now  the  governor  merely  represented  the  great  majority  of  his  constituents. 

■Santa  Anna  refers  to  the  federal  system,  revived  since  Aug.  4,  1846. 


394  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

cipales  intereses  de  esta  deben  franquear  cuantos  elementos  6  recursos 
tengan  para  la  conservacion  de  la  comunidad.  V.  E.  se  manifiesta 
muy  disgustado  por  haber  prevenido  al  Sr.  Comandante  Gral  de  ese| 
Estado,  que  ciiando  el  enemigo  llegue  a  la  frontera,  para  la  mejor  de- 
fensa  publique  la  ley  marcial,  y  reasuma  los  mandos.  No  estoy  con- 
forme  con  los  objeciones  que  V.  E.  hace  a  esta  disposicion,  porque  ella 
de  ninguna  manera  ataca  el  sistema  federal  ni  las  libertades  publicas. 
El  caso  es  muy  excepcional,  y  noestableceunprincipio;  tlebe  pues  con- 
siderarse  solamente  como  una  de  tantas  medidas  de  defensa  a  que  la 
nacion  tiene  derecho  de  ocurrir,  cuando  como  hoy  se  ve  agredida,  por 
un  enemigo  que  atropellando  la  justicia  y  el  derecho  de  geiites  intenta 
humillarla.  En  el  tiempo  que  regio  la  constitucion  de  1824  varias 
veces  se  dieron  facultades  extraordinarias  al  Presidente  de  la  Re- 
publica  que  naturalmente  implicaba  todas  las  que  estan  concedidas  por 
la  misma  constitucion  al  Cuerpo  legislativo,  y  puntualmente  en  el  aiio 
de  1829  con  motivo  de  la  invasion  Espaiiola,  el  Congreso  de  aquella 
epoca  acordo  dichas  facultades  al  benemerito  Gral  Guerrero,^  que 
funcionaba  de  Presidente,  y  eran  tan  amplias,  que  fueron  entonces 
calificadas  de  una  dictadura,  sin  que  se  hubiera  dicho  por  esto,  que  se 
atacaba  la  indole  del  sistema.  Cuando  la  ley  marcial  no  lleva  por 
objeto  un  fin  tan  importante.  como  el  que  se  supone  en  el  caso  de  una 
invasion  extranjera ;  pues  nada  menos  se  trata  de  la  salvacion  de  la 
Independencia,  claro  es,  que  habria  entonces  razon  no  solamente  para 
censurarla,  sino  parj^  calificarla  como  atentoria  contra  las  institu- 
ciones  y  la  libertad  civil;  pero  precisamente  las  naciones  mas  ade- 
lantadas  en  civilizacion,  y  de  instituciones  mas  liberales,  cuando  se 
han  encontrado  en  grandes  conflictos,  han  apelado  a  aquel  saludable  e 
indispensable  recurso,  que  facilita  la  accion  del  poder  para  ocurrir  sin 
obstaculo  a  contener  el  mal,  que  de  otro  modo  seria  de  dif  icil  remedio. 
El  Presidente  de  la  Republica  en  el  estado  ^normal  de  la  Nacion,  es 
verdad  que  no  tiene  facultades  para  declarar  la  ley  marcial ;  mas  si  las 
tiene  el  Gral  en  Jefe  de  un  Ejercito  en  campaiia,  cuando  como  en  el 
caso  presente,  se  le  tiene  encomendada  la  defensa  del  territorio,  y 
la  conservacion  de  la  Independencia  nacional.  Ademas,  la  practica 
de  todas  las  naciones  en  casos  identicos  al  en  que  nosotros  estamos,  es 
bastante  conocida,  y  solo  un  espiritu  de  oposicion,  "6  una  falta  de 
patriotismo,  pudiera  inculparme  por  haber  dictado  la  disposicion  que 
ha  causado  el  desagrado  de  V.  E.  cuando  a  la  sazon  reunia  a  las 
atribuciones  de  Gral  en  Jefeencampana,lasdiscrecionalesdecaudillo 
de  la  nacion,  y  no  obstante  el  noble  sentimiento  que  la  impulse,  y  que 
no  puede  serle  desconocido ;  asi  como,  que  no  era  posible  que  atacara 
el  sistema  federal,  el  mismo  que  tanta  parte  acaba  de  tener  en  su 
restablecimiento.^     Sin  embargo,  para  evitar  arbitrarias  interpre- 

>  Vicente  Guerrero,  who  was  soon  overthrown  by  a  revolution. 

» In  order  to  blot  out  as  much  as  possible  the  remembrance  of  his  autocratic  rule,  Santa 
Anna  declared  in  Aug.,  1846,  for  the  reestabllstunent  of  the  federal  system. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  395 

taciones,  hoy  revoco  aquella  orden,  segiin  se  impondra  V.  E.  en  la 

trascripcion  que  le  hago  por  separado. 

V.  E.  lejos  de  mandar  a  este  Ejercito  el  contingente  de  hombres 
como  lo  han  hecho  los  demas,  ha  entorpecido  su  remision,  faltando 
asi  a  lo  dispuesto  por  el  Gobierno  Supremo  de  la  Nacion,  y  para 
disculpar  tan  grave  falta  ha  dicho  sin  embarazo  a  ese  Sr.  Coman- 
dante  gral  con  fecha  25  del  pasado,  que  no  podia  entregar  el  cupo 
seiialado  al  Estado,  porque  sus  convicciones  y  natural  caracter  se 
oponian  a  ello,  por  los  respetos  que  exigen  los  derechos  del  hombre 
y  de  la  humanidad.  i  Y  que  calificacion  puede  hacerse  de  seme j  ante 
conducta,  cuando  la  Patria  reclama  el  auxilio  de  todos  sus  hijos,  y 
el  mismo  codigo  politico  que  V.  E.  me  cita,  determina,  que  todos  los 
Mexicanos  estan  obligados  a  servirla  cuando  son  Uamados  por  la 
ley  1  I  la  opinion  particular  de  V.  E.  debe  prevalecer  a  los  mandatos 
de  la  ley,  y  las  prevenciones  de  la  autoridad  suprema  ?  ^  No  es 
sierto/  que  si  todos  los  funcionarios  se  expresaran  en  el  sentido  que 
lo  hace  V.  E.  deberiamos  dar  un  adios  a  la  libertad  y  a  la  indepen- 
dencia  de  la  Patria?  No  es  al  Estado  de  Zacatecas  al  que  yo  he 
culpado  cuando  en  mi  comunicacion  del  dia  6  dije,  que  era  escandaloso 
que  en  las  actuales  criticas  circunstancias  no  diera  seiiales  de  vida. 
He  querido  contraerme  a  sus  autoridades,  6  mejor  dicho  a  V.  E.,  que 
no  ha  sabido  aprovecharse  de  la  buena  disposicion  de  esos  Ciuda- 
danos,  ni  esplotar  su  patriotismo  acreditado  de  mil  maneras.  Cuando 
los  principales  Jefes  de  los  pueblos  dirigen  a  estos  la  palabra,  y  con 
su  ejemplo  exaltan  el  entusiasmo,  rara  vez  se  muestran  apaticos  en  la 
defensa  de  sus  derechos,  y  hacen  con  gusto  toda  clase  de  sacrificios 
para  conservarlos ;  pero  cuando  esos  mismos  Jefes,  no  estan  inspi- 
rados  por  sentimientos  de  patriotismo,  enervan  con  su  conducta  el 
entusiasmo  de  los  ciudadanos,  y  he  aqui  porque  no  aparecen  las 
senales  de  vida.*  No  haga  V.  E.  a  los  Zacatecanos  el  agravio  de 
suponerlos  capaces  de  negarse  a  concurrir  con  sus  personas  y  con  sus 
recursos  a  la  defensa  del  territorio  nacional.  Advierta  V.  E.,  que 
no  es  una  cuestion  personal,  ni  de  partido  la  que  ahora  se  sostiene, 
sino  una  causa  justa,  santa,  y  que  i  todos  Mexicanos  interesa ;  de  la 
cual  depende  no  solamente  su  material  bienestar,  sino  su  existencia 
politica,  y  el  rango  que  a  la  nacion  le  corresponde  entre  las  demas 
del  mundo  civilizado.  Desgracia  lamentable  seria,  que  esos  Ciuda- 
danos en  momentos  de  tanta  consecuencia,  no  se  prestaran  al  llamada 
de  su  primera  autoridad,  ni  oyeran  el  clamor  de  la  Patria  que  llama 
en  su  socorro  a  todos  sus  hijos.  No  haga  V.  E.  esa  injusticia  a  sus 
paisanos,  ni  calumnie  su  buen  nombre  con  suposiciones  que  distan 

1 Cierto. 

"  Santa  Anna's  purpose  here  was  to  cause  a  division  between  the  governor  and  tbe 
people  and  force  tbe  former  to  act.. 


396  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

mucho  de  la  verdad.  Hdbleles  V.  E.,  exitelos  con  el  len^uaje  del 
patriotismo,  y  ellos  occurriran  a  su  llamada  e  imitaran  el  ejemplo  de 
sus  liermanos  de  Guanajuato,  Jalisco,  Veracruz,  Puebla,  Michoacan, 
San  Luis  Potosi  y  otros  Estados  de  la  federacion,  que  ban  enviado 
gran  porcion  de  sus  liijos  al  f rente  del  eneniigo,^  para  que  tengan  la 
gloria  ^e  contribuir  a  la  salvaci6n  de  la  Republica.  Estos  son  los 
envidiables  testimonies  de  civismo  que  yo  presento  a  V.  E.  para  csti- 
mularlo  a  que  coopere  al  buen  exito  de  unua  empresa,  si  bien  costosa, 
bastante  gloriosa.  Aunque  V.  E.  me  manifiesta,  que  se  ban  levan- 
tado  en  ese  Estado  algunos  cuerpos  de  milicia  nacional,  yo  no  se  que 
haya  mas,  que  ciento  y  pico  de  infantes  en  San  Miguel  del  Mexquital, 
fuerza  muy  insignificante  respecto  de  su  poblacion  y  recursos.  Dios 
no  permita,  que  el  enemigo  logre  apoderarse  de  ese  Estado,  pero  si 
tal  cosa  sucediere  V.  E.  conoceria  entonces  toda  la  concecuencia  ^  de 
esa  conducta  que  ha  observado,  y  veria  igualmente,  que  era  mil  veces 
preferible,  que  los  Zacatecanos  tomaran  las  armas  para  defender  sus 
derechos,  sus  familias,  y  sus  hogares  a  ser  victimas  del  vandalism© 
de  unos  inmorales  invasores  que  atropellan  no  solamente  los  respetos 
humanos  sino  hasta  templos  donde  se  rinde  culto  y  adoracion  al  Dios 
de  nuestros  padres.  Repito  a  V.  E.  que  yo  no  quiero  imposibles,  y 
por  eso  mal  podria  pretender  que  se  me  remitieran  recursos  que  no 
tiene  ese  Estado;  he  deseado  linicamente  que  se  haga  lo  que  esta  en 
el  Circulo  de  la  posibilidad,  y  cuanto  otra  cosa  no  puede  ser,  al 
menos,  que  se  cumpla#la  ley  que  habla  del  contigente  de  hombres,  y 
que  se  hagan  por  la  autoridad  superior  los  esfuerzos  posibles  para 
mantener  en  todo  su  vigor  el  entusiasmo  y  el  amor  a  la  Patria. 
Antes  de  concluir  esta  comunicacion  permitame  V.  E.  le  haga  notar 
la  impolitica  con  que  el  periodico  oficial  de  esa  Ciudad  fecha  13  del 
corriente  se  ban  promovido  cuestiones  semejantes  a  la  que  contiene 
la  nota  de  V.  E.  que  contesto.  Debio  advertir  V.  E.  antes  de  mandar 
insertar  una  parte  de  mi  oficio  en  el  referido  periodico,  que  se 
revel  aba  al  enemigo  no  solo  la  escaces  de  recursos  para  hacerle  una 
oposicion  vigorosa,  sino  tambien,  que  se  la  daba  d  entender  la  falta 
de  patriotismo  que  envuelven  semejantes  cuestiones,  cuando  no  debia 
haber  otro  sentimiento,  que  el  de  la  union  y  confraternidad  y  buena 
armonia  con  que  todos  debemos  procurar  la  salvacion  de  la  Re- 
publica.' 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

San  Luis  Poto'si  Dicierribre  17  de  181fi. 

1  This  was  effective  but  not  quite  true. 

■  Consecuencia. 

*  It  can  hardly  be  supposed  that  Santa  Anna  was  able  to  compose  a  letter  like  this. 
No  doubt  he  expressed  some  of  the  principal  ideas  (which  he  was  fully  capable  of  doing), 
but  In  all  probability  these  were  worked  up  and  extended  by  one  of  the  clever  politicians 
in  his  train. 


HISTOEICAL,  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  397 

December  19,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Eepublicano.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  Rodeado  de  veinte  y  tantos  mil  hombres  que  me  piden  di- 
ariamente  que  comer,  vestuario  para  cubrir  su  desnudez,  fusiles  para 
su  instruccion,  y  los  artesanos  empleados  en  diferentes  obras  sus 
jornales,  a  la  vez  que  el  Comisario  me  representa  a  tarde  y  a  manana, 
que  no  tiene  recursos  con  que  pro  veer  a  tantos  indispensables  gastos, 
confieso  a  V.  E.  que  mi  paciencia  se  agota,  y  mi  espiritu  se  conmueve; 
porque  se  agolpan  a  mi  imaginacion  las  consecuencias,  que  de  tales 
circunstancias  pueden  sobrevenir;  todo  producido  a  la  verdad,  del 
abandono  en  que  el  Gobierno  tiene  a  este  Ejercito;  permitaseme  que 
asi  llame  a  la  falta  de  no  proveerlo  con  oportunidad  de  los  caudales 
indispensables  para  subsistir,  de  la  ropa  para  vestirlo,  y  de  las  armas 
y  municiones  para  batirse. 

El  presupuesto  de  este  mes,  importa  cuatrocientos  mil  pesos,  y  no 
se  ha  remitido  a  esta  Comisaria  mas  que  la  cuarta  parte  cuando  ya 
estamos  a  los  diez  y  nueve  dias  del  mismo.  Dejo  a  la  consideracion  de 
V.  E.  cuantos  habran  sido  mis  compromisos  en  estos  dias,  para  cubrir 
la  primera  quincena ;  basta  decirle  que  he  tenido  que  hacer  uso  de  mi 
credito  particular  para  adquirir  algunas  sumas  en  clase  de  pronto 
reintegro,  y  que  limitar  a  la  tropa  a  su  solo  rancho.  Porsupuesto  que 
los  talleres  ban  tenido  que  paralizarse,  y  lo  mismo  digo  de  las  obras 
de  fortificacion.  El  propio  resultado  han  tenido  los  movimientos  de 
tropa  que  debian  verificarse ;  en  fin,  todo  es  trastorno  y  atraso. 

No  es  posible  que  pueda  subsistir  asi  un  Ejercito  en  campaiia  con  el 
enemigo 

El  conflicto  que  me  rodea  por  tanto,  en  este  momento  me  precisa 
a  dirigirme  a  V.  E.  a  fin  de  que  recabe  del  E.  S.  Gral  encargado  del 
Supremo  Poder  Ejecutivo  la  providencia  conveniente  para  que  sin 
perdida  de  momento  se  situen  en  esta  Comisaria  los  tres  cientos  mil 
pesos  que  faltan  para  cubrir  el  presupuesto  del  presente  mes;  y  me 
valgo  de  un  extraordinario  violento  para  que  por  el  mismo  conducto 
se  digne  V.  E.  comunicarme  su  resolucion. 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Diciemhre  19  de  1846, 


December  19,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe.    Sria.  de  Cami)ana. 

E.  S.  Con  fecha  17  del  corriente  y  por  extraordinario  me  dice  el 
Sr.  Gral  Dn.  Isidro  Eeyes  Comandante  Gral  de  Zacatecas  lo  que 
sigue: 

"  E.  S.  A  las  2  de  esta  tarde  he  recibido  por  extraordinario  comuni- 
caciones  del  Sr.  Coronel  Dn.  Nicolas  de  la  Portilla  ^  a  que  me  acom- 

^  Nothing  of  Importance  is  known  of  tbis  officer. 


398  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

• 

paiia  la  que  Ic  dirigio  el  Jefe  Politico  de  Cuencame^  participandole 
que  las  fuerzas  Xorte  Americanas  que  ocupaban  a  Parras,  se  habian 
movido  y  ocupado  el  Alamo  de  Parras  (Villa  de  Viesca  hoy)  con  una 
partida  de  40  hombres,  y  el  resto  de  toda  su  fuerza  habia  pernotado 
d  una  Jornada  de  este  ultimo  punto.  Si  han  continuado  su  marcha 
por  Trancas,  no  hay  duda  que  siguen  a  Cuencame  y  que  su  objeto  es 
el  Estado  de  Durango :  si  al  contrario  se  han  dirigido  a  Atotonilco  de 
los  Martinez,  no  pueden  venir  mas  que  a  esta  Capital,^  y  estas  son  sus 
miras  positivamente  segun  mi  opinion.  Yo  previne  ayer  al  Sr.  Coro- 
nel  Portilla  se  presentase  en  esta  Capital,  con  el  fin  de  alistarlo  para 
que  con  el  Regimiento  de  su  mando  marchase  cuanto  antes  a  Chihua- 
hua a  las  ordenes  del  Sr.  Gral  Dn.  Mariano  Martinez  segun  V.  E.  me 
tiene  ordenado :  mas  con  presencia  de  tales  ocurrencias,  y  de  lo  mas 
que  ministran  las  comunicaciones  oficiales  y  particulares  que  en 
copias  marcadas  con  los  numeros  del  1  al  4  que  respetuosamente  acom- 
pano  a  V.  E.  para  su  debida  imposicion,  he  creido  de  mi  deber  ordenar 
al  referido  Sr.  Coronel  Portilla  que  rectificando  las  noticias  se  ponga 
en  marcha  con  la  Secci6n  de  su  mando  si  el  enemigo  se  dirige  a  Du- 
rango, y  que  situandose  en  el  Paso  del  Calvo,®  inutilice  inmediata- 
mente  el  aguaje  unico  de  que  pueden  proveerse  y  aprobechando  *  lo 
ventajoso  de  su  posicion  por  ser  una  garganta  bastante  estrecha  pro- 
cure ostilizarlo  "^  de  cuantas  maneras  le  sea  dable  entretanto  yo  me 
pongo  a  la  cabeza  de  ella  con  suyo  objeto  salgo  maiiana  de  esta 
Ciudad;  pero  que  si  dicho  enemigo  ocupando  el  Real  de  San  Juan* 
siguise  a  Atotonilco  de  los  Martinez  como  ya  entonces  no  puede 
dudarse  su  venida  a  esta  Capital,  que  en  este  caso  retroceda  con  su 
fuerza,  rumbo  a  San  Agustin  de  Melilla,  donde  me.  encontrara  para 
organizar  alii  la  defenza  del  Estado.  Este  E.  S.  Gobernador,  como 
linico  Auxilio  que  puede  prestarme,  me  ha  ofrecido  cien  Infantes  de  la 
Guardia  Nacional  y  una  pieza  de  8  de  las  fundidas  nuevamente  en  el 
Fresnillo ;  ^  cuyo  auxilio  no  me  espero  a  llevar  personalmente  porque 
en  este  mbmento  he  mandado  que  se  den  siete  quintales  de  polvora 
de  Canon  para  que  se  construyan  las  municiones  que  deben  servir  a 
la  referida  pieza  que  me  seguira  cuando  este  listo.  Para  la  defenza 
indicada,  no  cuento  mas  que  con  cien  Infantes,  trescientos  caballos 
del  sesto,*  doscientos  auxiliares  y  una  pieza  de  a  4  que  es  de  lo  que  se 
compone  la  Seccion  de  San  Miguel  del  Mesquital.    Creo  inutil  mani- 

» This  and  the  other  insi^iflcant  places  here  named  lay  between   Parras  and  Buena 
Vista. 
»The  city  of  Zacatecas. 
»  This  place  lay  between  the  cities  of  Parras  and  Durango. 

*  Aprovechando. 

*  Hostilizarlo. 

*  This  and  the  places  named  Just  below  lay  as  the  text  indicates,  but  were  of  little  im- 
portance   otherwise. 

'  A  town  of  some  size. 
•Sexto. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS  COMMISSION.  399 

festar  a  V.  E.  que  sin  embargo  de  este  corto  numero  de  tropas,  si  los 
enemigos  llegasen  a  avistarse,  estoy  seguro  de  que  cuantos  me  obede- 
cen  sabran  cumplir  con  su  deber " 

Apruebo  este  paso  de  V.  E.  asi  como  las  medidas  que  ha  dictado 
para  hacer  una  buena  defensa  y  las  acertadas  de  aquel  Jefe 

Advirtiendole  que  no  provoque  un  lanze  contra  fuerzas  superiores, 
sino  que  reduzca  sus  operaciones  a  inutilizar  los  caminos,  destruir 
aguajes,  pasturas  y  proviciones  ^  de  bcca  para  mortificar  al  enemigo 
si  el  no  las  lleva;  y  en  una  palabra  hacerle  la  mayor  ostilidad^  en 
guerrillas,  si  es  imposible,  6  riesgosa  una  batalla  sin  contar  previa- 
mente  con  probabilidades  de  buen  suceso. 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

CuARTEL  Gral  San  Luis  Potosi,  Dhrc  19  de  18^6. 


December  22,  181^6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
pafia.    Muy  reservado. 

E.  S.  Habiendo  sabido  por  diferentes  conductos  que  el  Gral  Taylor, 
el  dia  13  del  corriente  se  movio  desde  Monterrey  con  direccion  a 
Ciudad  Victoria^  Capital  del  Estado  de  Tamaulipas  con  una  fuerza 
de  milquinientos  hombres,  y  ocho  piezas  de  artilleria :  que  en  Monte- 
rrey ha  quedado  una  Guarnicion  de  igual  numero  y  que  en  el  Saltillo 
no  pasa  de  mil  hombres  *  con  seis  piezas  de  artilleria  lo  que  alii  existe, 
a  la  vez  que  la  Division  al  mando  del  Gral  Wool  que  se  hallaba  en 
Parras  sigue  su  ruta  hacia  Chihuahua,^  he  creido  conveniente  en  tales 
circunstancias  hacer  un  movimiento  rapido  sobre  el  Saltillo  y  Mon- 
terrey con  nueve  mil  Infantes  escogidos,  y  cuatro  mil  caballos  y 
doce  piezas  de  los  calibres  de  a  doce  y  ocho.  Entre  tanto  que  yo  me 
dirijo  en  persona  a  ejecutar  esta  operacion  el  Gral  Valencia  ®  con  mil 
quinientos  caballos  debera  entretener  en  Ciudad  Victoria  al  Gral 
Taylor  a  fin  de  que  desocupado  los  dos  puntos  que  voy  a  atacar  sobre 
la  marcha,  pueda  seguir  sobre  aquel  y  concluir  en  detalle  con  las  prin- 
cipales  fuerzas  de  los  invasores.^  No  me  embaraza  otra  que  la 
consideracion  de  la  escaces  en  que  me  voy  a  ver  por  el  Saltillo  y  Mon- 

1  Provislones. 

« Hostllidad.     . 

3  Taylor's  forces  left  Monterey  Dec.  13,  14,  and  15. 

*  Worth  had  more  than  1,000  men,  but  his  force  was  certainly  weafe. 

"  In  this  Santa  Anna,  as  we  have  seen,  was  mistaken. 

«  Gabriel   Valencia. 

'Gen.  W.  .7.  Worth,  commanding  at  Saltillo,  heard  that  Santa  Anna  intended  to  attack 
him,  and  notified  Wool  and  Taylor  Wool  left  Parras  almost  instantly,  and  made  an  ex- 
traordinary march  to  join  Worth.  Taylor  turned  back  with  a  part  of  the  troops  then  on 
their  way  to  Victoria.  Santa  Anna,  who  had  begun  his  advance,  gave  up  the  plan  on 
learning  of  Wool's  movement. 


400  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

terrey,  si  el  Gobieriio  no  me  manda  los  docientos  y  pico  de  mil  pesos, 
que  faltan  para  el  presupuesto  del  presente  mes;  y  por  lo  misiiio 
suplico  encarecidamente  al  E.  S.  Gral  encargado  del  S.  P.  E./  qua 
haciendose  un  esfuerzo  extraordinario,  ver  ga  del  mismo  modo  ese 
.recurso,  para  que  pueda  ejecutar  ese  movimiento  dentro  de  tres  6 
cuatro  dias  a  mas  tardar,  pues  ya  estoy  preparandolo  todo  para 
emprenderlo. 

Dies  y  Libertad. 

Cdartel  Grai,  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Dhre  22  de  1840. 


December  23,  18^6. 

The  Governor  of  Zacatecas,  who  has  attacked  me,  was  Governor  In  18'J5 
afCo,  when  a  revolt  occurred  there  and  I  had  to  occupy  the  place  with  troops.* 
He  is  endeavoring  to  get  revenge.  His  misrepresentation  of  my  orders  caused 
the  legislature  of  Durango  to  pass  a  decree  on  the  11th  which  infringes  iii>OD 
my  dignity  [we  dcpHme^  unjustly. 

San  Luis  PotosL 


December  24,  1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe.     Sria.  de  Cam 
pana. 

Exmo.  Senor.  El#Sr.  Gral  Don  Jose  Antonio  Heredia  en  Jefe  de  la 
Division  de  Operaciones  de  Nuevo  Mexico '  con  fecha  7  del  corriente 
me  dice  lo  que  copio. 

"  E.  S.  Considerando  mas  presisos  en  este  Estado  *  los  servicios  del 
Batallon  del  7°  Regimiento.que  se  halla  en  el  de  Durango,  dispuse  su 
marcha  a  mi  transito  por  Cerro-Gordo,°  mas  para  que  pudiese  em- 
prenderla  me  ha  sido  presiso  solicitar  bajo  mi  responsabilidad  un 
prestamo  de  mil  quinientos  pesos,  que  desde  la  Villa  de  Allende' 
remiti  al  Sr.  Comandante  Gral  ^  quien  a  mi  paso  por  Cerro-gordo,  me 
manifesto  que  aquella  Tesoreria  no  habia  ministrado  el  mes  anterior 
cantidad  alguna,  por  lo  que  los  Cuerpos  de  su  guarnicion  carecian 
aun  de  los  mas  presisos  para  el  mantenimiento  del  soldado ;  resultando 
por  consecuencia,  en  dicho  mes  una  escandalosa  desercion " 

CuARTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  Diciembre  2^  de  1846. 

*  Santa  Anna  was  elected  president  this  very  day,  but  of  course  did  not  know  this. 

•  See  note  1  on  the  letter  of  Dec.  17.  1846. 

*Thi8  name  was  slven  to  his  army  in  order  to  suggest  that  the  Americans  were  to  be 
driven  from  New  Mexico. 

« Chihuahua. 

■  There  are  two  places  of  this  name  in  the  State  of  Zacatecas.  Probably  the  one  near 
Sorabrerete  is  meant.     There  is  no  Cerro  Gordo  in  Durango. 

•  Near  Jimenez,  State  of  Chihuahua. 

*  Apparently  the  Comandante  General  of  Durango. 


HISTOKICAL,  MANUSCRIPTS  COMMISSION.  401 

December  84, 1846. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe.    Muy  Reservado. 

E.  S.  Con  fecha  IT  del  corriente  me  dice  el  jefe  politico  del  Partido 
de  Parras,  del  Estado  de  Coahuila  lo  que  sigue : 

"  E.  S.  Las  tiopas  de  los  E.  Unidos  del  norte,  han  ocupado  esta 
Villa  desde  el  dia  5  del  corriente.  Immediatamente  que  se  intro- 
dujeron  di  cuenta  al  Gobierno  del  Estado  como  era  de  mi  deber  par- 
ticipandole  ademas  el  numero  de  que  componian  pues  pude  a  veriguar 
con  evidencia  que  no  obstante  que  se  decia  venian  de  tres  6  cuatro  mil 
hombres,  solo  eran  por  todos  mil  ocho  cientos  veinte  y  tantos  inclusos 
los  carreros.^  Sus  clases  eran  las  siguientes  cuatro  cientos  de  linea, 
trescientos  y  tantos  caballos  y  lo  mas  se  componia  de  voluntarios  de 
Tejas  mal  vestidos  y  reclutos  al  parecer.  Traen  tambien  trescientos 
carros  algunos  vacios,  y  otros  con  provisiones  de  boca  y  guerra.  Ocho 
piezas  de  campana.  A  esta  Fuerza  deben  reunirse  trescientos  hombres 
y  ciento  y  tantos  carros  que  vienen  de  Monclova  y  deben  estar  ahora 
en  Patos.  Hoy  se  han  movido  repentina  y  tumultuariamente  ^  comen- 
zando  por  el  campo  que  estaba  situado  a  muy  corta  distancia  de  esta 
Villa  en  una  llanura  que  se  halla  al  N.  E.  terminando  en  una  serrania 
y  empezaron  a  salir  segun  se  dice  desde  las  once  de  la  manana.  A  la 
una  de  la  tarde  el  mismo  Gral  Uamado  Juan  Wool  hombre  de  avan- 
zada  edad  y  de  buenas  maneras  entro  a  la  plaza  acompafiado  de  su 
Estado  Mayor  y  escolta  con  unos  pliegos  ^  en  la  mano,  y  la  momento 
parece  dio  orden  de  que  salieran  las  tropas  que  estaban  dentro  de  la 
poblacion  y  acostumbraban  venir  diariamente  en  bastante  numero  por 
tres  6  cuatro  horas  al  mercado  que  solia  ser  muy  abundante  porque 
traian  bastante  dinero  en  oro  y  plata,  no  obstante  que  ya  empezaba  d 
disminuir  algo.  Luego  que  expidio  su  orden  el  Gral  los  Ayudantes  y 
Soldados  comenzaron  a  esparramarse  por  las  tiendas  dando  en  ingles 
la  voz  de  ^^Soldados  al  momento  al  cam/po^''  Luego  se  pusieron  todos 
en  grande  alboroto  corriendo  a  pie  y  a  caballo  sin  cesar  esta  escaf  amuza 
que  se  formaba  de  oficiales  y  soldados,  hasta  las  ocho  de  la  noche. 
Diariamente  a  mas  de  una  guardia  de  sesenta  hombres  que  tenian  en 
las  casas  consistoriales,  recorrian  los  calles,  pequefios  patrullos  de 
infanteria  para  conservar  el  orden,  por  temor  de  los  voluntarios  que 
son  en  gral  de  pesimas  costumbres.  De  noche  rondaban  algunos 
patrullos  de  Caballeria  a  mas  de  los  avanzados  que  tenian  en  todos  los 
caminos  sin  dejar  salir  a  nadie  que  no  Uevara  pasaporte  de  esta 
Jefatura  visado  por  el  Gral  6  de  este  solamente.  Con  especialidad 
nogaban  la  salida  a  los  efectos  con  pena  de  comiso,  y  si  salian  algunos 

1  We  do  not  know  just  when  this  count  or  estimate  was  made.     It  may  hare  been  cor- 
rect at  the  time. 

*  In  consequence  of  news  that  Sant.i  Anna  was  advancing  upon  Gen.  Worth. 

•  Presumably  a  letter   from   Worth, 

88582°— 19— 26 


402  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION". 

era  con  permiso  del  Grill  para  los  puntos  que  qiieria.  Los  entrantes 
eran  desarmados  y  llevados  al  campo  para  reconocerlos  sin  omitir  los 
de  la  mejor  distincion.  Pero  desde  que  estallo  esta  alarma  los  patru- 
llos  se  aumentaron  con  otras  de  Caballeria  al  mando  de  oficiales  dando 
mas  realse^  con  esto  a  la  gral  confusion  que  se  observaba  en  ellos  con 
bastante  gusto  delos  Mexicanos,  pues  salian  a  tomar  sus  armas  y 
caballos  apresuradamente  liasta  aquellos  gentes  que  parece  venian 
solo  agregados  a  las  fuerzas  con  miros  mercantiles  6  de  conveniencia 
de  esta  especie.  A  esta  bora  ha  cesado  el  rumor,  se  dice  que  quedaran 
algunas  tropas  guaraneciendo  esta  Plaza  aunque  en  corto  numero 
provablemente.^  La  bandera  de  los  E.  Unidos  que  tenian  colocada 
en  las  consistoriales  donde  antiguamente  flameaba  la  de  nuestra  patria, 
la  quitaron  como  a  las  cinco  de  la  tarde,  queda  solo  alii  la  guardia,  no 
se  hasta  ahora  en  que  numero  pues  temprano  en  la  noche,  se  les  ob- 
servaba trafico  a  los  soldados  como  aprestandose  para  marchar.  A 
las  seis  de  la  tarde  parece  que  las  fuerzas  iban  ya  lejos,  pues  habian 
pasado  de  la  Hacienda  de  San  Lorenzo'  con  anticipacion  y  dicen 
llevaban  por  objeto  llegar  al  Saltillo  para  manana  precisamente,  co«a 
que  dudo,  por  lo  largo  del  camino  y  gran  tren  de  la  tropa.  La  gente  de 
esta  Villa  parece  alegre  como  descargada  de  un  gran  peso,  pues  se  veia 
retraida  y  con  bastante  sentimiento  pue^  no  habia  punto  donde  no 
anduvieran  los  Americanos,  y  sobre  todo  la  colocacion  de  la  bandera 
ocupacion  de  toda  la  casa  consistorial  en  donde  ya  no  despachaban  las 
Autoridades  locales^'y  provicion*  que  fuerza  hacian  de  lefia  para  el 
campo  (aunque  mediante  paga)  era  cosa  molesta  para  la  poblacion  no 
se  lo  que  pueda  ocurrir  en  lo  sucesiAo,  pero  ofresco  a  V.  E.  quedar  en 
observacion  para  comunicarle  cualquiera  cosa  nueva  y  lo  mas  que  a 
V.  E.  convenga  mediante  sus  ordenes,  asi  como  con  mas  oportunidad, 
los  males  y  quejas  que  se  justifique  hay  a  habido.  Ahora  solo  me 
apresuro  a  dirigirle  este  parte  por  lo  que  queda  convenir  a  las  altas 

disposiciones  de  V.  E " 

No  me  queda  duda  alguna  de  que  la  Division  enemiga  al  mando  del 
Gral  Wool  ha  contramarchado  de  Parras  para  el  Saltillo,  y  aunque 
este  acontecimiento  liberta  a  Zacatecas,  y  a  Durango  de  las  hostilidades 
de  esa  fuerza,  me  impide  poner  en  practica  la  operacion  que  tenia 
projectada,  y  que  comunique  a  V.  E.  en  mi  nota  reservada  del  22, 
poniendome  en  el  caso  de  comvinar'  movimientos  distintos,  porque 
reforzado  el  Saltillo  con  2,700  hombres,  y  8  piezas  do  artilleria,  se 
of  recen  dificultades  para  un  ataque  violento  que  no  se  pulsaban  cuando 
la  fuerza  que  en  aquel  punto  existia,  no  exedia '  de  mil  hombres. 

» Realce. 

«  Probablemente. 

*A  point  on  the  road  to  SaltiUo  and  Bueua  Vista. 

•  Provisiftn. 

•  Comblnar. 

•  Ezcedla. 


HISTOEICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  403 

Frustrado  por  tales  motives  mi  proyecto  de  batir  en  detail  al  Saltillo, 
Monterrey  y  aun  al  mismo  Taylor  que  se  dirige  a  Ciudad  Victoria,  de 
donde  a  esta  hora  debe  hallarse  muy  cerca,  procedere  con  arreglo  a 
los  avisos  que  mis  espias  me  comuniquen,  habiendo  sin  embargo  hecho 
avanzar  a  Matehuala  una  Brigada  de  infanteria  que  salio  ayer  de 
este  Cuartel  Gral 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Diciem^re  ^^,  18Jf6. 


December  2^,  181,6. 

San  Luis  PoTosf.    News  that  the  enemy  are  approaching  Durango  has  been 
i-eceived.i 


December  30,  181,6. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe.    Sria.  de  Campana. 

E,  S.  Maiiana  es  ultimo  dia  del  mes,  y  a  estas  tropas  no  se  les  ha 
podido  completar  sus  haberes,  porque  solo  se  ma  ha  remitido  de  esa 
Capital  ciento  setenta  y  cinco  mil  pesos,  importando  el  presupuesto 
economico  cuatrocientos  mil 

Cuartel  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi  Diciembre  30^  181fi. 


January  1,  181,7. 

Slnnott*  came  but  conld  not  work  gratuitously,  and  as  we  have  enough  inter- 
preters, he  was  not  employed. 
San  Luis  PoTOsf. 


January  J,,  181,7. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  ST  Con  fecha  10  del  ppo  Diciembre  me  dice  el  Sr.  Gral  Don  Jose 
Antonio  Heredia  en  Jefe  de  la  Division  de  operaciones  sobre  nuevo 
Mexico  y  bajo  el  no.  15  me  dice  lo  que  copio 

A  mi  trancito  ^  por  la  capital  de  Durango  tuve  una  conferencia  con 
el  E.  S.  Gobernador  relativa  a  mi  comision  en  ambos  Estados  y  S.  E. 
me  manifesto  que  apesar  de  las  angustias  que  en  aquel  territorio  ha- 
bian  causado  los  Barbaros ;  cuyas  repetidas  invasiones  en  gran  numero 
tenian  que  repeler,  pondrian  a  mi  disposicion  cuatrocientos  6  qui- 
nientos  hombres  de  su  guardia  nacional,  cuando  en  alguno  de  los  dos 

1  This  report  was  unfounded. 

2  Sinnott  had  offered  to  assist  in  seducing  the  Irish  Roman  Catholics  of  Gen.  Taylor's 
army,  and  the  Mexican  government  had  sent  him  north  for  that  purpose. 

»  Trfinsito. 


404  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Estados  tuviese  que  batir  a  las  fuerzas  norte-Americanas;  siendo  este 
el  linico  auxilio  que  podria  prestarnie.  En  seguida  marche  a  Cerro 
gordo  donde  se  hallaba  el  Sr.  Comandante  Gral  con  todas  sus  fuerzas 
y  S.  S.^  me  manifesto  que  la  guarnicion  de  aquel  Estado  la  componian 
el  Battalion  del  7°  Regimiento  constante  de  140  plazas,  el  1"  Escua- 
dron  active  de  ciento  treinta  y  cuatro,  con  su  caballada  casi  inutil, 
asi  como  sus  monturas  en  la  mayor  parte  sin  el  completo  de  estas,  asi 
como  de  Carabinas  y  lanzas,  para  toda  su  fuerza  desnuda  en  su  to- 
talidad,  el  2"  Escuadron  Activo  que  se  compone  de  noventa  plazas  y 
un  piquete  de  20  hombres  del  l*""  Regimiento  de  Caballeria  y  que  de 
todo  S.  S.  habia  dado  parte  con  repeticion  al  supremo  Gobierno ;  asi 
como  tambien  de  las  escaces  que  padecia  aquella  guarnicion,  hasta 
el  extremo  de  no  haber  tenido  ni  rancho  la  tropa  en  algimos  dias 
del  mes  anterior;  que  en  todo  el  Estado  liabia  trece  companias  auxi- 
liares^  de  que  no  podia  hechar  mano,  apesar  de  la  escaces  de  tropa 
para  perseguir  d  los  Barbaros,  que  como  nunca  lo  tenian  invadido 
por  todas  direcciones,  por  no  tener  con  que  socorrerlas  siquiera.  En 
este'  estado  existen  las  fuerzas  siguientes:  el  Batallon  Activo  con 
cuatrocientas  plazas,  un  piquete  del  2°  Regimiento  de  Caballeria  con 
cincuenta  y  tres,  cinco  Companias  presidiales  permanentes  con  cuatro- 
cientos  sesenta  y  cinco  y  dos  id  activas  con  doscientos  nueve  que  hacen 
la  fuerza  total  de  un  mil  ciento  treinta  y  cinco  hombres,  de  los  que 
estan  en  el  Paso  del  Norte  a  las  ordenes  del  Tente  Corl  Don  Gavino 
Cuilti  *  ciento  ochentia  de  Inf  anteria  y  trescientos  veinte  de  Caballeria, 
cuatrocientos  hombres  de  ambas  fuerzas  en  Santa  Rosalia  a  las  or- 
denes del  Sr.  Comandante  Gral  Don  Mauricio  Ugarte  ^  y  el  resto  en 
esta  capital."  Toda  la  fuerza  expresada  esta  desnuda  en  su  mayoria, 
y  la  caballeria  casi  a  pie,  pues  la  Caballada  se  ha  inutilizado  en  la 
constante  persecucion  de  los  barbaros.''  Se  han  inutilizado  en  la 
posicion  del  E.  S.  Gobernador  *  cuatro  piezas  de  artilleria  de  d  cuatro 
y  el  parque  necesario  para  estas  y  para  fusil;  dichas  piezas  estan 
servidas  con  tropa  de  Infanteria  por  carecer  de  artilleros,  y  como 
ademas  de  las  expresadas  se  estan  construyendo  otras  seis,  hace 
notable  falta  un  Capitan  y  dos  subalternos  del  arma  que  den  la 
instruccion  correspondiente. 

»  Su  Seflorfa. 

*  Militia  of  an  Inferior  grade. 
'  Chihuahua. 

*  Nothing  of  moment  is  known  of  him  except  that  on  the  pica  of  brain  fever  he  took 
flight  from  El  Paso  del  Norte  when  the  Americans  under  Doniphan  approached  that 
place. 

•Ugarte,  Comandante  General  of  Chihuahua  during  the  autumn  of  1846,  made  some 
futile  movements  toward  the  Americans  then  In  New  Mexico,  but  achieved  only  promises 
and  threats. 

"Chihuahua  Oty. 

^  The  Indians,  particularly  the  Comanches  and  the  Apaches,  had  been  committing  great 
ravages  In  the  State. 

■Angel  Trias. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS  COMMISSIOIT.  405 

Aunqiie  en  todo  este  Estado  podrian  alistarse  mas  de  cuatro  mil 
hombres  de  la  guardia  nacional,  solo  se  cuentan  en  la  Capital  ciento 
cincuenta  fusiles  para  la  Infanteria  y  eien  carabinas  para  la  caba- 
lleria;  linico  numero  de  fuerzas  de  que  podra  disponerse  en  un  case 
urgente;  la  que  apesar  de  la  escaces  de  tropa  no  puede  mantenerse 
sobre  las  armas,  por  f alta  de  recursos ;  pues  siendo  los  mas,  artesanos 
y  jornaleros,  se  hace  preciso  socorrerlos  a  lo  menos,  cuando  esten 
en  activo  servicio  porque  de  lo  contrario  no  podrian  subsistir  pero  si 
estan  todos  obligados  y  asisten  con  puntualidad  a  tres  ejercicios  sema- 
narios.  Solo  se  cuenta  para  todas  las  atenciones  militares  de  este 
Estado  segun  informe  del  Sr.  Comisario  con  14  mil  quinientos  pesos 
a  la  vez  que  los  vencimientos  de  las  tropas  y  otros  gastos  indispen- 
sables  ascienden  a  mas  de  veinticinco  [mil]  pesos ;  de  manera  que  no 
puede  atenderse  a  todo  con  la  debida  oportunidad 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Enero  4  de  184.7. 


January  4,  ^8^7. 


The  Sixth  Rejriment,  now  at  the  capital,  Is  to  come  here. 
San  Luis  PotosL 


January  4,  1847. 


Enclosed  is  a  letter  (with  documents)  from  Eduardo  Gonzales*,  Vice  Gov- 
ernor of  Coahuila,  dated  Dec.  29.  [The  letter  says :  d  la  vez  de  ocuparme 
constantemente  en  reclamar  d  los  respectivos  gefes  la  muUidud  de  ultrajes '  que 
por  diferentes  motivos  han  recaido  sohre  mis  compatriotas  no  h^  descuidado 
en  participar  d  V.  E.  lo  mas  notable  de  estos  asi  como  los  movimientos  que  ha 
hecho  el  Ejircito  invasor.'    One  man  received  a  ball.] 

San  Luis  Poxosf. 


January  6,  1847. 

Letters  have  been  taken  from  a  United  States  messenger.  The  most  im- 
portant one  (duplicate)  is  from  Major  General  R.  Patterson  to  the  Assistant 
Adjutant  General  at  Monterey.  [It  is  as  follows:  Matamoros,  December  12. 
Rough  weather  "  for  many  days  past "  has  entirely  cut  off  communication 
between  Brazos  Island  *  and  the  Rio  Grande  by  water,  prevented  the  passnge 
of  Boca  Chica"  by  wagons,  and  prevented  steamers  from  coming  up  the  river 

1  Gonzalez.     He  wrote  from  Saltillo. 

«  Undoubtedly  the  American  Volunteers  did  commit  many  outrages  In  spite  of  all  that 
Gen.  Worth  could  do.  Worth  himself  so  stated.  The  main  trouble  was  that  Gen.  Taylor 
would  not  use  the  needful  severity.     Scott  did  much  better. 

» It  win  be  noted  that  GonzSlez,  permitted  by  the  Americans  to  stay  at  Saltillo  and 
exercise  his  functions,  repaid  them  by  acting  as  a  spy.  When  one  of  his  letters  was  In- 
tercepted, Worth  read  him  a  rather  severe  lecture. 

*  Off  Point  Isabel,  Texas. 

<^  A  shallow  strait  between  "  Brazos  Island  "  and  tbe  mainland.    Later  it  was  bridged. 


406  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

as  far  as  Matamoros.  I  cannot  count  on  enough  wagons  to  march  before  the 
20th.*  I  hope  then  to  send  three  regiments  on  successive  days.  In  many  places 
there  is  not  enough  water  (it  is  said)  for  all  to  go  together.  There  will  be 
about  1,700  men:  Teunessee  horse,  650;  Third  Illinois  foot,  550;  Fourth  Illi- 
nois foot,  450;  Sappers  and  Miners,  60.  Pillow*  has  returned. in  better  health 
and  will  go  with  me.  I  hope  to  be  at  Victoria  in  13-15  days.*  The  men  and 
the  horses  are  in  good  condition,  and  can  probably  average  16  miles  a  day.] 
San  Luis  Porosf. 


January  7, 18Ji7, 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano. 

E.  S.  No  habiendo  tenido  ni  contestacion  a  mis  comunicaciones 
de  30  del  ppdo  y  1°,  2  y  4  del  corriente  en  que  he  manifestado  bien 
claramente,  que  este  Ejercito  se«encuentra  en  el  mayor  abandono,  y 
que  no  existe  ni  un  peso  para  sus  socorros,  me  veo  en  el  indispensable 
caso  de  anunciar  a  V.  E.,  que  si  a  la  vuelta  de  este  extraordinario  no 
se  mandan  las  cantidades  necesarias  a  esta  Comisaria,  publicare  in- 
mediatamente  un  manifiesto  a  la  nacion,  que  la  instruya  de  cuanto 
debe  saber  en  el  particular. 

Hoy  estamos  a  siete  del  mes,  y  los  cuerpos  no  reciben  ni  un  peso  por 
cuenta  del  presupuesto  de  el,  cuando  ademas  no  se  ha  cubierto  mas  de 
la  mitad  del  pasado ;  de  manera,  que  de  pre.stado  y  con  mil  af anes  se 
buscan  cada  dia  los  ranchos  para  que  el  soldado  no  perezca  de  hambre 
6  se  deserte  huyendc'de  ella 

Para  que  tal  situacion  no  ceda  en  mi  descredito,  procedere  al  paso 
indicado,  como  iinico  medio  legal  que  me  queda.  .  .  . 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Enero  7  de  18^7. 


January  12, 1847. 

Ten  bronze  cannon,  etc.,  were  saved  from  Tampico.* 
San  Luis  PotosI. 


January  13,  1847. 

By  the  law  of  January  11  "  the  national  representation  has  proved  {acrcdi- 
tado]  its  patriotism,"* 
San  Luis  PotosI. 

i  This  refers  to  Patterson's  march  from  Matamoros  to  Victoria,  where  he  Joined  Gen. 
Taylor,  who  had  moved  from  Monterey. 

*  Brig.  Gen.  Gideon  J.  Pillow. 

»  He.reached  Victoria  Jan.  4,  1847,  the  same  day  as  Taylor. 

*  When  Parrodl  evacuated  the  city. 

»  Snnta  Anna  refers  to  the  law  which  gave  the  government  power  to  use  fifteen  millions 
of  Church  property. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS  COMMISSION.  40^ 

January  13^  1847. 

In  reply  to  the  government's  circular  about  repressing  every  attempt  to  make 
a  disturbance  in  consequence  of  the  law  regarding  occleslastical  property,  I 
would  say  that  no  such  danger  exists  in  this  army.  If  anything  is  attempted 
here,  I  will  take  the  necessary  steps  to  prevent  its  effects.* 

San  Luis  Potosi. 


January  I4,  1847. 

Tlie  enemy  have  embarked  about  three  handred  men  and  several  cannon 
at  Tampico  to  join  their  squadron  off  Vera  Cruz,  probably  intending  to  attack 
Vera  Cruz  or  Alvarado.*  Send  an  express  to  the  Comaudante  General  of 
Vera  Cruz  instructing  him  to  be  on  the  lookout. 

San  Luis  Poxosf. 


January  19,  1847. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Eepublicano.  Gral  en  Jefe.  Sria.  de  Cam- 
pafia.    Urgente. 

E.  S Acerca  del  estado  de  miseria  en  que  se  halla  este 

Ejercito  por  el  abandono  en  que  se  le  tiene.  Hice  presente  a  V.  E., 
que  ya  no  era  posible  sobrellevar  esta  situacion,  y  que  de  ella 
necesariamente  deberian  seguirse  males  de  gran  trascendencia ;  asi 
ha  sucedido,  y  los  primeros  efectos  que  se  estan  notando,  son  los  de  la 
desercion  que  se  verifica  diariamente  a  bandadas,  no  siendo  estrano, 
que  el  Ejercito  en  muy  pocos  dias  se  disuelva  de  este  modo,  si  no  es 
que  antes,  la  idea  que  se  ha  generalizado,  y  debe  proceder  de  los 
enemigos  del  orden,  de  que  el  Sitpremo  Gobierno  con  estudio  lo  tiene 
en  este  abandono,  6  la  desesperacion  que  causa  el  hambre  y  la  miseria, 
produzcan  otros  males  de  mas  gerarquia^  y  de  incalculables  con- 
secuencias.*  .... 

A  las  angustias  expresadas,  faltaban  las  que  naturalmente  pro- 
ducen  las  especies  vertidas  en  algunos  periodicos  de  esa  Capital,  sin 
duda  con  perverso  designio.  En  cartas  anonimas,  y  aun  en  articulos 
de  fondo  se  dice,  que  este  Ejercito  se  mantiene  en  inaccion  propor- 

1  Finding  the  law  extremely  unpopular,  Santa  Anna  soon  ctianged  his  tone.  It  was  sus- 
pected that,  besides  wishing  to  obtain  funds,  he  had  wished  this  blow  at  the  Church  to  be 
struck,  so  that  the  prelates  would  have  to  make  terms  with  him  for  protection.  The 
acting  executive  (Santa  Anna  could  not  legally  act  as  President  while  In  command  of  an 
army),  Valentin  Gfimez  Farias,  the  vice  president,  was  an  honest  radical  with  whom  they 
could   make   no  bargain.  * 

2  A  small  town  lying  about  sixty  miles  by  the  road  southeast  of  Vera  Cruz,  near  the 
mouth  of  Alvarado  River.  The  harbor  at  that  place  was  of  value  for  small  vessels ;  the 
remains  of  the  Mexican  navy  were  there ;  and  the  upper  country  on  the  banks  of  the 
stream  was  rich  In  horses,  mules  and  cattle.  Two  attacks  upon  Alvarado  had  already 
been  made.  Another  seemed,  therefore,  probable,  and  in  fact  It  occurred  at  the  begin- 
nlnsr  of  .\pr..  1847. 

'  Jeraqula. 

*  Santa  Anna  doubtless  had  reference  to  a  revolt. 


408  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

cionando  asi  ventajas  al  enemigo^  porque  hay  un  convenio  para  gue 
este  no  sea  atacado}  Los  que  asi  afrentan  a  la  Patria,  y  a  sus 
mejores  servidores,  contribuyen  tambien  a  hacer  mas  penosa  sii  situa- 
ci6n.  Pero  no  es  tan  estraila  la  conducta  de  esos  malos  Mexicanos, 
como  lo  es,  que  el  organo  oflca!*  no  liable  nada  sabiendo  come  sabe  el 

Ministerio,  el  motivo  porque  aquel  no  se  mueve 

CuARTEL  Gral  DE  San  Luis  Potosi,  Enero  19  de  1847, 


January  22,  184-7. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  He  recibido  la  nota  de  V.  E.  fecha  18  del  actual,  en  que  de 
orden  del  E.  S.  Vice-Presidente  ^  me  manifesta  haberse  librado  por 
ese  Supremo  Gobierno  las  ordenes  competentes  al  Sr.  Comisario  gral 
de  este  Estado  *  para  que  se  ponga  en  practica  la  ejucucion  del  Decreto 
de  11  del  corriente  expedido  por  el  soberano  Congreso  nacional  sobre 
ocupacion  de  bienes  de  manos  muertos." 

Permitame  V.  E.  que  le  diga  desluego,  que  semejante  paso  ni  debe 
considerarse  como.  auxilio  para  el  ejercito,  por  que  su  inoportunidad 
lo  hace  iniitil.  La  ejecucion  del  Decreto  citado  debe  empezarse  en  esa 
capital,  donde  la  presencia  de  la  autoridad  suprema,  y  su  prestigio 
haran  que  no  se  entorpezca  la  marcha  del  asunto ;  y  estoy  en  la  firme 
creencia  de  que  en  niaguno  de  los  otros  estados  surtira  su  efecto,  si  la 
capital  no  da  el  ejemplo.  Agregase  d  esto,  que  las  legislaturas  de 
Mexico,  Puebla  y  Queretaro  ban  presentado  iniciativas  para  la  dero- 
gaeion  del  expresado  decreto,  y  que  esto  debe  haber  inf  undid o  descon- 
fianza,  y  presentado  por  consiguiente  nuevas  dificultades"  para  su 
realizacion.    Pero  entre  tanto  este  Ejercito  se  halla  en  la  mas  com- 

*  The  public  had  become  informed  to  some  extent  of  the  negotiations  that  had  taken 
place  in  July,  1846,  between  Santa  Anna  and  the  American  government  with  reference 
to  his  regaining  power  in  Mexico  and  making  peace.  He  was  therefore  accused  by  many 
of  acting  in  collusion  with  the  United  States,  and  such  incidents  as  the  evacuation  of 
Tampico  were  thought  to  confirm  their  belief. 

*The  Diario.  The  precise  reasons  for  its  silence  on  this  point  cannot  positively  bo 
stated ;  but  for  one  thing  it  Is  clear  that  to  admit  that  the  army  had  not  been  supplied 
with  funds  would  have  given  groat  assistance  to  the  many  implacable  enemies  of  the 
government. 

'  Valentin  G6meii  Farias,  now  acting  as  president. 

♦The  state  of  San  Luis  Potosi. 

» A  vast  amount  of  real  estate  mortgaged  to  the  Church.  As  neither  debtor  nor 
creditor  expected  the  loan  to  be  paid  up,  this  property  virtually  belonged  to  the  Church. 
There  was  practically  no  land  tax  in  Mexico,  and  hence,  as  the  property  used  for  re- 
ligious purposes  was  exempt,  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  which  was  believed  to  hold  the 
greater  part  of  the  wealth  of  the  country,  bore  a  very  small  share  of  the  costs  of  the 
war,  although — since  absorption  in  the  United  States  would  have  extinguished  its  ex- 
clusive privileges — the  war  was  carried  on  in  a  special  sense  for  its  benefit.  The  pre- 
lates showed  little  inclination  to  contribute  liberally,  and  hence  it  seemed  necessary  to 
lay  hands  upon  some  of  the  Church's  wealth.  But  the  law  of  Jan.  11  proved  substan- 
tially a  dead  letter,  and  before  long,  after  making  an  arrangement  with  the  clergy,  Santa 
Anna  had  it  repealed. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  409 

pleta  indigencia,  y  abandonado  a  ella  por  el  Gobierno.    Y  hace  un  mes 
que  este  se  instalo,  y  no  ha  enviado  hasta  ahora  ni  un  real  para  las 

tropas ^ 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Einero  22  de  18^7. 


Januarxj  22^  181^7. 

Reservada.  Beach,'  editor  of  the  New  York  Sun,  has  gone  from  Havana  to 
Vera  Cruz  as  an  agent  of  the  United  States  to  bring  about  peace."  So  I  hear  by 
private  letters  from  Havana  that  came  by  the  last  packet.  He  has  no  official 
commission,*  but  full  powers,"  and  will  not  spare  money.  "His  mission  so 
pre.iudicial  to  the  interests  and  the  honor  of  the  Nation." 

San  Lttis  PoTosf. 


January  23,  1847. 

TO  THE  DIRECTOR  OF  THE  MINT. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.     Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.   S Apesar  du  su®  estremada  subordinacion  no  seria 

extrano  unu  desorden  promivido  por  la  falta  de  alimentos,  desorden 
que  desvandaria  ^  estas  tropas,  y  con  ellas  se  perderia  hasta  la  ultima 
esperanza  de  salvacion 

Asi  es  que  entre  perderia  y  con  ella  nuestro  honor,  ser  politico, 
sagrada  religion  y  libertad  individual,  6  tomar  dinero  de  donde  lo 
hay  a,  creo  que  V.  cuya  prudencia  es  notoria,  la  Nacion  y  el  Universe, 
desidiran  ^  lo  que  deba  preferirse.'  .... 

CuARTEL  Gral  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  'Enero  23  de  1847. 

Al  Sr.  Director  de  la  Casa  de  Moneda  de  esta  Ciudad.^" 


January  26,  1847. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano.    Gral  en  Jefe.    Urgente. 

E.  S.  Con  asombro  noto  que  el  ministro  de  Hacienda  ha  resuelto 
dejar  en  el  abandon©  y  en  la  desesperacion  a  este  Ejercito  de  quien 
depende  hoy  la  suerte  de  la  Patria.     Desde  que  se  instalo  la  actual 

^Farias  was  sincerely  patriotic  and  anxious  to  support  the  war;  but  he  was  beset 
with  the  most  serious  difficulties,  and  probably,  too,  desiring  to  reduce  the  wealth  of  the 
Church  as  one  way  to  curb  its  power,  he  was  not  sorry  to  have  the  necessities  of  the 
army  and  the  demands  of  Santa  Anna  as  arguments  for  the  passage  of  such  a  law  as 
that  of  Jan.  11,  and  therefore  did  not  malie  all  the  efforts  he  might  otherwise  have  made 
to  raise  money  by  the  usual  methods. 

2  Moses  Y.  Beach. 

3  This  information  was  correct.  Beach  conferred  with  high  Roman  Catholic  dignitaries 
in  Cuba,  and  presumably  the  facts  were  'derived  from  them. 

*  He  had  a  commission  as  a  special  agent  but  not  as  a  diplomatic  representative.  The 
mission  was  most  secret. 

'This  statement  is  entirely  too  strong. 
•This  word  refers  to  Santa  Anna's  army. 
^  Desbandarla. 

*  Decidirin. 

»  Subject  to  variations  in  form,  this  was  the  standard  Mexican  formula  used  In  Justi- 
fication of  what  amounted  to  a  seizure  of  property  by  military  force. 
"  The  letter  In  the  Guerra  y  Marina  archives  Is  a  copy. 


410  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL   ASSOCIATION. 

administracion,  no  ha  remit ido  un  solo  peso  d  esta  comisaria,  y  tal 
conducta  en  las  actuales  circiinstancias,  es  criminal;  protosto  pues 
contra  ella  ante  la  nacion,  por  las  consecuencias  que  pueda  prodiicir. 
Se  me  ha  puesto  en  el  caso  de  mandar  ociipar  noventa  y  ocho  barras 
de  plata  que  se  acunaban  en  la  casa  de  moneda  de  esta  ciudad,  como 
vera  V.  E.  por  la  copia  adjunta,  teniendo  que  garantir  a  los  duenos 
con  la  cesion  que  hago  de  todos  mis  bienes  para  que  de  ellos  sean 
satisfechos,  por  si  el  gobierno  no  lo  hiciere.  He  contraido  otras 
mas  deudas  sobre  mis  dichos  bienes,  y  seguramente  de  esta  vez  que- 
dare  arruinado  para  siempre,  pues  he  comprometido  toda  mi  fortuna  ^ 
y  hasta  la  de  mis  hijos,  ant&s  que  poder  ser  indiferente  a  la  suerte  de 

estos  benemeritos  soldados 

San  Luis  Potosi  Enero  26  de  18J^7. 


January  29, 18^7, 

Ejercito  Libertador  Republicano. 

E.  S.  .  .  .  La  conducta  observada  por  el  Gobierno  no  tiene 
ejemplo  en  la  historia.'^  .... 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Enero  29  de  18Jf7. 

*  This  Is  not  to  be  taken  litfrally.  of  course.  Besides,  his  great  wealth  had  been  ob- 
tained by  robbing  the  people  of  Mexico,  and  in  the  event  of  failing  In  bis  present  under- 
taking he  was  almost  sure  to  lose  at  least  a  large  part  of  it. 

*  This  has  reference  to  its  failure  to  supply  Santa  Anna  with  funds.  It  seems  worth 
while  to  present  the  defe^ee  of  the  government  against  Santa  Anna's  principal  accusa- 
tions :  the  failure  to  send  him  money  and  the  neglect  of  Vera  Cruz  : 

E.  S El  Gobierno  no  desconoce  la  posiclfin  de  V.  E.,  pero  tambien  no  debe 

serle  estraSa  la  que  el  mismo  Gobierno  guarda  hoy,  porque  falto  hasta  ahora  de  caudalos 
bastantes  para  sus  grandes  y  multiplicadas  atenciones.  El  remedlo  del  Erario  lo  funda 
en  el  cumplimiento  de  la  Ley  de  10  del  actual  [date  of  one  stage  in  the  passage  of  the  law 
regarding  Church  property]  ;  pero  por  desgracia  4sta  ha  tenido  trabas  que  al  ejecutivo 
no  le  ha  sldo  posible  superar  hasta  hoy.  porque  los  Interesados  en  el  manojo  de  los 
bienes  eclesifisticos,  ban  puesto  en  acciOn  todo  el  poder  de  la  intriga,  us^ando  hasta  del 
respetable  nombre  de  V.  E.  y  su  descaro  ha  llegado  hasta  el  extremo  que  ascguran  que 
b1  bleu  creyo  V.  E.  esta  medlda  como  salvadora  de  la  Narcl6n  ahora  la  considera  como 
Ineficas   [Ineflcax]  y  viclosa 

Afortunadamente  la  citada  Ley  ha  sldo  publicada  en  la  mayor  parte  de  los  Estados, 
sin  que  halla  babido  mas  que  lijeras  conmociones  en  esta  Capital,  y  en  las  de  Quer^taro 
y  Puebla  sin  una  oposici6n  tenaz,  por  parte  de  los  reverendos  Obispos  y  Cabildos  ecle- 
siasticos,  mas  que  por  la  del  Reverendo  Obispo  de  Michoacan,  que  ha  protestado  contra  la 
medida  de  una  manera  sumamente  fuerte  y  amenasante  [amenaaante]  al  Con- 
greso 

Ahora  sobre  los  enemlgos  exteriores,  podrfl  acaso  V.  E.  contener  los  movimientos  que 
Intentan  bacer  sobre  las  costas  de  Veracruz,  para  despues  pretender  apoderars^  do 
aquella  plaza. 

El  ejecutivo  en  desempefio  de  sus  obligaciones  y  para  estorbar  que  Ilegue  tan  infor- 
tunado  caso,  ha  dispuesto,  como  se  le  tiene  ya  dlcbo  A  V.  E.  formar  una  Divlsifin  de  seis 
mil  hombres  que  &  las  ordenes  del  bizarro  GrRI  Don  Romulo  Diaz  de  la  Vega,  marcharfl 
en  los  primeros  dlas  del  proximo  mes  de  Febrero.     .     .     . 

Ademas  de  esta  Dlvlsi6n,  el  E.  S.  Vice  Presidente  internio  [Santa  Anna  and  Farfas 
were  interim  otBcials  because  not  elected  at  the  regular  time]  se  ocupa  de  formar  otra  de 
reserva,  para  atender  fi  los  puntos  que  quedan  ser  atacados  por  las  tropas  Norte  Ameri- 
canas.  .  .  .  [Circumstances — particularly  a  revolt  at  Mexico — prevented  the  govern- 
ment from  carrying  these  plans  into  effect.] 

Enero  30  de  1847.  Al  E  S.  Presidente  into  de  la  Republlca,  Benemerito  de  la  Patria  y 
Gr&l  en  Jefe  del  Ejercito  de  Operaciones  Don  Antonio  L6pez  de  Santa  Anna. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  411 

February  ^,  181^1.     ■ 

E.  S.  En  estos  momentos  que  son  las  diez  de  la  manana,  parto  de 
esta  ciudad  ^  con  el  objeto  de  alcanzar  al  ejercito  de  mi  mando,  ciiya 
retagiiardia  salio  de  aqui  el  31  del  pasado,  y  aunque  como  he  dicho  a 
V.  E.  anteriormente,  va  desprovisto  de  toda  clase  de  recursos,  le  so- 
bra  entusiasmo  y  desicion  ^  por  sacrificarse  an  las  aras  de  la  Patria. 

San  Luis  Potosi,  2  de  Fehrero  de  1847. 


Felruary  9,  18^7. 

Ejercito  Libertador  Eepublicano. 

E.  S.  En  el  Diario  del  Gohieimo  del  29  del  ppdo,  he  visto  una 
exposicion  que  con  fecha  del  dia  anterior  habia  pasado  ese  minis- 
terio  al  Soberano  congreso  nacional,  manifestando  la  necesidad  de 
recursos  en  que  se  encuentra  este  Ejercito,  y  ofreciendo  presentar  las 
iniciativas  convenientes  para  remediarla. 

En  un  documento  de  tanta  importancia,  y  en  el  que  por  su  natura- 
leza  debiera  cuidarse  de  no  incurrir  en  equivocacion,  debe  haberme 
sido  sorprendente  la  asercion  de  que  se  hem  mandado  recientemente 
treinta  y  cinco  mil  pesos  a  la  comisaria  de  San  Luis,  cuando  a  nadie 
mejor  que  al  Supremo  Gobierno  consta  que  no  se  ha  hecho  tal  re- 
niesa,^  y  que  para  la  manutencion  de  las  tropas  y  preparativos  del 
movimiento  que  se  ha  efectuado,  he  tenido  que  hacer  disembolsos, 
comprometer  mi  credito  y  arbitrar  otros  medios  como  me  ha  sido 
posible,  sin  recibir  ni  un  solo  pesQ  de  la  Tesoreria  Gral  de  la  nacion. 
En  tal  virtud,  ruego  a  V.  E.  se  sirva  rectificar  ese  acerto*  por  medio 
del  mismo  Diario,  pues  de  no  hacerse,  pudiera  darse  a  entender  que 
mis  continuos  reclamos  han  sido  exajerados^  e  injustos,  sufriendo 
por  tanto  mi  reputacion 

Tambien  ha  llamado  mi  atencion  que  se  diga  en  el  mismo  docu- 
mento, que  este  Ejercito  tendra  suficientes  recursos  poniendo  en 
ejecucion  el  decreto  sobre  bienes  de  manos  muertos  en  los  Estados 
de  San  Luis,  Guanajuato  y  Zacatecas,  puesto  que  tales  recursos  son 
ilusorios  por  las  razones  que  ya  he  manifestado  al  Supremo  Gobierno 
por  conduct©  de  ese  mismo  Ministerio. 

Por  tanto,  espero  tambien  que  estas  dificultades  se  hagan  publicas, 
i  fin  de  que  no  se  crea  que  este  Ejercito  ha  podido  hallarse  en  un 
estado  prospero  mientras  he  tenido  que  sacrificarme  para  sostenerlo 

1  On  his  march  to  the  battlefield  of  Buena  Vista. 

»  Decisi6n. 

*At  this  time  the  government  was  standing  at  bay  and  fighting  for  its  life. 

*  Aserto,  i.  e.,  aserciCn. 

B  Exagerados. 


412  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOOIATION. 

y  hacerlo  operar,  pues  el  Gobierao  sabe  que  en  el  mes  de  Diciembre 
solo  mando  a  la  Comisaria  ciento  setenta  y  cinco  mil  pesos,  y  que  si 
se  ha  cubierto  medio  presupuesto  del  mes  de  Enero,  se  debe  a  los 

auxilios  que  yo  he  procurado  de  la  manera  que  dejo  indicada 

Matehuala,  Febrero  9  de  1847. 


February  11,  18^7. 

E.  S.  Hoy  continuo  mi  marcha  para  el  Saltillo,  y  lo  mismo  hace  el 
Ejercito  de  mi  mando,  que  en  divisiones  avanza  segun  lo  permite  la 
cruda  estacion,  y  la  miseria  que  se  esperimenta  naturalmente  por 
desiertos,  cuando  no  hay  ni  dinero,  ni  raciones:  la  baja  por  enfermos 
es  considerable  por  aquellos  motivos. 

El  enemigo  en  niimero  de  seis  a  siete  mil  hombres^  con  veinte 
piezas^  de  Artilleria,  se  ha  situado  en  Agua  Nueva,*  tal  vez  con  el 
designio  de  esperarnos  alii,  6  de  avanzar  a  encontrarnos.  El  Gral 
Taylor  manda  en  persona  esta  f uerza. 

Dentro  de  diez  6  doce  dias*  se  dara  una  batalla 

Matehuala,  Febrero  11  de  18Jfl, 


February  17,  18^7. 

E.  S.  Por  los  adjuptos  documentos  se  impondra  V.  E.  que  el  Oral 
Taylor  ha  reconcentrado  sus  fuerzas  en  la  Hacienda  de  Agua  Nueva 
distante  de  este  punto  veinte  leguas®  cuyas  noticias  ratifican  mis 
espias  hasta  esta  hora,  y  no  cabe  duda  en  que  se  prepara  aquel 
Gral  a  una  batalla,  y  que  presentara  en  ella  de  siete  a  ocho  mil  hom- 
bres  con  mas  de  veinte  piezas  de  Artilleria. 

Por  mi  parte  he  tomado  todas  las  medidas  convenientes  para  ba- 
tirlo  en  su  campo  el  dia  21  del  corriente,  y  tal  vez  cuando  ilegue  esta 
nota  a  manos  de  V.  E.,  habra  tenido  lugar  un  gran  hecho  de  armas, 
cuyo  resultado  sera  para  la  patria  deincalculablesconsecuencias 

Las  tropas  de  mi  njando  marchan  con  entusiasmo  y  con  deseo  de 
revindicar  el  honor  de  nuestras  armas:  ni  las  privaciones,  ni  las 
fatigas  de  una  marcha  penosa,  y  ni  los  elementos  que  parecen 
conjurados  contra  nosotros,"  pues  algunos  dias  hemos  tenido  que 
caminar  sobre  la  nieve,  entivian,^  su  ardimiento. 

» In  fact  about  4,750. 

*  Taylor  had  fifteen  cannon  on  the  field  at  Buena  Vista. 

>  About  twelve  miles  south  of  Buena  Vista,  which  was  about  sis  miles  from  Saltillo  it 
the  same  direction. 

*  In  fact  eleven  days,  which  shows  that  in  this  case  Santa  Anna  calculated  surpris- 
ingly well. 

*  About  fifty-two  miles. 

*  The  weather  was  in  fact  terribly  trying — now  cold,  now  hot,  now  stormy. 

*  Entibian.     The  boast  was  well  grounded. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  413 

Los  que  suponian,  que  por  este  rumbo  nada  tenia  que  hacer  el 
ejercito  de  mi  mando,  varan  muy  pronto,  que  para  dar  opinion 
sobre  materia  que  no  se  entiende  es  necesaria  alguna  circunspeccion. 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

San  Salvador/  Febrero  17  de  181^7  a  las  10  de  la  manaifuu 


February  ^3, 18^7. 

Ejercito  LibertadorRepublicano.    GralenJefe.    Sria.  de  Campaiia. 

E.  S.  En  un  momento  de  lugar,  y  ahora  que  son  las  siete  de  la 
noche,  participo  a  V.  E.  para  que  se  sirva  hacerlo  al  E.  S.  Vice- 
Presidente  de  la  Republica  que  el  Ejercito  de  mi  mando,  despues  de 
una  penosa  marcha  por  el  largo  desierto  que  media  desde  el  Cedral 
hasta  akui,^  ha  tenido  que  sostener  una  batalla  de  dos  dias  contra 
el  Ejercito  de  los  Estados  Unidos  del  Norte,  al  mando  del  Gral  Z. 
Taylor,  compuesta  de  ocho  a  nueve  mil  hombres,  con  26  piezas  de 
Artilleria.^  Ambos  Ejercitos  ban  peleado  con  encarnizamiento  y 
desperacion.*  Hoy  comenzo  la  accion  a  las  seis  de  la  mafiana,  y  ha 
concluido  al  ponerse  el  sol.^  El  campo  esta  sembrado  de  cadaveres  y 
la  sangre  ha  corrido  a  torrentes.  Iban  quedado  en  nuestro  poder  dos 
banderas  que  tengo  el  honor  de  remitir  a  V.  E.  con  el  portador,  tres 
piezas  de  Artilleria,  dos  del  calibre  de  a  seis  y  una  de  a  cuatro,  con 
sus  dotaciones  de  municiones,  y  cuatro  carros ;  aquellas  con  sus  tiros 
de  caballos,  y  aunque  no  se  ha  decidido  la  batalla,  puedo  asegurar 
a  V.  E.,  que  cuantas  veces  se  ha  disputado  el  terreno,  ha  quedado  por 
las  tropas  de  la  Republica,®  como  lo  acreditan  los  trofeos  indicados; 
mas  de  dos  mil  cadaveres  de  los  enemigos,^  endidos  en  el  campo  de 
batalla  y  varios  prisoneros,  cuyo  niimero  no  se  hasta  esta  hora. 

Por  mi  parte  tengo  el  sentimiento  de  manifestar  a  V.  E.  que  entre 
Grales,  Jefes,  Oficiales  y  Tropa,  habremos  perdido  entre  muertos 

1  The  situation  of  this  place,  now  a  station  on  the  railroad.  Is  indicated  by  Santa  Anna 
in  the  first  sentence  of  this  letter. 

*  In  fact  nearly  all  of  the  march  beyond  Matehuala,  more  than  100  miles,  lay  through  a 
desert  region. 

^  Santa  Anna  now  felt  it  necessary  to  exaggerate  still  the  numbers  opposed  to  him. 
However,  that  is  a  common  practice  with  commanders  and  soldiers.  And  it  is  possible 
after  all  that  he  believed  the  statement,  for  the  American  guns  were  moved  from  point  to 
point  during  the  battle  with  such  remarkable  celerity  that  they  well  might  have  seemed 
more  numerous  than  they  were. 
.    *  This  statement  was  true. 

"  Owing  to  the  high  mountains  that  walled  in  the  valley  of  Bucna  Vista  .sunset  came 
eariy.     The  battle  ended  at  about  five  o'clock. 

*  This  was  not  correct,  but  the  Mexicans  did  repeatedly  force  portions  of  Taylor's  army 
to  fall  back.  In  fact  only  one  of  his  regiments  kept  its  face  to  the  enemy  all  day, 
Feb.  23. 

"  A  gross  and  no  doubt  intentional  misstatement.  As  the  Mexicans  were  finally  driven 
from  the  field  they  were  unable  to  count  or  Intelligently  estimate  the  number  of  Ameri- 
cans killed.     In  killed,  wounded  and  missing  Taylor  lost  about  666. 


414  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

y  heridos,  segiin  se  calcula,  cosa  de  mil  hombres,^  lo  que  hara  conocer 
a  V.  E.  lo  renido  del  combate,  en  dos  dias  continuados.  En  una  de 
las  primeias  cargas  de  este  dia,  fue  herido  y  muerto  mi  caballo  de 
un  metrallazo.^ 

La  fuerte  posicion  del  enemigo  lo  ha  libertado  de  una  completa 
derrota'  pues  muy  pocas  horas  antes  de  mi  llegada  a  este  punto,  se 
retiro  del  campo  de  Aguanueva,  donde  se  hallaba,  por  noticias  que 
tuvo  de  mis  movimientos,*  y  se  situo  en  este  lugar,  que  forma  un 
puerto  y  puede  compararse  al  celebre  paso  de  las  Termopilas;  pero 
el  enemigo  debe  haber  conocido  en  estos  dos  dias,  que  ni  la  aspereza  de 
las  montaiias,  ni  lo  fuerte  de  las  posiciones,  ni  sus  veiitajas,  scan  las 
que  fueren,  detienen  al  soldado  Mexicano  cuando  pelea  en  defenza  de 
los  derechos  de  su  patria;  estos  soldados  son  dignos  de  toda  consi- 
deracion,  y  yo  puedo  gloriarme  de  decir  que  estoy  a  la  cabeza  de  un 
Ejercito  de  heroes,  que  no  solamente  sabe  combatir  con  brabura,' 
sino  sufrir  el  hambre  y  la  sed  por  cuarenta  horas  continuadas,  como 
lo  he  visto,  porque  asi  lo  ha  exigido  el  servicio  de  la  Nacion.  Lo 
unico  que  aflige  en  estos  momentos  mi  situacion,  es  no  tener  ni  una 
galleta,  ni  un  poco  de  arroz  siquiera,®  para  alimentar  a  tanto  herido, 
pues  con  solo  carne  hemos  pasado  estos  dias ;  y  ya  se  vera  la  razon  que 
he  tenido  en  quejarme,  por  el  abandono  en  que  se  ha  tenido  a  este 
Ejercio  dos  meses  y  en  decir,  que  no  es  posible  hacer  la  campafia  con 
buen  exito  sin  pro  veer  al  Ejercito,  con  cuanto  la  Guerra  exige.  Piehso, 
por  tanto,  transladar  maHana  temprano  mi  campo  a  Aguanueva, 
tres  leguas  distante'  para  proveerme  de  alguna  menestra  ^  que  debe 
haber  llegado  a  la  Hacienda  de  la  Encarnacion ;  *  y  si  logro  hacerme 
de  lo  necesario  y  me  alijero  de  los  heridos,  que  tanto  entorpecen  los 
movimientos,  volvere  a  cargar,  no  obstante  haberseme  abierto  mi 
herida'  por  la  fatiga  que  me  ha  producido  andar  i  caballo  doce 
horas  en  cada  dia 

Campo  en  la  Angostura  sobre  Btjenavista,  Fehrero  23  de  181ff. 

^  The  figures  should  probably  have  been  about  1,800. 

•  This  appears  to  have  been  a  fact. 

'  This  opinion  was  correct,  but  it  reflects  credit  upon  Gen.  Wood,  who  selected  the  field 
of  battle. 

•  He  could  have  said  "  retired  precipitately." 

•  Bravura. 

•  This  was  substantially  true. 

'  Merely  a  pretext.  The  supplies  could  have  been  sent  forward  to  the  army.  Probably 
the  real  reason  for  retreating  was  that  his  army  was  on  the  point  of  brealiing  up. 

•  About  55  miles  from  Saltillo  on  the  road  to  San  Luis  Potosl. 

•  In  consequence  of  a  wound  received  in  fighting  a  party  of  French  troops  at  Vera 
Cruz  in  1838  one  of  Santa  Anna's  legs  bad  to  be  amputated  near  the  knee.  The  stump 
may  easily  have  been  made  sore  by  bis  riding  about  on  the  rough  ground  during  the 
batUe. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  415 

March  21, 18^7. 
To  General  VaxkntIn  Oanalizo.* 

"Having  arrived  in  this  city  to  assume  tlie  reins  of  government"  ....  [I 
direct]  you  [to]  send  your  corps '  by  arrangement  with  tlie  eliief  of  the  insur- 
gents to  tlieir  quarters  and  talie  back  the  arms  given  to  the  people."  * 

Guadalupe  de  Hidalgo.* 


April  4,  mr, 

"  The  shameful  surrender  "  of  Vera  Cruz.' 
Mexico. 


ApHl  6, 1847. 

Ejercito  de  Operaciones  de  Oriente.    General  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  El  dia  de  ayer  llegue  a  esta  Hacienda  despues  de  haber  for- 
zado  la  marcha  cuanto  me  fue  posible:  manana  trasladare  a  Corral 
Falso'^  y  Cerro  Gordo*  con  el  objeto  de  reconocer  aquellas  posi- 
siones^  y  dictar  todas  las  medidas  conducentes  para  que  se  activen 
todas  las  obras  de  fortificacion  que  alii  se  practican.  En  Corral 
falso  situare  por  ahora  el  cuartel  Gral.  Tengo  el  sentimiento  de 
manifestar  a  V.  E.  que  el  pavor  que  se  apodero  de  los  soldados  que 
compusieron  la  guarnicion  de  Veracruz  ha  dado  lugar  a  relaciones 
exageradas  acerca  del  bombardeo  que  sufrio  aquella  plaza,  y  estragos 
causados  por  los  projectiles  del  enemigo  siendo  esta  la  razon  del 
decaimiento  del  Espiritu  de  los  habitantes  del  Estado  y  muy  par- 
jticularmente  de  la  Guardia  Nacional  que  con  pocas  ecepciones^"  ha 
abandonado  sus  puestos  fugand'ose  vergonzosamente.  De  luego  a 
luego  he  dictado  una  circular,  para  que  todo  desertor  que  sea  apren- 
dido  de  los  cuerpos  permanentes,  Activos  o  de  la  Guardia  Nacional  que 

^  A  native  of  Monterey,  Mexico,  and  one  of  Santa  Anna's  most  faithful.  If  not  most 
Intelligent,    followers. 

"  Owing  to  the  Insurrection  (In  large  measure  caused  by  the  attack  upon  Church  prop- 
erty) which  broke  out  at  Mexico  near  the  end  of  February,  1847,  chaos  reigned  at  the 
capital.  Congress  ceased  to  assemble,  but  a  large  number  of  the  members  requested 
Santa  Anna  to  take  possession  of  the  Presidency,  to  which  he  had  been  elected  In  Decem- 
ber, as  the  only  way  to  restore  order.     He  therefore  hastened  to  the  capital. 

*  Canalizo  commanded  the  military  forces  of  the  government. 

*  Farias  was  the  chief  leader  of  the  democratic  party,  and  In  this  crisis  had  the  sup- 
port of  the  populace  at  Mexico.     He  therefore  put  arms  into  their  hands. 

"  A  suburb  of  Mexico. 

*  Vera  Cruz  surrendered  to  Gen»;;Wlnfield  Scott  on  Mar.  27  and  was  occupied  by  the 
Americans  two  days  later.  From  a  military  point  of  view  it  did  not  have  to  yield  so 
soon.  Many  of  the  people  remaining  in  the  town,  and  through  them  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  the  soldiei'S  and  officers,  had  become  demoralized  by  the  American  bombardment ; 
this  added  to  the  failure  of  the  central  government  (wbich  was  paralyzed  by  the  In- 
surrection at  Mexico)   to  send  aid  hastened  the  surrender. 

^  A  pass  on  the  National  Highway,  about  thirteen  miles  below  Jalapa. 

*  A  hamlet  about  five  miles  below  Corral  Falso. 
»  Poslclones. 

*'  Excepdones. 


416  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

pertinecian  al  Ejercito  de  Oriente/  sea  pasado  por  las  armas  irre- 
rnisiblemente  con  arreglo  a  ordenanza.  He  dictado  otras  medidas  ya 
para  que  se  reunan  en  el  cuartel  Gral  las  milicias  del  Estado,  como 
para  que  se  envien  peones  e  instrumentos  de  zapa  para  los  trabajos 
de  fortificacion 

Teniendo  hoy  el  sentimiento  de  manifestarle  que  ecsaustas*  del 
todo  los  areas  del  estado  ^  y  las  de  la  comisaria  de  JaJapa ;  caresco  en 
lo  absoluto  de  medios  para  ocurrir  al  mantenimiento  de  estos  tropas, 
y  a  todos  lt)s  gastos  que  demanda  la  defensa  del  pais.  La  Brigada 
que  vino  de  Puebla  al  mando  del  Sr.  Gral  Pinzon,*  carece  de  socorro 
desde  ayer  pues  solo  saco  para  echo  dias 

Yo  he  dado  de  mi  bolsillo  quinientos  sesenta  pesos  para  comprar 
brines  y  ojas  de  lata  con  objeto  de  que  se  construyan  cartuchos  y 
botes  de  metralla  en  la  fortaleza  de  Perote  con  parte  de  la  polvora 
que  conduce  la  Brigada  del  Sr.  Gral  Rangel ' 

La  falta  de  una  fuerza  corapetente  en  el  puente  Nacional"  para 
defenderlo  con  buen  exito  obligo  al  E,  S.  Gral  D.  Valentin  Canalizo 
a  disponer  su  evacuacion  repligando  las  cortas  fuerzas  que  alii  habia 
a  la. Canada  de  Cerro  gordo.  He  aprobado  esa  disposision  ordenando 
se  traslade  la  Artilleria  alii  existente  a  dicho  punto  de  Cerro  gordo 
donde  voy  a  establecer  la  primera  linea,  ya  por  ser  un  lugar  a  propo- 
sito  para  hacer  una  buena  defensa,  como  por  la  dificultad  de  ser 
flanqueado,  circunstancia  de  que  carece  al  puente  Nacional.  El  Sr. 
Canalizo  habia  determinado  que  se  inutilisace  ^  la  Artilleria  pero  yo 
he  dispuesto  que  se  Salva  a  toda  costa. 

No  puede  V.  E.  tener  idea  del  decaimiento  del  Espiritu  publico  y 
del  desorden  y  desconcierto  en  que  he  encontrado  todos  los  ramos 
merced  a  la  profunda  sensacion  que  han  causado  los  ultimos  sucesos 
de  Veracruz.  Mi  presencia  en  el  estado  ha  alentado  los  Animos  y  no 
escuso  medio  de  los  que  estan  a  mi  alcance  para  que  renasca  el  en- 
tusiasmo  y  cooperen  todos  los  Ciudadanos  a  la  defensa  del  territorio 
nacional  estando  dispuesto  a  hacer  ejemplares  severos  contra  los 
apaticos  o  flojos  en  el  cumplimiento  de  sus  deberes. 

Hoj-^  se  me  ha  dado  aviso  de  que  una  Division  enemiga*  avanza 
sobre  ol  Puente  Nacional.  y  si  pasare  de  este  limite  este  seguro  el 

■  An  extemporized  army,  commanded  by  Gen.  Canalizo,  that  occupied  several  Dosit'ons 
'Mi  the  National  Highway  above  and  below  Jalapa. 

*  Exhaustas 

•The  State  of  Vera  Cmz,  the  capital  of  which  was  Jalapa. 

*  Luis  Plnz6n.  a  mulatto  born  at  Acapulco,  Mexico,  was  considered  a  good  officer.  He 
commanded  a  position  at  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo. 

» Nothing  can  be  said  regarding  the  antecedents  of  Gen.  Joaqufn  Range!.  He  was 
leading  a  brigade  from  Mexico.     It  left  that  city  on  Mar.  28. 

•  A  long,  high  bridge  of  cut  stone,  one  of  the  finest  monuments  of  the  Spanish  period, 
which  enabled  the  National  Highway  to  cross  the  Antigua  River,  here  a  swift  mountain 
stream. 

^  Inutilizase. 

•  That  of  Gen.  David  E.  Twigga. 


I 


HISTORICAL   MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  417 


t 


Supremo    Gobierno   de   que   se   le   opondra    una   resistencia    obsti- 
nada 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

CuARTEL  Gral  EN  EL  Encero  a  6  de  Abril  de  1847. 


April  7,  J847. 

News  was  received  from  Vera  Cruz  yesterday.  I  have  no  doubt  the  enemy 
is  providing  two  Divisions  to  advance  to  tlie  capital  "which  is  today  their 
principal  object."  One  is  to  march  via  C6rdoba  and  Orizaba ;  ^  the  other  will 
come  this  way,  and  has  already  set  out.  Let  the  government  provide  for  the 
defence  of  the  capital.  I  can  attend  only  to  this  road.  If  the  brigades  arrive 
in  time  from  San  Luis  PotosI,  the  government  can  provide  for  the  other  road. 
Unless  the  government  sends  money  "with  the  velocity  of  lightning  [rayoV  all 
will  be  lost,  and  "in  no  way  do  I  consider  myself  responsible  for  any  bad 
result." 

Encero. 


April  7, 1847. 

"There  is  not  a  single  grain  of  powder  at  Perote  nor  in  the  army."'  "If 
the  Government  does  not  send  quickly  [a  la  ligera]  "  200  quintals  *  of  this 
article,  the  war  cannot  be  carried  on. 

Encebo. 


April  11,  1847. 

Ejercito  de  Operaciqnes  de  Oriente.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  Con  fecha  de  hoy  digo  al  S'r.  Gral  Dn.  Manuel  Arteaga  *  lo  que 
sigue :  "  Contesto  al  oficio  de  V.  S.  fecha  de  ayer  en  que  me  comunica 
que  por  orden  del  Supremo,  Gobierno  se  dirigia  a  ocupar  con  la 
Brigada  de  su  mando  las  cumbres  de  Aculzingo  manif estandole ; 
que  come  quiera  que  mis  convinaciones  militares  las  he  formado  con- 
tando  con  esa  Brigada  que  hace  dias  debia  estar  en  marcha  para  este 
Cuartel  Gral  prevengo  a  V.  S.  que  del  punto  en  que  lo  encuentre  esta 
comunicacion,  tome  la  direccion  de  Perote  6  Jalapa  donde  recibira 
mis  ulteriores  ordenes;.siendo  de  la  responsabilidad  de  V.  S.  la  menor 
demora  en  el  cumplimiento  de  esta  disposicion,  pues  el  enemigo  desde 
esta  mafiana  esta  a  la  vista  de  mis  posiciones  con  fuerzas  superiores, 
y  trata  de  hacer  un  grande  esfuerzo  para  abrirse  paso  a  la  capital  de 
la  Republica."  ' 

*  Well-known  cities  near  the  coast  on  the  direct  railroad  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Mexico. 

*  No  doubt  an  exaggeration. 

*  The  quintal  was  a  hundredweight. 

*  An  officer  commanding  troops  raised  by  the  State  of  Puebla. 

88582°— 19 -27 


418  AAIERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

• 

Tengo  el  honor  de  trasladarlo  a  V.  E.  manifestandole :  que  por 
haber  dictado  el  Supremo  Gobierno  al  Gral  Arteaga  la  disposicion 
indicada  se  ban  seguido  trastornos  a  mis  convinaciones  militares, 
y  Dios  quiera  que  no  tengamos  que  deplorar  por  ello  algunas  des- 
gracias 

Cerro-gordo,  Abril  11  de  181^7. 


April  13,  1847, 

Ejercito  de  Operaciones  de  Oriente.     General  en  Jefe. 

E,    S He   conseguido    fortificar   del    mejor   modo    posible 

los  principales  pasos  y  establecido  dos  lineas  de  defenza  sostenidas 
por  trienta  y  cuatro  piezas  de  artilleria  seis  mil  infantes  y  dos  mil 
caballos/  prometiendome  un  buen  resultado  si  el  enemigo  que  se 
halla  en  el  Plan  del  rio-  y  diariamente  se  tirotoa  con  mis  avanzados, 
llevare  al  cabo  su  intentona  de  forzar  el  paso. 

Sirva  a  V.  E.  de  gobierno  que  toda  la  fuerza  del  enemigo  se  ha 
dirigido  para  el  Plan  del  rio  a  donde  se  halla,  y  por  lo  mismo,  no 
debe  temerse  nada  por  el  rumbo  de  Orizava;  sin  embargo,  es  nece- 
sario  prevenir  al  Sr.  Griil  Dn  Antonio  Leon*  que  se  dirija  a  aquel 
punto  y  fortifique  el  del  Chiquihuite,*  conservando  su  fuerza  en 
Cordova^  como  le  he  prevenido. 

La  escaces  de  numerario  me  pone  en  mil  dificultades,®  pues  estas 
tropas  me  piden  sifs  socorros  y  yo  no  puedo  subministnirselos ;  y  a 
no  ser  por  algunos  viveres  con  que  auxilia  a  este  Ejercito  el  E.  S. 
Gobernador  del  Estado^  y  por  el  ganado  que  hago  conducir  de  mi 
hacienda  del  Encero,  y  con  que  contribuyo  gustoso,  estos  soldados 
que  han  detenido  la  marcha  del  enemigo  habrian  perecido 

Es  preciso  que  vengan  violentamente  docientos  mil  cartuchos  de 
a  19  adarmes;*  que  se  aligere  la  marflia  de  los  docientos  quintalcs 
de  polvora  que  pedi  con  urgencia  en  mis  notas  anteriores  y  que  se  le 
repitan  ordenes  al  Gral  Arteaga  para  que  se  me  incorpore  a  est^ 
Ejercito,  por  ser  sumamente  necesario 

Cerro  Gordo,  April  13  del  181^7. 


>  His  forces  in  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  probably  numbered  at  least  10,000. 

'  Plan  del  Rio,  a  hamlet  lying  on  the  National  Highway  about  Ave  miles  below  the 
hamlet  of  Cerro  Gordo. 

'Antonio  I.cftn,  an  officer  commanding  a  brigade  of  militia  from  the  State  of  Oaxaca. 

*  A  naturally  strong  position  near  C6rdoba  on  the  road  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Orizaba. 

»  Cfirdoba. 

"By  the  date  of  the  battle  of  Cerro  Oordo  (.Apr.  18)  Santa  .\nna  had  funds  enough, 
but  he  may  not  have  bad  on  the  13th. 

'  Juan   Soto. 

'  In  1847  this  was  the  preferred  calibre  for  Mexican  army  muskets,  though  muskets 
of  other  calibreb  were  used. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  419 

April  17,  1847. 

Ejercito  de  Operaciones  de  Oriente.     Gral  en  Jefe.     Par»«. 

E.  S.  He  manifestado  a  V.  E.  para  que  se  sirva  hfLv:erl(>  al  E.  S. 
Presidente  sustituto/  que  con  la  mayor  premura  fortifiraba  estas 
gargantas^  para  contener  el  paso  del  invasor,  que  ansiaba  por  llegar 
a  Jalapa  para  proseguir  su  marcha  a  la  Capital  de  la  Republica,  y  que 
con  mil  afanes  y  en  medio  de  la  escaces  de  todo,  habia  logrado  el 
principal  objeto. 

Hoy  a  las  doce  del  dia  ha  comenzado  el  enemigo  por  atacar^  una 
de  mis  posiciones  en  el  cerro  del  Telegrafo,*  y  he  tenido  que  sos- 
tener  una  lucha  de  cuatro  horas  ^  contra  la  mayor  parte  de  sus  f  uerzas 
mandada  en  persona  por  el  Gral  Scott  ^  habiendo  logrado  rechazar 
a  este  con  grande  perdica,^  pues  ha  dejado  en  el  campo  porcion  de 
muertos  y  heridos.  Por  mi  parte  han  resultado  un  oficial  jj  vein- 
ticinco  soldados  muertos  y  ciento  veintidos  heridos  de  todas  clases, 

Segiin  se  advierte  los  esfuerzos  de  los  invasores  continuaran 
mafia na  y  la  lucha  sera  encarnizada,  porque  las  tropas  de  mi  mando 
estan  desididas**  a  sacrificarse  en  el  servicio  de  su  Patria.  Las  pos- 
teriores  ocurrencias  las  communicare  a  V.  E.  por  extraordinario. 

Es  de  necesidad  que  el  Gobierno  Supremo  auxilie  a  este  Ejercito 
con  dinero,  y  con  todos  los  recursos  que  le  fuere  posible,  y  tan  ejecuti- 
vamente  como  se  necesita 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

CuARTEL  Gral  en  Cerro  Gordo,  Ahril  17  de  1847. 


April  25,  1847. 

I  hear  that  10,000  Americans  are  landing  at  Mocambo'  and  will  move  directly 
toward  Jalapa  without  going  to  Vera  Cruz. 
Orizaba." 

*  In  order  to  eliminate  Farfas,  who  had  failed  to  give  general  satisfaction  as  executive 
but  under  the  constitution  would  have  resumed  automatically  the  duties  of  that  office  on 
Santa  Anna's  returning  to  the  army,  the  vice-presidency  was  abolished  by  Congress. 
Hence  a  substitute  president,  Uen.  Pedro  M.  Anaya,  born  in  Mexico  in  17t)o.  was  chosen 
by  Congress  when  Santa  Anna  was  about  to  take  the  field  against  Gen.  Winfleld  Scott. 

-  Particularly  the  pass  just  below  the  hamlet  of  Cerro  Gordo  and  that  at  La  Hoya 
above  Jalapa. 

'^  Twiggs  unexpectedly  encountered  a  small  Mexican  post  while  marching  to  gain  the 
rear  of  Santa  Anna's  main  position. 

*  The  key  to  the  Mexican  position  near  Cerro  Gordo.  A  few  Americans  attacked  it, 
but   without  orders  to  do  so. 

°  This  was  a  struggle  for  the  possession  of  a  hill  named  La  .\talaya,  which  stood  over 
against   El  Telegrafo. 

« Neither  Scott  nor  "  the  greatest  part  of  his  forces "  was  present.  The  .Vmericans 
were  commanded  by  Twiggs.  Scott  did  not  intend  to  fight  at  this  time.  He  was  merely 
aiming  to  place  his  troops  in  advantageous  positions. 

'The  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  was  probably  about   tOO  to  1.50  on  each  side. 

*  Decididas. 

•A  name  applied  to  the  beach  opposite  the  Island  of  Sacriflolos  and  about  three  miles 
from  Vera  Cruz.  Scott's  army  had  landed  there  on  Mar.  10.  Santa  Anna's  information 
that  10.000  Americans  were  landing  there  was  incorrect. 

'0  After  losing  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  Santa  Anna  fled  to  Orizaba, 


420  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Apnl  27,  1S47. 

Ejercito  de  Operaciones  de  Oriente.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  La  escandalosa  conducta  de  algiinos  Jefes  y  Oficiales  del 
Ejercito  de  Oriente,  que  no  solo  fueron  los  prinieros  en  voltear  la 
espalda  al  enemigo;  ^  sino  ir  difundiendo  el  terror  hasta  esa  Capital, 
hace  precise  una  niedida  fuerte  de  parte  del  Supremo  Gobierno,  y 
yo  pido  expresaniente  que  todo  Jefe  u  Oficial  que  en  el  termino  peren- 
torio  de  veinticuatro  horas,  no  saiga  ^  a  incorporarse  a  este  Ejercito 
6  presentarse  al  Oral  en  Jefe  en  los  dias  que  el  Gobierno  le  senale, 
quedara  por  este  hecho  sin  empleo  y  se  le  expedira  su  licencia  abso- 
luta,  llevandose  a  puro  y  debido  efecto,  sin  consideracion  alguna 
esta  disposicion 

CuARTEL  Gral  en  Orizaba,  Abril  27  de  18^7, 


April  27,  m7. 

Ejercito  de  Operaciones  do  Oriente.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  Desde  que  me  encontraba  en  esa  Capital  a  la  cabeza  del 
Gobierno,'  dispuse  se  ordenase  al  Gral  Dn  Ignacio  Mora  y  Villamil* 
en  Jefe  del  Ejercito  del  Norte,  que  remitiese  a  la  mayor  posible 
vrebedad  4  piezas  de  a  16  y  trescientas  tiendas  de  campaiia  y  como 
no  halla  sabido  si«(Jicho  Gral  a  dado  cumplimiento  a  esta  disposicion, 
he  de  merecer  a  V.  E.  se  sirva  decirme  donde  se  hallan  estos  ma- 
teriales;  y  si  han  llegado  a  esa  Capital,  que  se  disponga  la  con- 
tinuacion  de  la  marcha  hasta  Tehuacan.' 

Como  en  Sn.  Luis  Potosi  hay  una  existencia  de  mas  de  cincuenta 
piezas  de  artilleria,  y  por  este  rumbo  no  ha  quedado  casi  ninguna  de 
regular  calibre,  soy  de  opinion,  que  se  libren  ordenes  por  extraordi- 
nario  al  Sr.  Gral  en  Jefe  del  Ejercito  del  Norte  para  que  ponga  en 
camino  inmediamente  a  demas  de  las  de  a  16  que  se  le  han  pedido 
una  bateria  de  a  12  y  8,  y  para  que  no  halla  demora  en  esto.  seria 
bueno  que  el  Supreme  Gobierno  haga  salir  carros  que  conduzcan 
estas  piezab,  porque  en  Sn  Luis  no  ha  de  haberlos 

Dios  y  Libertad. 

CuARiT>L  Gral  en  Orizba,  Abril  27  de  18]{7. 

>  Santa  Anna  refers  to  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo. 
»  From    Mexico  City. 

*  On  his  return  from  Buena  Vista. 

*  Born  in  Mexico  and  now  about  fifty  six  years  old.  During  this  war  he  was  the  chief 
of  the  military  engineers,  but  when  Santa  .Anna  left  northern  Mexico  after  the  battle  of 
Buena  Vista  he  nppointrd   Morn   commnnder  of  the  .-Vrmy  of  the  North. 

*Tehuac&n,  a  town  of  some  Importance  some  thirty  or  forty  miles  southwest  from 
Orizaba. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.        *  421 

April  28, 1847. 

Let  the  ammunition  detained  at  Puebla  come  to  me.* 
Orizaba. 


April  28, 1847. 

Yesterday   the  enemy  advanced   from   Perote  to  Tepeyahualco   about  2,000 
infantry,  with  eight  light  cannon.'    About  3,000  remain  at  Perote.* 
Okzzaba. 

ApHl  29, 1847. 

Ejercito  de  Operaciones  de  Oriente.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

Exmo  Sr.  No  he  podido  oir  con  indiferencia  ciertas  especies 
vertidas  en  Perote  por  el  <5ral  de  Brigada  Dn.  Juan, Morales,  con 
relacion  al  suceso  de  cerro  gordo.  Este  Jefe  se  hallaba  arrestado 
en  la  fortaleza  de  eqiiel  piinto  con  los  de  su  clase  los  Sres  Landero  *  y 
Duran,^  entre  tanto  se  sustanciaba  la  causa  que  el  Supremo  Gobierno 
les  mando  instruir;  y  prevalido  de  las  ocurrencias  del  dia  18  del  pre- 
sente,  se  ha  marchado  para  Puebla,®  en  donde  se  encuentra  pase- 
andose,  despues  de  haber  escandalizado  con  sus  murmuraciones  en  el 
mismo  Perote,  y  en  su  transit©  hasta  la  Ciudad  referida.  Ha 
llegado  a  mi  noticia,  que  a  la  entrada  en  aquel  Pueblo^  de  la  Caba- 
lleria  dispersa,  a  la  que  iban  agregados  muchos  Jefes  y  Oficales  de 
infanteria,  el  Gral  Morales  montado  en  su  caballo  andaba  de  corrillo 
en  corrillo,  de  casa  en  casa  con  aire  de  triunfo.  sembrando  por  todas 
partes  la  insubordinacion  y  el  desordcn,  aumentando  con  comentarios 
ridiculos  las  exageraciones  de  los  que  en  estos  casos  hechan  mano  de 
frivolos  argumentos  para  conhectar^  su  miedo  y  su  cobardia  y  niani- 
festando  sin  recato  y  sin  pudor  alguno  cierta  espresion  ^  que  por  ser 
tan  frecuentes  entre  sus  labios,  ha  podido  sin  reserva  llegar  a  mis 

'  Some  ammunition  on  its  way  from  Mexico  to  Santa  Anna  stopped  at  Puebla  in  conse- 
quence of  his  losing  his  army  at  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo. 

*  This  refers  to  a  brigade  of  Gen.  Worth's  division,  which  Scott  had  thrown  forward 
rapidly  in  pursuit  of  the  Mexicans  after  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo.  Tepeyahualco  was  a 
small  place  about  fifteen  miles  beyond  I'erote  in  the  direction  of  Puebla. 

'  Worth's  division  numbered  in  all  about  2,330. 

*  Jos^  Juan  Landero  of  Vera  Cruz. 

*  .Tos5  Durfin,  a  veteran  officer,  had  commanded  the  fortress  of  Ulfta  during  the  siege 
of  Vera  Cruz,  and.  allowing  himself  to  be  persuaded  by  Morales  that  he  was  under  the 
orders  of  the  commander  of  the  city,  permitted  the  surrerder  of  the  latter  to  carry  with 
it  tho  surrender  of  the  fortress.  Probably  the  reason  for  this  apparently  astounding  per 
formarice  was  that  the  people  of  Vera  Cruz  saw  that  the  guns  of  Ulrta  would  soon  be  fir- 
ing upon  them,  should  that  fortress  remain  under  Durfin's  command  after  the  Americana 
should  take  possession  of  the  city. 

'  A  city  of  about  80,000  population  some  sixty  or  seventy  miles  (by  road)  southeast  of 
Mfxico. 

"The  town  of  Perote  lay  near  the  fortress  of  thae  name. 

'This  almost  illegible  word  seems  to  stand  for  •' fonectar."  and  the  meaning  may  be 
"  frivolous  arguments  to  make  a  bridge  from  fear  to  cowardice." 

» Expresi6n.  ^ 


422  •  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

oidos.  Ahora  vereTtios  quien  le  forma  »u  causa  ^  al  Gral  Santa  Anna^ 
es  lo  que  constantemente  predica  el  Gral  Morales,  sin  parai-se  en 
medio  alguno  para  detractarnie,  pretendiendo  enbileser'^  mi  nombre 
y  mi  reputacion  con  cierta  especie  astutamente  propagada  por  los 
enemigos  de  la  Republica  de  que  mi  persona  comete  traici(Sn  contra 
los  sjigrados  derechos  de  la  Patria.  Yo  presindo^  de  vindicar  aqui  mi 
conducta  como  soldado  y  como  ciudadano  Mexicano,  por  no  ser  este 
el  objeto  de  la  presente  nota,  y  porque  mis  hechos  como  tal  pertenecen 
a  la  historia  y  no  a  mis  enemigos  personales,  y  solo  me  concreto  a 
significar  a  V.  E.  que  siendo  la  conducta  del  Gral  Morales  en  ex- 
tremo  pernisiosa,*  no  tan  solo  por  lo  que  llevo  manifestado,  si  no 
que  siendo  el  la  causa  principal  6  la  consecuencia  presisa  del  suceso 
mismo  de  cerro  gordo  (que  en  mi  concepto  ha  debido  complacerle) 
me  parece  que  el  Supremo  Gobierno  debe  tomarla  en  consideracion, 
para  ordenar  si  lo  encuentra  por  conveniente  que  el  expresado  Gral 
continue  arrestado  en  la  Ciudadela  de  Mexico,  y  que  su  fiscal  el  Sr. 
Gral  Dn.  Gregorio  Gomez,*  que  se  halla  hy  en  Puebla,  prosiga  la 
causa  que  se  le  ha  mandado  formar,  hasta  que  sea  vista  en  consejo  de 
guerra  de  Sres.  Grales,  agregandose  a  ella  la  presente  nota,  como  se  lo 
suplico  al  E.  S.  Presidente  sustituto  por  conducto  de  V.  E. 

Como  Gral  de  Division  del  Ejercito  Mexicano,  interesado  en  su 
buen  nombre,  y  por  el  mejor  servicio  de  la  patria,  pido  en  toda 
forma  que  la  conducta  del  Gral  Morales  se  ponga  en  tela  de  juicio, 
respecto  de  la  entrega  al  enemigo  de  las  Plazas  de  Veracruz  y  Ulna, 
presentando  a  la  vez  rendidas  y  prisioneros  de  guerra  sus  benemeritas 
guarniciones,  cuando  la  tropa  ni  aun  descargaba  sus  fuciles  y  mani- 
festaba  deseos  de  combatir;  cuando  la  plaza  no  habia  sufrido  asalto 
algimo,  ni  se  habian  inutilizado  ni  perecido  las  dos  terceras  partes  de 
la  tropa  que  las  guarnecia;  cuando,  en  fin,  la  de  Veracruz  no  tenia 
abierta  brecha  practicable  por  donde  el  enemigo  pudiese  intentar  el 
asalto.  .  .  ..  • 

Asi  que,  la  conducta  del  Gral  Morales  es  cobarde  y  traidora  bajo 
cualquier  aspecto  que  se  considere.  Veracruz  y  Uliia  tenian  viveres 
y  municiones,"  y  no  hay  duda  que  pudieran  resistir  hasta  mi  llegada 
con  las  tropas  que  ivan^  en  marcha  y  en  su  auxilio,  que  cierta- 
mente  no  ignoraba  el  Gral  Morales,  porque  se  lo  habia  comunicado 
eJ  Comandante  de  Batallon  de  la  Guardia  Nacional  de  Jalapa  Dn. 
Juan  de  la  Mata  *  que  se  introdujo  en  la  plaza  para  Uevarle  auxilos 

'  Bring  formal  obarges. 

*  Envileopr. 
»  Prescindo. 

*  Pernlciosa. 

'Little  Is  knowu  of  this  man  except  that  he  was  one  of  the  worst  tyites  of  the  Mexican 
officer. 

'  This  appears  to  have  been  true. 
' Iban. 

*  Nothing  Is  known  ot  this  officer. 


HISTORICAL   MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  423 

peciiniarios.^  No  ignoraba  que  cada  dia  que  prolongase  la  defenza 
conseguiria  un  triunfo,  porque  al  enemigo  se  le  disminuian  conside- 
rablements  sus  fuerzas  con  la  enfermedad  de  la  fiebre  y  el  vomito/ 
en  tanto  que  la  estacion  adelantaba;  no  ignoraba  igualmente,  que  a 
la  llegada  del  auxilio  que  yo  mismo  conducia,  ese  enemigo,  devili- 
tado  ^  por  sus  bajas  y  anonadado  por  la  constancia  de  los  de  la  Plaza, 
debia  ser  batido  por  su  retaguardia 

Para  evadirse  de  esto  el  Sr.  Morales  comprometio  al  Gral  Dn  Jose 
Juan  Landero,  a  fin  de  que  se  encargara  del  mando,*  y  que  bajo 
su  nombre  se  consunxara  la  fatal  entrega,  pasando  en  seguida  a 
Uliia  a  comprometer  al  honrado  Gral  Duran  para  que  rindiera 
aquella  fortaleza,  convenciendole  primero  de  que  no  era  mas  que 
el  Comandante  Militar  de  ella,  debiendo  por  tanto  someterse  a  lo 
que  el  Comandante  gral  del  Estado  le  preceptuase.'*  Vease  por  esto 
la  parte  principal,  y  sin  duda  alguna  esclusiva,''  que  el  Gral  Morales 
ha  tenido  en  el  hecho  a  que  voy  refiriendome,  cuando  hypocritamente 
pretendio  cubrir  su  crimen  con  la  entrega  que  hizo  del  mando  al 
sencillo  Gral  Landero.  Porque  aun  cuando  la  plaza  de  Veracruz 
careciera  de  recursos  para  prolongar  su  defenza,  claro  es  que  quedaba 
al  Gral  Morales  el  de  abrirse  paso  por  entre  el  enemigo  con  cinco  mil 
hombres  de  que  constaba  su  guarnicion  despues  de  dejar  provista 
de  viveres  la  fortaleza  de  Ulua 

Pelear  y  ser  vencido,  no  es  por  cierto  deshonra  en  los  anales  de  la 
Milicia;  pero  pelear  para  ser  humillado,  lo  reprueban  el  honor,  las 
leyes  de  la  guerra,  y  la  civilizacion  del  siglo  en  que  vivimos 

Las  guarniciones  de  Veracruz  y  Ulua  han  pasado  por  las  horcas 
caudinas.  Cada  individuo  fue  entregando  sus  armas  y  sus  banderas, 
y  despues  se  toco  fagina  para  que  los  Cuerpos  se  dispersasen  y 
marcharan  como  pudieran  al  interior  de  la  Republica,  resultando  de 
esto  un  desvandamiento  ^  escandaloso,  robos  y  exesos^  que  come- 
tieron  los  soldados,  y  el  panico  que  a  la  vez  esparcian  por  todos  los 
pueblos  del  trancito^  con  la  fatal  noticia  de  que  ivan  afectados. 

La  consecuencia  de  todo  debio  ser  muy  funesta  para  la  nacion,  y 
aun  ese  mismo  suceso  de  Serro  ^°  Gordo  que  tanto  parece  ha  compla- 
cido  al  Gral  Morales,  es  una  de  ellas,  y  por  consiguiente  un  cargo 

1  Mata  certainly  did  this. 

«The  season   of  yellow   fever  was  at   hand,   and  cases  probably  occurred   before  Vera 
Cruz   surrendered   to   Scott. 
»  Debilltado. 

*  When  it  became  clear  that  Vera  Cruz  would  surrender.  Morales,  who  doubtless  knew 
what  he  had  to  expect  from  Santa  Anna's  hostility  against  him,  turned  the  command  over 
to  Landero  and  left  the  city  in  a  boat.     Landero  then  surrendered. 

"This  appears  to  be  a  verb  derived  from  "  precepto.'    precept. 

*  Exclusiva. 

'  Desbandamiento. 

*  Escesos. 
•Trfinsito. 
"  Cerro. 


424  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

mas  que  le  resulta,  porque  siendo  su  senoria  Comandante  Gial  del 
Estado,  debio  fortificar  con  anticipacion  aquella  importante  gar- 
ganta/  cumpliendo  asi  con  uno  de  sus  deberes  como  Gral,  al  tienipo 
mismo  que  con  las  ordenes  y  prevenciones  terminantcs  del  Supremo 
Gobierno  sobre  el  particular.  Si  el  punto  de  Serro  Gordo  se  hubiera 
fortificado,  como  era  debido,  vo  me  habria  encontrado  con  este  apoyo, 
y  el  enemigo  probablemente  no  lo  hubiera  llegado  a  tomar,  pues 
aunque  me  posecione^  de  el  y  me  decidi  con  un  pufiado  de  hombres 
a  disputarle  el  paso,  cuando  el  enemigo  salia  de  Veracruz  con  direc- 
cion  a  Jalapa,  no  fue  posible  en  8  das'  y  sin  operarios  hacer  obras 
que  requerian  necesariamente  mas  tiempo*  y  mas  tranquilidad: 
bastante  se  hizo  en  tan  pocos  dias  como  es  constante;  mas  no  de 
manera  que  los  puntos  quedaran  bien  asegurados,  cuando  apenas  bubo 
lugar  de  atender  a  las  avenidas  principales,  de  cuya  circunstancia 

supo  aprobecharse  *  el  enemigo 

CuARTEL  Gral  en  Orizaba,  Ahril  29,  1847. 


May  12,  1847. 
To  General  Joaquin  Rea. 

Ejercito  de  operaciones  de  Oriente.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

Conociendo  la  eficacia  de  V.  S.  y  el  celo  por  el  bien  del  servicio 
nacional  he  tenido  por  conveniente  comisionarlo  para  que  inmediata- 
mente  marche  a  Tlapa  *  con  el  objeto  de  reunir  todas  las  fuerzas  per- 
manentes  Activas  y  de  Guardia  Nacional  que  existen  en  aquella  de- 
marcacion  y  en  las  subprefecturas  de  Acatlan  y  Chautla,  con  cuyas 
fuerzas  regresara  V.  S.  a  incorporarse  a  este  ejercito  de  mi  mando. 
Igualmente  autoriso  a  V.  S.  para  recoger  cuantas  armas  y  caballos 
utiles  de  todas  aquellas  demarcaciones  para  remontar  los  cuerpos  de 
caballeria  del  Ejercito  y  cuantos  efectos  de  guerra  existen  en  las 
mismas  polaciones ^ 

Puebla,«  Mayo  12  fie  181,7. 

Al  Gral  Joaqvin  Rea.^ 

1  Morales  had  not  the  means  of  doing  this,  and  until  Santa  Anna  arrived  upon  the 
ground  It  was  not  itnown  at  which  of  several  ell;:lblo  points  (one  of  them  stronger  than 
Cerro  Gordo  pass)   he  would  decide  to  make  a  stand. 

*  Posesione. 

'Santa  Anna  was  on  the  ground  Apr.  t. 

*  This  was  true.  Santa  Anna  displayed  remarkable  energy  and  accomplished  a  great 
deal.  But  the  real  secret  of  his  failure  was  a  lack  of  judgment  rather  than  a  lack  of 
time. 

'  Aprovecharse. 

•This  and  the  towns  named  below  were  small  places  at  the  southern  end  of  the  State 
of  Puebla  or  nearby  in  the  State  of  Guerrero. 

'  Santa  Anna  believed  in  taking  what  he  desired  wherever  he  found  It. 

'  Santa  Anna  had  Just  arrived  from  Oriaaba  with  what  troops  be  had  been  able  to 
collect. 

»  Rea  was  the  principal  guerrilla  chief  in  this  quarter. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION.  425 

May  13,  1847.  ^ 

Ejercito  de  Operaciones  de  Oriente.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  Segun  los  partes  que  he  recibido  hasta  esta  hora  que  son  laj. 
9  de  la  noche,  la  Division  de  vanguardia  del  enemigo  compuesta  de 
cuatro  mil  hombres  debe  dormir  esta  noche  en  Amozoc,^  la  Division 
del  centre  compuesta  de  mil  quinientos  en  ojo  de  Agua,^  y  la 
retaguardia  compuesta  de  igual  fuerza  segiin  algunos  datos,  debera 
salir  de  Jalapa  de  viernes  a  Sabado  de  la  presente  semana.^ 

Desde  Nopalucan*  dirijio  ayer  el  Gral  Worth  al  E.  S.  Gober- 
nador  ®  del  Estado  la  comunicacion  ®  de  que  acompano  a  V.  E.  copia 
y  habiendome  dado  cuenta  con  ella,  le  indique  que  contestase,  que 
hallandome  yo  aqui,  a  mi  es  quien  debia  dirigirse. 

Como  ya  he  dicho  a  V.  E.  la  fuerza  y  elementos  con  que  cuento 
no  son  suficientes  para  comprometer  una  batalla  con  el  enemigo  con 
probabilidades  de  buen  exito;  y  por  eso  he  determinado  salir  el  dia 
de  manana  para  San  Martin  Tesmelucan  ^  con  las  tropas  de  mi 
mando  divididas  en  brigadas,  y  sistemando  todo  con  el  orden  que 
corresponde. 

PuEBLA,  Mayo  13  de  18 Iff, 


May  13,  18^7. 

Ejercito  de  Operaciones  de  Oriente. '  Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  Con  fecha  de  ayer  dije  al  E.  S.  Gobernador  del  Estado  lo  que 
sigue. 

"E.  S.  Al  llegar  a  esta  ciudad  he  leido  con  la  mayor  sorpresa  y 
disgusto  consiguiente,  el  bando  que  el  dia  29  del  pasado  publico  en 
esta  ciudad  el  prefecto  Dn.  Jose  Sanchez  prescribiendo  las  reglas  que 
debe  observar  la  poblacion  cuando  el  Ejercito  enemigo  entre  a  esta 
misma  Ciudad.*  .  .  .  ." 

He  determinado  que  se  abra  un  juicio  al  funcionario  indicado  para 
que  responda  de  su  conducta  ante  los  tribunales  competentes 

PuEBLA,  Mayo  13  de  18^7. 

^  A  manufacturing  town  of  considerable  size  on  the  road  from  Jalapa  and  Perote  to 
Puebla,  and  ten  or  eleven  miles  from  Puebla. 

2  Ojo  de  Agua,  a  point  between  Tepeyahualco  and  Amozoc,  where  there  was  a  very 
large  spring. 

'This  part  of  the  American  army,  commanded  by  Gen.  Twiggs,  left  Jalapa  on  May  22. 

*  A  rather  important  town  on  the  same  road  about  thirty-six  miles  from  Puebla. 

•  J.   R.   Isunza. 

•  In  this  communication  Gen.  Worth  announced  that  he  was  about  to  occupy  Puebla, 
and  expressed  a  wish  to  confer  with  the  authorities  previously,  so  as  to  arrange  matters 
.nmicably. 

'  A  town  about  twenty  miles  from  Puebla  on  the  direct  road  to  Mexico. 

*  Santa  Anna  had  reason  to  protest  against  the  proclamation,  for  it  showed  no  disposi- 
tion to  opposo  the  Americans.  The  authorities  of  the  State  and  city  had  in  fact  arranged 
to  receive  our  forces  amicably. 


426  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

May  13,  1847. 

Ejereito  de  operaciones  de  Oriente.     Grsil  en  Jefe. 

E.  S La  proclama  ^  que  el  Gral  Scott  dirige  a  la  nacion 

mexicana,  la  cual  por  sii  estilo  parece  escrita  originalmente  en  Cas- 
tcllano-  y  no  tradueida  del  yngles.  Ojala  que  no  sea  cierta  la  sos- 
pecha  que  abrigo  de  que  sea  redactada  por  algun  mexicano  de  esos 
que  han  contribuido  con  sus  escritos  y  con  sus  hechos  a  enconar  a 
los  mejicanos  unos  contra  otros,  y  a  llevar  a  la  nacion  al  lastimoso 
estado  en  que  hoy  se  encuentra. 

Esa  proclama  de  Scott  esta  escrita  con  la  mas  refinada  hipocrecia  • 
y  con  la  mas  infame  perfidia,  Es  el  mayor  de  los  insultos  (jue  se 
puede  hacer  al  pueblo  Mexicano,  a  quien  se  pretende  adormecer  para 
hacerio  presa  de  la  ambicion  de  esa  Nacion  *  enemiga  de  nuestra 
raza,  cuando  por  otra  parte  no  tiene  embarazo  en  proclauiar  por  la 
prensa  y  en  documentos  oficiales  que  viene  a  hacernos  una  guerra  de 
conquista 

Ya  se  ve,  ese  escrito  esta  en  armonia  con  algunos  de  los  que  ban 
visto  la  luz  publica  en  esa  Capital  en  los  ultimos  dias,  que  con  razon 
los  han  juzgado  los  mexicanos  sensatos,  mas  perjudiciales  por  la 
ponzona  que  encierran,  que  la  perdida  de  una  batalla. 

Pero  en  medio  del  encono  que  demuestra  tener  contra  mi  el  Gral 
Scott,  me  honra  demasiado,  cuando  dice  que  ellos  se  equivocaron  al 
juzgar  de  mis  verdaderas  intensiones  ^  y  que  por  eso  me  permitio 
8U  Gohiemo  regresar  a  m,i  pads.  En  efecto  V.  E.  los  Estados  unidos 
se  enganaron  cuando  creyeron  que  yo  seria  capaz  de  traicionar  a  mi 
patria.  Antes  que  tal  cosa  sucediera,  preferiria  ser  quemado  en  una 
hoguera  y  que  mis  cenizas  se  esparcieran  para  que'  de  ellas  no  quedara 
ni  un  solo  atomo.®  .... 

PuEBLA,  Mayo  13  de  18^7. 


May  16,  1847. 

Ejereito  de  Operaciones  de  Oriente.    Gral  en  Jefe. 

E.  S El  enemigo  pernoctaba  en  Amozoc  y  yo  me  prepa- 

raba  para  pasar  a  situarme  en  este  pueblo  con  las  tropas  de  mi 
mando,  el  dia  de  ayer.  En  efecto,  la  infanteria  y  la  artilleria  salieron 
para  este  lugar;  pero  la.  caballeria  la  reserve  para  hacer  un  movi- 

•  A  proclamation  dated  May  11  and  issued  at  Jalapa  (House  exec.  doc.  60,  30tta  Cong.. 
1st   sess.,  p.   968). 

'  This  conjecture  was  correct.  The  proclamation  proceeded  from  Mexican  and  clerical 
sources. 

•  Ilipocresia. 

*The  United  States. 

•  Intenciones. 

•  It  Is  doubtless  true  that  In  ^ving  the  United  States  to  understand  that  he  was  likely 
to  make  peace,  should  he  regain  power  in  Mexico,  Santa  .\nna  believed  that  it  would  be 
for  the  advanta;;e  of  his  country  to  terminate  the  unequal  contest. 


HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS  COMMISSION.  427 

miento,  con  el  iinimo  de  sorprender  unu  convoy  de  cerca  de  docientos 
carros  que  caminaba  custodiado  con  muy  poca  fuerza  '  a  iinirse  a 
la  primera  division  -  del  ejercito  enemigo,  llevando  el  movimiento  el 
doble  objeto  de  desafiar  a  este,  para  que  saliendo  de  Amozoc  a  un 
terreno  convenlente,  se  librase  una  batalla. 

El  convoy  que  llevo  referido  pernocto  el  dia  13  en  Nopalucan,  y 
yo  calcule  que  aunque  saliere  muy  temprano,  lo  encontraria  mas  aca 
de  Acajete  ^  en  el  punto  en  que  el  torreno  se  presta  para  a  maniobra 
de  la  caballeria,  pero  sin  duda  la  circunstancia  de  venir  al  cuidado 
de  muy  poca  tropa,  oblige  al  Jefe  de  esta  a  salir  precautoriamenle  a 
media  noche,  de  manera  que  a  las  ocho  y  media  de  la  maiiana  hora 
en  que  yo  flanqueaba  a  Amozoc  para  tomar  el  camino  real,  ya  el  con- 
voy estaba.  muy  proximo  al  pueblo,  en  un  callejon  cubierto  con 
arboles  de  un  lado  y'otro  que  lo  defendian  de  los  ataques  de  mi  tropa. 
Sin  embargo,  el  enemigo*  temeroso  de  que  el  convoy  fuera  tornado, 
destaco  inmediatamente  en  su  auxilio  una  fuerza  como  de  mil  infantes 
y  seis  piezas  de  artilleria,  con  las  cuales  hizo  un  vivo  canoneo  sobre  mi 
columna,  que  impavida  prosiguio  su  marcha  hasta  una  legua  mas 
alia  de  Amozoc,  en  cuyo  punto  determine  contramarchar  a  Puebla  a 
donde  llegue  a  las  cuatro  y  media  de  la  tarde  en  el  mejor  orden.' 

Toda  la  poblacion  de  esta  hermosa  Ciudad  se  conmovio  al  entrar 
mi  division  dando  seiiales  del  mas  vivo  entusiasmo.  Yo  tuve  trabajo 
para  caminar,  porque  millares  de  ciudadanos  me  rodeaban  victo- 
reando  a  la  independencia  y  a  la  Republica  y  pronunciando  palabras 
que  esplicaban  el  odio  que  profesan  a  nuestros  invasores." 

En  estos  momentos,  diversas  sensaciones  tuvo  mi  corazon,  porque 
veia  a  un  pueblo  animado  que  me  pedia  con  empeiio  armas  para  de- 
fenderse,  dando  las  mas  patentes  senales  de  amor  a  la  libertad  de  su 
patria;  y  porque  refleccionaba  en  la  responsabilidad  que  ban  con- 
traido,  los  que,  pudiendo,  no  ban  sacado  todo  elpartido  posible  de  la 
buena  disposicion  de  ese  mismo  pueblo.^  Lo  que  ha  faltado  en 
aquella  ciudad,  Sr  Exmo,  son  hombres  que  lo  muevan  en  provecho  de 
la  causa  nacional. 

»  Under  Gen.  John  A.  Quitman. 
2  Gen.   Worth's. 

*  Between   Amozoc  and   Nopalucan. 
*Gen.  Worth. 

^  Santa  -Anna's  account  of  this  affair  Is  not  entirely  correct.  He  nenrly  surprised 
Worth's  division  at  Amozoc,  for  that  general  had  neglected  to  post  guards  and  send  out 
patrols;  but  the  flre  of  the  American  artillery  quickly  scattered  the  Mexicans.  They  re 
assembled,  however,  and  proceeded  against  Quitman:  but  Quitman,  who  h:i(l  in  fact  sei 
out  early  so  as  to  reduce  the  distance  between  l;iiiiself  and  Worth,  had  been  warned  by 
the  noise  of  the  firing,  and,  assisted  by  a  detachment  promptly  sent  to  his  aid  by  Worth, 
presented  so  imposing  a  front  that  Santa  Anna  gave  up  the  idea  of  attacking  him. 

•  It  is  quite  possible  that  Impressionable  Pueblans  acted  about  as  is  liere  stated  ;  but 
In  reality  that  city  disliked  Santa  Anna  deeply,  and  he  knew  It. 

'  Santa  Anna  refers  lo  the  State  and-citjr  authorities,  who  had  in  fact  an  understand- 
ing with   the  Americans. 


428  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Prosiguiendo  el  hilo  de  la  narracion  que  hacia  de  la  opeiacion  mili- 
tar,  lire  a  V.  E.  que  aunque  el  guia  que  me  conducia  por  haber  equi- 
vocado  el  camino,  nos  condujo  a  tiro  de  metralla  del  pueblo  de  Amo- 
zoc  y  flanqueamos  comjiletamente  ese  pueblo,  dando  a  entender  al 
enemigo  con  este  atrevido  movimiento  el  desprecio  con  que  lo  veia- 
mos.  fil  no  se  resolvio  a  alejarse  del  lugar  en  que  tenia  todo  su 
apoyo,  una  vez  que  vio  asegurado  el  convoy;  y  tanto  yo  como  todos 
mis  subordinados  nos  regresamos  con  el  sentimiento  de  que  el  ene- 
migo  no  hubiera  admitido  nuestro  reto  en  campo  raso.  La  perdida 
que  tenemcs  que  deplorar  en  esta  funcion  de  armas  es  la  de  tres  solda- 
dos  muertos  y  un  herido  y  cuatro  caballos  muertos.^ 

No  obstante  que  se  sabia  que  el  enemigo  debia  moverse  muy  tem- 
prano  para  Puebla,  yo  quise  que  la  Division  de  Caballeria  pernoctase 
anoche  en  la  misma  ciudad  y  al  amanecer  de  hoy  emprendio  su 
marcha  para  este  Pqeblo,  al  que  Uegue  yo  igualmente  esta  maiiana. 

•         •         •         • 

San  Martin  Tesmelucan,  Mayo^  15  de  1847. 


{ 


May  16,  18^7. 


Ejercito  de  Operaciones  de  Oriente.    General  en  Jefe. 

E.  S.  Desde  ayer  hasta  hoy  que  son  las  ocho  de  la  noche,  no  ha 
ocurrido  otra  cosa  digna  del  conocimiento  del  Supremo  Gobierno, 
que  haber  ocupado  eVIEnemigo  a  la  ciudad  de  Puebla  en  numero  de 
cinco  mil  infantes,  doscientos  caballos,^  rece  piezas  de  artilleria  y 
cuatro  cientos  carros,  y  segun  los  partes  que  he  recibido,  aquella  popu- 
losa  ciudad  se  movio  toda  en  plazas  y  calles  balcones  y  ventanas  para 
presenciar  la  entrada  de  los  invasores.  Una  persona  que  llego  esta 
manana  y  hablo  con  un  Jefe  enemigo  me  ha  informado  que  aquel  le 
aseguro  que  dentro  de  un  mes  se  pondrian  en  marcha  para  esa  capital, 
despues  de  haber  recibido  un  gran  refuerzo 

Las  guerrillas  que  dije  organizadas  en  tierra  caliente  cerca  de  Vera- 
cruz atacaron  al  destacamento  que  existia  en  Santa  Fe,  compuesto  de 
cincuenta  hombres,  ^  quienes  pasaron  fl  cuchillo,  apoderandose  de  sus 
armas,  caballos,  equipos  y  algunas  otras  cosas.^  Estas  operaciones 
aunque  en  pequeno  son  las  que  mas  dano  pueden  hacer  al  enemigo  y 
por  eso  he  tomado  tanto  empeno  para  que  por  todas  partes  por  donde 
Aquel  se  encuentre  se  organicen  partidas  ligeras  que  lo  hostilicen  a 
codo  trance, 

Dios  y  Libertad,  * 

CuARTEL  Gral  EN  San  Martin,  Mayo  16  de  18^7. 

>  Amorican  reports  mado  his  loss  considerably  larger, 
•The  Americans  numbered  less  than  4.000. 
*  An  aifair  of  this  g^ieral  kind  did  take  place. 


INDEX  TO  SANTA  ANNA  PAPERS. 


Acajete,  427. 

Acapulco,  birthplace  of  Pinz6n,  416rt. 

Aeatliln,  424. 

Acultzingo,  heights,  378,  417. 

Agua    Nueva,    Taylor   at,   412 ;    \ritbdraTval 

from,  414. 
Aldania,  revolt  of  presidial  company,  382. 
AllPiule,  Villa  de,  400. 
Almonte,    Oen.   Juan    N.,    minister   of   war, 

358w. ;  biog.  note,  360». 
Alvarado,    407n. 

Amozoc,   American  force  at,  425,   426;   en- 
gagement,  427n.,  428. 
Ampudia,  Gen.  Pedro  de,  biog.  note,  363ri. ; 

at  Monterey,  364,  366  ;  at  Saltillo,  365  ; 

ordered    to    San    Luis    PotosI,    368,    369, 

373  ;  letter  quoted,  376. 
Anaya,  Oen.  Pedro  M.,  substitute  president, 

419»i. 
Apache     Indians,     ravages     in     Chihuahua, 

404n. 
Arabe,  360. 

Arista,  Oen.  Mariano,  defeat  of,  358. 
Armijo.  Manuel,  and  caravan  trade,  391. 
Arroyosarco,   363. 

Arteaga,  Oen.  Manuel,  letter  from,  417,  418, 
Atalaya,  La,  hill,  engagement,  419n. 
Atotonileo  de  los  Martinez,  398. 

Baranda,  Manuel,  politician,  366n. 
Barradas,  Brig.  Isidro,  defeat  at  Tampico,  378n. 
Beach,  Moses  Y.,  special  agent  to   Mexico, 

409. 
Boca  Chica,  strait,  405. 
Bravo,  Nlcolfis,  vice-pres.  Mexico,  358. 
Brazos  Island,  405. 
Buena  Vista,  battle  of,  362n.,  363n.,  365n., 

383».,  411m.,  412,  413-414. 

Cadiz,  Spain,  birthplace  of  Min6n,  362n. 

Camargo,  American  base,  363n.,  376,  387. 

Canales,  Antonio,  biog.  note,  387n. 

Canalizo,  Geii.  Valentin,  Mexican  minister 
of  war,  358n.;  and  insurrection  at  Mex- 
ico, 415,  415n.  ;  defense  of  National  High- 
way,   416. 

Castaneda,  ,  376. 

Castillo  Negrete,  Emlllo  del,  cited,  359. 

Catholic  church,  property  of,  381n.,  385n., 
406n.,  407n.,  408n.,  415n. 

Cedral,  413. 

Central  America,  relations  with  U.  S.,  384. 

Cerralvo,   363. 

Cerro  Gordo,  400,  404 ;  battle  of,  363/1., 
»87n.,  415,  416,  418,  419.  420n.,  421m., 
423,  424 


Chautla,  424. 

Chiapas,    comandante    general    of,    quoted, 

384,   391. 
Chihuahua     (city),    occupation    of,    370n., 

377n.,  382,  392n.,  399  ;  forces  in,  404. 
Chihuahua  (State),  forces  of,  384,  404-405. 
Chiquihuite,  fortification  of,  418. 
Churubusco,  battle  of,  363n. 
Coahuila,   legislature   of,   protests   invasion, 

386. 
Coatepec,  militia  of,  362. 
Comanche   Indians,   ravages   in   Chihuahua, 

404n. 
Connor,  Comm.  David,  at  Vera  Cruz,  360 ; 

at  Tampico,  378,  379. 
C6rdoba,  417,  418. 
Corral  Falso,  pass,  415. 
Cuencame,   398. 
Cuernavaca,  365. 
Cuilti,  Lt.-Col.  Gavino,  at  El  Paso  del  Norte, 

404. 

Diario  del  Oobierno,  408,  411. 
Diaz,  Porflrio,  and  Santa  Anna,  357. 
Doniphan,    Col.    Alexander    W.,    ordered   to 

Chihuahua,   370 ;   at  El  Paso  del  Norte, 

404;  and  Heredla,  384. 
DurJln,  Jose,  surrender  of  Ulfla,  421».,  423. 
Durango   (city),  382,  392,  403. 
Durango  (State),  forces  of,  384  ;  mentioned, 

398,  400. 

Echagaray,  Domingo,  370. 

Encero,  estate  of  Santa  Anna,  362n.,  418. 

Farias,  Valentin  G.,  democratic  leader,  358 ; 
vice-pres.,  407n. ;  acting  pros.,  408n., 
409w.,  410n.;  and  Insurrection  at  Mexico, 
415n. ;  displaced,   419n. 

Flores,  Jos^  I.,  373. 

Fresnillo,  398. 

Garay,  Oen.  Francisco,  appointment  pro- 
tested, 370,  371. 

Gigldo,  380. 

Gfimez,  Oen.  Grcgorio,  attorney,  422. 

Gonzalez,  Eduardo,  vice-gov.  of  Coahuila, 
letter  quoted,  405,  405». 

Guanajuato,  gov.  of,  opposition  to  Santa 
Anna,  368. 

Guerrero,  Vicente,  president  of  Mexico,  394. 

Gutierrez,  Oen.  J.  I.,  Mexican  minister  of 
war,  358. 

Guzmftn,  Gen.  D.  Angel,  ordered  to  Quert- 
taro,  365 ;  to  San  Luis  Potosf,  366. 

429 


430 


INDEX   TO   SANTA   ANNA  PAPERS. 


Uaro  y  Tamiirlz.   Antonio,  minister  of  the 

treasury.   .'i'Jd  ii.  ;   name  explained,   3(52n. 
Hav:ina,   Cuba.   300   «.,  409;   birthplace  of 

Anipudla,   3G3n. 
Heredia,    Oen.   Jos6   A.,   appointment,   384 ; 

biog.  note,  384n.;  letters  from,  400,  403. 
Herrera,    Jos6    .T.,  •  pres.    of    Mexico,    357 ; 

overthrown,   358. 
Hoya,    La,    fortiricatlon    of    pass   at,    419h. 
Huehuetoca,  363. 

Independence,  Mo.,  on  caravan  route,  387. 
Indians,  ravages  4n  Chihuahua.  404. 
Isunza,  J.  R.,  gov.  of  Puobla,  425n. 
Itfirbide,  and  Santa  Anna,  357. 

Jalapa,   birthplace  of  Santa   Anna,   357n. ; 

militia  of,  362  ;  mentioned,  417,  419,  424, 

425. 
Jufirez,  Benito  P.,  and  Santa  Anna,  357. 

Kearny,  Gen.  Stephen  W.,  at  Santa  Fe, 
370«.,  39 In. 

Lagos,  see  San  Juan  de  los  Lagos. 

Landero,  J.  Juan,  comandante  general  of 
Vera  Cruz,  361,  372rt. ;  imprisonment  of, 
421  ;  surrender  of  Vera  Cruz,  423. 

Le6n,   Oen.   Antonio,   418. 

Leona,  380. 

Lojero,  Col.  Francisco,  letter  from.  391. 

Mackenzie,  Comtriander  A.  Slidell,  negotia- 
tions with  Santa  Anna,  358. 

Marcy,  William  L.,  despatch^of,  368m. 

Martinez  de  Lejarza,  Oen*. Majriano,  382, 
392,  398. 

Mata,  Juan  de  la,  messenger  to  Vera  Cruz, 
422-423. 

Matamoros,  406. 

Matehuala,  367,  381,  403. 

Mexico  (State),  legislature  of,  protests  use 
of  Church  property,  408. 

Mlfi6n,  Oen.  Jos4  V.,  biojr.  note,  362n. 

Mocambo,  rumored  landing  at,  419. 

Molino,  Hacienda  del,  engagement,  376. 

Molino  del  Rey,  battle  of,  363. 

Monclova,   380n..   390,   401. 

Montemorelos,   387. 

Monterey,  Calif.,  occupation  of,  377. 

Monterey,  Nuevo  Le6n,  363>i. ;  Ampudia  at, 
364,  366  ;  retreat  from,  376,  376n.  ;  pass- 
ports to,  383  :  defense  of,  387h.  :  with- 
drawal of  Taylor,  388,  399 ;  Mexican 
wounded  at,  392,  392n.  ;  mentioned.  403. 
-Mora  y  Villamll,  Oen.  Ignacio.  biog.  note, 
420n. 

Morales,  Oen.  Juan,  comandante  general 
of  Vera  Cruz,  372 ;  Imprisonment  of, 
421 ;   charges  against,   422-424. 

Morelos,  Jos6  M.,  360. 

Morelos.     (fee  Montemorelos. 

Moreno, ,  368. 

Navarro,  Jacobo  S.,  373. 
Nopalflcan.  425,  427. 
Nuevo  Leon.  379. 


Oaxaca,  360. 
OJo  de  Agua.  425n. 

Orizaba,    Mexican    retreat    to,    419 ;    men- 
tioned, 417,  418. 

Pacuache,  380. 

Palmlllas,  371. 

Pftnuco,  371n. 

Palo  Alto,  battle  of,  363». 

Paredes   y   ArriUaga.    Oen.   Mariano,   revolt 

against   Herrero,  358 ;   biog.   note.   362n., 

388n. 
Parras,  occupation   of,  392.  393,  398.  399  ; 

withdrawal   from,  401-402. 
Parrodl,   .\nastasio.   comandante  general  at 

Tampico,  370,  400n. 
Paso  del  Calvo,  398. 
Paso  del  Norte,  404. 
Patos,  401. 
Patterson,  Maj.-Oen.  Robert,  letter  of.  405 ; 

at  Victoria,  406. 
P^rez,    Gen.   Francisco,   biog.   note,   363n. 
Perote,    fortress    at,    361,    362,    416,    417; 

American  force  at,  421. 
Pillow,  Brig.-Qen.  Gideon  J.,  at  Matamoros, 

406. 
Plnzfin,  Luis,  biog.  note,  41Gn. 
Plan  del  Rio,  418. 
Polk,  James  K.,  relations  with  Santa  Anna, 

358. 
Ponce  de  Le6n,  Oen.  Francisco,  biog.  note, 

364n. ;  arrival  at  San  I^uis  Potosi,  369. 
Portilla,   Col.  Nicolas  de   la,   397,   398. 
Puebla    (city),    mentioned,    370,    416,    421, 

422,  425  ;  reception  of  Santa  Anna,  427 ; 

American  occupation,  428. 
Puebla     (State),     legislature     of,     protest 

against  use  of  Church  property,  408. 

Queretaro,  365  ;  birthplace  of  Reyes,  370n. 
Qucr^taro    (State),  army   contingent,    372; 

legislature    of,    protest    against    use    of 

Church  property,  408. 
Quitman,  Oen.  John  A.,  at  Amozoc,  427. 

Rangel,    Gen.   Joaquin.    416n. 

Uea,  Joaquin,  guerrilla  chief,  letter'to,  424 

Real  de  San  Juan,  398. 

Rejfin,    Manuel    C,    minister    of    relations, 

360n. 
Resaca  de  la  Palma,  battle  of,  363n. 
Reyes,  Oen.  Isidro,  biog.  note,  370n.;  men 

tioned,  382  ;  letter  quoted,  397. 
Rio  Bravo  del  Norte,  380. 
Rio  Grande,  380,  405. 

Sacriflcios,  island,  419n. 

Salas,  Oen.  Jos6  M..  heads  revolution,  358 ; 

acting  pres.  of  Mexico.  360.  302,  381. 
SaltlUo,  363,  364,  367,  368,  376,  381,  412; 

passports  to,   383 ;  American  occupation 

of,  386;  intended  attack,  399;  reinforce 

ment  of,  402. 
San  Agustin  de  Melllla,  398. 
San  Antonio,  Tex.,  377. 
San  Antonio  de  Tula,  363,  371,  379,  382. 

386,  388. 
San    Buena    Ventara,    revolt    of    presidia< 

company,  382. 


I 


INDEX   TO   SANTA   ANNA  PAPEKS. 


431 


Sitnchez,  Jose,  prefect  of  Puebla,  425. 

San  Fernando,  377. 

San  Juan  de  los  Lagos  and  caravan  trade, 
387n.,  390-391. 

San  Juan  del  Rio,  363. 

San  Juan  de  Ulfla.     See  Ultla. 

San   Lorenzo,   Hacienda  de,   402. 

San  Luis  PotosI,  concentration  of  Mexican 
forces  at,  363,  363n.,  364,  365,  366,  367, 
368,  370n.,  376 ;  reception  of  Santa 
Anna,  369  ;  mentioned,  417,  420. 

San  Luis  Potosi  (State),  army  contingent, 
372. 

San  Martin  Tesmelucan,  425. 

San  Miguel  del  Mexquital,  396,  398. 

San  Sebastian,  Hacienda  de,  estate,  367. 

Santa  Anna,  Antonio  L.  de,  character,  357, 
365n.,  424n. ;  career  prior  to  war  with 
U.  S.,  357-358 ;  arrival  at  Vera  Cruz, 
358,  300  ;  plan  for  concentration  at  San 
Luis  Potosf,  363,  364,  370n. ;  reception 
at  San  Luis  Potosf,  369 ;  and  evacua- 
tion of  Tanipico,  379 ;  and  property  of 
Church,  3S5»i.,  406,  407,  408n.,  409n. ; 
opposition  to.  In  Zacatecas,  393  fC. ; 
elected  president,  400n. ;  relations  with 
U.  S.,  408,  426 ;  wealth  of,  410  ;  wound, 
414 ;  reception  at  Puebla,  427  :  capture 
of  Tampico,  378n. 

Santa   Anna   de   Tamaullpas,   see  Tampico. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  occupied  by  Kearny,  370  ; 
on  caravan  route,  387 ;  American  force 
at,  391 ;  guerilla  attack  on,  428. 

Santa  Rosalia,  404. 

Scott,  Oen.  Winfleld,  capture  of  Vera  Cruz. 
372n.,  415,  423n. ;  and  discipline,  405 ; 
at  Cerro  Gordo,  419 ;  proclamation  of, 
426. 

Sierra  Madre,  363,  368,  371,  388. 

Slnnott,  ,  403,  403». 

Sloat,  Commodore  John  D.,  at  Monterey,' 
377rt. 

Soto.  Juan,  418. 
\ 

Tabasco,  gov.  of,  quoted,  362. 

Taeubaya,    residence    of    Santa    Anna,    363. 

Tamaullpas,  379. 

Tampico,  evacuation  of,  368,  371,  378-379. 
379n.,  386,  406,  408n. ;  blockade,  369n. ; 
line  of  communication,  388  ;  embarkation 
from,  407. 

Tansuabe,  371. 

Taylor,  Gen.  Zachary,  363,  368,  376.  383n. : 
occupies  Saltlllo,  386 ;  withdrawal  from 
Monterey,  388,  399,  403;  at  Victoria, 
406 ;  at  Agua  Nneva,  412 ;  at  Buena 
Vista,  413  ;  treatment  of  wounded,  392  ; 
and  discipline,  406. 


Tehuacan,  420. 

Tclegrafo,  El,  hill,  363,  419. 

Tepcyahualco,   421. 

Thornton,  Capt.,  358. 

Tlapa,  424. 

Trancas,  398. 

Trias.    Angel,    gov.    of    Chihuahua.    370rt., 

404. 
Tula,  363. 

Tula,      iiee   San    Antonio   de   Tula. 
Tuxpam,  368,  371. 
Twiggs,   Oen.  David  E.,  416n. ;   attacks  La 

Atalaya  hill,  419h.  ;  leaves  Jalapa,  425n. 

Ugarte,  Oen.  Maurlclo,  comandante  gen- 
eral of  Chihuahua,  404n. 

Uliia  San  Juan  de.  fortress,  371,  372  ;  de- 
fence of,  374—375 ;  surrender  of,  421n., 
422. 

Draga,  Col.  Jos6  L.,  biog.  note,  387n. ; 
quoted,  390. 

Urrea,  Oen.  Jos6,  secures  loan,  386;  at 
Tula,  388. 

Valencia,  Oen.  Gabriel,  378,  to  attack  Vic- 
toria, 399. 

Valles,   Villa  de,  379. 

Vftzquez,  Gen.  Ciriaco,  biog.  note.  363rt., 
366. 

Vftzquez,  Oen.  Rafael,  367. 

Vega,  Oen.  Romulo  D.  de  la,  410m. 

Vera  Cruz,  arrival  of  Santa  Anna  at,  358. 
360 ;  blockade,  360n.,  369(1. :  defense 
of,  371n.,  374-375;  birthplace  of  Vfiz- 
quez,  363n. ;  threatened  attack,  407 ; 
Beach  at,  409  ;  surrender  of,  415,  415n., 
421-423;  mentioned,  361,  381,  410n.. 
419,  424. 

Victoria,  mentioned,  371,  388,  399,  403; 
Patterson  and  Taylor  at,  406,  406n. 

Viesca,  Villa  de,  398. 

Wool,  Oen.  John  E.,  470n.,  377n. ;  in  La 
Leona,  380n.;  forces  of,  390,  390n.,  at 
Parras,  392,  399  ;  withdrawal  from  Par 
ras.  401-402  ;  selects  battlefield  of  Buena 
Vista,  414n. 

Worth,  Oen.  Willinm  T.,  at  Saltlllo,  386n. 
399h.,  401».,  405n. ;  pursuit  of  Mexicans 
after  Cerro  Gordo,  421n. ;  at  Puebla, 
425rt. ;  at  Aniozoc.  427n. 

Yaiicz,  J.  M.,  comandante  general  of 
Jalisco,  378«. 

Zacatecas.  382. 

Zacatecas,  gov.  of.  opposed  to  Santa  Anna, 
393ff.,  400. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


AI)bott,   Frank   F.,   on   the  decline   of   civic 

patriotism  under  the  Roman  Empire,  40. 
Academy  of  Pacific  Coast  History,  188. 
Acorn  Club   (Conn.),  report   (1917),  188. 
Adams,  Charles  F.,  of  com.  on  documentary 

hist,   publications  of  U.   S.,   73. 
Adams,   Ephralm   D.,   presides  at  P.   C.   B. 

dinner.  95,  97,  99;  of  P.  C.  B.   com.  on 

nominations   (1917),  100. 
Adams,  George  B.,  life  councilor,  A.  H.  A., 

16  ;  at  council  meetings,  80,  83.  85. 
Adams,  George  E.,  death  of,  61. 
Adams,  Henry,  hist,  work  of,  47,  351,  354. 
Adams,    John,     correspondence,    74 ;    and 

Hamilton,  257. 
Adams.  John   Q..   on  peace  of  Ghent,   199  ; 

Acts  and   Proceedings  of  Convention   of 

rJS7,  257. 
Adams,    Victoria    A.,    of    com.    on    hist.    In 

schools  (1918),  23,  86. 
Adler,  Cyrus,  pres.  Am.  Jewish  Hist.  Soc, 

185. 
Agen,  association  (1563),  311. 
Agriculture,  material  relating  to,  191. 
Agriculture,    Department    of,    war    records, 

117.  •! 

Alabama,  reports  of  hist.  socs.   (1917),  187. 
Alabama     Anthropological     Society,     report 

(1917),  187. 
Alabama    Department    of   History    and   Ar- 
chives, report  (1917),  187. 
Alabama  Historical  Society,  report   (1917), 

187. 
Alabama  History  Teachers'  Association,  re- 
port  (1917),  187. 
Alaska-Yukon   Pacific  exposition,   Idaho  ex- 
hibit, 170. 
Albany    Institute    and    Historical    and    Art 

Society,  report    (1917),   205. 
Albion,  Idaho,  normal  school,  169. 
Alden,  Elizabeth   H.,  of  Qulncy   Hist.  Soc. 

199. 
Alexander,   De   Alva   S.,   pres.   N.   Y.    State 

Hist.  Assoc,  207. 
Allen  Property  Custodian,  records,  118. 
Allen,  Rev.  Frederick  B.,  gov.  Mass.  Soc.  of 

Mayflower   Descendants.   198. 
Alien,  James,  Trout  Hall  Imllt  by,  211. 
Allen,  Mary  S.,  sec.  Friends'  Hist.  Soc.  of 

Phlla.,  210. 
Allen,  William,  founder  of  Allentown,  Pa., 

211. 
Alierton,    Walter    S.,    sec-gen.    Mayflower 

Descendants,   186. 

432 


Alliances,  economic,  35. 

Allison,  David,  pres.  Nova  Scotia  Hist.  Soc^ 
216. 

Alvord,  Clarence  W.,  at  conference  of  arch. 
(1917),  67;  of  pub.  arch.  comm.  (1917), 
105,  112 ;  letter  to  conference  of  arch., 
128.  129;  of  111.  Hist.  Survey,  190;  cited, 
315,  316. 

.Amazon  River,  Influence  of  D.  S.  on  the 
opening  of,  48,  98,  99. 

Ambler,  Charles  H.,  chairman  nominating 
com.  (1918),  23,  57.  79;  Correspondence 
of  R.  M  T.  Hunter,  00,  71  ;  of  nominating 
com.    (1917).  80. 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  report 
(1917),  185. 

American  Baptist  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  185. 

American  Catholic  Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  185. 

American  Economic  As.sociation,  Joint  meet- 
ing with  A.  H.  A.,  35. 

American  Expeditionary  Forces,  records, 
119. 

American  Fur  Co..  tablet  at  post  of,  201. 

American  Historical  Association,  officers 
elected  for  1918.  15-16,  50,  57,  79; 
terms  of  oflice,  19-21 ;  committees  (1918), 
23-24,  85,  86;  organization  and  activities, 
25-27;  hist,  prizes,  29,  30;  Report 
(1914,  1915.  1916),  54.  60,  71;  deaths 
(1917),  54-55,  61 ;  by-laws  amended,  58: 
value  of  publications,  73  ;  pres.  address  to 
be  included  In  annual  report,  83;  dele- 
gate to  P.  C.  B.  meeting,  97  ;  Am.  Soc. 
of  Church  Hist.,  merged  in,  185  ;  and  hist, 
in  schools,  235,  242,  244,  245,  246,  247; 
pres.  address  (1917),  249-263. 

American  Historical  Revicto,  board  of 
editors  (1918),  .?3,  86;  cited,  33,  39;  re- 
port of  editors,  50,  57,  68-69 ;  transfer 
to  A.  H.  A.,  68,  81 ;  war  policy,  68,  69 ; 
bibliographical  notes  on  European  pub- 
lications, 70 ;  A.  H.  A.  papers  In,  71 ; 
report  of  editors  at  council  meeting,  81  ; 
recommendation  for  administration  of 
funds  of,  81-82 ;  negotiation  respecting 
price  of  authorized,  84  ;  reduction  of  ex- 
pense of  publication  considered,  84  ;  re- 
port on  finances  at  council  meeting,  84. 

American  history,  editorial  function  in.  39 ; 
A.  H.  A.  papers  on,  44-47 ;  Writings  on, 
56 ;  blbl.  of  periodicals,  70 ;  in  schools, 
236,  239,  241 ;  a  generation  of  Am.  his- 
toriography,  345-354. 


GENERAL  INDEX, 


433 


American  Jewish  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),   185. 

American  Library  Association,  war  records, 
119. 

American  Library  Institute,  blbl.  of  hist, 
periodicals  printed  by,  70. 

American  Nation  series,  projected,  353,  354. 

American  Numismatic  Society,  report 
(1917),  185. 

American  Philological  Society,  joint  meet- 
ing with  A.  H.  A.,  35. 

American  Philosophical  Society,  A.  H.  A. 
visit  to,  34. 

American  Political  Science  Association, 
joint  meeting  with  A.  U.  A.,  35,  36. 

American  Revolution,  records,  179,  186, 
213  ;  Spanish  transcripts  concerning,  190  ; 
Lebanon  County's  part  in,  211 ;  study  of, 
in  schools,  222,  223,  233  ;  Heath's  journal 
of  255,  256. 

American  Security  League,  records,  119. 

American  Society  of  Church  History,  ses- 
sion with  A.  H.  A..  40;  report  (1917), 
185. 

American  Sociological  Society,  joint  meet- 
ing with  A.  H.  A.,  35. 

Ames,  Herman  V.,  vice  chairman  program 
com.   (1917),  35. 

Amherst  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
195. 

Amidon,  Charles  F.,  pres.  N.  Dak.  State 
Hist.   Soc,  208. 

Amspoker.  Samuel,  pres.  Washington  Co. 
Hist.  Soc,  212. 

Ancient  history,  A.  H.  A.  papers  on  (1918), 
39,  40;  in  schools,  236,  241. 

Ancyra  inscription,  new  interpretation  of, 
95,  96. 

Anderson,  Dice  R.,  of  hist.  MSS.  comm 
(1918),  23,  85;  of  hist.  MSS.  comm. 
(1917),  355. 

Anderson,  Frank  M.,  report  of  com.  on 
nominations  (1917),  50,  79,  80;  by-law 
amendment   offered  by,   58. 

Anderson,  Mixa  S.  A.,  pres.  Confederate 
Memorial   Lit.   Soc,  214. 

Andr^n,  F.  N.,  of  Swedish  Hist.  Soc,  187. 

Andrews,  Charles  M.,  of  com.  on  documen- 
tary hist,  publications  of  U.   S.,  73. 

Andrews,  Frank  D.,  sec.  Vineland  Hist,  and 
Antiq.  Soc,  204,  205. 

Andrews,  James  M.,  pres.  Hist.  Soc.  of 
Saratoga,  206. 

Anglo-Saxons,  Church  councils  of,  40. 

Annual  meeting  of  A.  H.  A.,  local  com. 
(1918),  23;  program  com.  (1918),  23; 
Proceedings  (1917),  31-50;  attendance 
(1917),  34,  54,  60,  89-92;  busine.ss  meet- 
ing, 48-50.  54-59;  program  (1917),  51- 
54;  (1918),  resolutions  concerning,  58; 
vote  of  council  concerning  1918  meeting, 
82,   85. 

Antrim  County  (Mich.)  Pioneer  Association, 
report  (1917),  200-201. 

Applegate,  .John  S.,  pres.  Monmouth  Co. 
Hist.  Assoc,  204. 


Appleton.  Francis,  of  Lowell  Hist.  Soc,  197. 

Appleton,  William  S.,  sec  Soc.  for  Preserva- 
tion of  N.  Eng.  Antiq.,  200. 

Appointments,  council  com.  on,  80. 

Aragon,  associations,  312. 

Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  Joint 
meeting  with  A.  H.  A.,  35. 

Archives,  relating  to  Great  War,  37,  38 ;  of 
the  French  ministry  of  war,  44 ;  B.  S. 
documentary  hist,  material  in,  73-74 ; 
legislation  concerning,  110-111 ;  federal, 
resolutions  of  conference  of  hist.  socs. 
concerning  loss  of,  181-182  ;  material  on 
western  hist.,  190;  English,  transcripts, 
202  ;  French,  transcripts,  202  ;  Spanish, 
transcripts,  202.  See  also  Conference  of 
archivists  ;  Primer  of  archival  economy. 

Archives  building,  national,  need  of,  119, 
129,   130. 

Archives  Nationales,  material  on  Miss.  Val- 
ley  hist.,    190. 

Archives  of  the  Indies,  Sevier  letter  from, 
45  ;  transcripts  relating  to  Rev.  and  La.. 
190. 

Argentina,  blockade  of  ports,  48. 

Arizona,  archival  legislation,  110 ;  Mormons 
and,   337. 

Arizona  Pioneers'  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),    187. 

Arkansas,  reports  of  hist.  socs.  (1917),  188. 

Arkansas  Historical  Association,  report 
(1917),    188. 

Arkansas  Historical  Commission,  work  of, 
109;  report  (1917),  188. 

Arlington  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),    195. 

Armada,  defeat  of,  96. 

Armour,  Maj.  Eric  N.,  sec.  Champlain  Soc, 
215. 

Army,  U.  S.  historical  section  of  general 
staff,   44. 

Arnold,  Guy,  pres.  Decatur  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
193. 

Arragon,  R.  F.,  of  Harvard  Hist.  Club,  197. 

Articles  of  Confederation,  federalism  under, 
44. 

Ascher,  Mrs.  E.,  sec.  Niagara  Hist,  soc,  215. 

Ashmead,  H.  G.,  on  the  old  court  bouse  of 
Chester,    Pa.,    210. 

Ashmore,  Otis,  sec.  Ga.  Hist.  Soc,  189. 

As.sociation,  the,  in  16th  and  17th  centuries, 
43,    303-312. 

Assumption  Church.  Windsor,  memorial  on 
grounds   of,   215. 

Atwood,  Edward  S.,  sec.  Monmouth  Co. 
Hist.  Assoc,  204. 

Aubort,  I^ouis,  on  the  aid  of  historians  in 
winning   the  war,   36. 

Aubign4,  Agrippa  d',  cited,  311. 

Audit  committee  of  A.  H.  A.,  report  (1917). 
5.").  65;    (1916),  59. 

Audit  Company  of  .America,  report  on  A. 
H.  A.  finances,  55.  59,  fi.^-HO. 

Audubon,  John  J.,  Birds  of  America,  206. 

Augustus,  account  of  prtncipatc  of,  95,  96. 

Austin,  Stephen  F.,  personality  of,  45. 


88582°— 19- 


-28 


434 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Austin,  Waltpr.  see.  Dodham  Illst.  Soc.  196. 
Austwick,  tax  valuation,  'JOl. 
Avery,   Elroy  M.,  of  local  com.    (1918).  23. 
Ayer,  Joseph  C,  Jr.,  on  Cliurch  councils  of 

the  Anglo-Saxons,  40. 
Azan,  Lieut.  Col.  Paul,  on  the  functions  of 

an  historical  section  of  a  general  staff,  44. 

Bachman,  David,  of  Northampton  Co.  ^ist. 

and  Geneal.  Soc,  212. 
Bacon,  Francis,  cited,  312. 
Baensch,   Emil,   pres.   Manitowoc  Co.   Hist 

Soc,   214. 
Bagot,  Sir  Charles,  Administration  of,  215. 
Bailey,  Ebenezer,  sec  Fitchburg  Hist.  Soc, 

196. 
Bailey,  Louis  J.,  sec.  Gary  Hist.  Soc,  192. 
Bair,  Robert  C,  sec  York  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  211. 
Baird,  George  M.,  Pageant  and  Masque  of 

Freedom,  211. 
Baird,  Henry  M.,  work  as  historian,  351. 
Baker,  Edward  W.,  of  Brookline  Hist.  Soc, 

195. 
Baker  collection  of  Indian  relics,  192. 
Balfour,  Antiales,  cited.  310. 
Baldwin,   Simeon   E.,   life  councilor,   A.   H. 

A.,  16. 
Ballard,  Harlan  H.,  sec  Berkshire  Hist,  and 

Scientific  Soc,   195. 
Ballard,  Mary  E..  sec.  Cass.  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

192. 
Ballou,  Howard  M.,  of  Hawaiian  Hist.  Soc, 

190. 
Bancroft,  Herbert  H.,  hist,  work  of,  47,  348, 

349,  352. 
Bancroft  Library,  work  oti  blbl.  of  Pacific 

Coast  hist.,  100. 
Bangor   Historical    Society,   report    (1917), 

194. 
Banks,  Maj.  David,  sec-gen.  Military  Order 

of  Foreign  Wars,  186. 
Bannock  War,   records,   157. 
Baptist    Convention.    Northern,    request    of 

board  of  education  of,  82. 
Barbour,  Lucius  B.,  soc  Acorn  Club.  188. 
Barde,  Fred  S..  collection,  209. 
Barker,    Eugene    C,    of    pub.    arch.    comm. 

(1918),  23,  85  :  on  Stephen  F.  Austin.  45  : 

of  council   com.   on   docket,  80. 
Barlow,  Luella,  sec.  Elkhart  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

192. 
Barnes,    Charles    B.,    pres.    Hinghani    Hist. 

Soc,  197. 
Barratt,  Norris  S..  on  relation  of  patriotic 

societies    with    hist,    societies,    37,    175, 

176. 
Barrett,    Dr.   Samuel    A.,   pres.  Wis.   Arch. 

Soc,  215. 
Barrington    (R.   I.)      Historic   Antiquarian 

Society,  report    (1917),  213. 
Barry    County    (Mich.)      Pioneer   and    His- 
torical Society,  report  (1917),  201. 
Barth,  F.  X.,  pres.  Delta  Co.  Pioneer  and 

Hist.  Soc,  201. 
Bartholomew,   H.  S.  K.,  pres.   Elkhart  Co. 

Hist.  Soc,  192. 


Bartlett,  Willard,  pres.  L.  I.  Hist.  Soc,  206. 
Bassett,  John  S.,  of  program  com.    (1918 », 

23. 
Bassett,  Samuel  C,  pres.  Neb.  State  Hist. 

Soc,  203. 
Batchelder,  Samuel  F.,  sec.  Cambridge  Hist. 

Soc,  195. 
Bate,  case  of  impositions,  295. 
Baum,    Max,    sec.    German-Am.    Hist.    Soc, 

190. 
Baxter,  James  P.,  pres.  Me.  Hist.  Soc,  194  ; 

rec.  sec  N.  Eng.  Hist.  Geneal.  Soc,  1^9. 
Bay  State  Historical  League,  work  of,  178  ; 

report    (1917),  195. 
Bean,    Martha,    sec.    S.    Natick    Hist.    Soc, 

200. 
Beardsley.    Rev.    W.    A.,    pres.    New    Haven 

Colony  Hist.  Soc,  189. 
Braver,  The,  205. 
Beck.   James  M.,  pres.   Pa.  Soc.   of  N.   T., 

207. 
r.rcker,  Carl,  editor,  Am.  Hist.  Rev.  (1918), 

23;  program  com.   (1918),  23;  of  special 

com.  on  policy  (1918),  24,  86. 
Becker,  Ernest  J.,  pres.   Soc.   for   Hist,  of 

Germans  in  Md.,  195. 
Bedford     (Mass.)     Historical    Society,    195. 
Beeber,  Rev.  Thomas  R.,  pres.  Montgomery 

Co.  Hist.  Soc,  210. 
Belcher,  Katharine  F.,  on  hist.  In  schools, 

242-243. 
Belknap,    Henry   L.,   of  Pa.    Colonial    Soc, 

210. 
Belknap,  W.  C,  of  Hist.  Soc.  of  Newburgh 

Bay  and  the  Highlands,  206. 
Belleville    and    Bay    of    Quinte    Historical 

Society,  report  (1917),  215. 
Belt,  Elizabeth  T..  death  of.  61. 
Benchman.    Fred,    sec.    Carbon    Co.    Hist. 

Soc,  209. 
Benewah  Co.,  Idaho,  boundary  papers,  144. 
Benjamin  Harrison,  Fort,  war  records,  180. 
Bennett,   Elizabeth   C,   of   Nantucket    Hist. 

Assoc,  199. 
Bentham,  tax  valuation,  291. 
Benton,    Elbert    J.,    of    local    com.    (1918), 

23  ;  of  program  com.  (1918),  23. 
Benton,  Josiah  H.,  death  of,  61. 
Bergen.  James  J.,  pres.  Somerset  Hist.  Soc, 

204. 
Bergen  Co.,  N.  J.,  memorial  to  soldiers  in 

Great  War,  204. 
Bergen  County   (N.  J.)    Historical  Society, 

report    (1917),  204. 
Berger.  M.  M.,  sec  N.  Mex.  Hist.  Soc,  205. 
Berks  Co..  Pa.,  war  record.  210. 
Berks  County  '(Pa.)    Historical   Society,  re- 
port   (1917),    210. 
Berkshire,  lay  assessments,  286. 
Berkshire  Athena>um  and  Museum,  195. 
Berkshire   (Mass.)    Historical  and  Scientific 

Society,  report  (1917),  195. 
Bernheim,   Dr.   A.,   pres.   German-Am.    Hist. 

Soc,    210. 
Beverly    (Mass.)    Historical   Society,   report 

(1917).    195, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


435 


BihlioRraphy,     A.     H.     A.     com.,     members 
(1918),    23,    85;    report    (1917),    69-71; 
report  at  council  meeting,  81  ;  appropria- 
tion for  1918  suspended.  82. 
Bicltnell,  Thomas  W.,  sec-gen.  and  registrar 
Sons  and  Daughters  of  the  Pilgrims,  187  ; 
of  Bristol  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  213  ;  pres.  Bar- 
rington   Hist.   Antiq.   Soc,   213 ;  of  R.   I. 
Citizens'  Hist.  Assoc,  213. 
Bienville,  statue  to,  194. 
Blever,  Dr.  Edward,  courtesy  acknowledged, 

142. 
Billerica    (Mass.)   Historical  Society,  report 

(1917),    195. 
Billy,  fidouard  de,  letter  to  teachers  of  hist., 

36. 
Bingham,  C.   W.,  of  local  com.    (1918),  23. 
Biography,    in   teaching   hist.,    238-239 ;    in 
Am.  hist.,  259,  260-262  ;  in  Am.  historiog- 
raphy,   354. 
Birch,  Mrs.  Robert  S.,  sec.  Huguenot  Soc.  of 

Pa.,   211. 
Bird,  Capt.  Henry,  expedition  of,  318,  319. 
Blackfoot,  Idaho,  insane  asylum,  170. 
Blair  County    (Pa.)    Historical   Society,  re- 
port   (1917),    209. 
Blanding,    Edward    M.,    sec.    Bangor    Hist. 

Soc,    194.    . 
Blenheim,  battle  of,  96. 
Blodgett,  James  H.,  death  of,  61. 
Blue  Licks,  attack  at,  325. 
Boak,  A.  E.  R.,  of  program  com.  (1918),  23. 
Bogert,   Cornelius   V.   R.,   pres.   Bergen   Co. 

Hist.   Soc,   204. 
Bohemia,  associations,  312. 
Boise,   Idaho,  archives  at,  67,  109  ;   capital 
removed    to,    141 ;    soldiers'    home,    167, 
170  ;  State  penitentiary,  170. 
Boltin,  Mary  E.,  sec.  Jay  Co.  Hist.  Assoc, 

192. 
Bolton,  Charles  K.,  pres.  Soc.  for  Preserva- 
tion  of  N.   Eng.   Antiq.,   200. 
Bolton,    Herbert    E.,    councilor,    A.    H.    A. 
(1918),   16,   57,   79;   report  of  P.   C.   B., 
50,  57  ;  at  council  meeting,  87  ;  communi- 
cation  to  council   concerning  census  rec- 
ords in   London,   87  ;   report  of  P.  C.   B. 
com.  on  nominations  (1917),  100;  report 
of   com.    on    bibl.    of   Pacific   Coast   hist., 
100  ;  on  hist.  In  high  schools,  103. 
Bonham,  Milledge  L.,  Jr.,  of  com.  on  mili- 

lary  hist,  prize,  24. 
Bonner    Co.,    Idaho,    valuation    certificates, 

149. 
Bonney,  W.  P.,  sec.  Washington  State  Hist 

Soc,  214. 
Boone,    Daniel,    operations    of,    325 ;    cited, 

?28. 
Boone  County   (111.)    Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  190. 
Booth,    Henry    S.,    of    Conn.    Valley    Hist. 

Soc,  196. 
Bope,    W.    F.,    of    Huron    Co.    Pioneer   and 

Hist.  Soc,  201. 
Bordiau.x,    association    formed    at    (1560), 
311. 


Boston,  Mass.,  A.  H.  A.  meetings  at  (1887, 
1899,  1912),   33;  inscriptions  in  Central 
Burying  Ground,  196. 
Bostonian   Society,   report    (1917),   195. 
Boston  Transcript,  geneal.  dept.,   188. 
Botsford,   George   W.,   on   Roman   imperial- 
ism, 39  ;  death  of,  61. 
Botetourt,    Norbome    Berkeley,    taron    de, 

gov.  of  Va.,  305. 
Bourbon  monarchy,  Perkins's  study  of,  351. 

Bourne,  Henry  E.,  councilor,  A.  H.  A. 
(1918),  16,  57,  79;  local  com.  (1918), 
23  ;  on  hist.  In  schools,  38,  233-234  ;  at 
council  meetings,  80,  83,  85,  87 ;  of  coun- 
cil com.  on  appointments,  80. 

Bowen,  Clarence  W.,  report  as  treas. 
(1917),  49,  55,  61-65,  81;  resolutions  of 
A.  H.  A.  on  retirement  as  treas.,  49-50, 
55-56  ;  at  council  meetings,  80,  83,  85 ; 
of  council  com.  on  finance,  80 ;  recom- 
mendation for  solicitation  of  gifts  for  en- 
dowment fund,  82 ;  council  resolution 
concerning  retirement  of,  85 ;  good 
wishes  of  P.  C.  B.  sent  to,  95 ;  pres. 
N.  Y.  Geneal.  and  Biog.  Soc,  206. 

Bowman,  George  E.,  sec.  Mass.  Soc  of  May- 
flower Descendants,   198. 

Boyd,  Allen  R.,  of  com.  on  military  hist, 
prize,  24. 

Boyd,  W.  K.,  pres.  Trinity  College  Hist. 
Soc,  207. 

Boynton,  Mrs.  F.  H.,  sec.  Lucas  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  193. 

Bradford  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society, 
report  (1917),  209. 

Braid,  Andrew,  sec.  Essex  Hist.  Soc,  215. 

Branch  County  (Mich.),  Historical  Society 
of,  report  (1917),  201. 

Brand,  Robert,  on  the  British  common- 
wealth of  nations,  35. 

Brandt,   Capt.,  operations  of,   324,  325. 

Brannon,  Peter  A.,  report  of  Ala.  Anthropo- 
logical Soc,  187. 

Brazil,  early  diplomatic  controversy  with 
U.  S.,  47-48 ;  German  colonization  in, 
48  ;  and  the  opening  of  the  Amazon,  98, 
99;  treaty  with  Peru    (1854),  99. 

Brazil,  Historical  and  Geographical  Insti- 
tute of,  invitation  to  A.  H.  A..  54,  60. 

Breasted,  James  H.,  of  com.  on  Am.  educa- 
tional and  scientific  enterprises  in  Otto- 
man Empire,  24,  56,  87. 

Brecht,  George  K.,  sec.  Montgomery  Co. 
Hist.  Soc,  210. 

Breck,  Alice  C.  cor.  sec.  Milton  Hist.  Soc, 
199.    - 

Brewer,  Luther  A.,  sec  Hist.  Soc.  of  Linn 
Co.,  193. 

Brigham,  Clarence  S.,  .ib.  Am.  Antiq.  Soc, 
185. 

Brisebois,  Napoleon,  sec  Soci6t6-  Hist,  de 
Montreal,    216. 

Bristol  County  (R.  I.)  Historical  Society, 
report    (1917),    213. 

British  Columbia.  Indian  languages.  98. 

Brodhead,  Col.  Daniel,  in  command  at  Ft. 
Pitt.    320. 


436 


GEXKRAL   INDEX. 


Brodie,  William  H.,  of  Livingston  Co.  Hist. 

Soc,    206. 
Bromberg,  P.  G.,  of  Ibenrille  Hist.  Soc,  187. 
Brome  County  (Quebec)  Historical  Society, 

report    (1917),    216. 
Brookline  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 

(1917),    195. 
Brooklyn  Catholic  Historical  Society,  205. 
Brooks,  Phillips,  cited,  238. 
Brooks,   R.   P.,  sec-treas.  Ga.   Hist.   Assoc, 

110. 
Broomall,   William   B.,   pres.    Delaware  Co. 

Hist.    Soc,    210. 
Brown,  Charles  E.,  sec.  Wis.  Arch.  Soc,  215. 
Brown,  Clara,  courtesy  acknowledged,   142. 
Brown,  Everett,  S.,  Archives  of  the  Food 

Administr.\tion  as  Historical  Soitrcis, 

124-127,    {abstract)   37,  38. 
Brown,  Marshall  S.,  chairman  of  conference 

of  hist,  teachers,  38,  219,  229,  231,  233, 

234,    237,    245,    247. 
Brown,  Mrs.  William   H.,  sec.   Soc.   of  Pa. 

Women  in  N.  Y.,  207. 
Brubaker,  I^aura  E.,  sec.  Delta  Co.  Pioneer 

and    Hist.   Soc,  201. 
Bruce,    Robert,    association    In    support    of, 

310. 
Bryaiis  Station,  attacked,  325. 
Buchanan,  James,  army  sent  to  Utah,  97  ; 

memorial  from  Utah,  340. 
Buck,  Solon  J.,  of  pub.  arch.  comm.  (1918), 

23,  85 ;  on  the  collection  of  war  material, 

37,    38,    132-133 ;    chairman    of   com.    on 

financial  contributions  and  voting  powers, 

conference  of  hist,  so^,  74,  75,  181  ;  of 

pub.   arch.    comm.    (1917),   105,   112;   on 

collection   of   Minn,    war   material,    180 ; 

soc.  Minn.  Hist.  Soc,  202. 
Buckenham,  J.  E.  B.,  sec.  Krefeld  Soc,  211 ; 

se<-.  Pa.  Soc  of  War  of  1812,  212. 
Buckmaster,    Julia,    of    Madison    Co.    Hist 

Soc,    191. 
Bucks  County   (Pa.)   Historical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),    209. 
Budd.  Henry,  pres.  Church  Hist.  Soc,  209. 
Budget  of  A.   H.  A.   (1918),  57,  83-84;  re- 
port of  council  com.  of  finance  on,  82. 
Buenos  Aires,  archives,  67,  109. 
Buffalo,  fort,  bronze  marker,  202. 
Buffalo    Historical    Society,    report    (1917), 

205. 
Bulkeley,  Rev.  B.  R.,  sec.  Beverly  Hist.  Soc, 

195. 
Bull,    Mary    B.,    cor.    sec.    Hist.    Soc.    of 

Qulncy,  19(>. 
Bulletin,   A.    11.   A.,  publication   postponed. 

54,  60,  82. 
Bull's  prairie,  tablet  at,  201. 
Burdett,  Cyril  II.,  sec  L.  I.  Hist.  Soc,  206. 
Bureau    County     (111.)     Historical    Society 

190. 
Burgbley,  William  Cecil,  baron,  association 

prepared  by,  307,  311. 
Burgln,     Herman,    sec.    Pblla.    City     Hist. 

Soc,  209. 


Burgoon,  Isadore  H.,  pres.  Sandusky  Co. 
Pioneer  and   Hist.    Assoc,  208. 

Burley,  C.  A.,  pres.  Chicago  Hist.  Soc, 
190. 

Burlin^nnie,  Anson,  first  plan  for  open- 
door  policy  in  China,  48. 

Burnett,  Charles  H.,  of  Old  Settlers  Hist. 
Soc,  of  Pipestone,  202. 

Furr,  George  L.,  life  councilor,  A.  H.  A., 
16  ;  of  council  com.  on  docket,  80. 

Burton,  tax  valuation,  291. 

Butler,  Benjamin  F.,  aufobiography.  260. 

Butterfleld,  Ora,  death  of,  61. 

Itutterfield,  Roger  W.,  pr>s.  Ilist.  Soc.  of 
Grand  Rapids,  201. 

Cadwalader,  John,  pres.  Pa.  Soc.  of  War  of 

1812,  212. 
Cahokia,  Clark  and,  315.  318,  319. 
Caldwell,  Capl.,  operations  of,  324,  326. 
Caldwell.    Wallace   E.,   on   hist.    In   schools, 

245-246. 
California,   survey   of  county   archives.   67, 

109  ;  blbl.  material,  100  ;   European  hist. 

In  schools  of,   101-102  ;   reports   of  hist. 

socs.    (1917),    188;    Mormons    and,    334. 

336. 
California,  University  of,  P.  C.  B.  meeting 

at,  95 ;  P.  C.  B.  resolution  of  thanks  to, 

99,  100. 
California    Genealogical    Society,    contribu- 
tion to  conference  of  hist,  societies,  181 ; 

report   (1917),  188. 
California    High    School    Teachers'   Associa- 
tion,  European  hist,  considered   by,   101. 
California        Historical        Society,       report 

(1917),  188. 
California    Historical    Survey    Commission, 

survey   of  county  archives   made  by,  67, 

109;  report  (1917),  188. 
California     Pioneers,     Society     of,     report 

(1917),  188. 
California     State    Library,    cooperation    of 

P.  C.  B.  In  collecting  war  materials,  100. 
Calkins,     Rer.     Raymond,     pres.      Shepard 

Hist.  Soc,  200. 
Ciillahan,  J.  M.,  of  audit  com.    (1917),  55, 

65. 
Callender,    James   T.,   attack   on   Jefferson, 

256. 
Cambridge    (Mass.)    Historical   Society,   re 

port    (1917),  195. 
Campbell,    Ucn.    Sir    Archibald,    expedition 

of,  317,  318. 
Campbell,    Col.    Arthur,   message    to    Clark, 

321. 
Campbell,    Jane,    sec.    Am.    Catholic    Hist. 

Soc,    185. 
Campbell,   Sir  Nelll,   a.ssoclatlon    made   by, 

310. 
Campbell,  W.  P..  custodian  Okla.  Hist.  Soc, 

209. 
Campbell,    William    J.,    pres.     Phlla.     City 

Hist.  Soc,  209. 
Canada,   trade   conditions.   205 ;    reports   of 

hist.   socs.    (1017),  215,   216. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


437 


Canby  (Minn.)  Old  Settlers  Association, 
202. 

Canisteo  Valley  Historical  Society,  205. 

Cannon,  C.  B.,  sec.  Miami  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
193. 

Cannon,  Henry  L.,  of  com.  on  hist,  in 
schools  (1918),  23,  86. 

Canterbury,  papal  taxation  in  province  of, 
272,  279  ;  ta.K  exemption  in  royal  mint, 
289. 

Canton  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  195. 

Cape  May  Co.,  N.  J.,  Indian  relfcs,  204. 

Carbon  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society, 
report  (1917),  209. 

Carfield,  Edgar  T.,  sec.  Susquehanna  Co. 
Hi.st.  Soc,  212. 

Carnochan,  Janet,  pres.  Niagara  Hist.  Soc, 
215. 

Carpenter,  L.  G.,  pres.  Col.  Hist,  and  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc,  188. 

Carpenter,  Ilichard  V.,  of  Boone  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  190. 

Carter,  William  M.,  sec  Gloucester  Co. 
Hist.  Soc,  204. 

Carton,  Augustus  C,  pres.  Mich.  Pioneer 
and  Hist.  Soc,  201. 

Case,  Leon  C,  of  Flushing  Hist.   Soc,  205. 

Cass  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  192. 

Cassia  Co.,  Idaho,  valuation  certificates, 
140. 

Castile,  hermandades,  812. 

Cathcart,  Wallace  H.,  vice  chairman  of 
local  com.  (1918),  23;  sec.  Western  Re- 
serve Hist.  Soc,  209. 

Catholic  Historical  Society,  founding  of, 
98. 

Catholic  University  of  America,  archive 
building   proposed   for,   38. 

Catholics,  war  records,  38,  127-12$ ; 
French  leagues  of  (15(50),  43.  311 ;  Shea's 
Hist,  of  Catholic  Church  in  Am.,  98 ; 
hist,  of  missions  (1529-1855),  98;  essay 
contest  among  colleges,  187. 

Celsus,   Origen   against,   incunabulum,    185. 

Centre  des   Hautes  Etudes  Milltalres,   44. 

Chamberlain,  George  W.,  sec.  Maiden  Hist. 
Soc,  197. 

Champaign  County  (111.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, 190. 

Champlain,    Samuel    de.    Works,    215. 

Charaplain   Society,  report   (1917),  215. 

Chandler,  Charles  L.,  of  com.  on  hist,  con- 
gress at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  24 ;  A.  H.  A. 
delegate  to  congress  of  hist,  at  Monte- 
video, 54,  60. 

Chandler,  Zachariah,  Public  Life  of,  201. 
Channing,  Edward,  1st  vice-pres.  A.  H.  A. 
(1918),  15,  50,  57,  79;  communication 
to  council  concerning  census  records  in 
London,  87 ;  at  P.  C.  B.  dinner,  97 : 
work  as  historian,  354. 
Chapman.    Charles    E.,    survey    of    S.    Am. 

arch.,  67,  109  ;  hist,  work  of,  100. 
Chapman,  Howard  M.,  lib.  R.  I.  Hist.  Soc, 
213. 


Charlemont,  Mass.,  Vital  Records,  199. 
Charles  II,  association  in  support  of,  308. 
Charleston,  S.  C,  besieged   (1781),  322. 
Charlevoix,  Father,  anniversary  of  voyage, 

201. 
Charlevoix    (Mich.)    Historical   Society,    re- 
port   (1917),  201. 

Chase,  David  G.,  sec.  Ala.  Hist.  Teachers' 
A.SS0C,    187. 

Chase,  Franklin  H.,  sec.  Onondaga  Hist. 
Assoc,    207. 

Cheney,  Rt.  Rev.  Charles  E.,  death  of,  61. 

Chester,  Bishop  of,  oath  administered  by, 
307. 

Chester,  Earl  of,  tax  returns  due,  297. 

Chester,  Eng.,  lay  assessments  in,  284 ;  cus- 
toms,  297. 

Chester,  Pa.,  old  courthouse,  210 ;  Recollec- 
tions of  Old  Borough,  210. 

Chester  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society, 
contribution  to  conference  of  hist,  so- 
cieties, 181;  report  (1917),  209. 

Chester  Springs,  Pa.,  exercises  at  Revolu- 
tionary hospital,  209. 

Chetek  and  Rice  Lakes,  215. 

Cheyney,  Edward  P.,  chairman  board  of 
editors.  Am.  Hist.  Rev.  (1918),  23;  report 
of  editors  of  Am.  Hist.  Rev.  (1917),  50, 
57,  68,  69 ;  at  council  meeting,  80 ;  report 
of  Am.  Hist.  Rev.  at  council  meeting,  81. 

Chicago,  111.,  A.  H.  A.  meetings  at  (1893, 
1904,   1914),   33. 

Chicago  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
190. 

Chicago  Museum,  pamphlets  of,  177. 

Chickasaws,  and  Clark,  317. 

Chilllcothe,  Clark  at,  319;  operations 
against,  327. 

China,  A.  H.  A.  papers  on,  48  ;  Am.  scholar- 
ship in  hist,  of,  48  ;  U.  S.  legislation  con- 
cerning immigration  from,  48  ;  mid- Vic- 
torian attitude  of  foreigners  in,  48. 

Chinese  Empire,  social  and  material  condi- 
tions in,  48. 

Chisolm,  A.  S.,  of  local  com.  (1918),  23. 

Church  Boards  of  Education,  request  of 
council   of,   82. 

Church  Historical  Society,  contribution  to 
conference  of  hist,  societies,  181 ;  report 
(1917),   209. 

Church  history,  medieval,  A.  H.  A.  papers 
on,  40,  41  ;  American,  bibl.,  70. 

Civil  War,  A.  H.  A.  papers  on,  46;  Am. 
manufactures  during,  46  ;  Anglo-American 
relations  as  influenced  by  wheat  and  cot- 
ton, 46 ;  restoration  of  southern  railroads' 
after,  46 ;  newspapers  and  n^litary  sec- 
recy, 69  ;  loyalty  of  Mormons  during,  97, 
341,  342;  Official  Records,  117,  179;  rec- 
ords lost,  180  ;  historiography,  349. 

Claiborne,  Gov.  W.  C.  C,  Letter  Booka,  202. 

Clark,  A.  Howard,  curator  A.  H.  A.  (1918). 
15,  50,  57,  79  ;  at  council  meeting,  88. 

Clark,  Allen  C,  pres.  Columbia  Hist.  Soc, 
189. 

Clark,  Arthur  H.,  of  local  com.  (1918),  23. 


438 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Clark,  Ci€orge  Rogers,  control  of  the  North- 
west, 45,  313-329. 

Clark,  Henry  A.,  pres.  Erie  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
210. 

Clark,  John  B.,  pres.  Ala.  Hist.  Teachers' 
Assoc,  187. 

Clark,  Martha  B.,  pres.  Donegal  Soc.  of 
Lancaster  Co.,  210. 

Clark,  Mary  K.,  sec.  Foxboro  Hist.  Soc,  196. 

Clark,  Mary  T.,  sec.  La  Porte  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  10.^ 

Clark,  Robert  C,  of  ex.  com.,  P.  C.  B. 
(1918),  17,  100. 

Clark,  Victor  S.,  on  Am.  manufactures  dur- 
ing Civil  War,  46. 

Clark  County   (O.)   Historical  Society,  208. 

Clarke,  Mary  E.,  sec.  Charlevoix  Fllst.  Soc, 
201. 

Clawson,  Spencer,  pres.  Utah  State  Hist. 
Soc,  213. 

Clayton,  John  M.,  and  the  opening  of  the 
Amazon,  99. 

Cleland,  Robert  G.,  of  P.  C.  B.,  com.  on 
nominations  (1917),  100. 

Clemence,  Mary  £.,  sec.  Quinabaug  Hist. 
Soc,  199. 

Clergy,  English,  taxation,  265-280,  288- 
289,  292. 

Clergy  Reserves,  215. 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  losses  of,  322 ;  at  N.  Y., 
323. 

Clinton,  J.  W.,  of  Polo  Hist.  Soc,  191. 

Clinton  County  (Mich.)  Pioneer  Society, 
report   (1917),  201. 

Clinton  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  196. 

Closson,  James  H.,  pres.  Krefeld  Soc,  211. 

Club  of  Odd  Volumes,  report  (1917),  196. 

Cobb,  Maud  B.,  on  condition  of  Ga.  arch., 
110. 

Cochran,  John  M.,  pres.  Quinabaug  Hist. 
Soc,  199. 

Cohen,  Charles  J.,  pres.  Numismatic  and 
Antlq.  Soc,  212. 

Colden,  Cadwallader,  Papers,  206. 

Coleman,  Christopher  B.,  of  nominating 
com.    (1918),  23,  57,  79;    (1917),  80. 

College  Club,  Philadelphia,  privileges  ex- 
tended to  A.  H.  A.,  35. 

Collin,  Rev.  H.  P.,  sec.  Hist.  Soc  of  Branch 
Co.,  201. 

Collingrwood,  scrap  books  on,  215. 

Collins,  George   K..   Spafford  History,   207. 

Colonial    Dames    of    America,    publications, 
179;    report    (1917),   186;    Pa.    Soc,    re- 
port  (1917),  210. 
-Colonial    Daughters    of    America,    National 
Society,  report  (1917),  186. 

Colonial  Society  of  Massachusetts,  work  of, 
178;  report   (1917),  196. 

Colonial  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  work  ot 
175. 

Colonial  Wars.  Society  of,  work  of,  175, 
If  7 ;  work  in  N.  J.,  177. 

Colonies,  Am.,  plans  of  union  before  1774, 
74 ;  relations  with  Eng.,  96 ;  associa- 
tions in,  309,  310. 


Colorado,  archival  legislation.  111  ;  Mor- 
mons and,  336. 

Colorado,  State  Historical  and  Natural  His- 
tory Society  of,  report  (1917),  188. 

Colored  Historical  Society,  Springlieid,  111., 
190. 

Colpin,  E.  E.,  sec.  Idaho  board  of  pharm- 
acy. 168. 

Colquhoun,  Dr.  A.  H.  A.,  contribution  to 
Niagara   Hist.  Soc,  215. 

Columbia  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  210. 

Columbia  Historical  Society,  D.  C,  report 
(1917),  189. 

Columbian    exposition,    Idaho   exhibit,    170. 

Columbia  University,  meeting  of  A.  lU  A. 
councij  at,  SO. 

Commerce,  treaties,  35. 

Commerce,  Department  of,  war  records.  117, 
118. 

Committee  of  five,  report  on  hist,  in 
schools,  220. 

Committee  of  seven,  report  on  hist,  in 
schools,  220,  229,  236. 

Committee  of  eight,  report  on  hist.  In 
schools,  229,  233,  241. 

Committee  of  ten,  recommendations  con- 
cerning hist,  in  schools,  220. 

Committee  on  Public  Information,  educa- 
tional work  of,  36 ;  work  of  A.  H.  A. 
members  for,  56;  records,  118. 

Committees  of  A.  H.  A.,  members  (1918), 
2.'?.  24.  85,  86. 

Conciliar  movement,  40,  41. 

Concord  (Mass.)  Antiquarian  Society,  re- 
port^ (1917),  196. 

Confederacy,  and  the  railroads,  69. 

Confederate  Memorial  Literary  Society,  re- 
port,  (1917),  214. 

Confederate  States,  Society  of  the  Army 
and  Navy  of,  in  Md.,  report  (1917),  195. 

Conference  of  archivists,  organization  of, 
110 ;  Prockkdings  of  Eighth  Confbb- 
ENCE,    113-135,    {(ibytract)    37,    38. 

Conference  of  historical  societies,  officers 
(1918),  23,  36;  report  of  sec.  (1917),  50, 
56-57,  74-75 ;  report  at  council  meet- 
ing, 81;  PuocEKDiNGS,  173-183,  {ab- 
xtract)  36-37 :  organization,  181 ;  regis- 
tration   of   attendance,    182,    183. 

Connecticut,  reports  of  hist.  socs.  (1917), 
188,  189. 

Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts  and  Science, 
report    (1917),   188. 

Connecticut  in  Transition,  R.  J.  Purcell,  54, 
60,  71. 

Connecticut  Valley  Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  196. 

Connelley,  William  E.,  sec  Kans.  State  Hist. 
Soc,  194. 

Connor,  R.  D.  W.,  on  the  preservation  of 
war  material,  38,  130-132  ;  at  conference 
of  arch.  (1917),  67;  circular  urging  col- 
lection of  war  material.  123  ;  of  N.  C. 
Hist.  Comm.,  207 ;  sec.  N.  C.  State  Lit 
and  Hist.  Assoc,  207. 

Constance,  council  of,  40. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


439 


Constantinople,  claimants  to,  72;  papal 
taxation  for  relief  of,  274,  277,   278. 

Constitutional  conventions,  psychology  of, 
47. 

Continental  Congress,  first,  association  or- 
ganized by,  43,  304,   310,  311. 

Continental  Congress,  second,  and  western 
expedition,  320  ;  petitions  to,  325. 

Conwell,  Joseph  A.,  pres.  Vineland  Hist, 
and   Antlq.    Soc,   204. 

Cook,  Mabel  P.,  sec.  Lexington  Hist.  Soc, 
197. 

Cook,  Sherwin  L.,  pres.  Bay  State  Hist. 
League,  195 ;  pres.  Roxbury  Hist.  Soc, 
199. 

Cooley,  James  S.,  pres.  Nassau  Co.  Mist, 
and  Geneal.   Soc,  206. 

Cooperation  In  national  service,  A.  II.  A. 
com..  86. 

Cope,  Francis  R.,  pres.  Susquehanna  Co. 
Hist.   Soc,  212. 

Cornwall,  tax  exemptions  in  tin  mines  of, 
289. 

Cornwallls,  Lord,  surrender  of,  322,  323. 

Cortland  (N.  Y.)  Historical  and  Genea- 
logical  Society,   205. 

Corwin,  Edward  S.,  of  Justin  Winsor  prize 
com.   (1918),  23,  85. 

Costlgan,  Edward  P..  on  economic  alliances, 
commercial  treaties,  and  tariff  adjust- 
ments, 35. 

Cotton,  influence  on  .-\nglo-American  rela- 
tions during  Civil  War,   46. 

Council  of  National  Defense,  war  records, 
38,   118,   119;  and  nat.  arch,   bldg.,   130. 

Council  of  Workmen's  and  Soldiers'  Depu- 
ties, 43, 

Councils,  Church,  A,  11.  A.  papers  on,  40, 
41  ;  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,   40. 

Cox,  Rev.  George  M.,  of  London  and  Middle- 
sex Hist.  Soc,  215. 

Cox,  Isaac  J.,  on  the  mission  of  Geo. 
Matthews  on  the  Florida  frontier,  45 ; 
of  audit  com.   (1917),  55.  65. 

Cox,  Richard  A.,  pres.  Jackson  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,   192. 

Cranmer,  C.  R.,  mgr.  Am.  Audit  Co.,  65. 

Crawford,  Rev.  James  W..  pres.  Hist.  Soc. 
of  Reformed  Church  in  U.  S.,  186. 

Crawford,  Col.  William,  expedition  of,  324. 

Croats,  history  of,  44. 

Cromwell,   Oliver,   96. 

Crowell,  Emma  L.,  recording  sec  D.  A.  R., 
186. 

Crumbling,  Rev.  E.,  sec.  United  Evangelical 
Church   Hist.  Soc,  211, 

Cuflman,  John  H.,  death  of,  61. 

Cumberland,    tax   exemption,   290. 

Cumberland,   Fort,   plan   to   recapture,   317. 

Cummings,  Frank  S.,  sec.  St.  Joseph  Co. 
Hist,  and  Pioneer  Soc,  202. 

Cunningham,  Charles  H.,  of  com.  on  hist, 
congress  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  24 ;  on  the 
institutional  background  of  Latin-Am. 
hist.,  47. 

Cunningham,  Henry  W.,  pres.  Club  of  Odd 
Volumes,   196. 


Curran,  Mrs.  W.  R.,  of  Tazewell  Co.   Hist. 

Soc,  191. 
Currey,   J.    Seymore,   founder   of   Bvanston 

Hist.   Soc,   190. 
Currier,    Elizabeth   B.,    sec.    Methuen    Hiat. 

Soc,   198. 
Curry,  Cora  C,  of  Nat.  Geneal.   Soc,  186. 
Cutter,    William    R.,    pres.    Rumford    Hist 

Assoc,   200, 
Cusachs,  Caspar,  pres.  La,  Hist.  Soc.  194, 
Customs,  English,  to  1275.  293-301, 

Uaily  Argun,  Portland,  Me,,  geneal.  dept., 
188. 

Daines,  Franklin  D.,  on  P.  C.  B.  com.  on 
resolutions  (1917),  99;  Separatism  in 
Utah,  i847-1870,  331-343,  {ahatract)  97, 
98. 

Dallas  Papers,  187. 

Dana,  Maj.  Paul,  pres.  Union  Soc.  of  Civil 
War,  187. 

Danish   Pioneers,   Minneapolis,   202. 

Danites,   343. 

Danube,  European  commission  of  the.  101. 

Dan  vers  (Mass.)   Historical  Society,  196. 

Darbee,  Robert  M.,  sec.  Nassau  Co.  Hist, 
and  Geneal.   Soc,  206. 

Darlington,  George  E.,  Recollections  of  Old 
Borough  of  Chester,  210. 

Darnley,  murder  of,  310. 

Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution, 
National  Society,  report  (1917),  186; 
Nebraska  Society,  203. 

Dauphin  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  210. 

Davenport  (la.)  Academy  of  Sciences,  re- 
port  (1917),  193. 

Davidson,  Walter,  of  Worcester  Soc.  of 
Antiq.,  '200. 

Davies,  Mrs.  Edward  J.,  sec.  Woman's  Hist. 
Soc.  of  Pa.,  213. 

Davis,  Andrew  McF.,  chairman  Harvard 
Comm.   on  West.   Hist..   197. 

Davis,  C.  R.,  sec  Trinity  College  Hist.  Soc, 
207. 

Davis,  Charles  K.,  pres.  Leominster  Hist, 
Soc,   197. 

Davis,  George  P.,  death  of,  61. 

Davis,  Jefferson,   papers  of,  74. 

Davis,  W.  W.,  sec  Whiteside  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
191, 

Dawson,  Elmer  E.,  pre.s,  WInthrop  Improve- 
ment and  Hist,   Assoc,  200. 

Deating,  D.  B.,  of  Madison  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 
206. 

Deats,  H.  E.,  sec  Hunterdon  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
204. 

Decatur  County  (la.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),    193. 

Decker,  George  E.,  pres.  Davenport  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences,  193. 

Dedham  Historical  Register,  suspension  of, 
196. 

Dedham  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),    190. 

DeLancey  brigade.  Orderly  Book,  206, 

Delaware,  archival  legislation.  111. 


440 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  ancient  industries  and 
old    inns,   210. 

Delaware  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society, 
report    (1917),   210. 

Delaware  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
189. 

Delawares,  at  Detroit,  322. 

DeLeyba,  Span,  gov.,  318. 

Delta  County  (Mich.)  Pioneer  and  Histori- 
cal Society,  report  (1917),  201. 

Democratic  party,  material  relating  to, 
191. 

Dempwolf,  J.  A.,  pres.  York  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
211. 

DePeyster,  Maj.  Arent  S.,  operations-  ot, 
318,  324,  326,   328. 

Derby,  Earl  of,  association  described  by, 
307. 

Descendants  of  Signers  of  Declaration  of 
Independence,  report  (1917),  180. 

Deseret,  contitutlon  adopted  for  state  of, 
97-98  ;  admission  asked.  336-337  ;  organi- 
zation of,  341 ;  alphabet,  343. 

Desert  Netoa,  geneal.  dent.,  188. 

Detroit,  Clark's  movements  against,  45,  315, 
316,  319,  320,  321,  323,  328;  Indians  as- 
sembled at,   322. 

Dottman,  Dr.  C.  A.,  sec.  Idaho  l>oard  of 
examiners,    167. 

Devon,  tax  exemptions  in  tin  mines  of, 
289. 

Dibell,  Dorrence,  pres.  Pioneer  Assoc,  of 
Will  Co.,   191. 

Dickson,  Hon.  William,  Sketch  of,  215. 

Dielmann.  Ix>uis  II.,  work  on  bibl.  of  Am, 
travel,    70.  *' 

Diffenderfer,  Frank  R.,  pres.  Lancaster  Co. 
Hist.    Soc,    211. 

Docket,  council  com.  on,  80. 

Dodd,  William  E..  councilor  (1918),  16,  50, 
57,  79;  of  program  com.  (1918),  23;  of 
com.  on  policy  (1918),  24,  86;  resigna- 
tion from  Winsor  prize  com.,  80. 

Doelle,  J.  A.,  .sec.  Keweenaw  Hist.  Soc,  201 ; 
bibl.   by,   201. 

Donegal  Society  of  Lancaster  County  (Pa.), 
210. 

Door  Co.,  Wis.,  researches  in,  215. 

Dorchester  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  're- 
port   (1917),   196. 

Dorman,  William  E.,  of  Lynn  Hist.  Soc, 
197. 

Douglas,  Walter  B.,  editor,  202. 

Dover  (Mass.)  and  Vicinity,  Historical  and 
Natural  History  Society,  report  (1917), 
197. 

Dow,  George  F.,  sec.  Essex  Inst.,  196 ;  sec. 
Topsfield  Hist.  Soc.  200. 

Draper,  Mrs.  Amos  G.,  of  hist.  MSS.  comm. 
(1918),   23,    85;    (1917),   356. 

Drowne,  Henry  It.,  sec.  N.  ^.  iie^taL  tind 
Biog.   Soc,   200. 

Ducal  Library,  Gutbo.,  pamphlet  in,  212. 

Ducher,  G.  J.  A.,  prize  essay  on,  50,  79. 

Dudley,  Harwood,  pres.  Johnstown  Hist. 
Soc.  206. 


Duncalf,  Frederic,  of  advisory  board.  Hist. 
Teacher's  Hag.    (1918),   24. 

Dungan,  Warren  S.,  pres.  Lucas  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,    193. 

Dunn,  J.  P.,  sec.  Ind.  Hist.  Soc,  192. 

Dunning,  William  A.,  life  councilor,  A.  H. 
A.,  16  ;  presides  at  annual  meeting  of  A. 
H.  A.,  54  ;  of  com.  on  documentary  hist, 
publications  of  D.  S.,  73 ;  at  council  mc-et- 
ings,  80.  85,  87 ;  of  council  com.  on 
minutes  and  relations,  80 ;  resolutions 
presented  concerning  conditions  of  hist, 
prizes,  83  ;  motion  at  council  meeting  to 
adopt  resolution  concerning  retirement  of 
C.  W.  Bowen,  85 ;  presides  at  council 
meeting,  87 ;  A  generation  of  American 
HISTOBIOORAPHT,  345-354,  (abstract)  47. 

Dunstable,  monastery,  papal  assessment, 
271. 

Dunt,  William  W.,  sec.  Hingham  Hist.  Soc, 
197. 

Durant,  William  H.,  sec.  Leominster  Hist. 
Soc,   197. 

Durgin,  Rev.  George  F.,  of  N.  Eng.  Metho- 
dist Hist.   Soc,  199. 

Durham,  Eng.,   lay  assessments  in,  284. 

Duryea,  Katherine  S.  B.,  of  Geneva  Hist. 
Soc,  205. 

Duteher,  George  M.,  chairman  of  com.  on 
bibl.  (1918),  23,  85;  of  com.  on  pubs. 
(1918),  23.  86;  rep  rt  of  com.  on  bibl. 
(1917),  69-71;  bibliographical  work,  70; 
at  council  meeting,  80 ;  report  of  com.  on 
bibl.  at  council  meeting,  81 ;  on  hist,  in 
schools,  245. 

Dutchess  County  (N.  Y.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, 205. 

Duvall  collection  of  ceramics,  204. 

East    Bridgewater,    Mass.,    Vital    Records, 

199. 
Eastern  Association,   (1642),  308. 
Eastern  Railroad,  History  of,  196. 
Eaton,    Elizabeth   W.,   pres.   Palmyra    Hist. 

Soc,  207. 
Eaton,   Dr.  George  F.,  sec.  Conn.  Acad,   of 

Arts  and  Science,  188. 
ftcole  Supferieure  de  Guerre,  44. 
Edes,    Henry    H.,    trees.    Colonial    Soc.    of 

Mass.,  196. 
Edward  I,  lay  assessments  under,  42,  283, 

287.  300. 
Edward    II,    lay    assessments    under,    287, 

289,  290. 
Edward  III.  lay  assessments  under,  290. 
Edwards,   Mrs.   H.   B.,  pres.   Waukesha   Co. 

Hist.  Soc,  214. 
PMgiii    Historical    and    Scientific    Institute, 

report   (1917),  215. 
E'.lot,   Charles  W..  of  Old   South  Assoc,   of 

Boston,  199. 
Elizabeth,    of    Eng.,    association    for    pro- 
tection of,  43,  306-308. 
Elkhart  County    (Ind.)    Historical   Society, 

report    (1917).  192. 
Ely,  Theodore  N.,  death  of,  61. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


441 


Ely,  Warren  D.,  lib.  Bucks  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 
209. 

Emerton,  Ephraim,  retirement  as  ed.  Am. 
Hist.  Rev.,  50. 

Emlen,  James,  sec.  Geneal.  Soc.  of  Pa.,  210. 

Emory,  Joseph  W.,  pres.  Hist.  Soc.  of 
Quincy,  190. 

Endicott,  William  C,  pres.  Essex  Inst,  196. 

England,  customs  revenue  to  1275,  41,  42, 
293-301  ;  papal  taxation  of  clerical  in- 
comes, 41-42,  265-280 ;  relations  with 
Am.  during  Civil  War  as  influenced  by 
wheat  and  cotton,  46 ;  appreciation  of 
worl{  of,  96 ;  relations  with  .\m.  colo- 
nies, 96  ;  lay  subsidies  in,  281-292  ;  hist, 
of  the  association  in,  306-310.  See  also 
Great  Britain. 

English  history,  in  schools,  236. 

Erie,  Lake,  expedition  planned  against, 
319,  321. 

Erie  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  210. 

Esarey,  Logan,  of  hist.  MSS.  comm.  (1918), 
23,  85  ;  sec.  Ind.  Hist.  Survey,  192  ;  pres. 
Monroe  Co.  Hist.  S-'oc,  193  ;  of  hist.  MSS. 
comm.   (1917),  355. 

Essex  Co.,  Mass.,  probate  records,  196. 

Essex  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
215. 

Essex  Institute,  report  (1917),  196. 

Esty,  Mary,  pres.  S.  Natick  Hist.  Soc,  200. 

Ettinger,  George  T.,  pres.  Lehigh  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  211. 

Europe,  republican  tradition  in,  95  ;  Conti- 
nental, school  course  in  hist.,  219,  221- 
222,  225. 

European  history,  articles  in  Am.  Hist. 
Rev.,  69 ;  blbl.  notices,  70 ;  In  schools, 
101-102,  236,  241 ;  writing  of,  350,  351. 

Evans,  Alexander  W.,  acting  sec.  Conn. 
Acad,  of  Arts  and  Science,  188. 

Evans,  Jessie  C,  on  hist,  in  schools,  244- 
245. 

Evans,  William  W.,  pres.  Columbia  Co. 
Hist.   Soc,  210. 

Evanston  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
190. 

Ewbank,  Morgan's  Raid  in  Ind.,  192. 

Ewcross,  tax  valuation,  291. 

Executive  committee  of  P.  C.  B.,  members 
(1918),  17. 

Executive  Council  of  A.  H.  A.,  members 
(1918),  15-16,  57,  59;  report  of  sec. 
(1917),  49,  50,  56;  resolution  on  re- 
tirement of  C.  W.  Bowen,  treas.,  55 ; 
resolution  concerning  Am.  interests  in 
Ottoman  Empire,  referred  to,  56 ;  com. 
on  policy,  56,  84,  86  ;  finance  com.,  57  ; 
standing  committees,  80 ;  minutes  of 
meetings  (1917),  80-87;  report  of  conj. 
on  finance,  81-82;  Nov.  (1918)  meeting 
omitted,  82. 

Falls  House  Memorial  Collection,  Newburgh, 

N.  Y.,  205. 
Fanning,   A.   C,   pres.   Bradford   Co.    Hist. 

Soc,  209. 


Farmer.  William  P.,  pros.  Manchester  Hist. 

Assoc,  203. 
Far    Eastern    history,    dinner    of    members 

interested  in,  36 ;  A.  H.  A.  papers  on.  48. 
Fargis,  Joseph  H.,  sec  U.  S.  Catholic  Hist. 

Soc,  187. 
Farrelly,  Stephen,  pres.  U.  S.  Catholic  .Hist. 

Soc,  187. 
Faxon,  George  S.,  of  Naramech   Hist.   Soc, 

191. 
Fay,  Sidney  B.,  of  audit  com.,  59  ;  on  the 

standing   army    in   Prussia,   69. 
Featherstonhaugh,     George     W.,     jr.,     sec. 

Schenectady  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  207. 
Federalism,    American,   background   of,   44. 
Fenwick,  Sir  John,  conspiracy  of,  309. 
Ferguson,    Henry,   death   of,  -61. 
Ferguson,   Milton  J.,   on   the  collection  of 

war  materials,  99. 
Ferguson,  William  S.,  on  Greek  imperialism, 

39. 
Fernandlna,   seizure  of,  45. 
Ferree,   Barr,  sec.   Pa.   Soc.  of  N.  Y.,  207 ; 

U.  8.  and  the  War,  207. 
Field,  Edward  D.,   sec.  Vt.  Hist.  Soc,  214. 
Fillmore,  Millard,  Utah  appointments,  337. 
Filson   Club,   report    (1917),   194. 
Finances,  A.  H.  A.,  endowment  fund,  49,  55, 

82  ;  reports  on  audits  of.  55  ;  budget  for 

1918,  57  ;  report  of  treas.  (1917),  61-65  ; 

council    com.   on,    80 ;    report    of   council 

com.,  83  ;  council  vote  concerning,  87. 
Firelands  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 

208. 
Fish,  Carl   R.,  of  nominating  com.    (1918), 

23,    57,    79 ;    on    the   restoration    of    the 

southern   railroads  after   the   Civil  War, 

46 ;    on   the   northern   railroads   in   Apr., 

1861,  69. 
Fiske,  John,  hist,  work  of,  47,  349-350. 
Fitchburg  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 

196. 
Fitzgerald,   James,   sec.    HI.   Catholic   Hist. 

Soc,   190. 
Fltzglbbon,  M.  Agnes,  of  Women's  Canadian 

Hist.   Soc,  216. 
Fitzharris,  Edward,  conspiracy  of,  306. 
Fitzpatrick,  John  C,   of  pub.    arch.  comm. 

(1918),  23,  85;   (1917),  105,  112. 
Fleming,    Walter    L.,    councilor,    A.    H.    A. 

(1918),   16,  50,  57,  79. 
Flick.    Alexander    C,    on    hist,    in    schools. 

240-241. 
Fling,    Fred    M.,    of   advisory    board.    Hist. 

Teacher's  May.    (1918),   24;   of  com.    on 

military  hist,  prize,  24. 
Florida,  Matthew's  mission  on  frontier  of. 

45 ;  archival  legislation.  111 ;  reports  of 

hist.   socs.    (1917),  189. 
Florida,  East,  rebellion  in,  45. 
Florida,    West,    P'olch   and,   45. 
Florida    Historical    Society,    189. 
Floyd,  Col.,  operations  of,  327. 
Flushing  (N.  Y.)  Historical  Society,  205. 
Fogel,  E.   M.,  sec.  German-Am.  IHst.  Soc, 

210. 
Folch,  Vizente,  and  W.   Pla.,  45. 


442 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


l''ood  Administration,  archives  as  historical 
sources,  37-38.  124-127  ;  records  of,  118; 
States  administration  division,  126. 

Force,  Peter,  Arcliires,  257. 

Ford,  Guy  S.,  of  com.  on  policy  (1918).  24, 
86;  on  the  educational  worlt  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Public  Information,  30 ;  of 
conncll  finance  com..  57.  80 ;  at  council 
meetings,  80,  83,  85 ;  report  of  council 
com.    of  finance,   81-82,   83. 

Ford.  James  F.,  life  councilor,  A.  II.  A.,  16. 

Ford,  Worthington  C,  life  councilor,  A. 
II.  A.,  16 ;  on  the  relations  between  hist, 
socs.  and  hereditary  patriotic  socs.,  37, 
178-179;  chairman  of  com.  on  docu- 
mentary hist,  publications  of  U.  S.,  73; 
chairman  council  com.  on  docket,  80 ; 
chairman  <'ouncil  com.  on  meetings  and 
relations,  80  ;  chairman  council  com.  on 
appointments.  80 ;  at  council  meetings, 
80,  85  ;  at  dinner  of  patriotic  societies, 
130 ;  pres.  address,  Editori.m.  FfNCTiON 
IN  United  States  History,  249-203. 
(mentioned)    35,  39. 

Fosdick,  Charles,  pres.  Fitchburg  Hist.  Soc, 
196. 

Foster,  H.  S.,  pres.  Brome  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 
215. 

Foster,  Herbert  D.,  of  com.  on  hist,  in 
schools  (1918).  23,  86;  on  hist,  in 
schools,  38.  234-237. 

Foulk.  Wilson  M.,  archivist  W.  Va.  Dept.  of 
Arch,  and   Hist.,   214. 

Founders  and  Patriots,  Order  of,  work  in 
N.  J.,   177. 

Fountain,  Brig-Oen.  S.  Wf,*  com.  gen.  Mili- 
tary Order  of  Foreign  Wars,  186. 

Fowle,  Fred.  C,  of  Arlington  Hist.  Soc.,  195. 

Fowle,  Harriet  A.,  sec.  Medfleld  Hist.  Soc, 
198. 

Foxboro  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  196. 

Fox  Indians,  in  Am.  Rev.,  318 ;  villages 
destroyed,  318. 

France,  school  course  in  hist..  39 ;  Catholic 
leagues  of  1560,  43 ;  archives  of  the 
ministry  of  war,  44 ;  hist,  of  Am.  mis- 
sions, 98 ;  school  decree  of  1793,  221 ; 
school  program  of  1902,  221-222,  226. 
233  ;  textbooks  in  hist.,  226  ;  papal  tax- 
ation in,  268,  275;  associations,  311,  312 

Francis,  David  R.,  pres.  Mo.  Hist.  Soc,  202. 

Frankford  (Pa.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  210. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  Autobiography,  255 ; 
value  of  Sparks's  work  on,  258 ;  cited, 
321  ;  Influence  in  hist.,  354. 

Franklin,  William  T.,  and  the  autobiogra- 
phy of  Benj.  Franklin,  255. 

Franklin,  state  of,  45. 

Franklin  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society, 
192. 

Franklin  Inn  Club,  privileges  extended  to 
A.  H.  A..  85. 

Frederick  II,  war  with,  271, 

Freedom  of  the  seas,  96. 


Freeman.  Edward  A.,  influence  as  historian, 

350,  353. 
Freese,  L.  J.,  pres.  Woodford  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

191. 
French,    Charles    E.,    of    Montgomery    Co. 

Hist.    Soc,   206. 
Friedonberg,    Albert    M.,    sec.    .\m.    Jewish 

Hist.   Soc,  185. 
Friends'  Historical  Society  of  Philadelphia, 

report   (1917).  210. 
Frink,    Dwlght    E.,    sec.    McLean    Co.    Hist. 

Soc,   191. 
Frothingham,  A.  K,  on  the  cosmopolitan  re- 
ligion of  Tarsus  and  the  origin  of  Mithra, 

39,    40. 
Frothingham,    E.   G.,   pres.    Haverhill    Hist. 

Soc,    197. 
Fronde,  James  A.,  cited,  307. 
Fry,    Rev.   Jacob,    pres.    Pa.    German    Soc, 

212. 
Fryer,    George    G.,    pres.    Onondaga    Hist. 

Assoc,    207. 
Fuel  Administration,  records,  118.  ' 

Fuller,    George    N.,    of    pub.    arch.    comm. 

(1918),   23,    85;    (1917).    105,   112;   sec. 

Mich.    Hist.    Comm.,   201  ;    Economic  and 

Social    Beginnings    of    Mich.,    201  ;    sec 

Mich.  Pioneer  and  Hist.  Soc,  201. 
Fuller,  George  S.  V.,  cor.  sec.  Medford  Hist. 

Soc,    198. 

Galbreath,   A.   Finney,   pres.    Hist.    Soc.   of 

Harford   Co.,   195. 
Gallet,  E.  G.,  courtesy  acknowledged.  142. 
Gallup,   C»    H.,  pres.    Firelands   Hist.   Soc, 

208. 
Galvez,  Bernardo  de,  at  Pensacola,  321. 
Gambrill,  J.  M..  chairman  com.  on  hist,  in 

schools    (1918),   86. 
Gardner,  Frank  A.,  pres.  Old  Planters*  Soc, 

199. 
Gardner,   Lucie  M.,  sec  Old  Planters'  Soc, 

199. 
Gardoqui,  Diego  de.  Intrigue  with  Sevier,  45. 
Garfield,  James  R.,  of  local  com.  (1918).  23. 
Gary     (Ind.)      Historical     Society,     report 

(1917),    192. 
Geary,  R.  W.,  pres.  Lundys  Lane  Hist.  Soc, 

215. 
Genealogical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  work 

of,  175. 
Genealogy,  in  newspapers,  188  ^  Family  His- 
tory Qumtionnaire,  190;  MSS.,  196. 
General  Index,  A.  H.  A.,  54,  60,  71,  81. 
General  Staff,  U.  S.  A.,  hist,  section,  119. 
Genesee  Country   Historical  Federation,   re- 
port   (1917),    205. 
(Geneva  (N.  Y.)  Historical  Soclet.v,  205. 
George,    Robert    H.,    of    membership    com. 

(1917).    77. 
iJeorgetown    University,    prize    awarded    to 

representative  of,  187. 
Georgia,  arch,  in  capitol,  110 ;  condition  of 

arch.,  110;  dept.  of  arch,  proposed.  110; 

reports  of  hist.  socs.  (1917),  189. 
Georgia    Historical    Association,    work    of, 

109-110;  report  (1917).  189. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


443 


Georgia  Historical  Socioty,  rc'poit  (1917), 
189. 

Gornian-Anierican  Historical  Society,  Chi- 
cago, report  (1917),  190. 

German-American  Historical  Society,  Phila., 
report    (1917),   210. 

Germans  in  Maryland,  Society  for  the  His- 
tory of,  report   (1917),  195. 

Germany,  use  of  hist.,  3(5 ;  study  of  hist,  in 
schools,  39,  223-224 ;  colonization  in 
Brazil,  48 ;  socialism,  69 ;  associations, 
312. 

Oeschichtsiliitter,  190. 

Ghent,   treaty  and   negotiations,   199. 

Gibbon,  Lieut.,  exploration  in  Peru,  99. 

Gibson,  Col.,  expedition  against  Wyandots, 
320. 

Gilbert,  Simeon,  death  of,  61. 

Gilgamesh,  Babylonian  myth  of,  40. 

Gillan,  W.  Rush,  pres.  Kittochtinny  Hist. 
Soc,  211. 

Glass,  Rev.  Daniel  G.,  sec.  Hist.  Soc.  of 
Reformed  Church  in  U.  S.,  186. 

Gleason,  Rev.  Joseph  M.,  pres.  P.  C.  B. 
(1918),  17,  100;  on  the  work  of  J.  G. 
Shea,  98 ;  of  P.  C.  B.  auditing  com. 
(1917),  99. 

Glenk,  Robert,  cor.  sec.  La.  Hist.  Soc,  194. 

Gloucester,  the  battle  of,  204. 

Gloucester  Co.,  N.  J.,  lost  towns  and  ham- 
lets In,  204. 

Gloucester  County  (N.  J.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, report  (1917),  204. 

Glover,  C.  C,  of  La  Salle  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
191. 

Goddrd,  George  S.,  of  pub.  arch.  comm. 
(1918),  23,  85;  at  conference  of  arch. 
(1917),  68;  of  pub.  arch.  comm.  (1917), 
105,  112  :  illness  of,  129. 

Colder,  Frank  A.,  of  com.  on  bibl.  (1918), 
23,  85  ;  on  the  first  week  of  the  Russia'n 
revolution  of  Mar.,  1917,  43,  44. 

Goldsmith.  Irving  I.,  sec  Hist.  Soc.  of 
Saratoga,  200. 

Gooch,  Sir  William,  cited,  306. 

Gooding,  Idaho,  school  for  deaf  and  blind, 
169. 

Goodrich,  Oov.  James  P.,  pres.  Ind.  Hist. 
Comm.,  192. 

Gordon,  John  C,  of  Scottish  Hist.  Soc,  187. 

Goriainov,  Serge,  on  the  end  of  the  alliance 
of  the  emperors.  69. 

Gran,  papal  taxation  in  province  of,  2r.rt, 
271. 

Grand  Rapids    (Mich.),  Historical  Society 
of,  report  (1917),  201. 

Grant,  J.  M.,  Mormon  leader,  cited,  340. 

Grant,  Oen.  Ulysses  S.,  Lee's  sword  sur- 
rendered to,  214. 

Grant,  W.  L.,  of  Kingston  Hist.  Soc,  215. 

Grant  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  192. 

Gras,  Norman  S.  B.,  English  customs 
REVENUE  TO  1275,  293-301,  {abstract) 
4U  42. 


Gnat  Britain,  commonwealth  of  nation^. 
35  ;  relations  with  colonies,  96.  iSee  «/«'» 
England. 

Great  Northern  Railway,  reports,  144. 

Great  War.  effect  on  work  of  A.  H.  A., 
33-34,  56,  75,  82;  historians  and,  34, 
.36 ;  and  the  teaching  of  hist.,  36 ;  col- 
lection of  local  material  by  hist,  socs., 
37,  179,  180  ;  collection  and  preservation 
of  records,  37-38,  99,  116-135  ;  A.  H.  A. 
members  in  work  connected  with,  61  ; 
archives,  discussion  by  pub.  arch,  comm., 
67 ;  Am.  Hist.  Rev.  and,  68-09 ;  bibl.. 
70 ;  and  hist,  work,  74,  86 ;  effect  on  1918 
meeting,  A.  H.  A.,  85;  P.  C.  B.  resolu- 
tion concerning,  99  ;  medal  to  commemor- 
ate U.  S.  declaration,  185  ;  V.  8.  and  the, 
207 ;  and  the  study  of  hist.,  222-225. 
See  also  ni.mes  of  States, 

Greece,   imperialism   of,  39. 

Green,  John  R.,  influence  as  historian,  350. 

Green  Bay  (Wis.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),   214. 

Greene,  Evarts  B.,  sec.  A.  H.  A.  council 
(1918),  15,  50.  57,  79;  of  com.  on  pubs. 
(1918),  23,  86;  report  as  sec.  of  council 
(1917),  49,  50,  56;  at  council  meetings, 
80,  83,  85,  87  ;  of  council  com.  on  ap- 
pointments, 80  ;  of  council  com.  on  docket, 
80 ;  of  council  com.  on  finance,  80 ;  of 
special  com.  on  membership,  85,  86 ;  of 
com.  on  cooperation  in  nat.  service,  86 ; 
of   Champaign    Co.  ^list.    Soc,    190. 

Greene,  Oen.  Nathaniel,  orderly  book,  204  ; 
in  the  South.  321. 

Green  Lake,  Wis.,  Antiquities  of,  215. 

Greenlaw,  Lucy  II.,  sec.  Winthrop  Improve- 
ment and  Hist,   .\ssoc.,   200. 

Greenwood,  Mrs.  Herbert,  sec.  Hyde  Park 
Hist.   Soc,   197. 

Gregg,  Frank  M.,  of  local  com.    (1918),  23. 

Gregory  IX,  papal  taxation  imposed  by, 
271-276. 

Greve,  Charles  T.,  sec.  Hist,  and  Philos. 
Soc.  of  O.,  208. 

GriflSth,  Dr.  E.  C,  sec  Mo.  Baptist  Hist. 
Soc,  202. 

Griswold,  L.  W.,  of  Holland  Purchase  Hist. 
Soc,   206. 

Groton    (Mass.)    Historical    Society,   197. 

Grover,  Frank  R.,  pres.  Evanston  Hist.  Soc, 
190. 

Groves,  Charles  A.,  courtesy  acknowledged, 
142. 

Gualo,  papal  legate.  Instructions  to,  270. 

Guernsey,  Mrs.  George  T.,  pres.  D.  A.  R., 
186. 

Guilda.v.  Rev.  Peter,  of  pub.  arch.  comm. 
(1918).  23,  85;  on  the  collection  of 
Catholic  war  records.  38,  127-128;  at 
conference  of  arch.  (1917),  68;  of  pub 
arch.   comm.    (1917),    105,    112. 

Guinn.  J.  M.,  of  Col.  Hist.  Survey,  188; 
sec.   Southern  Col.  Hist.  Soc,    188. 

Guises,  alliance  with  Philip  II,  311. 


444 


GKXKRAL   INDEX. 


Gulick.  R«v.  Sidney  L.,  on  hist,  of  nat- 
uralization legislation  in  U.  S.,  with  ref- 
erence  to  China  and  Japan,    48. 

Gutsch.  Milton  R.,  of  niemlK'rship  com. 
(1917),   77. 

Gwinn,  Florence  M.,  of  Huron  Co.  Pioneer 
and   Hist.   Soc,  201. 

Gwyn.  Sir  Rowland,  association  proposed 
by.  309. 

Haas.   Gen.  John  P.  de.   I.ifr  atid  f^erviceti, 

211. 
Hacisett,  Charles  W..  on  the  delimitation  of 

political  jurisdictions  in  Spanish  N.  Am., 

47. 
Halberstadt.    Capt.   Balrd,   pres.   Schuylkill 

Co.   Hist.  Soc,   211. 
Haldane,  Mary,  of  I'utnam  Co.   Hist.   Soc. 

207. 
Haldimand,    Sir    Frederick,    order    concern- 
ing Detroit,  323. 
Hall,  on  the  customs,  295-296. 
Hall,   Jane   S.,    sec.    Washington    Co.    Hist. 

Soc,   212. 
Hall,  John  W.,  pres.  Jay  Co.  Hist.  Assoc, 

1U2. 
Hamilton,  Sheriff,  Correspondence,  215. 
Hamilton,  Alexander,  and  Adams,  257  ;  pul)- 

llcation   of  papers  of,  257,  259. 
Hamilton,  Gov.  Henry,  plan  of,  317. 
Hamilton,  J.  G.  de  R.,  of  nominating  com. 

(1918),   23,   57,   7« ;   pres.    Hist.    Soc   of 

N.  C,  207. 
Hamilton  College,  founder  of,  205. 
Hamilton  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society, 

102.  *• 

Hamilton  Library  .\8soclation,  Carlisle,  Pa., 

report   (1917),  210. 
Hammond,  Otis  G.,   sec.   N.   H.   Hist.    Soc, 

203. 
Hammond  collection  of  watches  and  clocks, 

196. 
Hangerg.  John  H.,  of  Rock  Island  Co.  Hist. 

Soc,  191. 
Harbach.  Gen.  A.  A.>  pres.  Soc.  of  Army  of 

Santiago  de  Cuba,  187. 
Harden,  W..  ed.  Ga.  Hist.  Quarterly,  189. 
Harding,    Samuel    B.,    councilor,    A.    H.    A. 

(1918),  16,  57,  79;  chairman  of  program 

com.    (1918),    23:    of    com.    on    hist,    in 

schools   (1918),  23,  86;  at  council  meet- 
ings, 80,  83,  85,  87 ;  of  council  com.  on 

appointments,    80 ;    on    hist,    in    schools, 

246. 
Hardy,  Stella  P.,  pres.  Nat.  Soc.  Col.  Dames, 

186. 
Harford   County    (Md.),   Historical    Society 

of,   report    (1917>,   195. 
nar)«n,  Edgar  A.,  of  Hist.  Dept.  of  Iowa, 

193. 
Harnt'tt,  Jnn"  E.,  on  European  hist,  in  Cal. 

hish    schoils.    101.    102. 
Harper,    Sanuiei    N.,    on    the   forces   behind 

the  Russian  revolution  of  Mar.,  1917,  43. 
Harris,  Public  Life  of  Zachariah  Chandler, 

201. 


Harrison,  Gov.  William  H.,  and  G.  R.  Clark, 

315,   321,  325. 
Harrison  County   (Ind.)    Historical  Society. 

192. 
Harrodsburg,  Clark  and,  319. 
Hart.  Albert  B..  life  councilor.  A.  H.  A..  16; 

of    com.     on     military    hist,     prize,     24 ; 

on  the  psychology  <;f  a  constitutional  con- 
vention, 47  ;  of  com.  on  docunu-ntary  hist. 

publications  of  U.  S.,  73. 
Hart.  I.  W..  courtesy  acknowleilge<l.  142. 
Hart.    Samuel,  death   of,  61. 
Hartford  Times,  geneal.  dept..  188. 
Ilartman.     Sanford    F.,    courtesy    acknowl- 

edge<l.   142. 
Harvard  Commission   of  Western    History. 

report    (1917),   197. 
Harvard  History  Club,  report   (1917),  197. 
Harvard  University  Press,  A.  H.  A.  papers 

published  by,  72. 
Harvesting  machinery,  material  relating  to, 

191. 
Haskins,  Charles  H.,  editor,  .4m.  Hist.  Rev 

(1918),  23,  50,  86;  of  com.  on  policy,  24, 

86. 
Hasse,  Adelaide  R.,  of  com.  on  bibl.  (1918), 

23,  85. 
Hatfield,  s.vnod,  40. 
Hatfield.    Mrs.    Joshua,    pres.    Soc.    of    Pa. 

Women  in  N.  Y.,  207. 
Haverhill  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 

(1917),    197. 
Haviland,  Frank,  sec.  Holliston  Hist.  Soc, 

197. 
Hawaiian  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 

190. 
Hawley,  James  H.,  courtesy  acknowledged, 

142. 
Hawley,  Gov.  James  H.,  papers  of,  143,  172. 
Hay,  Sir  Gilbert,  association  made  by,  310. 
Hajden,  Rev.  Horace  E.,  death  of,  61,  212. 
Hayes,  Carlton  J.  H.,  on  German  socialism. 

69. 
Hayes,  J.  Carroll,  sec.  Chester  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

209. 
Hayes.  Rutherford  B.,  Diary  of.  208. 
Hazard,     Ebenezer,    Historical    Collections, 

257. 
Hazard,    George    H.,    of    Minn.    Territorial 

Pioneers,   202. 
Hazen,   Rev.   Dr.   Azel   W.,  pres.    Middlesex 

Co.    Hist.    Soc,    189. 
Ilazen,  Charles  D.,  of  Herbert  Baxter  Adams 

prize  com.  (1918).  23,  85. 
Heath,   ilaj.-Gen.   William,   Journal   of  Am. 

Rev.,    253,    256. 
Heaton,  Hiram,  of  Jefferson  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

193. 
Heaton,  J.  C.  R.,  of  Johnson  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

191. 
ITeilman,  S.  P.,  sec  Lebanon  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

211 ;   sec.  Pa.  Federation  of  Hist.   Socs., 

212. 
Heinl,  Frank  J.,  of  Morgan  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

191. 
Henderson,  Archibald,  on  tbe  Spanish  con- 
spiracy in  Tenn.,  46. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


445 


Henley,  David,  commissioner  on  Va.  claims, 
315)1. 

Henry  II,  pipe  rolls,  297. 

Henry  III,  and  papal  taxation,  277-278 ; 
lay  sub.sidies  under,  283,  300. 

Henry  VIII,  association  during  reign  of, 
306. 

Henry,  Patrick,  value  of  Wirt's  blog.,  256 ; 
and  G.  R.  Clark,  319. 

Henry  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),   192. 

Hepburn,  Mrs.  A.  Barton,  pres.  City  Hist. 
Club  of  N.   Y.,   205. 

Heraldry,   college  of,   186. 

Herbert  Baxter  Adams  prize,  com.  (1918), 
23,  85  ;  conditions  of  award,  29,  50,  58- 
59,  83,  86-87  ;  list  of  awards,  30  ;  jTward 
(1917),  50,  79;  award  (1915),  60;  report 
of  com.  at  council  meeting,  81  ;  council 
recommendation  concerning  pub.  of  1917 
essay,   83. 

Herkimer  County  (N.  Y.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, report   (1917),  205. 

Herndon,  Lieut.,  exploration  in  Peru,  99. 

Herndon,  Dallas  T.,  of  Ark.  Hist.  Comm., 
188.  • 

Herolt,  Ceorge,  Rome,  first  book  published 
by,   185. 

Herrick,  Myron  T.,  chairman  of  local  com. 
(1918),  23. 

Hertford,   synod,   40. 

Hertfordshire,  lay  assessments,  286. 

Hesse,  Capt.  Emanuel,  expedition  under, 
318. 

lleth.  William,  commissioner  on  Va.  claims, 
315m. 

Hewins,  Edmund  H.,  pres.  Sharon  Hist. 
Soc,    200. 

Hewitt,  Henry,  jr.,  pres.  Washington  State 
Hist.    Soc,    214. 

Heyburn  Park,  Idaho,  records,  155  ;  board 
of  control,  169. 

Ilibberd,  Rev.  Henry  E.,  of  Waterloo  Lib. 
and  Hist.  Soc,  207. 

Higglns,  Sarah,  sec.  Dover  Hist  and  Nat. 
Hist.   Soc,  197. 

Hill,  Henry  W.,  pres.  Buffalo  Hist.  Soc,  205. 

Hill,  Joseph  .!.,  bibl.  on  western  ti^vels,  100. 

Himes,  C.  F.,  pres.  Hamilton  Lib.  Assoc, 
210. 

Hingham  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  197. 

Hispanic-American  Review,   36,  97. 

Historia,  209. 

Historical  manuscripts  commission,  mem- 
bers (1918),  23.  85,  355:  n  port  at  coun- 
cil meeting,  81 ;  Thirteenth  rbpokt, 
355-428. 

Historical  section  of  a  general  staff,  func- 
tions of,  44. 
Historical  societies,  proposed  handbook,  36, 
181,  185n.  ;  relations  with  hereditary- 
patriotic  socs.,  36-37,  175-179  ;  collection 
of  war  material  by,  37,  179-180;  U.  S. 
and  Canada,  published  list  of,  75;  reports 
(1917).  185-210 
Historiography,   American,  progress  of,  47. 


History,  Pan-German  use  of,  36.  See  alsv 
American  history ;  Ancient  history ; 
Church  history ;  English  history ;  Eu- 
ropean history ;  Far  Eastern  history ; 
Latin-American  history ;  Medieval  his- 
tory ;  Military  history  ;  Portuguese-Amer- 
ican history  ;  Russian  history ;  United 
States  history. 

History  In  schools,  A.  H.  A.  com.  (1918), 
-23,  86;  Great  War  and  the  teaching  of, 
36 ;  program  discussed,  38-39 ;  French 
course  of  1902,  39,  221-222,  220.  233 ; 
the  German  process,  39  ;  report  of  A.  H. 
A.  com.  (1917),  78-79;  readjustment  of 
program,  79 ;  report  of  A.  H.  A.  com.  at 
council  meeting,  81 ;  appropriation  of  A. 
H.  A.  com.  suspended  for  1918,  82 ; 
European  hist,  in  high  schools,  101-102 ; 
one-year  course,  102;  early  c  urscs,  219- 
220 ;  and  patriotism,  223-224,  225 ;  In 
junior  high  school,  227,  230 ;  in  high 
schools,  231-233,  240-241 ;  in  elementary 
schools,  233,  241-242.  See  also  History 
teachers,  Proceedings  of  conference. 

History  teachers.  Proceedings  of  confeb- 
ENCE,  217-247,  (abstract)  38,  39. 

History  Teacher's  Magazine,  A.  H.  A.  ad- 
visory board  (1918),  24,  86;  subsidy  of 
A.  H.  A.  withdrawn,  56.  82;  bibl.  of 
Great  War  published  in,  70  ;  council  reso- 
lutions concerning  subsidy  to,  81 ;  report 
of  advisory  board  at  council  meeting,  81 ; 
reduction  of  no.  of  issues,  84. 

History  Teachers  of  Middle  States  and 
Maryland,  meeting  with  A.  H.  A.,  35,  219. 

Hixon,  David  B.,  acting  sec.  Medway  Hist. 
Soc,  198. 

Hixon,  Herbert  N.,  pres.  Medway  Hist.  Soc., 
198. 

Hoar,  George  F.,  autobiography,  260. 

Hodder,  Frank  H..  of  Justin  Winsor  prize 
com.   (1918),  23,  80,  85. 

Hodgson,  F    T.,  pres.  Huron  Inst.,  215. 

Hoffman,  J.  Leonard,  sec.  for  Soc.  of  Hist. 
of  Germans  in  Md.,  195. 

Holbrook,  Mrs.  L.  W.,  of  Mendon  Hist.  Soc, 
198. 

Holder,  F.  T.,  endowment  to  Clinton  Hist. 
Soc,   196. 

Holland  Land  Co.,  headquarters,  206. 

Holland  Purchase  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  206. 

Holland  Society  of  New  York,  report  (1917), 
206. 

Holllnger,  Charles  B.,  sec.  Lancaster  Co. 
Hist.  Soc,  211. 

Holliston  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  197. 

Holman,  Frederick  V.,  pres.  Ore.  Hist.  Soc, 
209. 

Holmes,  John,  Letters  of,  195. 

Holy  Land,  papal  taxation  for,  270,  277, 
278. 

Iloneyman,  A.  V.  D..  sec  N.  J.  Hist.  Soc, 
204. 

"onorlus  III,  and  papal  taxation,  269.  270. 

Hoover,  Herbert,  food  administrator.  125. 


44' 


GENERAL,  INDEX. 


Hotchkiss.  Clarence  P.,  sec.  Bueks  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  209. 

Houseman.  Dr.  E.  O.,  sec.  Idaho  board  of 
osteopathy,   1C8. 

Howard,  Donald  J.,  sec.  Blair  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,   209. 

Howard,  Lieut.  McHenry,  pres.  Soc.  of  Army 
and  Navy  of  Conffdorate  States.  Md.,  195. 

Howe,  Agnes  E.,  on  hist.  In  high  schools,  102. 

Howe,  Daniel  W.,  pres.  Ind.  Hist.  Soc,  192. 

Howe.  Joseph  S.,  pres.  Methuen  Hist.  Soc., 
198. 

Howison,  George  H.,  death  of,  61. 

Flowland.  Henry  W.,  MSS.  gift  to  Buffalo 
Hist.   Soc,  205. 

Hul)l)ard,  A.  S..  of  Cal.  Hist.  Soc,  188. 

Huguenot  Society  of  America.  186. 

Huguenot  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  report 
(1917).  211. 

Huguennt  Society  of  South  Carolina,  213. 

llnsuenots,  Baird's  work  on,  351. 

Hull,  Charles  H.,  hil)l.  of  Great  War,  70. 

Hulme,  Edward  M.,  of  ex.  com.,  P.  C.  B. 
(1918),  17,  100;  of  membership  com. 
(1917),  77. 

Hungary,  papal   taxation   in,  270,  271. 

Hunt,  Gaillard,  of  hist.  MSS.  comm.  (1918), 
23,  85;   (1917),  355. 

Hunt.  Rockwell  D.,  pres.  Southern  Cal. 
Hist.   Soc,  188. 

Hunter,  A.  F.,  sec.  Ontario  Hist.  Soc,  216. 

Hunter,  R.  M.  T.,  Correspondence  of,  60,  71. 

Hunterdon  County  (N.  J.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, contribution  to  conference  of  hist, 
societies,  181;   report    (1917),  204. 

Huntington  (N.  Y.)   Hlstoi^tal  Society,  206. 

Huron  County  (Mich.)  Pioneer  and  His- 
torical Society,  report   (1917),  201. 

Huron   Institute,   report    (1917),   215. 

Hyde  Park  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),   197. 

Hylan,  Rev.  Albert  E.,  pres.  Medfleld  Hist. 
Soc,   198. 

Iberville  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
187. 

Idaho,  report  on  archives,  67,  68,  109, 
137-172 ;  territory  created,  141  ;  ad- 
mitted to  union,  141  ;  executive  papers; 
142-144;  legislative  papers,  143,  171- 
172 ;  county  divisions,  144  ;  election  re- 
turns, 144,  145  ;  corporations.  144—145  ; 
papers  of  sec.  of  state.  144-147;  maps, 
146,  162 ;  motor  vehicles,  146 ;  papers 
of  auditor.  147-150,  151-152 ;  Carey 
act,  148.  15.?,  154,  160,  161;  record.-: 
of  troas.,  150-152  ;  papers  of  atty.  gen., 
152-153 ;  inspector  of  mines,  153  ;  supt. 
of  pub.  Instruction,  153  ;  State  engineer. 
154;  fish  and  game  warden,  154-15.>; 
insurance  commissioner,  155  ;  bank  con>- 
missioner,  156 ;  director  of  farm  mar- 
kets, 156;  adjutant  general,  157-158; 
military  papers,  157-158  ;  bacteriologist, 
158;  holler  insi)eitor,  158;  chemist,  158;  i 
commissioner  of  education,  158 ;  dairy,  I 
food,  and  sanitary   inspector,    158,   159 ;  j 


horticultural  Inspector,  159.  166;  vet- 
erinary surgeon,  159 ;  commissioner  of 
immigration,  100 ;  hay  and  grain  in- 
spector, 160;  law  librarian,  160;  board 
of  land  commissioners,  160-162 ;  high- 
way commission,  163;  pub.  utilities 
comm.,  163 ;  board  of  education,  164 ; 
board  of  examiners,  164 ;  board  of 
equalization,  104-103 ;  board  of  par- 
dons, 165;  l)oard  of  State  prison  com- 
missioners, 165 ;  board  of  health.  166 ; 
live-stock  sanitary  board,  166-167 ; 
board  of  canvassers,  167 ;  depository 
board,  167 ;  board  of  management  of 
capltol,  167 ;  board  of  medical  exam- 
iners, 167;  board  of  arbitration,  168; 
board  of  dental  examiners,  108;  board 
of  graduate  nurses,  168  ;  library  comm., 
168,  169 ;  board  of  optometry,  108 ; 
board  of  osteopathy,  168 ;  board  of 
phnrm.Tcy.  168;  State  grain  commis- 
sion, 168;  board  of  veterinary  medical 
examiners,  108 ;  board  of  accountancy, 
169;  board  of  architects,  169;  code 
commissioner,  169 ;  fiscal  board,  169 ; 
industrial  accident  board,  169  r  insur- 
ance manager,  169;  irrigation  laws,  169; 
labor  comm.,  169 ;  lumber  inspectors, 
169 ;  comm.  on  northern  asylum,  169 ; 
supreme  court,  169,  171 ;  comm.  on 
wages  of  women  and  minors.  169  ;  edu- 
cational institutions,  169-170 ;  laws, 
171-172.     See  also  Idaho  archives. 

Idaho,  Academy  of,  169. 

Idaho,  University  of,  deeds,  147  ;  land  re- 
ceipt book,  148;  bonds,  153;  board  of 
regents,   164  ;   records,   169,   170. 

Idaho  archives,  general  description,  141- 
142 ;  elective  officers,  142-153  ;  appoint- 
ive officers,  154-160;  permanent  boards 
and  commissions,  160-168 ;  special  com- 
missions, 169 ;  recently  created  boards 
and  offices,  169  ;  educational  institutions, 
169-170;  State  hi.st.  soc.  170;  exposi- 
tion papers,  170 ;  supreme  court,  171 ; 
legislature,  171-172.     See  also  Idaho. 

Idaho  Industrial  Training  School,  papers, 
144.       * 

Idaho  State  Historical  Society,  records,  170. 

Idaho  State  Teachers'  Association,  min- 
utes,   153. 

Illff,  J.   G.,  on  hist,  in  schools,   103. 

Illinois,  Mormons  in,  97;  Centennial  Jlift- 
tory,  190 ;  French  transcripts  concern- 
ing. 190;  report  of  hi.st.  socs.  (1917), 
190. 

lUinoiit  Catholic  Histwical  Revieic,  190. 

Illinois  Catholic  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),    190. 

Illinois  Centrnnlal  Commission,  report 
(1917),    190. 

Illinois  Historical  Survey,  report  (1917), 
190. 

Illinois  Jewish   Historical  Society,    190. 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  rt  port 
(1917),   191. 

Imperialism,  ancient,  papers  on,  39. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


447 


Independence,  tendencies  in  18th  cent.,  96. 
Independence,     American,     biograpliies     of 

signers,    186 ;   graves  of  signers   marked, 

186  ;  True  Story  of,  209. 
Independent,  and  study  of  current  events, 

221. 
Indiana,    collection    of   war   material,    179- 

180  ;  Morgan's  raid  in,  192  ;   Play-Party 

in,    192;    reports   of   hisf.    socs.     (1917), 

192-193  ;  study  of  hist,  in  schools,   239, 

240. 
Indiana      Historical      Commission,      report 

(1917),  192. 
Indiana   Historical   Society,    report    (1917), 

192. 
Indiana   Historical    Survey,    report    (1917). 

192. 
Indiana   History  and  Archives,  Department 

of,   report    (1917),   192. 
Indiana  Magazine  of  History,  192. 
Indiana    State    Library,    collection    of    war 

material,  37,   179-180. 
Indian   Island,   Me.,    field    day,   194. 
Indians,    languages    preserved,    98 :    relics, 

192,  204,  205,  206;  in  Am.  Rev.,  316-324. 

See  also  names  of  tribes. 
Innocent    III.    papal   tax   imposed   by,   267, 

268,   269,   270,   273. 
Innocent  IV,  and  papal  taxation,  276-278. 
Inquisition,  association  to  resist  the,   311 ; 

Lea's  History,  351. 
Interior,    Department  of  the,   war   records, 

117,  118. 
Iowa,    reports   of   hist.    socs.    (1917),    193, 

194. 
Iowa,  Historical  Department  of,  193. 
Iowa  and  war,  193. 

lovm  Journal  of  History  and  PolUics,  194. 
Iowa    State    Historical     Society,    contribu 

tion  to  conference  of  hist,  societies,  181 ; 

report    (1917),   193,   194. 
Ipswich    (Mass.)    Historical  Society,   197. 
Iroquois,    peace   proposed    with    Americans 

323. 
Irvine,    Gen.    William,    operations    of,    324, 

326,  328. 
Irvii'.g,  Washington,  work  of,  348. 
Irwin,    I).    Elizabeth,    of    Huntington    Hist. 

Soc,  206. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  papers  of,  74. 

Jackson,   Rev.   G.   A.,   of   Swampscott   Hist. 

Soc,  200. 
Jackson,   John   H.,   sec.   Lundys  Lane  Hist. 

Soc,  215. 
Jackson,  Lieut.  L.  P.,  of  P.  C.  B.  auditing 

com.  (1917),  99;  on  hist,  in  schools,  103. 
Jackson   County    (Ind.)    Historical   Society, 

report    (1917),   192. 
Jackson  family,  Sketch  of,  202. 
James,  James  A.,  of  com.  on  hist.  In  schools 

(1918),   23,   86;   To   what   extent   was 

George    Rogers    Clark    in    control   of 

THE    Northwest?    313-329,     (abstract) 

45. 
James,    Thomas,    Three    Years    Among    the 

Indians  and  Mexicans,  202. 


Jameson,  J.  Franklin,  life  councilor,  A.  H. 
A.,  16;  editor.  Am.  Hist.  Rev.  (1918), 
23;.  of  com.  on  pubs.  (1918),  23,  86;  of 
com.  on  documentary  hist,  publications  of 
U.  S.,  73  ;  at  council  meetings,  80,  83,  85 ; 
report  on  General  Index,  81  ;  presides  at 
council  meeting,  83 ;  The  Association, 
303-312,  (ahstract)  43. 

Japan,  A.  H.  A.  papers  on,  48  ;  party  poll- 
tics,  1897-1917,  48  ;  U.  S.  legislation  con- 
cerning immigration  from,  48. 

Jay  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Association, 
report    (1917),   192.' 

Jefferson,  Joseph,  letter  to,  cited,  251. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  value  of  Randolph's  let- 
ters of,  256  ;  Callender  and,  257  ;  publica- 
tion of  papers  of,  259  ;  and  G.  R.  Clark, 
316,  317,  319  ;  volunteers  called  by,  320. 

Jefferson.  Fort,  Clark  and,  319  ;  evacuation 
of,  320. 

Jefferson  County  (la.)  Historical  Society 
193. 

Jenkins,  Charles  F.,  pres.  Site  and  Relic 
Soc.  of  Germantown,  212. 

.Jennings,  Amanda  L.,  sec.  Woodford  Co. 
Hist.   Soc,  191. 

Jersey  County  (111.)  Historical  Society,  191. 

Jessup,  Dr.  Albert  A.,  sec.  Idaho  board  of 
dental  examiners,  168. 

Jesuits,  Relations,  98  ;  church  built  in  1728, 
215. 

John,  of  England,  tax  imposed  by,  300. 

Johnson,  Alfred,  cor.  sec.  N.  Eng.  Hist.  Gen- 
eal.   Soc.  199. 

Johnson,  Allen,  of  audit  com..  59. 

Johnson.  Henry,  chairman  advisory  board, 
Hist.  Teacher's  Mag.  (1918),  24,  86;  on 
school  course  in  hist.,  38-39,  219-229; 
report  of  com.  on  hist,  in  schools  (1917), 
78-79  ;  at  council  meeting,  80. 

Johnson  County  (111.)  Historical  Society, 
191. 

Johnson  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society, 
192. 

Johnston,  Allen  W.,  of  Schenectady  Co. 
Hist.  Soc,  207. 

Johnston.  Robert  M..  chairman  military 
hist,  prize  com.,  24  ;  on  the  preservation  of 
war  material,  38  ;  on  need  of  pub.  arch, 
bldg.,   129,   130.- 

Johnstown  (N.  Y.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port,   (1917),   206. 

Jones,  George  M.,  see.  Berks  Co.  Hist. 
Soc  ,  210. 

Jones,  Harriet  E„  of  Hist.  Soc.  of  Old 
Newbury,  197. 

Jones,  T.  J.,  on  hist,  in  schools,  103. 

Jones,  Walter  R.,  sec.  Union  Soc.  of  Civil 

War,  187. 
Jordan,  John  W.,  librarian  Pa.  Hist.  Soc, 

176. 
Jordon,    George,    of    Macoupin    Co.     Hist. 

Soc.   191. 
Josseiyn,     A.     R.,     pres.     Muskingum     Co. 

Pioneer  and  Hist.  Soc,  208. 
Journal    of    International   Law,    A.    H.    A 
paper  in,  72. 


448 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Jugo-Slav  movement,  44. 

JuBserand,  Jean  J.,  2d  vice  pres.  A.  FI.  A. 
(1918),  15,  50,  57,  79;  gold  medal 
awarded  by  Pa.  Soc.  of  N.  Y.,  207. 

Justice,  Department  of,  war  records,  117, 
118. 

Justin  Wlnsor  prize,  com.  (1918),  23.  85; 
conditions  of  awards,  29,  50,  58-59,  83, 
80-87 ;  list  of  awards,  29-.30 ;  award 
(1916),  60;  report  of  com.  at  council 
meeting,  81. 

Kane,  Col.  Thomas  L.,  advice  to  Mormons, 

3,^6. 
Kankakee    County     (111.)     Historical     So- 
ciety, report   (1917),  191. 
Kansas,  list  of  newspapers,   194. 
Kansas     State     Historical     Society,    report 

(1917),  194. 
Kaskaskia,   Clark  and,  315,  316.   322,  327. 
Kcacb,  Mary  A.,  death  of,  55,  61. 
Keator,  Frederick  R.,  sec.  Holland  Soc.  of 

N.    Y.,   206. 
Keister,  A.  L.,  death  of,  61. 
Keith,    Clayton,    sec.    P...e    Co.    Hist.    Soc, 

202. 
Keileher,  Minnie  H.,  sec.  Green  Bay  Hist. 

Soc,  214. 
Keller.    Herbert   A.,    sec.    McCormick    Hist. 

Assoc,   191. 
Kelpius,  Johannes,  Diarium,  212. 
Kent,  Charles  A.,  death  of,  61. 
Kentucky,    reports    of    hist.    socs.     (1917), 

194 ;    Anti-Slavery    Movement    in,    194 ; 

force  raist-d  by  Clark  in,  316 ;  proposed 

invasion   of,  325.  ^ 

Kentucky  Historical  Register,  194. 
Kentucky  River,  Clark  and,  321. 
Kentucky  River  Navigation,  194. 
Kentucky   State    Historical   Society,   report 

(1917),   194. 
Kerner,  Robert  J.,  on  the  Jugo-SIav  move- 
ment, 44. 
Keweenaw       Historical      Society,      report 

(1917),  201. 
Kidder,    Nathaniel    T.,    pres.    Milton    Hist. 

Soc,   199. 
Kimball,   Arthur   R.,  pres.  Mattatuck   Hist. 

Soc,   189. 
Kimball,    Heber   C,   Mormon   leader,   cited, 

342. 
Kimball,   Sarah   L.,   sec.   Cal.   Geneal.   Soc, 

188. 
King,  Grace,  rec  sec.  I^.  Hist.  Soc,  194. 
King,  Ralph,  of  local  com.  (1918),  23. 
Kingsbury,  Willis  A.,  pres.   Holliston   Hist. 

Soc,   197. 
Kings   County    (N.   Y.)    Historical   Society, 

report   (1917),  206. 
Kingston    (Canada)    Historical   Society,   re- 
port (1917),  215. 
Kinzer,  Stuart  L.  B.,  death  of,  61. 
Eirkland,  Samuel,  Journals  and  Letters,  205. 
Kirkwood,  Samuel  J.,  Biography,  193. 
Kittochtinny      Historical     Society,     report 

(1917),  211. 


Klein,  Julius,  of  program  com.   (1918),  23; 

of    com.    on    hist,    congre.ss    at    Rio    de 

Janeiro,  24. 
Klein,  Theodore  B.,  pres.  Dauphin  Co.  Hist. 

Soc,  210. 
Kline,  Virgil  P.,  death  of,  61. 
Kneas.s,  Carl  M.,  sec.  Descendants  of  Signers 

of  Declaration  of  Independence,  186. 
Knight,   Lucian   L.,   on  dept.   of  arch..   Ga., 

110 ;  of  Ga.  Hist.  A.ssoc,  189. 
Knights  of  Columbus,   war   records,   119. 
Knoles,  Tully  C,  of  P.  C.  B.  com.  on  reso- 
lutions   (1917),   99;   on   hist,    in   schools, 

103. 
Knowlton,   Daniel    C,   of   com.   on   hist,    in 

schools  (1918),  23,  86  ;  on  hist,  in  schools, 

243,  244. 
Knox,  James,  testimony  in  Va.  claims.  318n. 
Knox,  William,  on  Am.  taxation,  199. 
Knox  County   (111.)   Historical  Society,  191. 
Knox  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society,  192. 
Kosciusko  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society, 

193. 
Krefeld  Society,  report   (1917),  211. 
Krehblel,  Edward  B.,  pres.  P.  C.  B.   (1917), 

95;  P.  C.  B.  delegate  to  A.  U.  A.  (1917), 

100 ;  on  the  European  commission  of  the 

Danube,  101. 
Krehbiel,  Rev.  H.  P.,  sec.  Mennonite  Hist. 

Assoc,  186. 
Krey,  August  C,  of  com.  on  hist,  in  schools 

(1918),  23,   86. 

Labor,  Department  of,  war  records,  117,  118. 

Lafrentz,  A.  F.,  sec.  Am.  Audit  Co.,  65. 

Lafrentz,  F.  W.,  pres.  Am.  Audit  Co.,  65 

Lii  Hogue,  96. 

Lake  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society,  192. 

Lake  Pepin  Valley  Old  Settlers  Association, 
202. 

Lamb,  Fred  C,  sec.  Manchester  Hist.  Assoc, 
203. 

Lamothe,  at  Detroit,  322. 

Lancaster  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society, 
report    (1917),  211. 

Lange.  Louis  A.,  prize  essay  awarded  to,  187. 

Lansing,  J.  Townsend,  pres.  Albany  Inst, 
and  Hist.  Soc,  205.  . 

Lansing,  Marion  F.,  sec.  Shepard  Hist.  Soc, 
200. 

Lapham,  Dr.  I.  A.,  hill  named  for,  214. 

Lapham,  Julia  A.,  sec.  Waukesha  Co.  Hist. 
Soc.   214. 

lapham  Peak,  Wis.,   tablet  on,   214. 

I.A  Porte  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  193. 

Laprade,  William  T.,  of  com.  on  bibl.  (1918), 
23,  85. 

Larson,  Laurence  M.,  report  of  com.  on  Her- 
bert Baxter  Adams  prize,  79. 

La  Salle  County  (111.)  Historical  Society. 
191. 

Laski,  Harold  J.,  on  the  conciliar  move- 
ment, 40,  41. 

Latane,  J.  H.,  amendment  to  by  law  pro- 
posed by,  58. 


GENERAL,  INDEX. 


449 


Lateran,  fourth  council,  taxation  imposed 
by,  268,  269. 

L*tln-American  history,  breakfast  of  those 
Interested  in,  36 ;  A.  H.  A.  papers  on, 
47  ;  institutional  background  of,  47  ;  bibl., 
100. 

Latourette,  Kenneth  S.,  on  Am.  scholar- 
ship in  Chinese  hist.,  48. 

Lava   Hot   Springs,    Idaho,   records,    162. 

La  Verendrye,  Pierre  G.  de  Varrennes  de 
Journals   of,   215. 

Lea,  Henry  C,  History  of  the  Inquiaition, 
351^ 

Leach,  Col.  J.  Granville,  pres.  Geneal.  Soc. 
of  Pa.,  210. 

Ltehy,  W.  A.,  of  N.  Eng.  Catholic  Hist. 
Soc,  199. 

Leaming  Frank,  Indian  collection,  205. 

Learned,  H.  Barrett,  chairman,  com.  on 
pubs.  (1918),  23,  86;  resolution  sec- 
onded by  55 ;  at  council  meeting,  80 ; 
report  of  com.  on  publications  (1917), 
71-74;  of  nominating  com.  (1917),  80; 
report  of  com.  on  publications  at  coun- 
cil meeting,  81 ;  report  on  revised  terms" 
of  hist,  prizes,  86-87. 

Leavenworth,  Elisha,  memorial  tablet,  189. 

Leavitt,  Blanche,  death  of,  61. 

Lebanon  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society, 
report    (1917),   21. 

Lee,  Arthur,  life  and  correspondence,  256. 

Lee,  Richard  H.,  life  and  correspondence, 
256 ;  and  G.  R.  Clark,  319. 

Lee,  Oen.  Robert  E.,  sword  surrendered  to 
Grant,  214. 

Leebrick,  K.  C,  of  P.  C.  B.  com.  on  ar- 
rangements (1917),  100;  on  hist,  in 
schools,  103. 

Lehigh  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society, 
contribution  to  conference,  of  hist,  so- 
cieties, 181;  report   (1917),  211. 

Leipziger,  Henry  M.,  death  of,  61. 

Leland,  Waldo  G.,  sec.  A.  H.  A.  (1918), 
15,  50,  57,  79;  of  com.  on  pubs.  (1918), 
23,  86;  report  as  sec.  (1917),  50-51, 
59-61  ;  at  council  meetings,  80,  82,  83, 
85 ;  report  at  council  meeting,  80 ;  of 
council  com.  on  finance,  80 ;  of  council 
com.  on  meetings  and  relations,  80 ;  of 
special  com.  on  membership,  85.  86 ;  of 
com.  on  cooperation  in  nat.  service,  86 ; 
and  nat.  arch,  bldg.,  129,  130 ;  AncHivBS 
OP  THE  Wak,  117-123,  (mentioned)  37, 
67. 

Lennox  Library,  Jesuit  Relations  collected 
by,  98. 

Leominster  (Mass.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  197. 

Letcher,  J.  R.,  sec.  Utah  State  Hist.  Soc, 
213. 

Leveller  Movement,  T.   C.  Pease,   60,   72. 

Levere,  William  C,  sec.  Evanston  Hist.  Soc, 
190. 

Lewis,  Edwin  J,,  Jr.,  pres.  Dorchester  Hist. 
Soc,  196. 

88582°— 19 29 


Lewiston,  made  capitol  of  Idaho,  141 ; 
normal  school,   169. 

Lexington  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  197. 

Llbbey,  William,  on  hist,  and  patriotic  so- 
cieties, 37,  176-178. 

Llbby,  Charles  T.,  rec  sec.  Me.  Hist.  Soc., 
194. 

Libby,  O.  G.,  sec.  N.  Dak.  State  Hist.  Soc, 
208. 

Liberty  Bell  Quarterly,  188, 

Liberty  loans,  records  of,  118,  131. 

Licking  River,  Clark  at,  319,  321  ;  fort  pro- 
posed at  mouth  of,  325 ;  military  oper- 
ations on,  327. 

Lima,   archives,   67,   109. 

Limestone  Creek,  Clark  and,  321. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  Stevens,  A  Reporter's 
Lincoln,  202  ;  and  the  Mormons,  341. 

Lincoln,  Charles  H.,  of  hist.  MSS.  comm. 
(1918),  23,  85;   (1917),  355. 

Lincoln,  Waldo,  pres.  Am.  Antiq.  Soc,  185. 

Lincolnshire,  lay  assessments  in,  284. 

•Lindley,  Harlow  C,  on  collection  of  Ind. 
war  material,  37,  179,  180 ;  director  Dept. 
Ind.  Hist,  and  Arch.,  192 ;  sec.  Ind.  Hist. 
Comm.,  192 ;  ed.  Proceedings  Ohio  Valley 
Hist.  Assoc,  192. 

Line,  Allen,  sec.  Hamilton  Lib.  Assoc,  210. 

Linselbach,  William  E.,  councilor,  A.  H.  A. 
(1918).  16,  50,  57,  79;  vice  chairman 
local  com.  (1917),  35;  report  of  mem- 
bership com.  (1917),  75-77;  at  council 
meetings,  80,  87 ;  report  of  membership 
com.  at  council  meeting,  81. 

Linn  County  (la.).  Historical  Society  of, 
report   (1917),  193. 

Linsett,  Andrew  R.,  sec.  Rumford  Hist. 
Assoc,  200. 

Lippincott,  Horace  M.,  sec  Site  and  Relic 
Soc.   of  Germantown,   212. 

Literary  Digest,  and  study  of  current  events, 
221. 

Littlefleld,  R.  W.,  gov.-gen.  Sons  and 
Daughters  of  the  Pilgrims,  187. 

Littleton  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  197. 

Livermore,  Col.  Thomas  L.,  pres.  Military 
Hist.   Soc   of  Mass.,  199. 

Livingston  County  (N.  Y.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, report    (1917),  206. 

Local  committee  of  A.  H.  A.,  members 
(1918),  23. 

Locke,  Herbert  6.,  pres.  Lexington  Hist 
Soc,  197. 

Lodge,  Henry  C,  pres.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc,  198. 

Logan,  Col.,  operations  of,  327. 

Logan,  John  H.,  sec.  New  Brun.swick  Hist. 
Club,  204. 

London,  Henry  A.,  pres.  N.  C.  State  Lit.  and 
Hist.   Assoc,  207. 

London,  communication  to  A.  H.  A.  conndl 
concerning  census  records,  87 ;  lay  assess- 
ments in,  284 ;  tax  exemptions  in  royal 
mint,  289  ;  scavage.  297,  298. 


450 


GENERAL,  INDEX. 


London   and   Middlesex   Historical    Society, 

report  (1917),  215. 
London  Oazetle,  254. 
London   headquarters,   A.    H.   A.,   report  of 

com.  at  council  meeting,  81. 
Long     Island     Historical     Society,     report 

(1917),  206. 
Lord,   Henry,   pres.   Bangor  Hist.  Soc,  194. 
Lord,  Robert  H.,  of  Herbert  Baxter  Adams 

prize  com.   (1918),  23,  85. 
Los  Angeles,  material  concerning,  188. 
Louisiana,   Spanish   transcripts  concerning, 

190. 
Louisiana  Historical  Quarterly,  194. 
Louisiana  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 

194. 
Louis  of  Nassau,   association   prepared   by, 

311. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  G.  R.  Clark  at,  320. 
Lowell    (Mass.)    Historical    Society,   report 

(1917),  197. 
Lucas  County    (la.)    Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  193. 
Lundys    Lane     Historical    Society,     report 

(1917),  215. 
Lunt,  William  E.,  Early  assessment  for 

PAPAL  TAXATION  OF  ENGLISH  CLERICAL  IN- 
COMES, 2G5-280,   (abstract)  41,  42. 

Luther,  Martin,  coins  and  medals  relating 
to,  185 :  exhibition  of  papers  and  books 
pertaining  to,   206. 

Lybyer,  Albert  H.,  of  com.  on  bibl.  (1918), 
23,  85 ;  of  com.  on  Am.  educational  and 
scientific  enterprises  in  Ottoman  Em- 
pire, 24  ;   bibl.  of  Great  War,   70. 

Lyell,  Rev.  Dr.  John  W.,  *ec.  Am.  Baptist 
Hist.    Soc,   185.  *- 

Lynn  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  197. 

Lyons,  council  of,  and  papal  taxation,  277. 

Macauley,   Thomas   B.,  cited,  309. 

McCabe,  Col.  W.  Gordon,  pres.  Descendants 
of  Signers  of  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, 186 ;  pres.  Va.  Hist.  Soc,  214. 

McCormac,  E.  J.,  on  hist,  in  schools,  103. 

McCormick,  Cyrus  H.,  family,  191. 

McCormick,  Henry,  pres.  McLean  Co.  Hist 
Soc,   191. 

McCormick  Historical  Association,  report 
(1917),  191. 

MacDonaM,  William,  communication  to 
council  concerning  census  records  in  Lon- 
don, 87  ;   at   P.   C.   B.  dinner,  97. 

McDougall,  Mrs.  J..  Lorn,  pres.  Woman's 
Canadian   Hist.   Soc,   216. 

McFall,  Mrs.  Charles  B.,  pres.  Woman's 
Hist.  Soc  of  Pa.,  213. 

McGeorge,  Isabella  C,  on  the  heroine  of 
Red  Bank,  204. 

McGeorge,  Wallace,  on  the  battle  of  Glou- 
cester. 204  ;  on  lost  towns  and  hamlets  in 
Gloucester  Co.,  204. 

McGill,  Margaret,  of  advisory  board.  Hist. 
Teacher's  Mag.  (1918),  24,  86. 

MacGregor,  Rev.  A.  F.,  address  by,  216. 

Mcllvaine,  Caroline  M.,  asst.  sec  Chicago 
Hist.  Soc,  190. 


Mcllvaine,  Mrs.  George  D.,  sec.  Women's 
Burlington  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  205. 

Mcintosh,  C.  E.,  soc  Hist.  Soc  of  N.  C,  207. 

Mcintosh,  Fort,  328. 

Mackall,  W.  W.,  pres.  Ga.   Hist.   Soc,  189. 

McKee,  Gapt.,  operations  of,  324,  325,  326. 

McLaren,  W.  W.,  on  party  politics  in  Japan, 
1897-1917,  48. 

McLaughlin,  Andrew  C.  life  councilor, 
A.  H.  A.,  16 ;  On  the  background  of  Ameri- 
can federalism.  44  :  of  rom.  on  documen- 
tary hist,  publications  of  U.  S.,  73 ;  of 
nominating  com.  (1917),  80;  of  council 
com.  on  docket,  80  ;  at  council  meeting,  85. 

McLean  County  (111.)  Historical  Society, 
report    (1917),   191. 

McMaster,  John  B.,  life  councilor,  A.  H.  A., 
15;  chairman  program  com.  (1917),  35; 
hist,  work  of,  47,  350,  351,  352,  353.  354 ; 
sec.  Pa.  Hist.  Soc,  211. 

Macmillan  Co.,  and  transfer  of  Am.  Hist. 
Rev.,  68,  81. 

Macon  County  (111.)  Historical  Society,  191. 

Macoupin  County  (111.)  Historical  Society, 
191. 

MacVeagh,  Wayne,  death  of,  61. 

Madison,  James,  and  Geo.  Matthews,  45. 

Madison  conference  of  1892,  on  hist,  in 
schools,  220. 

Madison  Co.,  Idaho,  boundary  papers,  144. 

Madison  County  (111.)  Historical  Society, 
191. 

Madison  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society, 
193. 

Madison  County  (N.  Y.)  Historical  Society, 
206. 

Magee,  John  E.,  sec.  Ariz.  Pioneers'  Hist. 
Soc,  187. 

Mahan,  Alfred  T.,  of  com.  on  documentary 
hist.  publU'ations  of  D.  S.,  73. 

Maier,  Emma,  of  Seneca  Falls  Hist.  Soc, 
207. 

Maine,  reports  of  hist.  socs.  (1917),  194. 

Maine  Genealogical  Society,  report  (1917), 
194. 

Maine  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
194. 

Maiden  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917).  197. 

Manchester  (N.  H.)  Historic  Association, 
report  (1917),  203-204. 

Manhart,  Rev.  Frank  P.,  pres.  Snyder  Co. 
Hist.  Soc,  212. 

Manitowoc  County  (Wis.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, report  (1917),  214. 

Manlius-Rutland  Historical  Society,  191. 

MAnn,  Charles  E.,  pres.  Maiden  Hist.  Soc, 
197. 

Mann,  Moses  W.,  pres.  Medford  Hist.  Soc, 
198. 

Manning,  William  R.,  on  the  early  diplo- 
matic controversy  between  D.  S.  and 
Brazil,  47,   48. 

Manufactures,  American,  during  Civil  War, 
46. 

Maramech  Historical  Society,  191. 


GEl^EEAL  INDEX. 


451 


Marblehead    (Mass.)    Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  198. 
Marshall,  John,  Life  of  Washington,  value 

of,  256  ;  and  the  X  Y  Z  mission,  256. 
Marshall,    Col.   Thomas,    testimony   in   Va. 

claims,   318». 
Marshall,  Thomas  M.,  Report  on  the  pub- 
lic ARCHiYi;s  OF  IdahOj  137-172,   (men- 
tioned)  67,  68,  109,  111. 

Martin,  Master,  papal  clerk,  and  papal 
taxation,  276,  277. 

Martin,  Asa  E.,  Anti-Slavery  Movement  in 
Ky.,  194. 

Martin,  Eleanor  P.,  rec.  sec.  Milton  Hist. 
Soc,    199. 

Martin,  Percy  A.,  of  com.  on  hist,  con- 
gress at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  24 ;  on  the 
U.  S.  and  the  opening  of  the  Amazon, 
48,  98,  99. 

Martin,  Thomas  P.,  archivist  Harvard 
Comm.  on  West.  Hist.,  197. 

Martins  station,  Ky.,  post,  destroyed,  319. 

Mary,  of  Scotland,  plot  in  behalf  of,  306 ; 
association  concurred  in   by,   310. 

Maryland,  reports  of  hist.  socs.  (1917), 
195 ;  Archives,  195 ;  association  in 
(1689),  309. 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine,  195. 

Maryland  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
195. 

Mason,  Frank  A.,  of  Newton  Hist.  Soc, 
199. 

Mason,  Frederick  G.,  sec.  Mattatuck  Hist. 
Soc,  189. 

Mason,  George,  a«d  G.  R.  Clark,  319. 

Mason,  Mrs.  Johja,  sec.  Confederate  Me- 
morial Lit.  Soc,  214. 

Mason,  Mabel  D.,  sec.  Haverhill  Hist.  Soc, 
197. 

Massachusetts,  const,  convention,  47 ;  ar- 
chival legislation,  111 ;  dinner  of  pa- 
triotic societies,  130 ;  work  of  hist,  and 
patriotic  societies  In,  178,  179 ;  reports 
of  hist.  socs.  (1917),  195-200;  and 
Roger   Williams,  225. 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  work  of. 
178;  report   (1917),  198. 

Mather,   Samuel,  of  local  com.    (1918),  23. 

Mattatuck  Historical  Society  (Conn.),  re- 
port   (1917),  189. 

Matteson,  David  M.,  General  Inde-x  of 
A.  H.  A.  publications  prepared  by,  81. 

Matthews,  Albert,  of  Prince  Soc,  199. 

Matthews,  F.  B.,  of  St.  Augustine  Insti- 
tute of  Science  and  Hist,   189. 

Matthews,  Oen.  George,  mission  on  the 
Florida  frontier,  45. 

Maurcr,  Robert  A.,  of  com.  on  hist,  in 
schools   (1918),  23,  86. 

Maury,  Lieut.  M.  F.,  efforts  to  open  the 
Amazon,   48,   99. 

Maxim,  Sir  Hiram  S.,  memorial  at  birth- 
place,  194. 

Mayflower  Descendant,  198. 

Mayflower  Descendants,  report  (1917), 
186. 


Mayflower  Descendants,  Massachusetts 
Society  of,  report  (1917),  198. 

Mayo,  Mrs.  C.  M.,  of  Orange  Hist,  and 
Antiq.  Soc,  199. 

Meany,  Edmoncf  S.,  circular  urging  collec- 
tion of  war  material,  121,  122.  . 

Medfleld  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),  198. 

Medford  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),   198. 

Medieval  history,  English,  A.  H.  A.  papers 
on,  41-43. 

Medway  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  198. 

Meek,  Basil,  sec.  Sandusky  Co.  Pioneer  and 
Hist.  Assoc,  208. 

Meeser,  Rev.  Dr.  Spencer  B.,  pres.  Am.  Bap- 
tist Hist.  Soc,  185. 

Meetings  and  relations,  council  com.  on,  80. 

Meins,  Walter  R.,  .sec.  Roxbury  Hist.  Soc, 
199. 

Melvin,  Frank  E.,  of  membership  com. 
(1917),  77. 

Membership,  A.  H.  A.,  statistics  (1917),  49, 
54,  59-60,  77-78,  80,  88-89 ;  effect  of  war 
on,  75  ;  register  of  1917  meeting,  89-92. 

Membership  committee,  A.  H.  A.,  work  as- 
signed to  special  com.,  54,  56,  60,  85,  86 ; 
report  (1917),  75-78;  report  at  council 
meeting,  81. 

Memphis,  convention  concerning  opening  of 
Amazon,  99. 

Mendon  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  198. 

Mennonite  Historical  Association,  report 
(1917),  186. 

Menomlnees,   In  Am.   Rev.,  318. 

Mercer,  Henry  C,  pres.  Bucks  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  209. 

Methodist  Protestant  Historical  Society, 
Balto.,  report   (1917),  195. 

Methuen  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  198. 

Mexican  War,  Letters  of  Gen.  Santa  Anna, 
355-428. 

Mexico,  Am.  rule  in,  1846-1848,  69 ;  bibl. 
of,  100. 

Miami  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port (1917),  193. 

Miami  River,  Clark  and  navigation  of,  323 ; 
British  trading  post  on,  327. 

Michigan,  survey  of  archives,  67,  110;  re- 
ports of  hist.  socs.  (1917),  200-202; 
Economic  and  Social  Beginnings,  201. 

Michigan  Historical  Commission,  survey  of 
State  archives,  67,  110;  report  (1917), 
201. 

Michigan  History  Magazine,  201. 

Michiga^i  Pioneer  and  Historical  Society, 
report  (1917),  201. 

Michllimackinac,  Clark  and,  316. 

Mickle,  Gen.  D.  E.,  of  United  Confederate 
Veterans,  187. 

Middlesex  County  (Conn.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, contribution  to  conference  of  hist, 
societies,  181;  report  (1917),  189. 

Midland  Association,  1642,  308. 


452 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Military  Historical  Society  of  Massa- 
chusetts,   report    (1917),    190. 

Military  history,  A.  H.  A.  dinner  of  mem- 
bers interested  in,  36 ;  A.  H.  A.  session  on, 
44. 

Military  history  priae,  committee  (1918), 
24 ;  conditions  of  award.  30 ;  report  of 
com.  at  council  meeting,  81. 

Military  Order  of  Foreign  Wars  of  U.  S., 
report  (1917),  186. 

MilJenial  Star,  cited.  342. 

Miller, ,  account  of  N.  T.,  98. 

Miller,  A.  C,  pres.  Ark.  Hist.  Assoc,  188. 

Miller,  I.  M.,  pres.  Grant  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
192. 

Miller,  John.  sec.  Erie  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  210. 

Mills,  Charles  E.,  rec.  sec.  Dedbam  Hist. 
Soc,  196. 

Mills,  William  C,  curator  and  lib.  Ohio 
State  Arch,  and  Hist.  Soc,  208. 

Milton,  Mass..  bibl..  199  ;  History  of,  199. 

Milton  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  199. 

Mims,  Stewart  L.,  on  hist,  in  schools,  237- 
239. 

Mines,  Bureau  of,  war  records  of,  118. 

Mining,  material  relating  to,  191. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.,  A.  H.  A.  (1918)  meet- 
ing proposed  for,  58,  85. 

Minnesota,  collection  of  war  material  In, 
132-133;  reports  of  hist.  socs.  (1917)-, 
202. 

Minnesota  Commission  of  Public  Safety, 
woric  in  collecting  war  material,  122-123. 

Minnesota  Historical  Society,  new  building, 
67,  110  ;  collection  of , war  material,  37, 
122-123,  132-133,  180';  report  (1917), 
202. 

Minnesota  History  Bulletin,  202. 

Minnesota  Territorial  Pioneers,  report 
(1917),  202. 

Mlssisquoi  County  Historical  Association, 
report   (1917),  215. 

Mississippi,  reports  of  hist.  socs.  (1917), 
202 ;  newspapers,  202. 

Mississippi,  Department  of  Archives  and 
History,  report  (1917),  202. 

Missi.ssipjii  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917).  '-'O'. 

Mississpp  Uiver,  Clark's  plan  for  control 
of,  317. 

Mississippi  Valley,  French  transcripts  con- 
cerning, 190 ;  Marches  of  the  Dragoons, 
194. 

Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association, 
joint  session  with  A.  H.  A.,  35,  45 ;  din- 
ner of  wiinbers  of,  36;  report  (1917), 
186. 

Mississippi  VaUey  Historiral  Review,  A.  H. 
A.  papers  in,  71  ;  cited,  197. 

Missouri,  Mormons  and,  97 ;  archival  legis- 
lation, 111;  reports  of  hist.  socs.  (1917), 
202,  203  ;  Baptist  Biography,  202  ;  news- 
papers, 203. 

Missouri  Baptist  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  202. 

Missouri  Historical  Review,  203. 


Missouri  Historical  Society,  rti)ort  (1917), 
202. 

Missouri  State  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  203. 

Missouri  Valley  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  186. 

Mitchell,  Sydney  K.,  on  taxation  of  per- 
sonal property  of  laymen  tq_1272,  41,  42. 

Mithra,  cosmopolitan  religion  of  Tarsus  and 
the  origin  of,  39,  40. 

Monks,  J.  A.  S.,  etching  by,  198. 

Monmouth  County  (N.  J.)  Historical  As- 
sociation, report   (1917),  204. 

Monnette,  Ora  E.,  pres.  Clal.  Sons  of  Rev., 
188. 

Monod,  Francois,  letter  read  by,  36. 

Monographs,  historical,  352-353,  354. 

Monroe,  James,  French  mission,  257. 

Monroe  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  193. 

Montalembert,  Charles  de,  on  the  triumph 
of  the  Union,  199. 

Montana  State  Historical  and  Miscellane- 
ous Library,  report  (1917),  203. 

Montevideo,  congress  of  hist,  and  bibl.  at, 
54,  60. 

Montgomery,  Col.,  and  G.  R.  Clark,  318. 

Montgomery.  H.  T.,  pres.  Northern  Ind. 
Hist.  Soc,  193. 

Montgomery,  Thomas  L.,  chairman  of  con- 
ference of  hist,  socs.,  .^6,  181. 

Montgomery  County  (111.)  Historloal  So- 
ciety,  report    (1917).    191. 

Montgomery  County  (Ind.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, 193. 

Montgomery  County  (N.  Y.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, report   (1917),  206; 

Montgomery  County  (Pa.)  Historical  So- 
ciety,   report    (1917),   210,    211. 

Montluc,  association  formed  by,  311. 

Moore,  Charles,  treas.  A.  H.  A.  (1918),  15, 
50,  57,  79 ;  of  council  com.  on  finance, 
80 ;  at  council  meeting,  80. 

Moore,  Clifford  H.,  on  the  decay  of  nation- 
alism under  the  Roman  Empire,  -39. 

Moore,  Edward  C,  chairman  of  com.  on 
Am.  educational  and  scientific  enterprises 
In  Ottoman  Empire,  24. 

Moore,  Joseph  R.,  on  hist,  in  schools,  239- 
240. 

Moravian  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
212. 

Morehouse,  George  P.,  pres.  Kan.  State 
Hist.   Soc,   194. 

Morgan  County  (111.)  Historical  Society, 
191. 

Moriarlty,  G.  Andrews,  Jr.,  of  N.  Eng.  Hist. 
Geneal.  Soc,  199. 

Morin,  Victor,  pres.  Soci6t6  Hist,  de  Mon- 
treal, 216. 

Mormons,  altitude  toward  U.  S.  govt. 
(1847-1870),  97-98,  333-343;  organi- 
zation and  beliefs,  333-335 ;  Robert's 
History  of  Mormon  Church,  cited,  338 ; 
loyalty  during  Civil  War,  341,  342. 

Morris,  Gouverneur,  value  of  Sparks's  work 
on.  258. 


GENERAL,  INDEX. 


453 


Morris,  Maud  B.,  sec.  Columbia  Hist.  See, 

189. 
Morris,   Robert,  memorial  to,  206. 
Morris,    Seymour,    sec.    Chicago    Hist.    Soc, 

190. 
Morris,    William    A.,    sec.-treas.,    P.    C.    B. 

(1918),  17,  100 ;  Proceedings  of  P.  C.  B. 

(1917),  93-103. 
Morris  Memorial  Historical  Society,  206. 
Morrow,    Mary,    sec.    Antrim    Co.    Pioneer 

Assoc,  201. 
Morse,  Mrs.  An.son  D.,  contribution  to  Am- 
herst Hist.   Soc,   195. 
Morton,  Jennie  C,  sec  Ky.  State  Hist.  Soc, 

194. 
Moseley,  Fannie,  of  Bureau  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

190. 
Moses,  Bernard,  chairman  of  com.  on  hist. 

congress   at   Rio   de  Janeiro,   24,   60-61 ; 

at  P.  C.  B.  dinner,  97. 
Motley,  John  L.,  cited,  311 ;  as  historian, 

348. 
Mott,  J.  T.,  of  Oswego  Hist.  Soc,  207. 
Mountain   Meadow   massacre,   343. 
Munro,  Dana  C,  of  special  com.  on  policy 

(1918),  24,  86  ;  of  com.  on  cooperation  in 

nat.  service,   86. 
Munro,   Wilfred  H.,  pres.   R.   I.   Hist.   Soc, 

213. 
Murphy,  John,  pres.  Acorn  Club,  188. 
Muskingum  County    (O.)    Pioneer  and   His- 
torical Society,  report  (1917),  208. 

Nampa,  Idaho,  sanitarium,  170. 
Nantucket    Historical    Association,    report 

(1917),  199. 
Nassau  County  (N.  Y.)  Historical  and  Gene- 
alogical Society,  report   (1917),  206. 
National     Board    for     Historical     Service, 

work  of  A.   H.  A.   members  for,  56,  61 ; 

bibl.  of  Great  War,  70 ;  aid  of  com.  on 

bibl.,    71 ;   work  of,  74 ;   records,   119. 
National    Catholic    War    Council,    work    of 

war  record  com.,  38,  127,  128. 
National      Genealogical      Society,      report 

(1917),  186. 
National  Highways  Association,   report  of 

A.   H.  A.  com.  at  council  meeting,  81. 
National  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 

186. 
Nationalism,  decay   under  Roman   Empire, 

39. 
National     Security     League,     services     of 

A.  H.  A.  members  with,  61. 
Nauvoo,  Mormons  at,  334,  336. 
Naval    Historical    Society,    report    (1917), 

187, 
Navy  Department,  war  records,  117. 
Nazareth,  Pa.,  settlement  of,  212. 
Nead,    Daniel    W.,    sec.    Pa.    German    Soc, 

212. 
Nebraska,  Veto  Power  in,  203. 
Nebraska   land    grant,   advertising   matter, 

197. 
Nebraska   State  Historical   Society,   report 

(1917),  203. 


Neesor,  Robert  W.,  sec  Naval  Hist.  Soc, 
187. 

NefE,  Frank  T.,  of  Manlius-Rutland  Hist 
Soc,  191. 

Nelson,  Fort,  Importance  of,  320,  322,  323, 
325,   329. 

Neuilly,  France,  beds  supported  in  hospi- 
tal at,  207. 

Nevada,  Hist,  of  Tawation,  203 ;  Pageant 
of  Nev.  Hist.,  203;   Mormons   and.  336. 

Nevada  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
203. 

Neville,  Arthur  C,  pres.  Green  Bay  Hist. 
Soc,  214. 

Nevius,  Hugh  C,  pres.  Hunterdon  Co. 
Hist.   Soc,  204. 

Newark  News,  geneal.  dept.,  188. 

New  Brunswick  (N.  J.)  Historical  Club, 
report    (1917),  204. 

Newburgh  Bay  and  the  Highlands  Histori- 
cal Society,  206. 

New  Century  Club,  Philadelphia,  privi- 
leges extended  to  A.  H.  A.,  35. 

Newell,  Edward  T.,  pres.  Am.  Numismatic 
Soc,  185. 

New  England,  importance  of  religious 
diaries  kept  in,  253. 

New  England  Catholic  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  199. 

New  England  Historical  and  Genealogicai 
Register,  199. 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  So- 
ciety, report   (1917),  199. 

New  England  Methodist  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  199. 

New  England  Society  of  Rockford,  111., 
191. 

New  Hampshire,  reports  of  hist.  socs. 
(1917) »  203,   204. 

New  Hampshire  Genealogical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),  203. 

New  Hampshire  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  203. 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  A.  H.  A.  meeting 
(1919)  recommended,  82;  Ancient  Reo- 
ords,  189. 

New  Haven  Colony  Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  189. 

New  Jersey,  report  on  pub.  records  of,  67, 
110 ;  work  of  patriotic  societies  In,  177 ; 
reports   of  hist.   socs.    (1917),   204,   205. 

New  Jersey  Archives,  204. 

New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  204. 

New  Mexico,   Mormons  and,  337. 

New  Mexico  Historical  Society,  contribution 
to  conference  of  hist,  societies,  181 ;  re- 
port (1917),  205. 

New  Orleans,  La.,  bicentennial,  194  ;  trade, 
317 ;  expedition  against,  317. 

Newport  (R,  I.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  213. 

Newspapers,  and  military  secrecy  during 
Civil  War,  69. 

Newton  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  199. 


454 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


New  York,  early  Independent  tendencies  in 
colony  of,  96 ;  collection  of  war  material 
in,  120,  133-135 ;  trade  conditions,  205  ; 
reports  of  hist.  socs.  (1917),  205-207; 
study  of  hist,  in  schools,  240-241. 

New  York  City,  A.  H.  A.  meetings  at  (1896, 
1909),  33. 

New  York  City  History  Club,  report  (1917), 
205. 

New  York  Genealogical  and  Biographical 
Society,   report    (1917),   206. 

New  York  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
206. 

New  York  State  Historical  Association,  re- 
port  (1917),  207. 

Vew  York  Times,  articles  on  food  adminis- 
tration in,  125. 

Nez  Percys,  papers  concerning,  142,  157. 

Niagara  frontier,  school  and  church  his- 
tories, 215. 

Niagara  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
215,  216. 

Nicholas  IV,  and  papal  taxation,  288,  289. 

Nichols,  Charles  L.,  sec.  Am.  Antiq.  Soc, 
185. 

Nicoll,  Fancher,  sec.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc,  206. 

Niles.  William,  pres.  La  Porte  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
193. 

Noe.  Sydney  P.,  sec.  Am.  Numismatic  Soc. 
185. 

Nominations,  A.  H.  A.,  com.  members 
(1918),  23,  57,  79;  report  (1917),  50, 
57,  79,  80 ;  by-law  concerning,  amended, 
58. 

Norcross,  Grenville  H.,  pres.  Bostonlan  Soc, 
195.  *• 

Normandy,  cprnage,  298. 

North  America,  Spanish,  delimitation  of 
political  jurisdictions  in,  47.     • 

Northampton  County  (Pa.)  Historical  and 
Genealogical  Society,  report  (1917),  212. 

North  Carolina,  collection  of  war  material 
by  State  council  of  defense,  130,  132 ; 
search  for  gold  in,  191 ;  reports  of  hist, 
socs.   (1917),  207. 

North  Carolina  Historical  Commission,  work 
In  collecting  war  material,  123,  130-132 ; 
report   (1917),  207. 

North  Carolina  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  207. 

North  Carolina  State  Literary  and  His- 
torical Association,  report  (1917),  207. 

North  Central  states,  in  middle  of  19th  cen- 
tury, 45,  46. 

North  Dakota  State  Historical  Society,  re- 
port (1917),  208. 

Northern  Indiana  Historical  Society,  report 
*(1917),  193. 

Northern  Pacific  Railway,  reports,  144. 

Northrup,  Prank  D.,  sec.  Okla.  Hist.  Soc, 
209. 

Northumberland,  lay  assessments,  285,  286 ; 
tax  exemption,  290. 

Northwest,  G.  R.  Clark's  control  of,  45, 
313-329  ;  seminary,  191. 

Norton,  11.  S.,  pres.  Gary  Hist.  Soc,  192. 

Voncalk  Hour  (Conn.),  geneal.  dept,  188. 


Norwich,     Eng.,     papal     assessment,     279, 

280. 
Notestein,  Wallace,  of  com.  on  bibl.  (1918), 

23,  85 ;  on  the  Pan-German  use  of  hist., 

36. 
Nova     Scotia     Historical     Society,     report 

(1917),  216. 
Noyes,  Charles  P.,  pres.  Minn.   Hist.   Soc, 

202. 
Numismatic    and    Antiquarian    Society    of 

Philadelphia,  report   (1917),  212. 
Nussbaum,    Lieut.    F.    L.,    Herbert    Baxter 

Adams  prize  (1917)   awarded  to,  50,  79. 
Nye,  Edgar  W.,  memorial  at  birthplace,  194. 

Oakham   (Mass.)   Historical  Society,  report 

(1917),  199. 
Oberholtzer,    Ellis    P.,    work    as   historian, 

354. 
Official  Records  of  the  Rebellion,  179. 
Ohio,    war    records,    208 ;    reports    of    hist. 

socs.    (1917),  208,  209. 
Ohio  Historical  and  Philosophical   Society, 

report    (1917),   208. 
Ohio  Historical  Commission,  report  (1917), 

208. 
Ohio    River,    militarj^    operations    on,    316, 

317,   318,   321,   325,   327. 
Ohio    State    Archaeological    and    Historical 

Society,  report   (1917),  208. 
Ohio    Valley    Historical    Association,    Pro- 

ceedings,  192. 
Oklahoma  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 

209. 
Old  Newbury,  Historical  Society  of,  report 

(1917).  197. 
Old  Northwest  Genealogical  Society,  report 

(1917),  208. 
Old  Planters'  Society,  report  (1917),  199. 
Old  Settlers  and  Historical  Association  of 

Lake  County    (Ind.),   193. 
Old    South    Association    in    Boston,    report 

(1917),   199. 
Olmstead,  Albert  T.,  on  oriental  imperial- 
ism, 39. 
Olney,  Jeremiah,  papers,  213. 
Onahan,  William  J.,  pres.  111.  Catholic  Hist. 

Soc,  190. 
Oneida    Historical    Society,   report    (1917), 

207. 
Onondaga     Historical     Association,     report 

(1917),  207. 
Ontario   Historical   Society,  report    (1917), 

216. 
Orange  (Mass.)  Historical  and  Antiquarian 

Society,  report   (1917),  199. 
Orcutt,   Reginald,   on   the  hist,  of  German 

colonization  in  Brazil,  48. 
Oregon,  Mormons  and,  334. 
Oregon    Historical    Society,   report    (1917), 

209. 
Origen  against  CeUus,  incunabulum,  185. 
Oroflno,  Idaho,  sanitarium,  170. 
Osborn,  Elizabeth  C,  of  Peabody  Hist.  Soc, 

199. 
Osgood,  Herbert  L.,  work  as  historian,  354. 
Oswego  Historical  Society,  207. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


455 


Otis,  Harrison  G.,  house  of,  200. 

Ottawas,  in  Am.  Rev.,  318. 

Ottoman     Empire,     Am.     educational     ana 

scientific   enterprises   in,   A.    H.   A.    com. 

on    (1918),   24;    resolution    of  A.    H.   A. 

concerning  Am.  interests  in,  56,  87. 
Outlook,  and  study  of  current  events,  221. 
Owen,   Edwin    S.,   sec.    Idabo   board   of  op- 
tometry, 168. 
Owen,    Thoma.<5    M.,    of    pub.    arch.    comm. 

(1918),    23,    85;    of    pub.    arcb.    comm. 

(1917),  105.  112;  of  Ala.  Dept.  of  Hist. 

and  Arch.,  187  ;  of  Ala.  Hist.  Soc,  187  ; 

pres.  Ala.  Anthropological   Soc,   187. 
Owen    County     (Ind.)     Historical    Society, 

193. 

Pacific  Coast  Branch,  oflacers  (1917-1918), 
17,  100  ;  annual  report  to  A.  H.  A.,  50, 
57 ;  Report  of  poueteenth  anncal 
MEETING  (1917),  93-103;  annual  dinner, 
95,  97;  business  session  (1917),  99-100; 
resolutions  (1917),  99—100;  cooperation 
with  Cal.  State  Lib.  in  sollecting  war 
materials,   100.  / 

Pacific  coast  history,  report  of  P.  C.  B. 
com.  on  bibl.  of,  100. 

Packard,  Charles  M.,  pres.  Westboro  Hist. 
Soc,   200. 

Paetow,  Louis  J«  of  Herbert  Baxter  Adams 
prize  com.    (1918),  23,  85. 

Pago,  H.  K.,  of  Sauk  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  214. 

Paine,  Mrs.  Clarence  S.,  sec.  Miss.  Valley 
Hist.   Assoc,   186. 

Paine,  Nathaniel,  death  of,  61. 

Palmer,  Chester,  sec.  Delaware  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  210. 

Palmer,  William  P.,  of  local  com.  (1918), 
23 ;  pres.  Western  Reserve  Hist.  Soc, 
209. 

Palmerston,  Henry  J.  Temple,  viscount, 
policy  in  China,  48. 

Palmyra  (N.  Y.^  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),   207. 

Paltsits,  Victor  H.,  of  nominating  com. 
(1918),  23,  57,  79;  of  com.  on  pubs. 
(1918),  23,  86  ;  chairman  pub.  arch.  comm. 
(1918),  23,  85;  presides  at  conference 
of  hist,  socs.,  38 ;  report  of  pub.  arch, 
comm.  (1917),  67-68;  at  council  meet- 
ing, 80 ;  report  of  pub.  arch.  comm.  at 
council  meeting,  81 ;  chairman  pub.  arch, 
comm.  (1917),  105,  112;  chairman  of 
conference  of  arch.,  115,  116,  123,  127, 
128,   129. 

Panama-Pacific  exposition,  Idaho  exhibit, 
170. 

Pandulph,  papal  collector,  Instructions  to, 
270. 

Paret,  A.  P.  E.,  pres.  Essex  Hist.  Soc,  215. 

Park,  Rev.  Charles  E.,  cor.  sec.  Colonial 
Soc.  of  Mass.,   196. 

Parkhurst,  Wellington  E.,  of  Clinton  Hist. 
Soc,  196. 

Parkman,  Francis,  work  as  historian,  348, 
352. 

Parliament,  British,  control  of  customs, 
295. 


Parmenter,  James  P.,  sec.  Club  of  Odd 
Volumes,   196. 

Parsons,  Frank  N.,  pros.  N.  H.  Hist.  Soc, 
203. 

Parsons,  John,  sec  Col.  Hist,  and  Nat. 
Hist.    Soc,    188. 

Patriotic  societies,  hereditary,  relations 
with  hist,  societies,  36-37,  175-179  ;  con- 
ference of,  175-179  ;  suggestions  concern- 
ing publications  of,  176,  177-178,  179. 

Patriotism,  civic,  declipe  under  Roman  Em- 
pire, 40. 

Patterson,  Burd  S.,  sec.  Hist.  Soc.  of 
Western  Pa.,   211. 

Pattprson,  W.  D.,  cor.  sec.  Me.  Hist.  Soc, 
194. 

Paul  Holland  Knowlton  Memorial  Museum, 
additions,  215. 

Paxson,  Frederic  L.,  chairman,  Justin 
Winsor  prize  com.  (1918),  23,  85;  of 
com.  on  pubs.  (1918),  23,  86. 

Payette-Boise  project,  144. 

Payette   Lakes,   flre  protection   roads,   162. 

Payne,  C.  W.,  of  Sag  Harbor  Hist.  Soc, 
207. 

Peabody,  Charles  J.  pres.  Topsfleld  Hist. 
Soc,  200. 

Peabody  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  199. 

Peace  congresses,  of  19th  cent.,  72. 

Pearee,  Jfrs.  C.  D.,  sec  Clinton  Co.  Pioneer 
Soc,   201. 

Pease,  T.  C,  The  Leveller  Movement,  60,  72. 

Peay,  Lilla  E.,  sec.  Dauphin  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
210. 

Pedrick,  Samuel  M.,  of  Ripon  Hist.  Soc, 
214. 

Pedro  II,  of  Brazil,  y3pening  of  Amazon 
by,  48. 

Pemberton,  W.  Y.,  librarian  Montana  Stato 
Hist.  Lib.,  203. 

Pennsylvania,  hist,  of,  175 ;  reports  of 
hist.  socs.  (1917),  209-213;  conditions 
in  1755,  212. 

Pennsylvania,  University  of,  sessions  of 
A.    H.   A.   meeting  held  at,   35. 

Pennsylvania  Colonial  Society,  report 
(1917),  210. 

Pennsylvania  Federation  of  Historical  So- 
cieties, report   (1917),  212. 

Pennsylvania  Genealogical  Society,  report 
(1917),  210. 

Pennsylvania  German  Society,  work  of, 
175;  report  (1917),  212. 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  reception 
and  supper  to  A.  H.  A.,  35 ;  work  of,  175, 
176;  report  (1917),  211 ;  copy  of  associa- 
tion of  first  Cont.  Cong.  In  library  of, 
305. 

Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Bi- 
ography,  211. 

Pennsylvania  Society,  N.  T.,  report  (1917), 
207. 

Pennsylvania  Women  in  New  York,  So- 
ciety of,   report    (1917),   207. 

Pensacola,  expedition  to  New  Orleans  from, 
317;  Galvcz  at,  321. 


456 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


I'eoria  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
191. 

Pepper,  George  W.,  chairman  local  com. 
(1917),  35. 

Pepys,    Samuel,   importance  of  Diary,  252. 

Perkins,  James  B.,  work  as  historian,  351. 

Perry,  Geneva  A.,  sec.  Wostboro  Hist. 
Soc,  200. 

Peru,  Am.  explorations,  99 ;  treaty  with 
Brazil    (1854),  99. 

Petrunkevltch,  Alexander,  on  the  Intellec- 
tuals in  the  liberating  movement  in  Rus- 
sia, 43. 

Pettus,  Charles  P.,  sec.  Mo.  Hist.  Soc.,  202. 

Phelps,  H.  Warren,  lib.-sec.  Old  Northwest 
Geneal.    Soc,   208.  ^ 

Phelps,  Hal  C,  pres.  Miami  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
193. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  proceedings  of  A.  H.  A. 
meeting  at  (1917),  31-50;  A.  H.  A.  meet- 
ing at  (1902),  33;  tablet  In  archway  of 
city  hall,  210. 

Philadelphia  City  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  209. 

Philip,  Master,  papal  nuncio,  268. 

Philip  II,  alliance  of  the  Guises  with,  311. 

Philips.  George  M.,  pres.  Chester  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  209. 

Phillips,  Henry  B.,  pres.  Cal.  Geneal.  Soc, 
188. 

Phillips,  John  G.,  sec.  Sharon  Hist.  Soc, 
200. 

Phillips,  U.  B.,  at  council  meeting,.  80 ;  of 
council  com.  on  meetings  and  relations, 
80. 

Pierce,  Franklin,  message,  ^. 

Pierce,  John,  U.  S.  commissioner  on  Va. 
claims,  315. 

Pierce,  Roger,  sec  Harvard  Comm.  on  West. 
Hist,  197. 

Pierce-Nichols  house,  purchase  by  Essex 
Inst.,   196. 

Piers,  Harry,  sec.  Nova  Scotia  Hist.  Soc, 
216. 

Pierson,  Joseph,  pres.  Berkshire  Hist,  and 
Scientific    Soc,    195. 

Pike  Co.,  Mo.,  Military  History,  202. 

Pike  County  (Mo.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),   202. 

Pilgrim  Notes  and  Queries,  198. 

Pinkham,    A.   J.,    notebook,    144. 

Pioneer  Association  of  Will  County  (111.), 
report    (1917),  191. 

Pipestone  (Minn.),  Old  Settlers  Hist.  Soc. 
of,  report    (1917),  202. 

Piqua,  O.,  Clark  at,  319. 

Pirtle,  Alfred,  pres.  Filson  Club,  194. 

Piscataquis  County  (Me.)  Historical  Soci- 
ety, report   (1917),  194. 

Pitt,  William,   Correspondence,  179. 

Pitt,  Fort,  military  operations,  316,  317, 
320,   324,  326. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  city  charter  celebration, 
211. 

Platner,  Samuel  B.,  sec.  of  local  com. 
(1918),  23. 


Plegge,  E.  W.,  of  St.  Clair  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
191. 

Plumb,  R.  G.,  sec.  Manitowoc  Co.  Hist, 
Soc,  214. 

Piumer   genealogy,   196. 

Pocumtuck  Valley  Memorial  Association,  re- 
port   (1917),  199. 

Poland,  tax  levied  on  clergy,  267  n. 

Policy  of  A.  H.  A.,  special  council  com.  on 
(1918),    24,    86. 

Political  Science  Quarterly,  A.  H.  A.  paper 
in,  72. 

Polk,  James  K.,  and  Utah  Territory,  336- 
337. 

Polo    (111.)    Historical   Society,   191. 

Pomhams  Fort,  R.  I.,  213. 

Popes,  taxation  of  English  clerical  incomes, 
265-280. 

Porteous  papers,   205. 

Porter  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society, 
193. 

Portneuf  Co.,  Idaho,  election  returns,  145. 

Portuguese- American  history,  A.  H.  A.  pa- 
pers on,  47-48. 

Potter,  W.  W.,  pres.  Baity  Co.  Pioneer  and 
Hist.  Soc,  201. 

Powell,  J.  Z.,  pres.  Cass,  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
192. 

Power,  C.  B.,  pres.  Montana  State  Hist. 
Lib.,  203.  * 

Prentice,  Thomas  M.,  sec.  New  Haven 
Colony  Hist.  Soc,  189. 

Prentiss,  Frank  F.,  of  local  com.  (1918), 
23. 

Presbyterian  church,  material  concerning, 
191. 

Presbyterian  Historical  Society,  Phlla.,  re- 
port  (1917),  212. 

Prescott,  William  H.,  as  historian,  348. 

Preston,  Howard  W.,  sec  R.  I,  Hist.  Soc, 
213. 

Preston,  Ruth  I.,  lib.  of  Davenport  Acad- 
emy  of   Sciences,   193. 

Price,  George  W.,  sec  Salem  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
204. 

Priestley,  Herbert  L.,  of  P.  C.  B.  com.  on 
arrangements  (1917),  100. 

Primer  of  archival  economy,  chapters  com- 
pleted, 67  ;  preparation  of,  109. 

Prince,  L.  Bradford,  on  hist,  and  patriotic 
societies,  l78 ;  pres.  N.  Mex.  Hist.  Soc, 
205. 

Prince  Society,  report  (1917),  199. 

Princeton  (N.  J.)  Historical  Association, 
report   (1917),  204. 

Pritchard,  Katherine  A.,  Waterbury  records 
compiled  by,  189. 

Prize  essays  of  A.  H.  A.,  list  of  awards, 
29-30 ;  changes  In  conditions  of  award, 
50,  58-59,  83,  86-87 ;  cost  and  value  of, 
73.  See  also  Herbert  Baxter  Adaris 
prize  ;  Justin  Winsor  prize  ;  Military  his- 
tory prize. 

Program  of  annual  meeting,  51-54 ;  com. 
(1918),  23;  report  of  com.  at  council 
meeting,   81. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


457 


Protestants,  association  of  1584,  307,  308, 
310. 

Provence  association   (1562),  311. 

Prussia,  beginnings  of  standing  army,  69  ; 
Tuttle'B  History,  351. 

Public  archives  commission,  members 
(1918),  23,  85  ;  report  (1917),  67-68;  re- 
port at  council  meeting,  81  ;  A.  H.  A.  ap- 
propriation suspended  for  1918,  82 ; 
Eighteenth  bbport^  105-172. 

Publications  of  A.  H.  A.,  com.  (1918),  23, 
86  ;  report  of  com.  (1917),  71-74  ;  report 
of  com.  at  council  meeting,  81 ;  effort  to 
dispose  of,  84. 

Public  Record  Office,  assessment  rolls  in, 
287  ;  copy  of  association  in,  307. 

Purcell,  Richard  J.,  Connecticut  in  Transi- 
tion, 54,  60,  71. 

Puritans,  ideals,  225. 

Putnam,  Edward  K.,  acting  director  Dav- 
enport Academy  of  Sciences,  193. 

Putnam,  Ruth,  chairman,  Herbert  Baxter 
Adams  prize  com.  (1918),  23,  85  ;  of  com. 
on  pubs.  (1918),  23,  86  ;  motion  at  A.  H. 
A.  meeting,  59. 

Putnam  County  (N.  Y.)  Historical  Society, 
207. 

Quaife,    Mllo    M.,    of    hist.    MSS.    comm. 

(1918),  23,  85 ;  sec.  Wis.  State  Hist.  Soc, 

214;  of  hist.  MSS.  comm.   (1917),  355. 
Quebec,  Jesuit  Relations  pub.  by,  98. 
Queenston  Heights,  picnic  at,  216. 
Quimby,   Fred   H.,  sec.  N.   H.   Geneal.    Soc, 

203. 
Quinabaug      Historical       Society,       report 

(1917),    199. 
Quincy,  Eliza  S.,  memoir  of  Josiah  Quincy, 

value  of,  258. 
Quincy,    Josiah,    value    of    Eliza    Quincy's 

memoir,  258. 
Quincy   (111.),  Historical  Society  of,  report 

(1917),  190. 
Quincy    (Mass.)    Historical   Society,   report 

(1917),  199. 

Raguet,  Condy,  Am.   charg<5  in  Brazil,  and 

the  blockade  of  Argentine  ports,  47,  48. 
Railroads,  southern,  restoration  after  Civil 

War,   46 ;   northern,   1861,   69 ;   and   the 

Confederacy,  69. 
Raleigh  Tavern,  306. 

Ralph  of  Diceto,  and  papal  taxation,  267. 
Ramsdell,  Charles  W.,  on  the  Confederacy 

and  the  railroads,  69  ;  of  Tex.  State  Hist. 

Assoc,  213. 
Ranck,  Samuel  H.,  sec.  Hist.  Soc.  of  Grand 

Rapids,  201. 
Randall,  E.  O.,   sec.  Ohio  State  Arch,  and 

Hist.  Soc,  208. 
Randall,  J.  G.,  on  newspapers  and  military 

secrecy  during  Civil  War,  69. 
Randolph,  Edmund,  Vindication,  257. 
Randolph,    Thomas    J.,    Jefferson's    letters 

edited  by,  256. 
Bau,  Albert  G.,  Qateway  to  the  Uiniauika, 

209. 


Read,  Charles  F.,  sec.  Bostonlan  Soc,  195. 
Read,    Conyers,    of    Herbert   Baxter   Adams 

prize  com.    (1918),  23,   85. 
Reading  Co.,  Pa.,  war  record,  210. 
Rear,    Harriet    A.,    sec    Barrlngton     Hist. 

Antiq.  Soc,  213. 
Red  Bank,  N.  J.,  heroine  of,  204. 
Red  Cross,  war  records,  118,  131,  132,  180. 
Redmond,  Miss  P.  A.,  vice  pres.  Huron  Inst., 

215. 
Reed,  George  H.,  of  Unitarian  Hist.   Soc, 

200. 
Reeder,  J.  T.,  pres.  of  Keweenaw  Hist.  Soc, 

201. 
Reformation,   actual   achievements    of,   41 ; 

coins  and  medals  relating  to,  185. 
Reformed    Church    in    United    States,    His- 
torical Society  of,  report  (1917),  186. 
Reger,   John   T.,   sec.   Somerset   Hist.   Soc, 

204. 
Rehrlg,  Rev.  W.  M.,  pres.  Carbon  Co.  Hist. 

Soc,  209. 
Review   of  Reviews,   and  study  of  current 

events,  221. 
Reynolds,  J.   H.,  sec.  of  Ark.   Hist.  Assoc, 

188. 
Rhoades,  Nelson  O.,  sec.  Cal.  Sons  of  Rev., 

188. 
Rhode  Island,  report  of  hist.  socs.   (1917), 

213 ;    celebration    of    independence    day, 

213 ;  in  colonial  wars,  213. 
Rhode  Island.  Citizens'   Historical  Associa- 
tion, report   (1917),  213. 
Rhode    Island     Historical    Society,    report 

(1917),  21.3. 
Rhodes,  James  P.,  hist,  work  of,  47,  351, 

352,  354  ;  cited,  254, 
Ricclo,  murder  of,  310. 
Rice,  William  G.,  sec.  Albany  Inst,  and  Hist. 

Soc,  205. 
Richard   of  Cornwall,  and  papal  taxation, 

275. 
Richards,  E.  C,  pres.  Montgomery  Co.  Hist. 

Soc,  191. 
Richards,   Frederick   B.,   sec.     N.   Y.   State 

Hist.  Assoc,  207. 
Richards,  Capt.  H.  M.  M.,  pres.  Lebanon  Co. 

Hist.  Soc,  211. 
Richardson,   Ernest  C,  of  Princeton   Hist. 

Assoc,  204. 
Richardson,  Oliver  H.,  vice  pres.,  P.  C.  B. 

(1918),  17,  100 ;  of  P.  C.  B.  com.  on  nom- 
inations (1917),  100. 
Richmond,  Va.,  G.  R.  Clark  in,  319. 
Rider,  R.  P.,  pres.  Mo.  Baptist  Hist.  Soc, 

202. 
Rio     de    Janeiro,    historical    congress    at 

(1918),  24,  54,  60-61,  80. 
Ripley,  Isaac  T.,  sec.  Dorchester  Hist.  Soc, 

196. 
Ripon     (Wis.)     Historical    Society,    report 

(1917),  214. 
Rltter,  Capt.  William  L.,  sec.  Soc.  of  Army 

and   Navy   of   Confederate   States,   Md., 

195. 
Rives,  George  L.,  death  of,  61. 
Roberts,  Brlgham  H.,  cited,  338. 


458 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Roberts,  Charles  R.,  sen  Lehigh  Co.   Hist 

Soc,  211;  pres.  Pa.  Federation  of  Hist. 

Socs.,   212. 
Robertson,  Alice,  collection,  207. 
Robertson,  James  A.,  on  the  HispanicAm. 

Rev.,  97. 
Robinson,    Doane,    of   S.   Dak.    State   Hist. 

Soc,  213. 
Robinson,   Edgar  E.,  of  P.  C.  B.   com.  on 

resolutions  (1917),  99;  address  of  B.  B. 

Krehbiel  read  by,  101. 
Robinson,   Pred  N.,   pres.  Colonial   Soc.  of 

Mass.,  196. 
Robinson,  James  H.,  editor  Am.  Hist.  Rev. 

(1918),  23. 
Robinson,   W.  J.,  sec.   Middlesex  Co.   Hist. 

Soc,   189. 
Rocheblave,  at  Detroit  322. 
Rock    Island   County    (111.)    Historical    So- 
ciety,  191. 
Rock  River,  Itid.,  villages  destroyed,  318. 
Rockwell,    William    W.,    of    com.    on    bibl. 

(1918),  23,  85;  bibl.  of  Am.  church  hist., 

70 ;  sec.  Am.  Soc.  of  Church  Hist.,  185. 
Roger  of  Wendover,  cited,  274. 
Rogers,  Adolpb,  pres.  Henry  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

192. 
Romaine,   Theodore,  sec.   Bergen  Co.   Hist. 

Soc,  204. 
Roman  Empire,  decay  of  nationalism  under, 

39 ;  decline  of  civic  patriotism,  40. 
Rome,  Imperialism  of,  39. 
Roosevelt,   Theodore,   life  councilor,   A.    H. 

A.,  16;  hist  vrork  of,  47.  351,  352. 
Rothert,  Otto  A.,  sec.  Filson  Club,  194. 
Roustadt,   Frederick,    pres.   fijiz.    Pioneers' 

Hist  Soc,  187. 
Rowland,  Dunbar,   director  Miss.   Dept.  of 

Arch,  and  Hist.,  202 ;  of  Miss.  Hist  Soc, 

202. 
Roxbury  High  Fort,  restoration  of,  200. 
Roxbury  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 

(1917),    199,   200. 
Roy,  Sieur  de  Vincennes  identified,  192. 
Ruddels,  Ky.,  post,  destroyed,  319. 
Rumford     Historical     Association,     report 

(1917),  200. 
Russell,  S.,  of  Belleville  and  Bay  of  Quinte 

Hist.   Soc,  215. 
Russia,  intellectuals  in  the  liberating  move- 
ment 43 ;  first  week  of  the  revolution  of 

1917,    43,    44. 
Russian  history,  A.  H.  A.  papers  on,  43,  44. 
Rutter,  William  I.,  jr.,  209. 

Sachse,  Julius  F.,  editor,  212. 

Sacramento,  new  library  bldgs.  for,  99. 

Sag  Harbor  Historical  Society,  207. 

St.   Albans,   papal    taxation,   274. 

St    Anthony,    Idaho,    Industrial    training 

school,  .169. 
Bt  Augustine    (Fla.)    Institute  of   Science 

and    History,    report    «A917),    189. 
Bt  Clair  County    (111.)    Historical  Society, 

191. 
St.   Edmund's,  Eng.,  agreement  of  barons, 

812. 


St.  Joseph  County  (Mich.)  Historical  and 
Pioneer  Society,  report  (1917),  202. 

St.  Louis,  British  attempt  to  capture,  317. 
818. 

Salem,  Mass.,  Visitors  Guide,  196 ;  vital  rec- 
orfls,  196. 

Salem  County  (N.  J.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  204. 

Salisbury,   papal   taxation,  275. 

Salley,  A.   S.,   of  S.   C.   Hist   Comm..  213. 

Salmon,  Lucy  M.,  councilor,  A.  H.  A. 
(1918),  16,  57,  79;  at  council  meetings, 
80,  83,  85,  87 ;  of  council  com.  on  ap- 
pointments, 80. 

Salt  Lake  City,  non-Mormon  merchants  in, 
342. 

Saltonstall,  Brayton,  pres.  Charlevoix  Hist. 
Soc,  201. 

Sanborn,  John  P.,  of  Newport  Hist.  Soc^ 
213. 

Sanders,  Euclid,  pres.  State  Hist.  Soc.  of 
Iowa,  193.     X 

San  Diego,  in  plan  of  Mormons,  336. 

Sandusky,  operations  against,  328. 

Sandusky  County  (O.)  Pioneer  and  His- 
torical  Association,    report    (1917),   208. 

Sandusky  River,  expedition  against  Indian 
villages  on,  324. 

Sangamon  County  (111.)  Old  Settlers'  Asso- 
ciation, 191. 

Santa  Anna,  Antonio  Lfipez  de,  Lettera 
relating  to  Mexican  War,  355-428. 

Santa  Clara  Valley,  Indian  languages,  98. 

Santiago,  archives,  67,  109l 

Saratoga  (N.  Y.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  206. 

Saratoga  Springs,  hist,  of,  206. 

Sauk  County  (Wis.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  214. 

Sauks.  in  Am.  Rev.,  318. 

Saunders,  Ambrose  R.,  sec  Medway  Hist. 
Soc,  198. 

Saunders,  F.  C,  pres.  Missisquoi  Co.  Hist. 
Assoc,  215. 

Schaflf,  David  S.,  on  the  council  of  Con- 
stance, 40 ;  pres.  Am.  Soc.  of  Church 
Hist,  185. 

Schenectady  County  (N.  T.)  Historical  So- 
ciety, report   (1917),   207. 

Schlesinger,  Arthur  M.,  pres.  Ohio  Hist. 
Comm.,  208. 

Schmidt,  Louis  B.,  on  the  influence  of 
wheat  and  cotton  on  Anglo-American  re- 
lations during  the  Civil  War,  46. 

Schmidt,  Otto  L.,  pres.  (5erman-Am.  Hist. 
Soc,  190 ;  pres.  111.  State  Hist.  Soc,  191. 

Schnure,  W.  M.,  sec  Snyder  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
212. 

Scholl,  C.  R.,  pres.  Berks  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
210. 

Scholz,  Richard  F.,  on  the  foundations  of 
Caesarism  and  the  republican  tradition 
in  Europe,  95,  96. 

Schouler.  James,  life  councilor,  A.  H.  A., 
15;  hist  work  of,  47,  349. 

Schuylkill  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society, 
report    (1917),  211. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


459 


Schwarze,  Rev.  W.  N.,  pres.  Moravian  Hist. 

Soc,  212. 
Scotland,  form  of  association,  43,  310,  311. 
Scott,  Austin,   pres.   New   Brunswick  Hist. 

Club,  204. 
Scottish  Historical  Society  of  North  Amer- 
ica,  report    (1917),    187. 
Scottish  National  Covenant   (1638),  308. 
Scrivin,  C.  H.,  of  Kings  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  206. 
Sears,  Orrin  B.,  Old  Salt  Works,  197. 
Secret  Service,  records,  118. 
Seeds,  Arthur  N.,  pres.  Friends'  Hist.  Soc. 

of  Phila.,  210. 
Semmes,  R.  T.,  genealogical  collection,  195. 
Senate,  U.  S.,  executive  journals,  74. 
Seneca  Falls  Historical  Society,  207. 
Serbs,  history  of,  44. 
Setton,  Sir  Alexander,  association  made  by, 

310. 
Severance,  Frank  H.,  chairman  of  com.  on 

nominations,    conference    of    hist,    socs., 

74,  181 ;  sec.  Buffalo  Hist.  Soc,  205 ;  An 

Old  Frontier  of  France,  205. 
Sevier,  John,  intrigue  of  Gardoqui  with,  45. 
Sexton,  Clara  E.,  sec.  Billerica  Hist.  Soc, 

195. 
Seymour,  Sir  Edward,  association   devised 

by,  308. 
Shaftesbury,  and  association  of  1681,  308. 
Shambaugh,  Benjamin  F.,  chairman  of  com. 

on    officers    and    committees,    conference 

of  hist,  socs.,  74,  181 ;  supt.  State  Hist. 

Soc  of  Iowa,  193. 
Sharon    (Mass.)    Historical   Society,  report 

(1917),  200. 
Bharpe,  Edward  S.,  pres.   Salem  Co.   Hist. 

Soc,   204. 
Shawano  I^ake,  Wis.,  Antiquities  of,  215. 
Shawneos,  in  Am.  Rev.,  45,  316,  320,  322, 

324,   326,   327,  328,   329. 
Shea,   John   G.,  work  of,   98. 
Shearer,  Augustus  H.,  sec.  of  conference  of 

hist,  socs.,  23,  36,  86 ;  of  program  com. 

(1918),  23;  of  com.  on  bibl.   (1918),  23, 

85 ;  report  as  sec.  of  conference  of  hist. 

socs.   (1917),  50,  56-57,  74,  75;  bibl.  of 

Am.  hist,  periodicals,   70. 
Sheboygan  Co.,  Wis.,  researches  in,  215. 
Shelburne,    William    Petty,    earl   of,   peace 

negotiations,  321. 
Sheldon,  A.,  sec.  Firelands  Hist.  Soc,  208. 
Sheldon,  Addison  E.,  sec.   Neb.   State  Hist. 

Soc,   203. 
Shelton,    Frederick    H.,    on    ancient    indus- 
tries and  inns  of  Delaware  Co.,  210. 
She-pack-a-noh,   scalping  knife  of,   193. 
Shepard  Historical  Society,  report   (1917), 

200. 
Shipping  Board,  records,  118. 
Shockley,  Ernest  V.,  sec.  Monroe  Co.  Hist. 

Soc,   193. 
Shoemaker,  Floyd  C,  sec.  State  Hist.  Soc. 
'      of  Mo.,   203. 
Show,  Arley  B.,  presides  at  P.  C.  B.  dinner, 

95 ;    on    current    events    in    high-school, 

102. 


Shriver,  J.  Alexis,  sec.  Hist.  Soc.  of  Har- 
ford Co.,  195. 

Sill,  Henry  A.,  death  of,  61. 

Sinclair,  Oov.  Patrick,  plan  of,  318. 

Sloussat,  St.  George  L.,  pres.  Miss.  Valley 
Hist.  Assoc,  186;  of  Tenn.  Hist.  Soc, 
213. 

Sioux,  in  Am.  Rev.,  316,  318. 

Sipes,  Jaspar,  pres.  Okla.  Hist.  Soc,  209. 

Site  and  Relic  Society  of  Germantown,  re- 
port   (1917),  212. 

Skinner,  Parker  R.,  sec.  Kittochtinny  Hist. 
Soc,  211. 

Skirbeck,  jury  decision  on  customs,  297. 

Slade,  William  A.,  of  com.  on  bibl.  (1917), 
70. 

Slaymaker,  Rebecca  J.,  sec.  Donegal  Soc.  of 
Lancaster  Co.,  210. 

Sloane,  William  M.,  life  councilor,  A.  H.  A., 
16;  A.  H.  A.  delegate  to  P.  C.  B.  meet- 
ing, 97,  101. 

Slocum,  Frances,  husband  of,  193. 

Slovenes,  history  of,  44. 

Small,  R.  P.,  sec.  Mi'ssisquol  Co.  Hist.  As- 
soc, 215. 

Smart,  Miss  B.  J.,  of  Clark  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
208. 

Smedley,  Caroline  W.,  sec.  Frankford  Hist. 
Soc,  210. 

Smedley,  Franklin,  pres.  Frankford  Hist. 
Soc,  210. 

Smith,  Arthur  T.,  of  Herkimer  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  205. 

Smith,  Edgar  C,  cor.  sec.  Piscataquis  Co. 
Hist.  Soc,  194. 

Smith,  Frank,  list  of  Dedham's  Rev.  soldiers, 
196 ;  pres.  Hist,  and  Nat.  Hist.  Soc  of 
Dover,  197 ;   Oenealogicdl  Sketches,  197. 

Smith,  Heman  C,  sec.  Decatur  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,   193. 

Smith,  Henry  F.,  jr.,  sec.  Concord  Antlq. 
Soc,  196. 

Smith,  Hyrum,  letter  from  Jos.  Smith,  337, 
338. 

Smith,  Ida  R.,  sec  Schuylkill  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
211. 

Smith,  Joseph,  Mormonlsm  under,  97,  334 ; 
and  the  Constitution,  337,  341 ;  inter- 
view   with    Van    Buren,    337,    338. 

Smith,  Justin  H.,  chairman.  Hist.  MSS. 
comm.  (1918),  23,  85  ;  of  com.  on  pubs. 
(1918),  23,  86;  on  Am.  rule  in  Mexico, 
1846-1848,  69;  chairman  Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.  (1917),  355;  ed.  Santa  Anna 
Letters,  355-428. 

Smith,  Preserved,  on  the  actual  achieve- 
ments of  the  Reformation,  41. 

Snelling,  Fort,  work  on,  194. 

Snyder,  Plymouth  W.,  pres.  Blair  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,   209. 

Snyder,  Gov.  Simon,  memorial  tablet,  212. 

Snyder  Co.,  Pa.,  war  records,  212. 

Snyder  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port   (1917),   212. 

Socialism,   German,   69. 

Soci^te  Historique  de  Montreal,  report 
(1917),  216. 


460 


GENERAL,  IITDEX, 


Society  for  the  Preservation  of  Historical 
and   Scenic  Places,  207. 

Society  for  the  Preservation  of  New  Eng- 
land Antiquities,  report    (1917),  200. 

Society  of  the  Army  of  Santiago  de  Cuba, 
report   (1917),  187. 

Solemn  League  and  Covenant  (1643),  308. 

Somerset  (N.  J.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  204. 

SomervJlle,  Mrs.  J.  M.,  sec.  Woman's  (Cana- 
dian Hist.  Soc,  216. 

Sons  and  Daughters  of  the  Pilgrims,  Na- 
tional Society,  report  (1917),  187. 

Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  Nebraska 
Society,  203. 

Sons  of  the  Revolution,  work  of,  175,  177 ; 
Calif.,  report  (1917),  188. 

South  America,  survey  of  archives,  67,  109, 

South  Carolina,  search  for  gold  in,  191 ; 
report  of  hist.  socs.  (1917),  213. 

South  Carolina  Historical  ani  Oenealogical 
Magazine,  213. 

South  Carolina  Historical  Commission,  213. 

South  Carolina  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  213. 

South  Dakota  State  Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  213. 

Southern  California,  Historical  Society  of, 
report  (1917),  188. 

South  Natlck  Historical  Society  and  Natural 
History  and  Library  Society,  report 
(1917),  200. 

Southwestern  Historical  Quarterly,  213. 

Sowams,  R.  I.,  monument  erected  at,  213. 

Spafford  History.  207. 

Spa'n,  conspiracy  In  Tenn.,  45  f  delimitation 
of  political  jurisdictions  in  N.  Am.,  47  ; 
institutions  for  administration  of  colo- 
nies, 47  ;  In  Am.  Rev.,  317. 

Sparks,  Jared,  value  of  hist,  work,  258. 

Spear,  John  I.,  of  (IJallf.  Pioneers  Soc,  188. 

Spencer,  Charles  W.,  on  tendencies  toward 
independence  in  early  18th  cent.,  96 ;  of 
P.  C.  B.  com.  on*  nominations  (1917), 
100. 

Spencer,  Mrs.  Orson  B.,  sec.  Kankakee.  Co. 
Hist.  Soc,  191. 

Spencer,  Richard  H.,  cor.  sec.  Md.  Hist. 
Soc,  195. 

Spencer  County  (Ind.)  Historical  Society, 
193. 

Sprague,  John  F.,  pres.  Piscataquis  Co. 
Hist.  Soc,  194. 

Squair,  John,  pres.  Ontario  Hist.  Soc,  216. 

Stanard,  W.  G.,  sec  Va.  Hist.  Soc,  214. 

Stanbrough,  William,  of  Falls  House  Memo- 
rial Collection,  205. 

Stanwood,  Edward,  rec  sec.  Mass.  Hist. 
Soc,  198. 

Stapledon,  tax  ordinance,  287. 

Star,  Emmet,  Cherokee  historian,  collection, 
209. 

Starbuck,  Alexander,  sec  Bay  State  Hist. 
Loague,  195. 

Stark,  Oen.  John,  relics,  204. 

Starr,  Mrs.  James,  of  Colonial  Dames,  Pa. 
Soc,  210. 


Starrs,  William  M.,  of  Oneida  Hist  Soc, 
207. 

State  Department,  war  records  in,  117,  118 ; 
hist,  material  in,  259. 

Stearns,  Maj.  Irving  R.,  pres.  Wyoming 
Hist,  and   Geolog.  Soc,  212. 

Stearns,  Warren,  pres.  Billerica  Hist.  Soc, 
195. 

Stebblns,  Dempster  H.,  pres.  Antrim  Co. 
Pioneer  Assoc,  201. 

Stebbins,  M.  Elizabeth,  of  Pocumtuck  Val- 
ley Memorial  Assoc,  199. 

Stechter,  P.  D.,  pres.  Pike  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
202. 

Steele,  F.  F.,  sec  Montana  State  Hist.  Lib., 
203. 

Steffons,  Laura,  deputy  state  lib.  Cal.,  188. 

Steiner,  Bernard  C,  of  com.  on  bibl.  (1918), 
23,  85 ;  bibl.  of  Am.  travel,  70. 

Stephen  of  Anagni,  papal  chaplain,  and 
papal  taxation,  272. 

Stephens,  H.  Morse,  life  councilor,  A.  H.  A., 
16 ;  greetings  of  A.  H.  A.  sent  to,  59 ; 
presides  at  P.  C.  B.  dinner,  95,  96 ;  mo- 
tion that  P.  C.  B.  send  greetings  to  C. 
W.  Bowen,  95 ;  of  Academy  of  Pacific 
Coast  Hist.,   188. 

Stephenson,  Nathaniel  W.,  of  com.  on  hist, 
in  schools    (1918),  23,  86. 

Stevens,  Walter  B.,  A  Reporter's  Lincoln, 
202;  pres.   State  Hist.  Soc.  of  Mo.,  203. 

Stevens,  William  W.,  sec.  Pioneer  Assoc  of 
Will  Co.,  191. 

Stevenson,  Edward  L.,  at  P.  C.  B.  dinner, 
97. 

Stevenson,  William  H.,  pres.  Hist.  Soc.  of 
Western    Pa.,    211. 

Stickney,  William  W.,  pres.  Vt.  Hist.  Soc, 
214. 

Stokes,  Annie,  sec.  Muskingum  Co.  Pioneer 
and  Hist.  Soc,  208. 

Stone,  Edna  H.,  of  ex.  com.,  P.  C.  B. 
(1918),  17,  100. 

Stone,  Walter  C,  of  Hist.  Soc  of  Water- 
town,  197. 

Stoudt,  Rev.  John  B.,  pres.  Huguenot  Soe. 
of   Pa.,   211. 

Stover,  Frank  A.,  sec  Northern  Ind.  Hist. 
Soc,  193. 

Straight,  Henry  B.,  pres.  Hist.  Soc.  of 
Branch   Co.,   201. 

Strange,  A.  T.,  sec.  Montgomery  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  191. 

Straughn,  Rev.  J.  H.,  sec.  Methodist 
Protestant   Hist.    Soc,   195. 

Street,  O.  D.,  of  Tenn.  Valley  Hist.  Soc, 
187. 

Strome,  Arthur  F.,  death  of,  61. 

Suffolk  County  (N.  Y.)  Historical  Society, 
report    (1917),   207. 

Sullivan,   James,   of   advisory   board,   Hist. 
Teacher's  Mag.   (1918),  24;  on  the  pres- 
ervation of  war  material,  38,  133-135  ;  at 
conference  of  arch.    (1917),  67;  circular- 
urging  collection  of  war  material.  120. 

Summer,  Horace,  pres.  Hyde  Park  Hist. 
Soc,  197. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


461 


Susqnehanna  County  (Pa.)  Historical  So- 
ciety,  report    (1917),   212. 

Susquehanna  Trail,  212. 

Sussex,  lay  assessments,  285,  286. 

Swampscott  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),   200. 

Swayze,  Francis  J.,  pres.  N.  J.  Hist.  Soc, 
204. 

Swedish  Colonial  Society,  work  of,  175. 

Swedish  Historical  Society  of  America,  re- 
port   (1917),   187. 

Swengel,  Rev.  U.  F.,  pres.  United  Evangeli- 
cal Church  Hist.   Soc,  211. 


Talbot,  G.  F.,  pres.  Nev.  Hist.  Soc...  203. 
Talcott,  Mary  K.,  death  of,  61. 
Tall,  Llda  L.,  on  hist,  in  schools,  241-242. 
Taney,  Mary  F.,  sec.  Nat.  Soc.  Col.  Dames, 

186  ;  pres.  Col.  Daughters  of  Am.,  186. 
Tarbell,    Ida    M.,    of   Justin    Winsor    prize 

com.  (1918),  23,  85. 
Tariff,  adjustments,  35. 
Tarsus,  cosmopolitan  religion  of,  and   the 

origin  of  Mithr^  39,  40. 
Tavares    Bastos,    Aureliano    C,    efforts    to 

open  the  Amazon,  48. 
Taxations,  medieval,  A.   H.   A.  papers  on, 

41-42  ;  of  English  clerical   incomes,   41- 

42,   265-280 ;  lay,  assessment  of    (1290- 

1332),  41,  42,  281-292;  of  personal  prop- 
erty of  laymen  to  1272,  41,  42. 
Taylor,  Ernest  M.,  soc.  Brome  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 

215. 
Taylor,  Mrs.  John  B.,  fountain  in  memory 

of,  186. 
Tazewell  County    (111.)    Historical  Society, 

191, 
Teele,  History  of  Milton,  199. 
Teggart,  F.  J.,  P.  C.  B.  delegate  to  cpuncil 

meeting,  80 ;   communication   to   council, 

86. 
Tennessee,  the  Spanish  conspiracy  in,  45. 
Tennessee       Historical       Society,       report 

(1917),  213. 
Tennessee  Valley  Historical  Society  (Ala.), 

report   (1917),  187. 
Tenney,  W.  M.,  of  Canton  Hist.  Soc,  195. 
Theodore,  Archbishop,  synods  under,  40. 
Texas,  Austin  and  purchase  of,  45 ;  reports 

of  hist.  socs.    (1917),  213. 
Texas  Library  and  Historical  Commjssion, 

213. 
Texas  State  Historical  Association,   report 

(1917),   213. 
Thayer,  William  R.,  pres.  A.  H.  A.   (1918), 

15,   50,   57,   79 ;  at   council  meeting,   80 ; 

pres.  Cambridge  Hi.st.  Soc,  195 ;  cor.  sec. 

Mass.   Hist.  Soc,   198. 
Thomas,     Frances,    of    Holland     I'urchase 

Hist.    Soc,   206. 
Thomas,    John    H.,   sec.    Jackson    Co.    Hist. 

Soc,   192. 
Thomas,  W.  S.,  on  hist,  in  schools,  103. 
Thompson,    Col.    Robert    M.,    pres.    Naval 

Hist.   Soc,  187. 
Thompson,  J.  W.,  cited,  311. 


Thompson,  Nettie,  of  Mo.  Valley  Hist.  Soc, 
186. 

Thornburgh,  John,  sec.  Henry  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,   192. 

Thome,  L.  C,  pres.  Whiteside  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  191. 

Thornton,  tax  valuation,   291. 

Throckmorton,   plots   of,   306. 

Thwaites,  Reuben  G.,  appreciation  of  work 
of  Shea  and  O'Callahan,  98. 

Thwing,  Charles  P.,  of  local  com.  (1918), 
23. 

Tlconderoga  Historical  Society,  207. 

Tipton,  John,  monument  to,  192 ;  papers 
of,  192. 

Tobie,  LeRoy  F.,  of  Me.  Genealogical  Soc, 
194. 

Todd,  John,  cited,  317;  operations  of,  325. 

Todd.  Mabel  L.,  pres.  Amherst  Hist.  Soc, 
195. 

Tolman,  Adam,  pres.  Concord  Antlq.  Soc, 
196. 

Topsfleld  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  re- 
port  (1917),  200. 

Toulouse,  association    (1563),  311. 

Tower,  Charlemagne,  pres.  Pa.  Hist.  Soc, 
211. 

Townsend  John  W.;  sec.  Numismatic  and 
Antlq.   Soc,  212. 

Townsend,  Theodore  H.,  pres.  Clinton  Co. 
Pioneer  Soc,  201. 

Trafalgar,  96. 

Trask,  William  R.,  sec.  Military  Hist.  Soc. 
of  Mass.,  199. 

Travels,  American,  bibl.,  70,  71 ;  western, 
bibl.  of,  100. 

Traylor,  Robert  L.,  death  of,  55,  61. 

Treasury  Department,  war  records,  117, 
118. 

Treat,  Payson  J.,  presides  at  P.  C.  B. 
meeting,  95. 

Treaties,  commercial,  35. 

Trefry,  William  D.  T.,  pres.  Marblehead 
Hist.  Soc,  198. 

Treubner,  of  London,  Indian  languages  pre- 
served by,  98. 

Trials,    State,    collection    proposed,    74. 

Trinity  College  (N.  C.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  207. 

Trout,  Rev.  J.  W.,  i)re8.  Methodist  Protes- 
tant Hist.  Soc,  195. 

Tryon,  Rolla  M.,  of  com.  on  hist.  In  schools 
(1918),  23,  86;  on  school  course  in  hist., 
38,  229-231. 

Turner,  Edith  R.,  courtesy  acknowledged, 
142. 

Turner,  Frederick  J.,  life  councilor,  A.  H. 
A.,  16  ;  on  the  significance  of  the  North- 
Central  States  in  the  middle  of  the 
19th  century,  45-46 ;  of  com.  on  docu- 
mentary hist,  publications  of  U.  S.,  73 : 
at  council  meeting,  80;  at  dinner  of 
patriotic  societies,  130. 

Turner,  Rev.  Joseph  B..  sec.  Presbyterian 
Hist.  Soc,  212. 

Tuthill,  Ruth  II.,  of  Suffolk  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 
207. 


462 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Tutt,   Hannab,  sec.   Marblebead  Hist.  Soc, 

198. 
Tuttle,    Herbert,   'History   of  Prussia,   351. 
Tuttle,  Julius  H.,  pres.  Dedbam  Hist.  Soc, 

196. 

Union  Society  of  tbe  Civil  War,  report 
(1917),  1S7. 

Unitarian  Historical  Society,  Boston,  re- 
port  (1917),  200. 

United  Confederate  Veterans,  report  (1917), 
187. 

United  Evangelical  Churcb,  Historical  So- 
ciety of,   report   (1917),  211. 

United  States,  early  diplomatic  contro- 
versy witb  Brazil,  47-48 ;  and  tbe  open- 
ing  of  tbe  Amazon,  48 ;  Chinese  and 
Japanese  immigration  legislation,  48 ; 
asst.  com.  on  documentary  bist.  publica- 
tions, 73,  74. 

United  States  Catbolic  Historical  Society, 
report  (1917),  187. 

United  States  bistory,  editorial  function, 
249-263. 

Updike,  Mrs.  Audrey,  deatb  of,   61. 

Uran,  B.  F.,  pres.  Kankaicee  Co.  Hist.  Soc. 
191. 

Uruguay,  war  concerning,  48. 

Utab,  Sepautism  in  (1847-1870),  331-343, 
(abstract)  97;  territorial  govt.,  337,  339. 

Utab  State  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  213. 

Van     Alstine,     Sanford     D.,     of     Genessee 

County    Hist.    Fed.,    205;    sec.    Palmyra 

Hist.  Soc,  207.  .  ,• 

Van  Anda,  Mrs.  Carr,  sec.  Cit/  Hist.  Club 

of  N.  Y.,  205. 
Van   Buren,   Martin,   and  Jos.    Smitb,   337, 

338. 
Vancouver   Island,   proposed   settlement   of 

Mormons  in,  337. 
Van  Dyke,  Henry,  pres.  Presbyterian  Hist. 

Soc;  212. 
Van    Santvoord,    Seymour,    pres.    Holland 

Soc.  of  N.  Y.,  206. 
Van  Sickle.  J.  H.,  of  com.  on  hist,  in  schools 

(1918),  23,  86. 
Van  Tassel,  Sarab,  sec.  Columbia  Co.  Hist. 

Soc,  210. 
Van  Tyne,  Claude  H.,  editor,  Am.  Hist.  Rev. 

(1918),   23;   report   on   finances   of  Am. 

Hist.  Rev.,  84 ;  pres.  Micb.  Hist.  Comm., 

201;   cited,   315. 
Vermont  Historical  Society,  report   (1917), 

214. 
Vlllard,  Oswald  G.,  of  .Justin  Winsor  prize 

com.   (1918),  23.  85. 
VIncennes,  Sieur  de,  identified,  192. 
Vincennes,  Clark  and,  315,  316,  317.  319, 

320,  327,  329. 
Vlneland     (N.    J.)     Historical    and     Anti- 
quarian Society,  report  (1917),  204-205. 
Vinogradoff.  on  early  taxation,  301. 
Vinson,  J.  W.,  of  Jersey  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  190. 


Virginia,  reports  of  bist  socs.  (1917),  214; 
articles  of  association  of  Ilou.se  of  Bur- 
gesses, 305-306;  in  Am.  Rev.,  319,  320; 
Rev.  claims,  315,  31 8n. 

Virginia  Historical  Society,  report  (1917), 
214. 

Virffinia  Magazine  of  History  and  Bi- 
ography, 214. 

Virhoeflf,  Mary,  Ky.  River  Navigation,  194. 

Vogler,  W.  H.,  ttcc.  Moravian  Hlat.  Soc, 
212. 

Von  Hoist,  Hermann  E.,  work  as  bistorian, 
349,    350,   352. 

Voth,  Rev.  H.  R.,  pres.  Mcnnonlte  Hiat. 
Assoc,  186. 

Wade,  J.  H.,  of  local  com.  (1918),  23. 

Wait.  Thomas  B.,  State  Papers,  257. 

Wakefield  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  200. 

Walker,  Rev.  Charles  S.,  see.  Amherst  Hist. 
Soc,  195. 

Walker,  Sir  Edmund,  pres.  Champlain  Soc, 
215. 

Walsingham,  Francis,  association  prepared 
by,  307,   311. 

Walworth  County  (Wis.)  Historical  Society, 
report    (1917),   214. 

Ward,  Christopher  K,  of  Del.  Hist  Soc, 
189. 

War  Department,  war  records,  117,  119. 

Warfleld,  Edwin,  pres.  Md.  Hist.  Soc,  195. 

War  Industries  Board,  records  of,  118. 

War  of  1812,  collection  of  records,  179  ;  his- 
tory of,  215. 

War  of  1812,  Pennsylvania  Society,  report 
(1917),  212. 

Warren-Adams  Letters,  198. 

War  Risk  Insurance,  Bureau  of.  records, 
118. 

War  Trade  Board,  records,  118. 

Washburn,  M.  T.  R.,  of  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  186. 

Washington,  Florence  M.,  sec.  Col.  Daugh- 
ters of  Am.,  18G. 

Washington,  (Jeorge,  Letters,  179 ;  value  of 
Marshall's  biog.,  256 ;  value  of  Sparks's 
work  on,  258 ;  and  Clark's  expedition, 
319-320;   operations  against  N.   Y.,  321. 

Washington,  D.  C,  efforts  of  war  hist.  com. 
in,  120-122. 

Washington  County  (Pa.)  Historical  Soci- 
ety,^ report    (1917),  212. 

Washington  State  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),  214. 

Waterbury,  Conn.,  ancient  burying  ground, 
189. 

Waterloo  (N.  T.)  Library  and  Historical 
Society,  report  (1917),  207. 

Waters,  Thomas  F.,  of  Ipswich  Hist.  Soc, 
197. 

Waters-Withlngton-Lea  genealogical  MSS. 
196. 

Watertown  (Mass.),  Historical  Society  of, 
197. 

Waukesha  County  (Wis.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  214. 


GENEKALi  INDEX. 


463 


Waukesha  Freeman,  214. 

Wavcrly,  papal  taxation  of,  274. 

Wayne,  Gen.  Anthony,  exercises  in  memory 

of,  209. 
Webber,  Mabel  L.,  of  S.  C.  Hist.  Soc,  213. 
Weber,  Jessie  P.,  of  111.  Centennial  Comm., 

190 ;  of  111.  State  Hist.  Soc,  191. 
Webster,  Mrs.  Charles  A.,  of  Knox  Co.  Hist. 

Soc,  191. 
Weed,  J.  T.,  of  Ticonderoga  Hist.  Soc,  207. 
Weeden,   Mrs.   C.  A.   P.,   of   R.   I.    Citizens' 

Hist.  Assoc,  213. 
Weeks,  John  A.,  pres.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc,  206. 
Wegg,  H.   S.,  of  Elgin  Hist,  and   Scientific 

Inst.,  215. 
Weise,    Christian,    and    study    of    current 

events,  221. 
Weissert,  Charles  A.,  sec.  Barry  Co.  Pioneer 

and  Hist.  Soc,  201. 
Welch,   Felicia   E.,   home  of  Amherst  Hist. 

Soc.  presented  by,  195. 
Wells,  Rebekah  B.,  pres.  Women's  Burling- 
ton Co.  Hist.  Soc,  205. 
West,  Roosevelt's  writings  on  the,  351,  352. 
Westboro  (Mass.)  Historical  Society,  report 

(1917),  200. 
Westergaard,  Waldemar  C,  of  ex.  com.,  P. 

C.  B.   (1918),  17,  100. 
Westermann,  William  Ii.,   of  com.   on  hist. 

in  schools   (1918),  23,  86. 
Western    Pennsylvania    Historical    Society, 

report  (1917),  211. 
Western  Reserve  Historical  Society,  report 

(1917),  209. 
Westminster,  exchequer  of,  42. 
Westminster   St.,   Providence,   R.   I.,   Views 

in  18H,  213. 
Westmoreland,  tax  exemption,  290. 
West  Virginia,  Department  of  Archives  and 

History,  report  (1917),  214. 
Wetherell,  A.  D.,  death  of,  61. 
Wheat,    farming    in    North-Central    states, 

45-46 ;  influence  on  Anglo-American  rela- 
tions during  Civil  War,  46. 
Wheeler,    Merton    R.,    pres.    Foxboro    Hist. 

Soc,   196. 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  proposed  attack  on,  324. 
Whitall,  John  G.,  pres.  Gloucester  Co.  Hist. 

Soc,  204.  ^ 

White,  Andrew  D.,  life  councilor,  A.  H.  A., 

15. 
White,  Mise  S.  F.,  of  Littleton  Hist.  Soc, 

197. 
Whiteside  County   (111.)   Historical  Society, 

report    (1917),   191. 
Whitman,  Marcus,  essay  on;  187. 
Whitson,  R.  L.,  sec.   Grant  Co.   Hist.   Soc, 

192. 
Whittemore,  A.  G.,  pres.  N.  H.  Gteneal.  Soc, 

203. 
Wick,  B.  L.,  pres.  Hist.  Soc.  of  Linn  Co., 

193. 
Wicks,  John  F.,  of  Macon  Co.  Hist.  Soc, 

191. 
Wier,  Jeanne  E.,  sec  Nev.  Hist.  Soc,  203. 
Wilcox,  B.  S.,  pres.  Peoria  Hist  Soc,  191. 


Willard,  James  F.,  Assessment  of  lay 
SUBSIDIES,  1920-1332,  281-292,  (ab- 
stract)  41,  42. 

Willcox,  James  M.,  pres.  Am.  Catholic  Hist. 
Soc   185. 

William  of  Orange,  association  in  support 
of,  308 ;  plot  against,  309. 

Williams,  Col.  Charles  A.,  sec.  Soc.  of  Army 
of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  187. 

Williams,  David,  sec-treas.  Huron  Inst., 
215. 

Williams,  F.  W.,  on  the  mid-Victorian  at- 
titude  of  foreigners  in   China,   48. 

Williams,  Mrs.  Grant,  catalogue  of  Egyptian 
collection,  206. 

Williams,  O.  H.,  of  advisory  board.  Hist. 
Teacher's  Mag.  (1918),  24. 

Williams,  Roger,  banishment  from  Mass., 
225. 

Wilson,   Helen,  sec  Peoria  Hist.  Soc,  191. 

Wilson,  Rev.  Robert,  of  S.  C.  Huguenot 
Soc,   213. 

Wilson,  Woodrow,  food-control  program, 
124;   biog.,    354. 

Wilt,  J.  Andrew,  sec.  Bradford  Co.  Hist. 
Soc,  209. 

Windsor,  Mass.,  Vital  Records,  199. 

Winkler,  Ernest  W.,  of  Tex.  Lib.  and  Hkst 
Comm.,  213. 

Winnebagos,  In  Am.   Rev.,   318. 

Winona   County    (Minn.)    Old   Settlers  As- 

.     soclation,    202. 

Winsor,  Justin,  work  as  historian,  353. 

Winthrop,   Deane,  home  of,   200. 

Winthrop  (Mass.)  Improvement  and  His- 
torical Association,  report  (1917),  200. 

Wirt,  Life  of  Patrick  Henry,  value  of,  256. 

Wisconsin,  reports  of  hist.  socs.  (1917), 
214-215. 

Winconsin  Archeological  Society,  report 
(1917),   215. 

Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society,  report 
(1917),   214. 

Witherbee,  Frank  S.,  death  of,  61. 

Withington,     see     Waters-Withington-Lea, 

Wolf   River,    Wis.,   Antiquities,   215. 

Wolfson,   Arthur  M.,   on   school   course  in 
hist.,  38,  231-233. 

Woman's  Canadian  Historical  Society  of 
Ottawa,   report    (1917),   216. 

Woman's  Historical  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, report  (1917),  213. 

Women's  Burlington  County  (N.  J.)  His- 
torical Society,  report  (1917),  205. 

Women's  Canadian  Historical  Society,  con- 
tribution to  conference  of  hist,  societies, 
181. 
Women's    Canadian    Historical    Society    of 

Toronto,  report  (1917),  216. 
Wood,  War  of  181Z,  215. 
Wood,  Frank  S.,  of  Holland  Purchase  Hist. 

Soc,  206. 
Wood,  Oen.   Leonard,  gov.  gen.  Mayflower 

Descendants,  186. 
Woodberry,  George  B.,  pres.  Beverly  Hist. 
Soc,  195. 


464 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Woodford  County  (111.)  Historical  Society, 
report   (1917),  191. 

Woods,  Burnet,  prcs.  Hist,  and  Pbilctf.  Soc. 
of  O.,  208. 

Woodward,  P.  Henry,  death  of,  61. 

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